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XINC Waterproof Diary: How to Operate the Waterproofing of Building External Walls

1.The waterproofing and anti cracking measures for the exterior wall should be set up based on factors such as the construction and materials used, the height of the exterior wall, basic wind pressure, and the decorative layer of the wall.

2. Concrete exterior walls should not use sleeve type pull screws, but tool type pull screws. Both ends of the wall should have reinforced sealing measures at nodes.

3. Before applying the leveling layer to the exterior wall, a layer of polymer cement interface treatment agent should be applied as the base bonding layer.

4. Hot dip galvanized steel mesh should be installed inside the external wall leveling layer as crack resistance measures, and should be installed at the 1/2 to 1/3 section of the mortar.

5. The masonry mortar at the junction of wall beams and wall columns must be full, and steel mesh should be hung for crack resistance measures. It is suitable to pour polymer cement slurry into this area to strengthen sealing and embedding.

6. The walls within 200mm around the exterior wall doors and window openings should be filled with fine aggregate concrete, and the interior and periphery of the door and window openings should be coated with 5-thick polymer cement waterproof mortar as a waterproof reinforcement layer.

7. The joint between the window frame and the wall should be filled with polymer cement mortar. If the joint is larger than 30mm, it should be filled in two stages; If the frame joint is greater than 50mm, polymer fine aggregate concrete needs to be filled.

8. The deformation joint of the external wall must be treated with waterproofing and sealed with synthetic polymer waterproofing membrane.

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XINC Waterproof Decoration Strategy: Answers to Common Waterproof Questions

With the increase of the service life of existing buildings and the quality problems of the building itself, quality problems such as waterproof leakage and wall damage occur frequently. What we will bring to you are common causes of leakage and solutions.

Problem 1: The waterproof layer is not firmly adhered and is easy to lift

Reason: After removing the bulging waterproof layer, it was found that there were a large amount of floating dust and debris adhering to the back of the waterproof layer. The main reason is that the base layer of the wall has sand, is not solid, loose, or a large amount of floating soil, floating ash, etc., which leads to unstable bonding between the waterproof layer and the base layer. During the closed water test, the water pressure caused the coating to contract again.

XINC Waterproof Method: In response to the problem of sanding and instability of the on-site base layer, it is recommended to first use a reinforcing agent to cover the base layer, enhance the adhesion of the wall base layer, and then carry out the application of waterproof paint.

Problem 2: Needle holes and bubbles appear in the waterproof coating film

Reason: The base layer is too dry or has a large porosity. After applying this type of base layer, the base layer will absorb the moisture in the coating, which occupies the voids originally occupied by air. The air in the pores will be discharged, forming pores on the surface of the waterproof coating.

XINC Waterproof Method: Before construction, wet the base layer with water (without open water) or treat it with reinforcing agent and water adhesive. Apply multiple times during the first coat, and the second coat can completely cover it.

Problem 3: Local cracking of waterproof coating

Reason: The coating is too thick in one application; The base layer is uneven, and the paint flows towards low areas; During the drying process of the coating, the local curing of the coating is uneven; Before the coating film solidifies, proceed with the second coat: the first roll coating is thicker and not completely dry, so proceed with the second roll coating. This results in different drying rates for the two layers of coating film, faster evaporation of surface moisture, and slower evaporation of the inner layer of coating moisture, resulting in different internal and external shrinkage stresses, resulting in shrinkage differences, and the formation of surface cracks.

XINC Waterproof Method: Apply additional coating to the cracked area; Or remove the paint from the cracked area, level it with cement mortar, apply arc treatment to the internal corners, and carry out waterproofing construction again.

Problem 4: The waterproof film turns white after drying

Reason: Adding too much water or having clear water on the base layer causes the slurry to be very thin, causing the liquid to float and aggregate, leading to whitening; The unevenness of the base course and the accumulation of materials at the potholes lead to partial incomplete solidification of lotion; There is a lot of exposed water at the grassroots level, and the water dilutes the waterproof coating; When the humidity is high and the indoor temperature is low, the moisture in the air can easily form condensation (condensation) on the walls and floors.

XINC Waterproof Method: Strictly control the amount of water added and stir thoroughly; Before painting, the base layer should be ensured to be flat and free of open water; Strengthen ventilation and accelerate air circulation speed.

