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The Turmoil in the Balkans

The Great Powers’ Dilemma

The Great Powers are at odds over what to do with the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. They can’t agree on removing him because they know Russia and Austria have ambitions to annex the region if the Sultan is ousted. Germany, meanwhile, prefers to stay out of the conflict. Instead of joining in on pressuring the Sultan to reform Macedonian administration, Germany takes a backseat approach. This benefits Germany as the Sultan, grateful for their non-interference, grants them valuable concessions in the Turkish Empire. This has made Germans wealthier and more influential.

Germany’s Strategy

Germany’s strategy involves a long-term vision. Even though Austria and Russia join forces with France, Britain, and Italy in calling for reforms, Germany understands that neither Russia nor Austria truly desires these reforms. The ongoing instability in the Balkan Peninsula offers these two countries a chance to send in their armies under the pretense of securing peace, but with the intention to stay and gain control.

Austria and Russia’s Ambitions

Austria and Russia have their sights set on key territories. Austria wants to extend its reach to Salonika, while Russia aims for Constantinople. Germany supports Austria’s ambitions, hoping that Austria’s move towards Salonika will eventually benefit Germany itself. Germany anticipates that the Austrian Empire is on the decline and that the German Empire will need to expand. By supporting Austria’s southern expansion, Germany foresees a future where Salonika becomes a German port Tours Bulgaria.

The Bigger Picture

Germany’s foresight extends beyond immediate gains. They predict that the Austrian Empire’s weakening will necessitate German expansion. By aiding Austria’s ambitions in the Balkans, Germany is positioning itself to take over strategic locations once Austria inevitably falters. Germany’s goal is clear: they aim to make Salonika a key German port, strengthening their position in the region and expanding their influence.

The Balkan Intrigue

The situation in the Balkans is a tangled web of interests and ambitions. The Great Powers each have their own agendas, making it difficult to reach a consensus on how to deal with the Sultan. Russia and Austria’s hidden motives behind their calls for reform complicate matters further. Their true desire is not peace and stability but rather an opportunity to extend their control over the Balkans. Germany, on the other hand, uses a more subtle approach, securing economic gains and laying the groundwork for future territorial expansion.

The turmoil in the Balkans illustrates the complex interplay of ambitions among the Great Powers. The inability to agree on a unified approach towards the Ottoman Empire’s Sultan reflects deeper geopolitical strategies. Germany’s non-interference and support for Austrian expansion are calculated moves aimed at future dominance. Meanwhile, the region remains in a state of flux, with each power maneuvering to secure its own interests, leaving the fate of the Balkan Peninsula uncertain and its people caught in the crossfire of great power politics.

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The Enduring Symbolism of the Rose A Journey Through Time

Rose Imagery Across Cultures

Even in primitive drawings from the Stone Age, images of the rose are found, emphasizing its timeless significance. Interestingly, the Eskimo language lacks a specific word for “rose,” a fact that might elicit a smile.

The Rose in Ancient Texts and Myths

From ancient Babylon, India, Persia, Greece, and Rome to modern-day Europe and Africa, the rose features prominently in scriptures, sacred texts, myths, and symbols. Universally revered as a gift from the gods, it symbolizes unconditional love, fertility, and the celebration of life. In many cultures, the rose represents the Great Mother-Goddess, worshipped by ancient Thracians in the Kazanlak region Private Turkey Tours.

Legends and Lore

Countless legends surround the rose, from tales of the divine rose elixir in the gardens of Babylon to Cleopatra’s use of rose water to seek favor from the gods. Stories of the fabled fountains of the Taj Mahal and the cultivation of roses by Thracians, depicted in murals near Hissar, further enrich the rose’s mystique.

The Rose’s Enduring Presence

The rose continues to captivate us today, embodying fragility yet resilience in its mission to bestow beauty and tranquility through its blossoms and fragrance. Its ability to provide harmony and balance makes it a natural healer, drawing us to its soothing embrace.

Exploring Rose History at the Museum

The Museum of the Rose offers a unique glimpse into Bulgaria’s 350-year-old history of rose cultivation and processing. Divided into three main exhibition halls, the museum showcases an extensive collection of archive photos, tools for rose garden cultivation, vessels for storing and exporting rose attar, ancient distilleries, and the largest rose attar storage vessel in Bulgaria, known as “kunkuma.” The word “kunkuma,” derived from the sound of pouring rose attar, is native to Kazanlak, adding to the region’s rich cultural tapestry.

