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Modelong CIPP ni Stufflebeam, Ating Tuklasin!

Hindi pa ako guro sa kasalukuyan subalit batid ko na hindi madali maging guro. Isa itong malaking responsibilidad na kinakailangan ang halos lahat ng mabubuting katangian tulad ng pagiging matiyaga, masipag, malikhain, mapagmalasakit, at iba pa. Isa itong dakilang tungkulin na kaakibat ang pag-aalay ng sarili sa paglilingkod sa kabataan.

Bata pa lamang ako, guro na ang napupusuan kong propesyon subalit hindi ko pa noon nakikita ang tunay na buhay ng isang guro. Ang alam ko lang pumapasok siya sa klase, magtuturo ng aralin, at kung minsan ay may inihandang mga pagsusulit. Habang ako ay lumalaki, mula hayskul hanggang college, higit kong natutuklasan ang katotohanang sa likod ng pagtuturo ng guro ay ang lahat ng pagod at puyat na tiniis niya makabuo lamang ng banghay-aralin, makagawa lamang ng mga paraang pupukaw sa interes ng mga estudyante, at matupad lamang ang mithiing matuto ang mga bata.

Naging malinaw sa akin na hindi lamang nagtuturo ang guro. Nagpaplano rin siya ng ano at paano ng kanyang pagtuturo, nagpapatupad ng mga kaparaanang naisip, at nagtataya kung epektibo bang naisakatuparan ang mga mithiin sa pamamagitan ng mga estratehiyang ginamit sa pagtuturo. Esensiyal ang pagtataya sapagkat ito ang mabisang paraan ng guro upang malaman ang kalakasan at kahinaan ng nabuo at ipinatupad na plano ng pagtuturo.

Mayroong iba’t ibang modelo sa pagtataya ng kurikulum. Isa rito ang Modelong CIPP na binuo ni Daniel L. Stufflebeam na nakakatulong sa mga guro na sistematikong mangolekta ng impormasyon kaugnay ng kurikulum na nabuo at ipinatupad. Sa paraang ito, natutukoy nila ang kalakasan at kahinaan ng nilalaman o ng mismong pagtuturo nito, napapabuti ang implementasyon ng kurikulum, at nakakagawa ng desisyon tungo sa mas magandang kinabukasan ng edukasyon.

Nakatuon ang modelo sa pagsusuri ng apat na mahalagang aspekto: Context, Input, Process, at Product.

Photo Source: poorvucenter.yale.edu

Ayon kay Stufflebeam, ang ebalwasyon ng konteksto (context) ang pinakapangunahing uri ng pagsusuri dahil sakop nito ang kabuuang mga tunguhin sa kurikulum. Ito ang tumutulong sa mga guro na maunawaan ang kapaligiran at pangangailangan ng lipunan, paaralan, at mag-aaral. Sa ebalwasyon ding ito masusuri kung natugunan ba o hindi ang mga pangangailangan at ano ang dahilan ng tagumpay o kabiguan nito. Kung bigo man, dito na papasok ang mga problema at hamon na kailangang pagtuunan ng pansin. Samakatuwid, ang konteksto ang nagbibigay ng isang matibay na katuwiran sa pagtukoy ng mga layunin sa kurikulum.

Sa ebalwasyon ng input naman, isinasaalang-alang ng guro ang yaman ng paaralan. Kaugnay nito, sinusuri nila kung anong mga yaman ang mapapakinabangan sa pagpapatupad ng kurikulum at kung paano ito magagamit upang matamo ang inaasahang bunga ng binubuong kurikulum.

Nakatuon naman ang ebalwasyon ng proseso (process) sa pagsusuri ng ipinatutupad na kurikulum. Sa paraang ito, nakakakuha ng mahalagang impormasyon ang guro na magsisilbing batayan sa paggawa ng mga desisyong makabuluhan, nakikita ang mga problema sa pagpapatupad ng kurikulum, at nabibigyan ng tugon ang proseso ng pagpapatupad nito.

