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General Parking

Illegal Parking includes:

Double parking, which is parking in a travel lane next to a vehicle parked along a curb

Parking within crosswalks

Parking within loading zones

Parking at bus stops

Parking in handicapped parking spots, if not authorized to do so

What areas have laws pertaining to distances from which you must park?

• Intersections

• Fire stations

• Railway crossings

• Fire hydrants

Positioning the front wheels. Your front wheels should be positioned straight when you park

Turning steering wheels. Most steering wheels typically turn three full times, lock-to-lock to go from one side to the other

Straightening front wheels

When the wheels are turned all the way to one side, turn the steering one and one-half times

The vehicle logo and other steering wheel features are upright

Parking On Hills, Grades, and Slopes

Secure your vehicle when parking on a hill by firmly setting your parking brake and shifting to Park

The risk is that a vehicle could roll downhill

Parallel Parked on a Hill

Parking brake + park

Downgrade - tires sharply to right

Parking on a Downhill Slope

Step 1

When parking on a downgrade alongside a curb, position your vehicle so the curbside wheels are:

Parallel to the curb

Approximately 6 inches from the curb

Step 2

When you move forward, turn the steering wheel sharply toward the curb

Step 3

Stop your vehicle when the front curbside tire gently touches the curb.

The final step to parking downgrade on a curb is to:

Set the parking brake and shift to Park.

Use The Dutch Reach technique to exit your vehicle!

How do you exit a downgrade parking space?

• Back up 2 to 3 feet

• Turn front wheels away from the curb

• Search for traffic approaching from behind you

• Turn on your turn signal

• When clear, steer into the nearest travel lane

• Check behind you and adjust speed

Uphill - tires sharply left

Parking on an Uphill Slope

Step 1

When parking upgrade alongside a curb, your position is the same as when you park downgrade except you turn your steering wheel sharply away from the curb

Step 2

Shift to Neutral and manage your speed with the brakes to get your vehicle to slowly roll backward until the front tire rests against the curb

Step 3

Finally, set the parking brake, and shift to Park. Perform the Dutch Reach to exit the car!

If there is no curb, point the wheels toward the side of the road. If there is no curb and your vehicle rolls, it should roll off of the road

No curb - tires sharply to right

When there is no curb, turn your front wheels toward the edge of the road in case the vehicle were to roll. That way, if your unattended vehicle should move, it would roll off the road rather than into

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Parking Lot

What reference points help you to know how far forward to pull into a parking space?

Step 1

First, look out either front window and locate the curb or parking lot line extending out to the side

Step 2

Slowly pull forward, until the curb or lot line is just beneath your side-view mirror

Step 3

In most vehicles, at this point, the very front of your vehicle will be just about to cross the curb or lot line

Step 4

This works on either side, using either side-view mirror. It is especially applicable and useful when there are no vehicles to either side of the space in which you are parking

Beyond parking, you can use this reference point technique to help you determine where your vehicle should come to rest when stopping at a STOP sign or red light

It works the same way

Use the painted crosswalk or stop bar

As either appears just below your side-view mirror, the front of your vehicle should just about be on top of the line

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Parking: Part 2

Entering a Perpendicular Parking Space

Select each image to reveal tips for entering a perpendicular parking space.

Front of card

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When driving in the parking lot after searching for vehicles backing out to your left and right, communicate your intention to other drivers by using your brake lights and turn signal while yielding to pedestrians.

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Front of card

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Back of card

Once you have positioned your vehicle 8–9 feet from the ends of nearby vehicles, begin turning into the space when you are able to see down the near side of the vehicle parked in the space next to the one you are entering.

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Front of card

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As you move slowly into the space, straighten the wheels to center the vehicle while monitoring the front and rear.

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Stop before the curb or front of the parking space. Then, cancel your turn signal if necessary.

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What Do You Think?

Which type of parking space is better? Take a guess!

One that is one car-length deep

Correctly unselected

One that you can pull through to the space on the far side

Correctly selected

SUBMIT

Correct

Typically, the space you can pull through to park on the far side is better. When you leave, you do not have to back out—you can just pull forward. In fact, you don’t have to do any backing at all! You also have better visibility out the front windshield, instead of looking through the smaller rear window.

Other benefits

Another benefit includes using less fuel, because you are moving from a stopped position only once, rather than several times as a result of backing then driving away in a forward direction. Such spaces may be located a bit farther away, but these spaces are safer.

What Do You Think?

When pulling through the first parking space to the far space, what should you watch out for on the ground? Take a guess! Select all that apply.