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Sultan Murad IV - Reign and Legacy

Repairing and Enriching Sacred Sites

The Tombs of Imam-i Azam and Sheikh Abdulkadir Geylani, revered figures in Islam, underwent extensive repairs supervised by Sheikhulislam. They were adorned with opulent gold and silver lamps along with jewelry, enhancing their grandeur and significance. Additionally, Mustafa Pasha, the trusted guard of Sultan Murad IV, displayed profound devotion by sending a diamond to adorn the Prophet’s Tomb in Medina (Ravza-i Mutaharra).

International Diplomacy and Remarkable Gifts

Sultan Murad IV’s reign saw prosperity that extended its influence to the farthest reaches of the east. An envoy from India arrived in Musul bearing lavish gifts while the Sultan was en route from Baghdad to Istanbul. Among these gifts was an exquisitely decorated belt valued at fifty thousand piasters and a unique helmet crafted from elephant’s ear and rhinoceros hide, reputed to be impervious to bullets and swords. In a display of his prowess, Sultan Murad IV pierced the helmet effortlessly with his spear, filling it with gold florins before returning it to the Indian Sovereign’s palace.

Restoring Order and Stability

Sultan Murad IV’s rule was marked by his unwavering authority, which he wielded to maintain order within the empire, rescuing it from the brink of collapse. However, the toll of such authoritarianism took a toll on him, leaving him exhausted. Upon his brother Sultan Ibrahim’s ascension to the throne, order had already been established, aided by a treasury brimming with resources.

The Reformative Era Under Sultan Ibrahim

During Sultan Ibrahim’s reign, characterized by historians as a period of folly, Kara Mustafa Pasha, a seasoned vizier, served as Grand Vizier. Under his leadership Istanbul Walking Tour, the treasury remained stable, intoxication was abolished, and administrative reforms were implemented, including city registrations and the first census. He ensured timely payments for Janissaries and Spahis, with salaries fixed at eighty aspers of pure silver. Moreover, he introduced the practice of allocating clothing aid annually from the treasury. Despite his remarkable achievements, Kara Mustafa Pasha met an untimely end through execution in 1053.

Legacy and Conclusion

Sultan Murad IV’s reign left an indelible mark on Ottoman history, marked by prosperity, diplomatic prowess, and authoritative governance. His legacy endured through the reforms initiated under Sultan Ibrahim, underscoring the significance of stable governance and administrative efficiency in sustaining an empire.

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The Bulgarian Way of Life

The Bulgarians, much like the Russian peasantry, uphold traditional patriarchal values.

Family Bonds

In Bulgarian households, multiple generations often reside under one roof, with fathers, married sons, and their descendants cohabiting until the grandfather passes away. With each new marriage, an additional room is constructed onto the family home, accommodating the growing family unit. This communal living arrangement fosters a sense of unity, with all members paying homage and deference to the family patriarch.

Population Estimations

Estimating the population of Bulgarian villages requires a nuanced approach. While the number of houses may suggest a certain figure, it’s essential to consider the average household size. According to Edip Effendi’s report, the village in question purportedly had only 1,400 inhabitants—a claim deemed highly dubious by Mr. Schuyler. Through examination of tax records, Schuyler discovered 1,421 able-bodied men subject to military exemption tax. In most European countries, this figure would signify a population of approximately 15,000. However, due to unique circumstances in Bulgaria, the actual population likely ranges between 8,000 to 10,000 individuals Tour Packages Balkan.

Misconceptions and Realities

Dispelling Myths

There exists a prevalent misconception regarding the Bulgarians’ level of civilization. Often dismissed as primitive savages akin to American Indians, this stereotype fails to capture the true essence of Bulgarian society.

Education and Enlightenment

Contrary to popular belief, Bulgarian villages boast thriving educational institutions. Despite challenges posed by Turkish authorities, these schools, supported by voluntary taxation, provide free education to children of all backgrounds. Nearly every Bulgarian child receives instruction in reading and writing, with literacy rates comparable to those of England and France.

Challenging Perceptions

It is imperative to challenge outdated perceptions of Bulgarian society. The widespread dissemination of false narratives undermines the rich cultural heritage and progressive strides made by the Bulgarian people. By acknowledging their educational achievements and societal advancements, we can dispel the myth of Bulgarian “savagery” and recognize the nation’s rightful place among civilized societies.