Panghuli, ang ebalwasyon ng produkto (product) ay nakakatulong sa guro na maunawaan at mapahalagahan ang mga nakamit nang hindi nagiging limitado sa pagtatapos ng pagpapatupad ng kurikulum.

Ang modelong CIPP ni Stufflebeam ay magiging epektibo sa konteksto ng Pilipinas kung ito ay DSL: Dapat, Sapat, Lapat. Dapat pagtuunan ng pansin ang lahat ng aspekto sa modelo mula sa konteksto, input, proseso, hanggang sa produkto nito upang maging pulido ang ebalwasyon ng kurikulum. Sapat ang kahandaan sa pagsusuri ng CIPP upang magresulta ng makabuluhang datos na kapaki-pakinabang sa pagpapaunlad ng kurikulum. Higit sa lahat, lapat ang pag-unawa at pagpapahalaga sa modelo ayon sa tiyak na mga pangangailangan at kahingian ng sitwasyon sa bansa.

Hindi pa ako isang guro, magiging guro pa lamang sa hinaharap ngunit ngayon pa lamang, inihahanda na ako sa karera ng buhay bilang guro na tagaplano, tagapagpatupad, at tagataya ng kurikulum. Bilang magiging guro ng wika, panitikan, at bayan, lagi’t lagi kong babaunin ang pagmamahal sa propesyon at sa larangan ng Filipino upang maikintal ko sa aking diwa ang mahalagang gampanin ko sa pagtataguyod ng makabayang edukasyong sandigan ang CIPP ni Stufflebeam. Mapanghamon, subalit hangga’t may pangarap na pinanghahawakan, may mga kaparaanan upang hamon ay mapagtagumpayan.

SANGGUNIAN:

Yale. (n.d.). CIPP Model. Retrieved from https://poorvucenter.yale.edu/CIPP

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LUMAD BAKWIT SCHOOL: ANO AT PAANO ANG KURIKULUM?

Nagsisilbing liwanag at malinaw na direksyon, ang kurikulum ay lubhang mahalaga. Nabuo mula sa masusing pagsusuri ng ugnayang mag-aaral, lipunan, at disiplina, binibigkis nito ang diwa ng mga tao at hinuhubog na maging aktibo at kapaki-pakinabang na mamamayan. Sa lipunang walang tigil ang militarisasyon, patuloy na lumalaban ang mga Lumad para sa kanilang karapatan at kalayaan. Edukasyon ang pangunahing sandalan nila upang maiwasan ang tuluyang paglubog sa mapang-abusong mga kababayan. Bilang itinuturing na yaman ng kanilang buhay ang edukasyon, ano nga ba ang kurikulum ng Lumad Bakwit School at paano nila ito binigyang buhay?

Nakasentro ang kanilang edukasyon sa pagiging makamasa, makabayan at siyentipiko. Makamasa na nagpapahalaga sa karapatan sa edukasyon ng lahat; makabayan na nagpapakita ng respeto at pagmamalasakit sa komunidad; at siyentipiko kung saan ang pagtuturo at pagkatuto ay nakasandig sa tunay na kalagayan ng lipunan.

“Walang pinipili kung sinong gustong makapag-aral; kahit anak ng datu o kahit sino basta gustong mag-aral pwedeng makapag-aral sa Lumad School.” 

– Sharmaine Dausay

“Kung makapagtapos kami ng aming pag-aaral, babalik po kami sa aming komunidad para magturo sa kapwa.” – Betty Jean Calimpitan

“Tinuturuan kami ng mga guro namin paano magsuri ng totoong kalagayan hindi lamang po maniwala sa nagsasalita; yung tinuturo samin ay yung makikita lang namin talaga at palagi naming magagamit sa pang-araw-araw.” – Sharmaine Dausay