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XINC Waterproof Diary: Problems that cannot be ignored in waterproof construction

The first few questions that waterproof construction work needs to understand are very important for your project!

1: Indoor waterproofing should ensure that the base layer is firm and does not shed bricks.

The most common aspect of indoor waterproofing is the treatment of toilets and bathrooms. If the strength of the base layer is low, the waterproof layer and the structural base layer will not bond firmly. Under the external force of the subsequent protective layer and decorative layer, it will cause hollowing, detachment, and other phenomena, leading to a series of leakage disputes.

So, when checking the firmness, you can feel the surface of the base layer with your hands and observe if there is any cement or gravel falling off. If there are problems, they should be leveled and repaired in a timely manner.

2: Dust particles have a deep impact, and quality problems arise from this.Previously, it was always said that the base layer should be kept clean before waterproofing treatment can be carried out. Why must we be so cautious? Because the presence of dust will act as a barrier between the base layer and the waterproof layer.

Especially organic waterproof coatings, which have a high surface tension during construction, are not easy to soak and spread In dust, if the coating cannot fully bond with the solid base layer, there is a risk of the waterproof coating film falling off.

3: Water vapor must not be left behind to prevent bubbles from filling the walls.

Here we will talk about another important issue, which is the moisture content of the base layer. The presence of grassroots moisture poses a significant threat to the organic waterproof layer. Because organic waterproof coatings are not only impermeable, but also airtight, once the moisture content of the base layer is too high, the waterproof coating will be blown and bulged by water vapor pressure, resulting in bubble problems and affecting the waterproof effect.

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XINC Waterproof Decoration Suggestion: How to Targetedly Repair Roof Leakage Problems?

When there is a roof leak, the first step is to determine the leak point, conduct investigation and analysis, and then carry out targeted repairs. If the roof leakage is caused by incomplete bonding or damage to the waterproof layer, it is important to first identify the leakage point and then repair it with the same waterproof material.

If the leakage is severe, further waterproofing treatment is needed. When inspecting weak areas such as roof downspouts, gutters, and downspouts, if damage is found to the waterproof layer, special waterproof materials such as general waterproof glue can be used for reinforcement and waterproofing treatment. When cracks are found on the roof leading to water leakage, the cracks should be enlarged first, cleaned with a cutting machine, and then filled with waterproof mortar or other special materials. If the leakage is caused by empty barrels, peeling, wrinkling, or other reasons, the damaged area needs to be enlarged to within 10 centimeters of the surrounding area and cleaned with a cutting machine. Then use a universal waterproof adhesive brush to repair, brush twice or more, and finally use the same waterproof material for large-scale waterproofing reinforcement. If the treatment of the internal and external corners is not perfect, causing water leakage in weak areas, the first step is to find the leakage point, conduct investigation and analysis, and determine the repair method.

If it’s just a small leak, it can be sealed with universal waterproof adhesive produced by XINC waterproof. If there is extensive damage that causes water seepage, a new waterproof layer needs to be made. Before waterproofing, the edges and corners should be rounded, chamfered, layered, and finally subjected to large-scale waterproofing treatment. If it is treated with general waterproof adhesive, it needs to be reinforced with internally reinforced fiberglass cloth before painting. When the sealing material ages and the bonding strength is insufficient, resulting in water seepage, the original sealing material must be cleaned before sealing and waterproofing. If the leakage is caused by the problem of the waterproof material itself, such as material warping, wrinkling, insufficient bonding strength, etc., the universal waterproof adhesive should be replaced and waterproof treatment should be carried out again.

When the roof leaks, it is important to first identify the cause of the leak and then make targeted repairs. It should be noted that roof leakage not only affects the rooftop owners, but other owners also need to take it seriously. The issue of roof leakage is related to the vital interests of the entire building owner. If not dealt with in a timely manner, water seepage will flow down the cracks in the wall and then seep into the homes of residents on the first floor. If not resolved, it will not only affect the structural safety of the house, but also shorten the service life of the entire house. The maintenance cost that the owner ultimately needs to pay may far exceed that of a simple waterproof repair program.

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XINC Waterproofing: Four Issues Concerning Waterproofing

Is the probability of water leakage in the bathroom high?