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Extensive Archaeological Endeavors

Early Excavations and Discoveries

In 1960, exploration of Turnovo’s historical sites commenced, focusing on the south transverse fortress wall and the Patriarchal complex. Subsequent years saw significant revelations, with 1963 marking the discovery of a small church in the square in front of the Palace and the excavation of a residential district on the west slope of the hill “Momina Krepost.”

Expansion of Excavations

The scope of archaeological endeavors expanded notably after 1966, following a government decree aimed at developing Turnovo as a historical, cultural, and tourist destination. Spearheaded by a Public Committee and involving a collaboration between archaeologists, the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, and the Archaeological Museum in Turnovo, the project gained momentum.

Focus Areas and Findings

The archaeological focus centered on key sites such as the central capital fortress, the monastery “Velikata Lavra,” and the church “Sveti Dimitur.” Detailed examinations were conducted on Tsarevets Hill, unraveling the architectural complexities of the north and west fortress walls Private Tours Istanbul, along with associated defenses, gates, towers, and dwellings. Particularly significant was the exploration of the Castle of Bulgarian Tzars and the Patriarchate, shedding light on both secular and clerical powers during The Second Bulgarian Kingdom.

Rich Discoveries

The extensive excavations yielded remarkable findings, including over 500 dwellings, 23 Middle Age churches, and a plethora of artifacts. These discoveries provided valuable insights not only into architectural styles but also into the craft industry, lifestyle, and cultural practices of the society during that era.

Unveiling Historical Layers

A crucial aspect of the excavation involved deciphering the stratification of Turnovo’s history, spanning from the Thracian settlement through the early Byzantium town and the early Middle Age settlement, up to the emergence of the capital Turnovo town. Additionally, the fate of the monuments under the rule of the Ottoman Empire was meticulously examined, enriching our understanding of Turnovo’s complex historical narrative.

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Extensive Archaeological Endeavors

Early Excavations and Discoveries

In 1960, exploration of Turnovo’s historical sites commenced, focusing on the south transverse fortress wall and the Patriarchal complex. Subsequent years saw significant revelations, with 1963 marking the discovery of a small church in the square in front of the Palace and the excavation of a residential district on the west slope of the hill “Momina Krepost.”

Expansion of Excavations

The scope of archaeological endeavors expanded notably after 1966, following a government decree aimed at developing Turnovo as a historical, cultural, and tourist destination. Spearheaded by a Public Committee and involving a collaboration between archaeologists, the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, and the Archaeological Museum in Turnovo, the project gained momentum.

Focus Areas and Findings

The archaeological focus centered on key sites such as the central capital fortress, the monastery “Velikata Lavra,” and the church “Sveti Dimitur.” Detailed examinations were conducted on Tsarevets Hill, unraveling the architectural complexities of the north and west fortress walls Private Tours Istanbul, along with associated defenses, gates, towers, and dwellings. Particularly significant was the exploration of the Castle of Bulgarian Tzars and the Patriarchate, shedding light on both secular and clerical powers during The Second Bulgarian Kingdom.

Rich Discoveries

The extensive excavations yielded remarkable findings, including over 500 dwellings, 23 Middle Age churches, and a plethora of artifacts. These discoveries provided valuable insights not only into architectural styles but also into the craft industry, lifestyle, and cultural practices of the society during that era.

Unveiling Historical Layers

A crucial aspect of the excavation involved deciphering the stratification of Turnovo’s history, spanning from the Thracian settlement through the early Byzantium town and the early Middle Age settlement, up to the emergence of the capital Turnovo town. Additionally, the fate of the monuments under the rule of the Ottoman Empire was meticulously examined, enriching our understanding of Turnovo’s complex historical narrative.

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Bulgaria's Historical Struggles and Expansion

Conflict with Byzantium (679 A.D.)

At this time, Hellenic Byzantium was occupied with battles against the Arabs. In 679, the Byzantine emperor Constantine II waged war against the Old Bulgarians. Unfortunately, Constantine’s army suffered a severe defeat, and he had to sign a peace treaty, acknowledging the Bulgarian khan’s authority and surrendering all the land that makes up present-day Bulgaria.

Fusion of Slavs and Old Bulgarians

The blending of Slavs and Old Bulgarians into a united people called Bulgarians continued. They expanded south into Thrace and Macedonia and west along the Danube basin into Central Europe.