Nabuo ang MMS: Makabayan, Makamasa at Siyentipikong kurikulum dulot ng lokalisado at kontekstwalisadong paraan, ang intelektwalisasyon ng Wikang Filipino. Bukod sa paggamit nito sa komunikasyon, kinasangkapan din ito bilang midyum ng instruksyon. Sa kapangyarihan ng wikang Filipino, pinayabong ang kaalaman ng mga Lumad at saysay nito sa buhay habang itinuturo sa kanila ang mga esensiyal na kaugalian tulad ng pagrespeto sa kapwa at pagkakapantay-pantay. Kasabay ng intelektwalisasyon ng wika ang mga kapakinabangang dulot nito bilang pangunahing wikang panturo na ginagamit sa kurikulum ng Lumad Bakwit School. Sa pamamagitan ng wikang Filipino, nagiging madali ang komunikasyon at pag-unawa sa nilalamang ipinapaliwanag sa kanila. Nagkakaroon din ng pantay na benepisyo sa panig man ng wikang Filipino o ng mga Lumad.

Nakatutuwa ang pagpupursigi ng mga Lumad na nagresulta sa paglilimbag ng iba’t ibang libro tulad ng: Ang Bayabas, Manobo Dictionary, at Obilyo Bay’aw. Isa sila sa mga patunay na malaki ang potensyal ng wikang Filipino sa pagpapabuti ng sistema ng edukasyon sa bansa. Sa kabilang banda, nakalulungkot isiping pinagkakaitan sila ng gobyerno ng karapatan na matuto at umunlad. Sa halip na tulong at suporta ang matamasa nila, pagyurak sa kanilang pagkatao ang handog sa kanila ng gobyerno. Pagpapasara ng kanilang paaralan at pangangamkam ng kanilang lupang ninuno ang naging tugon sa kanilang hiling na kalayaan.

Bawat kurikulum ay may prosesong pinagdadaanan. Mula sa pagpaplano, pagdidisensyo, pagpapatupad, hanggang sa pagtataya ng kurikulum, mahalagang laging balikan ang ugnayan ng mag-aaral, lipunan, at disiplina. Ang tatlong esensiyal na sangkap na ito ang huhulma sa isang kurikulum na nakasalig sa tiyak na kalagayan at pangangailangan nito. Anumang kurikulum ang mabuo, tiyak na magiging makabuluhan ito kung ito ay mapagpalaya; mapagpalaya sa pagpapanday ng karunungan, mapagpalaya sa pagmamahal sa bayan, at mapagpalaya sa karapatan ng lahat.

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A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner

“Forget what hurt you, but never forget what it taught you.”

The story begins with the funeral of Emily Grierson. The entire town attended her funeral in her home since they viewed it as an obligation and because they were curious to see the inside of her house which no one has entered for ten years. After this event, the story flashbacks with the narrator telling the story of Emily’s life. Emily was raised by an overprotective and controlling father who drove away all of her suitors because of his belief that none of them were good enough for his daughter. When her father died, she became poor and devastated. Colonel Sartoris, the town’s mayor at the time, helped her by suspending her tax responsibilities to the town. When new town leaders took over, they attempted to make Emily pay her taxes but she refused and told them to talk to Colonel regarding the matter. Unfortunately, Colonel has already been dead for ten years.

Despite of the difficult situation she has faced, Emily eventually recovers and meets a man named Homer Barron, a Northerner who came to town shortly after her father’s death. They became sweethearts but in the end, Homer told Emily that he is not the marrying type of person and left her. When Emily is seen buying arsenic from the local store, the townspeople are convinced that Homer’s declaration has driven her to suicide. In the end, the truth was discovered in Emily’s funeral when the townspeople break down the door to an upstairs bedroom in the old Grierson home. They found out that Emily killed Homer as they saw the interior decorated like a bridal suite but with the atmosphere of a long-ignored tomb, the decomposed body of Homer on the bed, and a single strand of long, gray hair placed on empty pillow next to him.

A Rose for Emily is a story that left me a lesson about getting over the past and overcoming struggles in life. It is clear that Emily struggled in coping up with her father’s death. I understand her because even I will suffer greatly if one of my loved ones died. Like Emily, I am also afraid of losing the most important persons in my life and if I experienced the same situation Emily has encountered, I am not confident if I can still be happy and continue to live. Nevertheless, the story made me realized the importance of being strong and finding solutions to one’s problem. I believe that if Emily found people whom she can lean on to especially in times of darkness, then her story would be different. Therefore, as we encounter challenges in life, we must keep in mind that there is nothing wrong with seeking for help for us to heal and finally grow.