The bathroom area is very small, but the probability of water leakage is still as high as about one-third. Some may leak downstairs, while others may cause moldy walls and swollen floors due to horizontal leakage. With such a small area of the bathroom, the level of waterproofing is definitely much more meticulous and difficult than a large area of the roof. Moreover, after conducting a closed water test, there is no problem before tiling, and even so, the probability of water leakage is so high, The roof is equivalent to the area of several bathrooms, and the probability of water leakage is naturally not low.

Why did the closed water test leak when it was done well?

The closed water test tests the construction quality. Leakage represents poor construction, while waterproofing is a long-term dynamic process, just like a person who has not been sick before does not mean they will not be sick in the future. A material can be sold as a waterproof material, and conducting a closed water test is definitely not a problem. If it cannot pass even the closed water test, it cannot be sold as a waterproof material. Just like many waterproof materials that undergo various fancy experiments, it gives people the feeling that this material is really good. In fact, it’s just like the trick of selling powerful pills, deceiving consumers to pay for it. After all, consumers are all amateurs and can only see the appearance but not the essence.

I didn’t see any cracks, why did it leak?

Water is impenetrable, but only if the cracks are large enough can they be detected by the naked eye. However, as long as there is moisture or water leakage, it means there must be cracks here, and they are still penetrating cracks. Here is a little knowledge for science popularization. Cement and concrete are inherently waterproof materials, but they are rigid materials that will inevitably produce cracks under stress, thermal expansion and contraction, and time. Once the cracks penetrate, they will leak when encountering water. This is why although concrete itself is waterproof, the state still mandates that it must be waterproof.

Why does it still leak water after waterproofing?

Waterproofing is very similar to seeing a doctor. If you don’t see a doctor, you will definitely have a good outlook. The level of doctors is there, and some ordinary doctors are not good at it. You must have an expert account, and waterproofing is also the same. If you find an ordinary practitioner and a real expert in the industry, the results will definitely be different. Any industry has many ordinary practitioners, and there are few real experts. However, in the eyes of laypeople, anyone who works in this field is an expert. Therefore, many people look for professional waterproofing as just an ordinary practitioner. And we know where to look for experts when seeking medical treatment. Waterproofing does not have credit endorsements from institutions, and we rely solely on our own abilities to screen.

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XINC waterproof asphalt coating composite self-adhesive roll waterproofing system！

Due to long-term outdoor exposure to wind, sun, and rain, the terrace has experienced settlement, cracking, design defects, material selection issues, and non-standard construction, resulting in leakage. Usually, leakage occurs at some detailed nodes such as the periphery of the pipe root, water outlet, and internal corner, with a small portion occurring at a certain point on the large surface.

For the leakage repair of the terrace, the coil process (hot melt process or self-adhesive process) and coating process are usually used. If the terrace area is less than 15 square meters, it is recommended to choose a coating process. If the area is too small, it is not convenient to use coiled materials for node processing, and more overlapping will increase the risk of leakage; If the area is above 15 square meters, both processes are acceptable. Regardless of the process chosen, it is necessary to clean the base layer to ensure full adhesion of waterproof materials to the base layer; During construction, it is necessary to first strengthen the internal corners, pipe roots, water outlets and other detailed nodes, and then carry out large-scale construction; During the construction of coiled materials, the overlapping edges, closing edges, etc. need to be sealed properly. During the coating construction, be careful not to miss the coating and ensure the thickness of the coating film.

Introduce a new method for waterproofing and maintenance construction of a terrace -XINC Waterproof the construction process of water-based asphalt waterproof coating composite self-adhesive roll, using a case study of a certain terrace leakage problem treatment.

The construction process of water-based asphalt waterproof coating composite self-adhesive roll material has many advantages over traditional roll material and coating processesSeamless and dense waterproof layer: The asphalt coating is fully adhered to the base layer, forming a seamless and dense waterproof layer that can cover 2mm cracks, and has strong adaptability to building structure settlement and cold and hot deformation. It solves the problem of water leakage in the lower part of the waterproof layer caused by the inability to achieve 100% full adhesion during the construction of hot melt or self-adhesive rolls;

Safety and environmental protection: water-based products, environmentally friendly, noiseless construction, no open flame construction, safe and convenient, avoiding the burning sensation of workers baking rolls in the hot summer;

Convenient construction: The application of asphalt coating is simple, without the need for technical work, and the drying speed of water-based asphalt coating is fast, greatly improving construction efficiency;

XINC Waterproof The asphalt coating composite self-adhesive roll waterproofing system is more reliable than a single coating construction process, with guaranteed waterproof thickness and better durability.