Conflict with Byzantium (811-813 A.D.)

In 811, the Byzantine emperor Nicephorus I City Tour Istanbul, concerned about the growing power of the Bulgarians, led an army into Bulgaria. The expedition ended in disaster, with the emperor killed and his army defeated. In 813, the new Byzantine emperor, Michael, launched a stronger attack on the Bulgarians. The Byzantines suffered a significant defeat, and surviving soldiers found safety only within the walls of Byzantium. King Krum of Bulgaria then besieged Byzantium, but when Krum fell ill and died, the Bulgarians withdrew after securing a promise of an annual tribute from Byzantium.

The Golden Age

Reign of King Boris I (865 A.D.)

King Boris I, a crucial Bulgarian ruler, accepted the Byzantine form of Christianity as the official Bulgarian religion in 865. However, tensions and conflicts with Byzantium persisted. Byzantium aimed to Hellenize and assimilate the Bulgarians into their culture, using peaceful means like making Greek the language of the church and state. However, two brothers, Cyril and Methodius, developed an alphabet for the Old Bulgarian language, known today as “Cyrillic.” King Boris I supported the spread of Cyrillic, allowing the Old Bulgarian language to compete with Greek in church rituals and ecclesiastical literature. Cyrillic later extended beyond Bulgaria, reaching other Slavic countries such as Serbia and Russia.

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Bulgaria's Historical Struggles and Expansion

Conflict with Byzantium (679 A.D.)

At this time, Hellenic Byzantium was occupied with battles against the Arabs. In 679, the Byzantine emperor Constantine II waged war against the Old Bulgarians. Unfortunately, Constantine’s army suffered a severe defeat, and he had to sign a peace treaty, acknowledging the Bulgarian khan’s authority and surrendering all the land that makes up present-day Bulgaria.

Fusion of Slavs and Old Bulgarians

The blending of Slavs and Old Bulgarians into a united people called Bulgarians continued. They expanded south into Thrace and Macedonia and west along the Danube basin into Central Europe.

Conflict with Byzantium (811-813 A.D.)

In 811, the Byzantine emperor Nicephorus I City Tour Istanbul, concerned about the growing power of the Bulgarians, led an army into Bulgaria. The expedition ended in disaster, with the emperor killed and his army defeated. In 813, the new Byzantine emperor, Michael, launched a stronger attack on the Bulgarians. The Byzantines suffered a significant defeat, and surviving soldiers found safety only within the walls of Byzantium. King Krum of Bulgaria then besieged Byzantium, but when Krum fell ill and died, the Bulgarians withdrew after securing a promise of an annual tribute from Byzantium.

The Golden Age

Reign of King Boris I (865 A.D.)

King Boris I, a crucial Bulgarian ruler, accepted the Byzantine form of Christianity as the official Bulgarian religion in 865. However, tensions and conflicts with Byzantium persisted. Byzantium aimed to Hellenize and assimilate the Bulgarians into their culture, using peaceful means like making Greek the language of the church and state. However, two brothers, Cyril and Methodius, developed an alphabet for the Old Bulgarian language, known today as “Cyrillic.” King Boris I supported the spread of Cyrillic, allowing the Old Bulgarian language to compete with Greek in church rituals and ecclesiastical literature. Cyrillic later extended beyond Bulgaria, reaching other Slavic countries such as Serbia and Russia.

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Bulgaria's Ascension to Independence

A Flourishing Dawn

A Milestone Attained

With the formal recognition of Bulgaria’s independence, the nation achieved an esteemed legal status comparable to its European counterparts. This momentous event marked the commencement of a transformative era for the Bulgarian people.

Navigating Between Orient and Europe

Over three decades, Bulgarians navigated the critical juncture between the Orient and Europe. Eager to break free from the economic inertia of the Ottoman Empire, they swiftly sought to align themselves with the advanced nations of the continent.

The Rise of Bulgarian Industry

In the initial decade of the 20th century, Bulgaria’s fledgling industry witnessed an extraordinary surge, achieving a sevenfold increase in production. The state actively supported local industries through tax concessions and protective custom policies, fostering a burgeoning economic landscape.

Agriculture, Commerce, and Industry Advance

Bulgaria’s rapid economic development during the late 19th and early 20th centuries manifested in notable progress across agricultural, commercial, and industrial domains. By 1910, the nation had outpaced its neighbors in various economic indicators Private Turkey Tours, signaling its emergence as a regional economic powerhouse.