The Cask of Amontillado by Edgar Allan Poe

“The thousand injuries of Fortunato I had borne as best I could; but when he ventured upon insult, I vowed revenge.” - Montresor

The story is centred on a man named Montresor who decided to take revenge on Fortunato who insulted him. His plans was to meet Fortunato at a carnival, trick him regarding the barrel of a rare brandy called Amontillado, and bury him alive in the catacomb of his house. Fortunato’s drunkenness and interest in verifying the authenticity of the wine made it easier for Montresor to make these plans possible. In the end, Fortunato died being trapped in the hole and nobody has discovered his death even after many years have passed by.

The Cask of Amontillado taught me the importance of thinking first before doing or saying something. It is because words and actions are powerful to the point that it can damage one’s well-being if people are not careful at deciding what to say or do. The worst case is that we have already offended someone yet we were not aware that they were hurt because of us. As what the golden rule states, “Do unto others as you would have them do unto you.” If we want to be respected, then we should learn to respect other people to build and sustain a healthy relationship with other people.

Hills Like White Elephants by Ernest Hemingway

“We’re all human aren’t we? Every human life is worth the same and worth saving.”

– J.K. Rowling

The story is about a couple who stopped by at a train station in Spain, drank beer, and talked with each other. The man is convincing the woman to abort their baby by letting her know that the procedure is simple and safe although it was not really guaranteed safe at that time, reassuring her that he will be right beside her the whole time, and that abortion is the only solution to the problems in their relationship. However, the woman is indecisive regarding the issue.

Hills Like White Elephants emphasized the idea that we are all responsible for every action we have made. Yes, we are free to choose, but we are not free to choose the consequences of our choices. This is why we must think carefully and consider the common good not only the selfish interests. Reflecting on this story, I realized that we must learn to overcome greed in order to avoid cruel deeds.

God Sees the Truth, But Waits by Leo Tolstoy

“Obviously, no one except God can know the truth… only from Him should I ask help, from Him alone can I expect mercy.”

– Ivan Aksionov

The story is about Ivan Aksionov, a young merchant who lives in Vladimir with his wife Vanya. To earn money, he decided to travel and sell goods during summer despite of being told by his wife to not travel because she had a bad dream. Ivan met another merchant whom he drank tea with and shared the same room in an Inn. Then he found out that the merchant he met was murdered and he was the primary suspect of the crime because a knife with blood stains was found inside his bag. One day, Ivan met his newly arrived inmate named Makar and as they talked with each other, Ivan begins to suspect that Makar was the one who framed him for the murder. He even found out that Makar is digging an escape tunnel under the wall of the prison. However, he decided not to tell this to the authorities. This made Makar realize his mistake, confessed that he was the one who killed the merchant and framed Ivan, and asked for forgiveness. In the end, the authorities wanted to release Ivan but it is too late because he was already dead.

God Sees the Truth, But Waits showed me that a person can still have a strong faith in God even if he experienced a great suffering in life. I admire Ivan for being able to believe and trust God in spite of being imprisoned for many years because of a crime he did not commit. If Ivan can still believe in God in spite of what happened to him, then I can also do the same thing even if sometimes I cannot understand why I must experience so much pain and hardships in life. Furthermore, the story taught me to have the courage to be accountable for all of our actions. We must not be like Makar who let Ivan suffer the consequences of his wrongdoing rather we must be good people who do not want to destroy someone’s life and who do not only think of what will benefit us.

The Handsomest Drowned Man in the World by Gabriel Garcia Marquez

“Look there, where the wind is so peaceful ... yes, over there, that's Esteban's village.”

- Narrator

The story tells the tale of a drowned man found on the shore of a small fishing village. The dead man, who is covered with seaweed, stones, and sea creatures, is unusually tall and incredibly handsome. The villagers named him Esteban and they begin to fall in love with him, treating him with religious reverence, and adopting him into their families. In the end, they returned the body into the sea without a weight attached, hoping that Esteban will float back someday on the shore. Even though they have freed Esteban, they promised to transform the village into kind of place worthy of Esteban.