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XINC Waterproof Decoration Diary: How to Select Waterproof Materials for Basements?

There are various types of waterproof materials, each with different advantages and applicability. In furniture engineering, there are four commonly used waterproof materials for bathrooms, kitchens, balconies, etc.: cement mortar, polyurethane, JS waterproof coating, and acrylic acid. So, let’s learn how to choose waterproof materials for the basement together!

Characteristics and applicability of basement waterproofing materials

2、 XINC Waterproof Polyurethane The polyurethane system can be used both indoors and outdoors, with a thickness of about 3mm and an elasticity of over 300%. The substrate will not crack even if it breaks, so it has good waterproof performance. The disadvantage is that it has a strong odor and is not environmentally friendly.

4、 XINC Waterproof Acrylic acid Acrylic acid series is a pure liquid, non-toxic, harmless, non flammable, and can be used after opening the lid. It is easily soluble in water and can form a strong waterproof layer due to wall cracks. Its performance characteristics are stable, the application effect is ideal, and the price is relatively friendly. It can be used for wall waterproofing, so it is very common in decoration waterproofing projects.

The function of the waterproof layer is to isolate external water sources, while the moisture-proof layer prevents moisture, not water. Due to the dampness in the south, once you return to the tide of the southern sky, you will see that the people decorating with ceramic tiles are all wet. So the two are different concepts. Due to the susceptibility of the exterior walls and bottom plates of basements to groundwater damage, moisture-proof and waterproofing issues are important issues that need to be addressed in basement design. Due to high environmental protection requirements, it is difficult to choose good polyurethane waterproofing materials on the market. If the quality of these materials does not meet standards, they will not be environmentally friendly. Therefore, overall, it is better to choose acrylic and JS waterproofing coatings.

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XINC Waterproof Decoration Diary:Precautions for waterproofing membrane construction

Precautions for waterproofing membrane construction

1. XINC Waterproof Hot melt coil construction can be carried out at a temperature of -10 ℃, without seasonal restrictions. Construction is not allowed on rainy or windy days.

3. Hot melt membrane waterproofing construction operations are prone to ignition, and must always pay attention to safety and be highly vigilant. There must be no other open flame operations on the construction site, and construction must be carried out with caution to avoid causing a fire.

5. The flame spray gun or gasoline spray lamp should be kept and operated by a dedicated person. The nozzle of the flame igniting spray gun (spray lamp) should not be directed towards people or at the stacking area to prevent burns or ignition.

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XINC Waterproof Decoration Diary: What waterproof materials are good for home decoration？

During decoration, areas with high water consumption such as kitchens, bathrooms, and balconies require waterproofing construction to avoid water leakage.

1. Rigid and flexible waterproof materials are now a good choice for home decoration. At present, the waterproof materials on the market are divided into three types: rigid and rigid, and flexible and flexible. The stiffness is made of polymer material, combined with cement sand, with good waterproof effect and stable structure. However, new houses are waterproof and generally lose their waterproof effect after 3���5 years. This is because the house itself will experience a certain degree of decline over time, resulting in insufficient elasticity. XINC waterproof coating is a good choice.

2. When using XINC waterproof flexible waterproofing material for construction, the roll material is directly bonded to the flat layer of the roof structural plate to achieve waterproofing effect. Flexible waterproof materials are colored and generally used for exterior walls, with general waterproofing and decorative effects.

3. In today’s home decoration industry in the United States, rigid and flexible waterproof materials are widely used. They are combined with inorganic materials such as cement and additives, and mixed with elastic coatings to form waterproof coatings. They are combined with the flexibility and elasticity of cement rigid materials and elastic coatings during the construction process to achieve waterproof effects.

Here are five precautions.

1.When there are cast-in-place concrete columns on the ground, flip 20 centimeters above the columns for waterproofing treatment.

2. The ground cement mortar protective layer should be made first, and then the wall cement mortar protective layer should be made.

3. Brush the protective layer twice and use fine sand once, with a cement sand ratio of 1:1. The thickness is 0.5 centimeters. The secondary cement sand ratio is 1:2.5, with a thickness of 1–1.5cm.