Dirt or candy wrappers

Correctly unchecked

Concrete, curb-height objects that separate parking spaces

Correctly checked

Drivers pulling in from the far-side parking lane

Correctly checked

SUBMIT

Correct

When pulling through the first parking space to the far space, watch out for concrete, curb-height objects that separate parking spaces and drivers pulling in from the far-side parking lane.

Continued

What reference points help you to know how far forward to pull into a parking space?

Select each number to reveal the steps to use your side mirrors as a reference point.

Continued

Note that where precisely the line extends out from your mirror may vary slightly based on the vehicle. This is yet another reason to know your vehicle.

It is a good idea to safely test this before using the technique to park a vehicle, so you know exactly where the curb or lot line needs to be, relative to your mirrors.

Beyond parking, you can use this reference point technique to help you determine where your vehicle should come to rest when stopping at a STOP sign or red light.

It works the same way.

Use the painted crosswalk or stop bar.

As either appears just below your side-view mirror, the front of your vehicle should just about be on top of the line.

These Reference Points:

• Are also useful when stopping at intersections where there is no painted crosswalk or stop bar

• Use them to create an imaginary sight line from under either mirror to the sidewalk edge. If you pull past the sight line, you have pulled up too far

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Parallel Parking

In order to successfully parallel park, the space must be at least one and one-half times as long as your vehicle

Entering a Parallel Parking Space

Step 1

To right-side parallel park, position your vehicle 2 to 3 feet from—and parallel to—a vehicle you plan to park behind

Before shifting to Reverse, stop when the center point of your vehicle is in line with the center-point of the vehicle you plan to park behind

This is your 1st reference point check

Step 2

Next, slowly back your vehicle, steering sharply and quickly right

Stop when the center-point of your vehicle is in line with the rear of the vehicle you are parking behind. This is your 2nd reference point check

Step 3

Resume slowly backing while straightening your vehicle’s front wheels

Glance forward frequently to ensure the front wheels are straight

Stop when the right front corner of your vehicle is in line with the rear of the vehicle you are parking behind. This is your 3rd reference point check

Do not contact the vehicle ahead or behind!

Step 4

Pause and then turn your head

Search over your right shoulder through the rear windows

Turn the steering wheel sharply as far left as it will go

Check the driver-side mirror

Stop in front of the vehicle behind you

Step 5

Finally, straighten your vehicle’s front wheels by moving slowly forward until you are centered between the vehicles in front and behind you

As you become more proficient with parallel parking, you won't have to pause after each reference point check

Remember to use The Dutch Reach technique to exit your vehicle

When exiting a right-side parallel parking space, what should you do?

Search carefully for traffic approaching you from behind

Shift to Reverse

Slowly back and steer right

Stop as close as possible to the front of the vehicle behind you

Steps to exit a parallel parking spot

Step 1

Once you shift into Drive:

Check your rear-view and side-view mirrors

Look over your left shoulder into your blind zones

Be alert for bicyclists and pedestrians

Step 2

Turn on your left-turn signal so other drivers know you are leaving the parking space

Once an opportunity is available to pull out, turn the steering wheel as far as the wheel can turn

Begin straightening your front wheels when the front of your vehicle clears the rear of the vehicle parked in front of you

Step 3

Turn the steering wheel to the right once the center point of your vehicle is in line with the vehicle parked in front of you

Ensure your vehicles right rear does not scrape the vehicle in front of you by checking the right side-view mirror

You should avoid steering when the vehicle is not moving because it can stress the power steering system and cause extra wear on the front tires. Turning the steering wheel while in a stopped position is sometimes referred to as “dry steering.”

** When parallel parking, you should park within of the curb 18 inches

When parking your vehicle downhill on a two-way street:

Turn your wheels to the right

– When you park on a downward-facing slope, turn your wheels sharply toward the side of the road. This way, if your vehicle starts to roll downhill, it will roll away from traffic

When parallel parking, leave at least ____ between your car and the vehicles in front and in back of you

Two feet

When parking next to a curb, you should use your turn signals:

When pulling next to or away from the curb

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Practice Questions

A driver does not need to allow as much distance when following a motorcycle as when following a car

False

It is unlawful to drive alongside a motorcycle in the same lane

True

You must never attempt to share a lane with a motorcyclist, even if it looks like there is enough room to do so

Motorcyclists need to have a full lane width to be able to maneuver safely

You are driving behind a motorcycle and want to pass

You must have your vehicle entirely in the left lane before and during the pass

A driver does not need to allow as much distance when following a motorcycle as when following a car

False

When you drive through a construction zone, you should:

Pass the construction zone carefully and not "rubberneck."