The Handsomest Drowned Man in the World taught me that a truly great person can influence people to inspire them and change for the better. Personally, I have met many great people who served as inspirations for me to strive hard and be a better version of myself. Amidst the challenges, mistakes, and failures in life, they saw the good in me, believed in my capabilities, and stayed with me. This is why whatever happens, I will continue to fight every battle in life and as I journey through an unknown road, I will carry in my heart the purpose why I am doing what I am doing.

A Father by Anton Chekhov

“It’s a big happiness to love and be loved.”

– Anton Chekhov

The story is about a father named Musatov who finds himself lucky because despite of being a drunkard and constantly demanding money from his sons, his children still loved and accepted him. They tolerated him and provided his needs even if he did not deserve these for all the troubles he caused them and for not effectively playing his role as a father to them.

A Father made me realized that when you truly love someone, you will never get tired of understanding and accepting him despite of his imperfections and mistakes. Just like those parents who sacrificed everything for their children and loved them despite of their wrongdoings and weaknesses, we must learn to unconditionally love those important people in our lives to avoid regrets in the end. I also realized that love is powerful to the extent that it can conquer anything and change bad habits into good ones.

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The Iliad by Homer

The Iliad, an epic poem written by Homer, is a story revolving around a conflict between the Achaeans and the city of Troy. This conflict brought about by Helen, the most beautiful woman in the world who was married to Menelaus and was abducted by Paris, caused the Trojan War. Menelaus’ desire to get her wife back led him to take an army to Troy. The epic highlighted the interaction between fate and free will. For instance, the Trojan soldiers did not lose dedication, loyalty, and determination to achieve honor despite of knowing the war’s outcome. Although fate is already determined, free will enables them to decide on how to deal with it. The interplay of fate and free will introduced the characters by showing how they respond to their fate. It also showed the relationship between the gods and the mortals in a way that mortals have the ability to act in accordance with their free will and have wishes in life but the power of gods will overrule the wishes of mortals. In addition, the role of women was also evident in the epic. In the ancient Greek society, women are viewed as inferior to men for they are treated as objects that can be traded or stolen. For instance, Paris stole Helen from his husband Menelaus which in turn caused the entire Trojan War. Another example is when Briseis and Chryseis were captured to become war prizes. Briseis were given to the Greek warrior Achilles while Chryseis were given to Agamemnon, the leader of the Spartan army. These imply that women in Ancient Greece did not attain their rights as they were only taught to obey men regardless if their actions were humane and just. Moreover, women have the tendency to manipulate men by seducing them in order to get what they want. As what Hera did to get the Trojan War be in her favor, she seduced her husband Zeus. Indeed, it is important to understand the story of The Iliad to have a good grasp of both the Greek history and the formation of Greek identity.

The Odyssey by Homer

Life is not as simple as it seems to be. As we journey, obstacles might come our way. These can be either hindrances to our success or key to strengthening our potentials. The outcome depends on our choice of actions. In the story of Homer’s The Odyssey, a sequel of The Iliad, Odysseus has been missing from his kingdom Ithaca for twenty years: ten years for his fight in the Trojan War and another ten years for his struggle to return home after the Trojan War. His journey on his way home was challenging because he battled with mystical creatures and faced the rage of the gods. While he bravely overcome the obstacles he encountered, his wife Penelope remained faithful to him despite of the many suitors who have come to win her hand in marriage. In the end, the challenges did not hinder Odysseus to successfully return to his family because he chose to not give up and fight until his last breath. He killed all his wife’s suitors and took his rightful place as the king of Ithaca. Just like The Iliad, The Odyssey is important because of the values and virtues it imparts to the people. Personally, Odysseus taught me that nothing is impossible with determination, hard work, and fortitude. Even the most challenging tasks can be conquered by applying all of the essential values and virtues one must possess. Penelope taught me that true love is believing, waiting, and is worth fighting for. She can marry any of her suitors but she remained faithful to her husband, believed that one day, Odysseus will come back alive, and patiently waited for his beloved husband. It was not easy to wait for someone without knowing his whereabouts or if he will still be able to come back, but Penelope’s love for Odysseus made it possible. I hope someday, I will be able to find that kind of love.