A Nationwide Revival

A cultural and intellectual renaissance swept across Bulgaria, leaving an indelible mark on science, literature, arts, and sports. This pervasive renewal, fueled by the nation’s promising economic and spiritual potential, positioned Bulgaria as a beacon of progress.

Empowered by Promise, Confronting National Challenges

By 1912, fortified by economic prosperity and a renewed national spirit, Bulgarians were prepared to address their national question through military means. This era of affluence and cultural resurgence laid the foundation for Bulgaria’s journey towards increased autonomy and global recognition.

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Silent Bargains and Ransom

Haggling for a Ravaged Village’s Redemption

Clandestine Negotiations The Veil over Hafiz Pacha’s Dealings

Amidst the atrocities unfolding in Avrat-Alan, a clandestine drama played out in the shadows. Hafiz Pacha, orchestrating a grim narrative, engaged in secret negotiations with the imprisoned men from the village. What transpired in those hushed conversations revealed a sinister plot—a ransom for the very village he had plundered.

Ransom in the Shadows The Perilous Path to Redemption

As the horrors continued, the terms of Avrat-Alan’s ransom were meticulously hashed out. In the shadows, a delicate dance unfolded, with money becoming the currency of redemption. The villagers, desperate to reclaim their ravaged homes, faced the arduous task of raising the demanded funds. Every coin collected became a silent plea for salvation from the clutches of brutality.

Freedom at a Cost The Liberation of a Broken People

The negotiated sum was finally assembled, a testament to the indomitable spirit of a community shattered by violence. The once-imprisoned men were released, allowed to return to a village forever scarred. The price of freedom, however Balkan Tours, wasn’t just monetary; it bore the weight of silent compromises, an unspoken understanding that survival required a perilous pact with their tormentors.

Behind Closed Doors Unraveling the Intricacies of Ransom

Securing the details of this transaction proved a Herculean task for Mr. Schuyler, navigating a landscape of fear and whispered secrets. The villagers, haunted by the specter of Hafiz Pacha’s vengeance, hesitated to reveal the truth. For the money extorted wasn’t destined for the government’s coffers but served as a tribute to Hafiz Pacha’s private exchequer. In a strange twist of fate, the very government that should condemn such actions might yet demand a reckoning.

The Toll of Tragedy Lives Lost and the Lingering Specter of Fear

The toll exacted on Avrat-Alan was devastating, with estimates suggesting between 200 and 300 lives lost. The casualties were predominantly those who dared to flee, meeting their demise at the merciless hands of the marauding Bashi-Bazouks. The haunting specter of fear, coupled with the unspoken trauma of silent bargains, lingered over a village forever changed by the harrowing events that unfolded in its midst.

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Silent Bargains and Ransom

Haggling for a Ravaged Village’s Redemption

Clandestine Negotiations The Veil over Hafiz Pacha’s Dealings

Amidst the atrocities unfolding in Avrat-Alan, a clandestine drama played out in the shadows. Hafiz Pacha, orchestrating a grim narrative, engaged in secret negotiations with the imprisoned men from the village. What transpired in those hushed conversations revealed a sinister plot—a ransom for the very village he had plundered.

Ransom in the Shadows The Perilous Path to Redemption

As the horrors continued, the terms of Avrat-Alan’s ransom were meticulously hashed out. In the shadows, a delicate dance unfolded, with money becoming the currency of redemption. The villagers, desperate to reclaim their ravaged homes, faced the arduous task of raising the demanded funds. Every coin collected became a silent plea for salvation from the clutches of brutality.

Freedom at a Cost The Liberation of a Broken People

The negotiated sum was finally assembled, a testament to the indomitable spirit of a community shattered by violence. The once-imprisoned men were released, allowed to return to a village forever scarred. The price of freedom, however Balkan Tours, wasn’t just monetary; it bore the weight of silent compromises, an unspoken understanding that survival required a perilous pact with their tormentors.

Behind Closed Doors Unraveling the Intricacies of Ransom

Securing the details of this transaction proved a Herculean task for Mr. Schuyler, navigating a landscape of fear and whispered secrets. The villagers, haunted by the specter of Hafiz Pacha’s vengeance, hesitated to reveal the truth. For the money extorted wasn’t destined for the government’s coffers but served as a tribute to Hafiz Pacha’s private exchequer. In a strange twist of fate, the very government that should condemn such actions might yet demand a reckoning.