4.When making a ground protective layer, it is necessary to do a good job in protecting the waterproof layer. The ground can be dried with a layer of cement, and the legs of the gray truck need to be wrapped well.

5. It is strictly prohibited to mix cement mortar on the surface of the waterproof layer.

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XINC Waterproof Decoration Strategy：Which areas of home decoration need to be waterproof and leak proof?

Which areas of home decoration need to be waterproof and leak proof?

1. Shower area The bathroom is an area with a lot of water, and waterproof construction should be done well. But how high is the waterproof layer in the bathroom? Many homeowners eagerly add waterproofing to the waterproof layer in the shower area, but are afraid of leaving hidden seepage. In fact, as long as the shower area is 180 centimeters high, it can prevent water from seeping into the wall.

2. Washing machine area Waterproofing in the washing machine area is often overlooked. Check if the faucet connection to the washing machine is secure to prevent water from falling off. Check if the floor drain of the washing machine is blocked to prevent overflow and running water caused by poor drainage. 3. Air conditioning area Check if the air conditioning holes on the exterior wall have a certain inclination angle, otherwise it may cause rainwater to flow back. If there are electrical appliances, calligraphy, painting, furniture, and other items that are afraid of water under the air conditioning, it will cause damage. 4. Sliding window area The waterproofing company said that sliding windows also require waterproofing construction. Generally, there should be drainage holes on the track of the bottom window frame of sliding windows. But as time goes by, the drainage hole is easily blocked by dust, leaves, and other debris, causing the water in the bottom window frame to be unable to be discharged, leading to backflow. Therefore, the bottom of the window should be regularly cleaned to maintain smooth drainage.

What are the waterproof materials for home decoration?

1. XINC Waterproof Flexible mortar The ratio of lotion mortar to lotion mortar is 533604, which is elastic. Even if the base course is deformed and cracked, the waterproof effect will not be affected. Most of it is used to face water surfaces such as walls and bottoms, but not to face water surfaces such as the top.

2. XINC Waterproof Hard mortar Also called rigid mortar, the ratio of lotion to mortar is 1333604. After multiple presses, the coating does not require treatment and can be directly tiled for convenience. The solidified stumbling cement is eye-catching and will not pack water, resulting in excellent waterproof effect on the back surface.

3. XINC Waterproof Polyurethane For indoor and outdoor use, the brush is very thick, about 3mm, and has a elasticity of over 300%. Any cracking of the substrate will not cause it to crack, therefore it has a waterproof effect. The polyurethane is gel like and very thick, so it requires great efforts to use the scraper in the construction process.

4. XINC Waterproof Roll material Waterproof companies say that most of the waterproof coatings on the market are water-soluble materials, whether water-soluble or oil-soluble. As long as they have passed relevant national environmental certification, such as China Environmental Labeling Certification or CTC Product Environmental Quality Certification, these materials are environmentally reliable.

5. XINC Waterproof Acrylic waterproof coating The waterproof company said that the acrylate waterproof material is made of pure acrylate copolymer or pure propionate lotion, with appropriate high-quality fillers and additives. It belongs to a single component waterproof coating of synthetic resin. It is a water-soluble coating that can be diluted with water. After conjunctiva, it has great elasticity and ductility, significant waterproof effect, and moderate price.

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What are the characteristics of modified asphalt waterproof rolls

The characteristics of modified asphalt waterproofing membrane:

1.XINC waterproof rolls，No adhesive is needed, nor does it need to be heated to melt. Simply peel off the isolation layer to firmly bond to the base layer. Convenient construction and extremely fast construction speed.

3.XINC waterproof rolls，It has excellent adhesion to the base layer, and the adhesion force is often greater than its shear force (fracture outside the bonding surface), ensuring tight and reliable overlap and seamless operation.

4.XINC waterproof rolls，Featuring a unique “self-healing function”, it can self heal small puncture damages. When encountering punctures or hard objects embedded, it will automatically integrate with these objects, maintaining good waterproof performance.

6.XINC waterproof rolls， In addition to the main material, the surface material polyethylene film also has excellent waterproof performance and high strength (polyethylene polypropylene roll material is only waterproof with this film), so waterproofing has dual safety.

7.XINC waterproof rolls，Corrosion resistance: This coil material has excellent acid and alkali resistance, chemical corrosion resistance, and excellent aging resistance in various environments.