Oedipus Rex by Sophocles

Have you ever suffer so much to the point that giving up is the only thing you can do? Have you ever been inflicted with so much pain that you can no longer continue to live? If someone will ask these questions to King Oedipus of Thebes, he will probably answer yes. It is because according to the story of his life in the Oedipus Rex, an ancient Greek tragedy written by Sophocles, he is fated to kill his father and marry his mother. It all started when an oracle told Queen Jocasta that there would come a time that her son Oedipus would attempt to kill her husband Laius. As a result, Jocasta and her husband commanded their servant to leave their son on a hillside and let him die there. However, Oedipus survived, killed his father, married his mother, and became a king. In the end, Oedipus and Jocasta found out the truth about their identity which caused Jocasta to hang herself. Meanwhile, Oedipus blinded and exiled himself. Reflecting on the story, I realized that our search for truth can either heal us or worse tear us apart. Odysseus’ wish to find out the truth about his father ended up hurting himself as well as the people around him. This means that not all truths are good because some will really hurt us and break our hearts. Some people even think that it is better for them not to know the truth after finding out the truth. Nevertheless, it is our choice whether we will seek for the truth or we will settle for a thing that is uncertain but we must also keep in mind that the consequences will also depend to our own choice in life. As what a universal paradox says, “You are free to choose, but you are not free from the consequences of your choice.” Therefore, we must follow our heart in making a choice and be accountable of whatever choice we have made.

"The more that you read the more things you will know. The more that you learn, the more place you'll go." — Dr. Seuss

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Literature speaks the language of the imagination, and the study of literature is supposed to train and improve the imagination.

Nothrop Frye

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Epic of Gilgamesh

The epic of Gilgamesh tells the story of the king of the city-state Uruk. Gilgamesh, who is two-thirds god and one-third man, bravely fought with different creatures, kings and gods. His story revolves around friendship, love, loneliness, loss, revenge and fear of death. The epic has left meaningful moral lessons that are essential for human beings. It emphasized the power of love and friendship. Gilgamesh and his friend Enkidu loved each other and cherished their friendship to the point that they were able to change each other and be a better person. It can be said that Enkidu has greatly influenced Gilgamesh to be an ideal king and hero.  The epic also implied that death is an inevitable and inescapable fact of human life. When Enkidu died, Gilgamesh suffered from longing and grief which caused him to pursue his search for immortality. In the end, he learned and accepted the fact that only gods can live forever and faced mortality. In summary, the epic is centered on Gilgamesh’s search for the meaning of life. His friend Enkidu taught him what it means to be human: having feelings such as love and compassion, experiencing loss, growing older, and facing mortality. Personally, I believe that every human being was born in this world because he or she has a meaningful purpose in life. Honestly, I am still in the process of figuring out my true purpose here on Earth. Nevertheless, whatever purpose we have, we must fulfill it in order for us to avoid having regrets in the end and for us to leave this world with a satisfied heart and soul.

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The Rubaiyat of Omar Kahayyam

The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam is a poem highlighting three significant aspects in reality: life, death and faith. It is a collection of quatrains that depicts the simplicity of a man who finds comfort by escaping into material pleasures. This poem aims to open the minds of the readers and realize how precious life is. It is an important opportunity to strengthen one’s faith, escape from the evils of wrongdoings, and avoid having regrets as the time of death comes. It also stressed that every human being will come to an end. All people will die regardless of what they are and who they become when they were alive and when this time comes, their loved ones will surely grieve and long for them but it does not change the fact that the world will continue to revolve even if they were already gone. Reflecting on these messages conveyed in the poem, I realized that we must cherish every moment in our life, spend time with our loved ones, make time to serve the Almighty God, and strive hard to fulfill the very reason why we were born. With all of these being accomplished, people will be able to leave a legacy that even though they already died, their memories and contributions will always have a place in the hearts of their loved ones and will remained as time passed by.