The Toll of Tragedy Lives Lost and the Lingering Specter of Fear

The toll exacted on Avrat-Alan was devastating, with estimates suggesting between 200 and 300 lives lost. The casualties were predominantly those who dared to flee, meeting their demise at the merciless hands of the marauding Bashi-Bazouks. The haunting specter of fear, coupled with the unspoken trauma of silent bargains, lingered over a village forever changed by the harrowing events that unfolded in its midst.

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Tragedy in Perustitza

Unraveling the Brutality of the Bashi-Bazouks

In the somber chronicles of the village of Perustitza, a tale of tragedy unfolds, shedding light on the merciless actions of the notorious Bashi-Bazouks. The events that transpired during those fateful days not only left a scar on the community but also drew attention to the need for justice and accountability.

One particular incident exemplifies the ruthless nature of the Bashi-Bazouks. Among those who ventured outside the village was a Frenchman, involved in commercial activities in Philippopolis. Driven by the distressing news of unrest, he returned home in search of a fellow Frenchman who had gone missing. Unbeknownst to him, danger lurked as he encountered the Bashi-Bazouks. Fluent in Turkish, he attempted to explain his purpose to Achmet-Aga, only to find himself detained and eventually killed, presumably in a pursuit for imagined wealth.

This tragic occurrence did not go unnoticed by the French Consul, who promptly lodged a complaint. The French Government, spurred by this grievous act, likely demanded compensation for the families of the two deceased men. This incident underscores the gravity of the situation in Perustitza and unveils the murderous tendencies that fueled the actions of the Bashi-Bazouks.

Siege to the village

As the Bashi-Bazouks laid siege to the village, terrorizing its inhabitants, a grim reality unfolded. Those who lacked confidence in the benevolence of the Turks and hesitated to surrender found themselves fleeing to the fields. private tours bulgaria Their desperate escape, however, was futile as the merciless pursuers hunted them down, leaving a trail of death in their wake.

The Bashi-Bazouks, having disposed of those in their clutches, turned their attention to the abandoned homes. Pillaging with abandon, they plundered the villagers of their possessions and, with a heartless disregard, set their homes ablaze. The village, once a peaceful abode, now stood witness to the destruction wrought by the marauding forces.

Remarkably, the Bashi-Bazouks refrained from launching a direct assault on the church, opting instead to harass its occupants from a distance. Their bravery, it seemed, was reserved for confronting defenseless women and children. When faced with armed resistance, their courage waned, revealing a stark contrast in their demeanor.

For three agonizing days, the villagers endured the pillaging and burning of their homes, while the Bashi-Bazouks callously fired upon the church from a secure vantage point. The besieged villagers, relegated to the churchyard, could only watch in despair as the flames consumed the remnants of their once-thriving community.

The tragedy of Perustitza serves as a poignant reminder of the brutality that can be unleashed in times of conflict. It beckons the international community to reflect on the importance of justice and accountability, urging swift action to address the heinous acts perpetrated by the Bashi-Bazouks. In the face of such atrocities, the world must stand united to ensure that the voices of the victims are heard and that the perpetrators are held accountable for their crimes.

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Januarius Aloysius MacGahan

A martyr to duty and friendship, januarius Aloysius MacGahan, the most brilliant journalist of the XIXth century, visited Bulgaria in July and August of the memorable year of 1876, when he wrote his famous reports on the Bulgarian uprising, reports which were to enter the annals of world journalism as epoch-making documents and classical models. These reports had an unprecedented circulation and influence.

In 1876, after the doyen of the British press « The Times », through fear of the progressive attitude reflected in his articles, refused him a post on the newspaper, MacGahan welcomed the campaign of the London newspaper « Daily News » on behalf of the Bulgarian people and rendered invaluable service to that cause. A year later, after joining the Russian army, he formed a sincere friendship with General Skobelev and General Gurko and took part in all major battles for the liberation of Bulgaria.

His descriptions of the battles of Plevna and Shipka remain outstanding examples of journalism. Despite a broken ankle, he was continuously present at operations on the front throughout the Russo-Turkish ivar. Near Istanbul, exhausted, he contracted typhoid fever ivhilst caring for his companion in arms and died on 9 June 1878 at the age of 34 City Tour Istanbul, thus Unking his destiny with the liberation of the Bulgarian people.