8.XINC waterproof rolls，Suitable for waterproofing of roofs, basements, interior, municipal engineering, water reservoirs, swimming pools, and subway tunnels in industrial and civil buildings. It is also suitable for waterproofing engineering of wooden and metal roof structures. Especially suitable for waterproofing projects such as oil depots, chemical factories, textile factories, grain depots, etc. that are not suitable for using open flames

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XINC waterproof What are the differences in polyurethane waterproof coatings

XINC waterproof Polyurethane waterproof coating, as a new type of waterproof coating, has been widely used in the waterproof market.

XINC waterproof Polyurethane waterproof coating is a polyurethane waterproof coating made from a series of processing aids such as isocyanates, polyethers, and catalysts.

Let’s understand the advantages and construction plans of XINC waterproof polyurethane waterproof coatings.

1. Polyurethane waterproof coating can be directly applied to damp or dry base surfaces. Strong adhesion to the substrate, not easy to peel off.

2. Polyurethane waterproof coating has good flexibility and can adapt to the expansion and cracking of the base layer, with high tensile strength

3. Green, odorless, harmless to human health, suitable for waterproofing in bedrooms and other areas

4. Polyurethane waterproof coating has the advantages of good weather resistance, high temperature non flowing, low temperature non cracking, acid and alkali resistance, and chemical corrosion resistance

Construction methods

1. Firstly, clean the base to remove dust and peeling parts, especially the pipe roots and floor drains. The surface should be flat, and the depressions should be smoothed with cement mortar and brushed with primer, and polyurethane should be used

2. Mix component B and xylene in proportion and stir evenly. Use a roller brush or paint brush to evenly apply the primer on the surface of the base layer, with a brushing amount of 0.2kg/about one square meter. Avoid brushing too thick and repeatedly.

3. Firstly, make an additional detail layer and mix polyurethane A and component B in a ratio of 1:1.5 evenly. First, place weak areas that are prone to leakage such as floor drains, pipe roots, and internal and external corner vents. Apply evenly with a paint brush, followed by the first coat of paint

4. First layer coating: Apply a 1:1 ratio of A, B, and xylene (5:0) When mixing, use a mixer to stir evenly, and use a paint brush dipped in the paint to apply the coating. The coating should be applied from the inside out, and the thickness should be uniform.

When the first layer of paint solidifies until it is not sticky, mix the second layer of paint according to the method of mixing the first layer of paint. In order to ensure uniform coating thickness, the coating direction should be perpendicular to the direction of the first coating, and the brushing amount should be the same as the first coating. The same coating should avoid repeated coatings.

After the second layer of coating is cured, the coating ratio of the third layer is the same as the first two layers, but the coating amount should be 0.4~0.5kg/square meter. Adhesion of mortar topcoat.

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How to construct the sbs modified asphalt waterproofing membrane?

There are many kinds of waterproof coiled materials on the market, among which sbs modified asphalt waterproof coiled materials have good waterproof and aging resistance, convenient storage, fast construction and other advantages, which are deeply loved by consumers and are the main force of waterproof materials. So how to construct the sbs modified asphalt waterproofing membrane? Let’s learn the relevant knowledge now.

XINC Waterproof Tech construction technology of sbs modified asphalt waterproofing membrane

I. Base treatment Before construction, the defects of the base course should be cleaned up to ensure that the base course remains dry, smooth, oil-free, and dust-free. If there are cracks in the area, they should be filled with cement mortar. If there are any, the moisture content of the base course should be checked and should not exceed 9%. After applying special primer oil and drying thoroughly, construction can resume.

II. Construction base treatment agent In areas such as large surfaces, internal and external corners, and foundation pits, apply a special waterproof base treatment agent to the surface of the base, requiring uniform application and no missing or exposed areas.

III. Processing of Detail Nodes The rolled material shall be flattened, and the cut corners shall be subject to additional reinforcement treatment in areas such as double-sided corners.

IV,. Snap line After the surface of the base course is properly treated, the overlapping joint size is left according to the width of the coil material, and then the reference line is snapped on the paved coil material to prepare for the paving construction.

V.First SBS coil Firstly, bake the bottom of the coil with a lamp to melt the asphalt of the coil, while rolling forward to lay the coil. Then, roll it with a roller to squeeze out the air between the coil and the base course. The coiled material should be kept flat, straight, etc., and wrinkles, distortions, etc. are not allowed.