Frank Hill

The reports on the April uprising came as a result of the conflict which sprang up between the British government and the leaders of the liberal « Daily News » (Frank Hill, chief editor). Famous for its well organized foreign service, the « Daily News» published on the 23rd and the 30th of June 1876 a series of letters from Edween Pears, correspondent in Constantinople, referring to the monstrous atrocities in Bulgaria.

These aroused doubts amongst the British public about the government’s policy with regard to the Balkan area. To appease an excited public clamouring for more exhaustive information and to refute the accusations of the government, the editorial board of the « Daily News » decided to conduct an inquiry on its own behalf and sent out a special commissioner to Bulgaria.

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How many were in your family

“ How many were in your family ?99 we would ask. “Ten,” the answer would be, perhaps. “How many remain?” “Two.” “How many in yours?” “Eight.” “ How many remain V* “ Three.” “ How many in yours ? ” “ Fifteen.” “How many remain? ” “ Five.” And so on in families numbering from five to twenty, in which only remained from one to five persons.

One old woman came to us, wringing her hands, and crying in that hard tearless manner of which I have already spoken, and when we could get her sufficiently calmed to tell us her story, she said she had three tall handsome sons, Ghiorghy, Ivantchu, and Stoyan, and they were all married to good and dutiful wives, Reika, Stoyanka, and Anka, and they had between them twelve beautiful children, Anghel and Tragan and Ghiorghy and Ivantchu, Letko, Assen, Boydan, Stoyan, Tonka, Gingka, Marika, and Reika, so that the family counted, all told, nineteen persons living under the same roof Private Tours Istanbul.

Blagoi Christostoff

Of all this large flourishing family, the tall handsome sons, the dutiful wives, and the twelve beautiful children, there remained only this poor old grandmother. They were all brutally slaughtered to the last one. Of this flourishing family tree there remained only this lifeless withered trunk, and the poor old woman sat down and beat her head, and fairly screamed out her despair. There was an old man who told us of his uncle, Blagoi Christostoff, a venerable patriarch of the grand old type.

He had five sons married, who had among them twenty-seven children, thus making a family that with the wives counted up a sum total of thirty-nine persons living under the same roof. Of this enormous family there are only eight left.

We might have gone on for hours listening to these stories had we but time. There was another family of twenty-five, of whom seven were left; one of twenty, of whom eight were left; numbers of them of ten to fifteen, of whom one to five were left; and we heard besides of many families that had been completely annihilated, not one remaining. The people who committed this wholesale slaughter were not Circassians, as has been supposed, but the Turks of the neighbouring villages, led by the Achmet-Agha already spoken of.

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A Foreword by Andrey Pantev Professor of History

In times of significant political changes historical writings shoot up like mushrooms. One of the reasons for this is the rule that they all begin with a revision of the past. They conform to not only because of certain necessities but also because every generation is digging into the past in search of answers to questions that stand before it today. In this particular way are being brought back themes and events which simply have not been that actual before Private Tours Balkan. So, read this book.

It is worth the effort. You will come upon things in it which you thought you already knew. You might not share the opinion of what has been laid out here; you might find the events and their explanation well-known or queer – anyway, it is worth reading it.

However, there is one more thing. It is been for more than a century that the Bulgarians point out their cultural and historical heritage, along with their tradition of state, as a basic argument for their communion to the European world. Their “awakening” itself as a modern national community is caused by the idea of reproduction of their historical prestige. While writing history the ideologists and function-arise of the Bulgarian national liberation movement believed that they were writing the future. Without being an exception in the history of Eastern and Central Europe this cult towards the historical past strengthened but, on the other hand, sometimes it even limited their significance in the European civilization.

It included various dimensions which often seemed contradictory. Our own notion of ourselves coincided quite rarely with the notion that the others had of us. And this lack of correspond-once frequently provoked a justified reaction whose painful sensations lead to groundless exaggerations. In fact, our real value between the two extremes – that of claims and the other, of real merits – laid somewhere in the middle…

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Greek general

North Side.—The sculptures on this side represent a hunting scene. The central group is composed of three figures of horsemen; that in the middle is of a mounted Persian (probably the same that is depicted at the head of the sarcophagus) spearing a lion which has sprung at his horse’s breast, and which another hunter is clubbing; the other two horsemen, one on the right and the other on the left, are galloping to the first one’s assistance; the one on the left can be no other than Alexander, as is evinced by the crown on his head, while the one on the right appears to be the Greek general who figures in the battle-scene on the other side of the sarcophagus. To the right and left respectively of the central group are two secondary ones, each composed of a Greek and a Persian; that on the left is of a Persian archer taking aim at a lion, and of a running Greek with javelin poised and aimed at a deer; that on the right is of a Greek spearing a stag which a Persian is about to club.

Foot.—Here all the figures are of Persians. In the centre a Persian (probably the same as is represented on the head and one of the side slabs) dealing a blow with his axe at a panther; to the left a henchman is trying to hold a frightened horse, under which a hound is rushing at the panther; towards the right are two more hunters about to attack the panther; while, on the left, a third bearing a buckler gives it a spear-thrust.

Cornice ornament

The lid which completes this noble monument is in itself an admirable work of art. It is in the form of a sloping roof, and rests on a plinth forming- an architrave made of a thin layer of pearl under a row of rais’de-cceur. and with a cornice ornamented with a moulding of vine leaves; denticles under a thin lintel and a row of ovulae complete the ornamentation of the plinth. Along the eaves on each side is a row of twelve three-horned he-goats’ heads ; and above these and alternating with them are nine heads of women ornamented with palm leaves. At each of the four corners of the lid is a lion couchant with open mouth and fierce eyes. The two sides of the roof are imbricated; the top is ornamented with a row of six two-faced female heads arranged alternately with pairs of eagles, placed back to back; of the latter nothing now remains but the claws, the eagles having, in all probability, been broken off in recent times.

At the top of each of the two pediments are a pair of sphinxes facing each other, and above them an open palm leaf. The carving on each of the two frontages is of most exquisite workmanship.

[turbulgaria]

Tenth centuries Constantinople was assailed by no less than six invasions

During the ninth and tenth centuries Constantinople was assailed by no less than six invasions— from Bulgaria, from Hungary, and four times from Russia.

In 1096 A.D. Constantinople was visited by the Crusaders under Godfrey de Bouillon, on their way to Jerusalem. The Emperor Alexius was an assenting party to the armed confederation of western chivalry which initiated the Crusades, and, through his ambassadors, had pledged the aid of his treasures and of his troops.

But when he saw the hosts of the Christian armies collected beneath the walls of his capital, and contrasted the strength, numbers, discipline, and brilliant equipment of his allies with the too evident weakness of his own troops, he recognised his inability to resist, if, as he feared might be the case, they should be tempted from their sterner purpose by the attractions of his capital, and should prefer the substantial pleasures of the present Constantinople to the more distant and dangerous honours of the conquest of Jerusalem. However, he adopted a policy of conciliation, and, after being kept on the tenter-hooks of alternate hope and fear, had at last the satisfaction of seeing them depart.

One institution of Alexius

There is one institution of Alexius and of these later rulers of the Eastern Empire which is of special interest to Englishmen, viz. the Royal Varangian Guard. The best of the native soldiers were enrolled in battalions under the proud title of ‘ the Immortals but, partaking as they did of the general effeminacy of the nation in its decadence, they could by no means be relied upon in the field, while at home they more frequently than otherwise aided any insurrectionary risings of the citizens instead of supporting the crown.

The Greek sovereigns, therefore, maintained a number of mercenary troops. These at first consisted of the Heruli, the offscouring of the hordes of Alaric and of Attila, or of the conquered bar-barians from the coast of Africa; but were in later times composed of the adventurous mariners who, in a preceding century, had made voyages from Denmark and from the shores of the Baltic daily tours istanbul, and of a large importation from England of noble Anglo-Saxon youths, who preferred military service in a foreign court to submission to the Norman conqueror.

These English exiles were the safe-guards of the throne of Alexius, and to them he looked as being alike willing and able to help in any fray or contest with embarrassing Norman auxiliaries and allies. The Varangian Guard were the only troops which showed fight against the invaders when, in A.D. 1203, the army of Norman nobles forming the fourth Crusade turned aside from their purpose at the instance of the Republic of Venice, and, with the assistance of the Venetian galleys, attacked Constantinople simultaneously by sea and land and took the city. Willardouin, in describing this siege, says: ‘ Li murs fu mult garnis d’Anglois et de Danois.’ Henry Dandolo, the ‘ Octogenarian Chief the blind Doge of