It is illegal to follow within feet of an emergency vehicle that is sounding its alarm

500

Practice Questions

1. What may help drivers conserve gasoline?

Slowing down gradually

Your blind spot is the area of the road:

You cannot see without moving your head.

Directly behind your vehicle.

2. While driving at night, a vehicle coming toward you has its high beams on, making it hard for you to see the road ahead. You should:

Look ahead toward the right edge of your lane

(If an oncoming driver fails to dim their high beams, you should avoid looking directly at the headlights. Instead, look toward the right edge of your lane and watch the oncoming vehicle out of the corner of your eye)

5. Under normal weather and traffic conditions, keep a minimum following distance of:

Two seconds

(The more distance between your vehicle and others, the more time you have to react to the movements of other drivers. Keep a minimum following distance of two seconds under normal weather and traffic conditions. Increase your following distance under unusual weather or traffic conditions)

6. When driving down a long or steep hill, you should:

Check your mirrors for speeding traffic behind you

(Check your mirrors for quickly approaching vehicles when you are driving down hills or mountains. Vehicles often build up speed while traveling down a steep grade. Be alert to large trucks and buses that may be going too fast)8

9. You may honk your horn when you:

Have lost control of your car

While backing, you should:

Turn your head and look through the rear windowA U-turn is not permitted:

On or near any curve or hill

When crossing a sidewalk to enter traffic from an alley or driveway, drivers should:

Stop before driving onto the sidewalk or sidewalk area

(When leaving an alley, driveway, or parking lot to enter a roadway, you must stop before driving onto a sidewalk or sidewalk area. Pedestrians and existing traffic have the right-of-way)

The amount of space you need to cross traffic depends on the:

Road conditions, weather conditions, and oncoming traffic

What is the first thing you should adjust, if needed, when you get into a car to drive?

Your seat

At an intersection with stop signs on all corners, yield the right-of-way to any driver:

Who arrived before you

The “No zone” is:

A term used to describe blind spots around a truck or bus

What is a “No zone?”

The blind spot of a large vehicle

To avoid the need for last-minute braking and turning, you should consistently look down the road ____ ahead of your vehicle.

10 to 15 seconds

1) What is the MOST important step in safely changing lanes?

Ensuring the lane to which you plan to move is open

2) What are some common situations that might require you to change lanes?

Entering traffic

Leaving traffic and parking along a curb

Driving on multiple-lane streets and roads

3) Your _______ can be used to help you know how far forward to pull into a parking space.

Side mirrors

4) Most state laws require a driver to signal at least _______ feet ahead before turning in an urban area

100

5) When parking downhill next to a curb, you should turn your front wheels:

Towards the curb

6) When preparing to turn, you should:

Complete your braking before you turn the steering wheel

7) When reversing direction, you should consider:

Traffic density and speed

Street layout and design

Visibility and line of sight

8) When should you adjust your speed to turn?

Before turning

9) Which way should your front wheels be turned when parking uphill next to a curb?

Away from the curb

10) Which of the following are maneuvers for reversing direction?

Two-point turning and three-point turning

U-turning

Traveling around the block

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Acceleration and Braking

Curve ahead

Not only are you slowing down for the hill, but you are also in a turn which makes it more tricky

It's easy to overload the tires and start a skid

Take it easy

Multitasking

Ideally, you should do only one thing at a time

Brake downhill, then roll into the curve

But this may not be possible with stopping traffic ahead

Be careful and very smooth with your steering and braking

Idle Acceleration

Idle acceleration is simply releasing pressure from the brake pedal that can cause the vehicle to move slowly forward or backward

An example is when moving from a stopped position, such as a parking space

Light acceleration

Light acceleration is used to maintain slow forward motion and to gradually increase the speed with minimum vehicle weight shift

An example is when driving in a parking lot or other areas of limited space

Progressive Acceleration

Progressive acceleration involves firm pressure on the accelerator to increase speed

An example is when accelerating from a red traffic signal to the speed of traffic

Thrust Acceleration

Thrust acceleration is a firm push or thrust of the accelerator to increase speed

It will shift more weight to the rear tires for traction

An example is when passing other vehicles in high-speed traffic, or when accelerating on a short highway entry ramp

Drive-thru: Idle

Neighborhood: Light

After turning: Progressive

Highway entry ramp: Thrust

Key to effective braking

Stabilize your foot and control brake pressure with your ankle and toes, rather than with your larger, less precise thigh muscles

Place your heel in front of the brake pedal so the area forward of the ball of the foot is on the pedal

Use your toes for fine pedal-pressure adjustments

Releasing the Accelerator

• Releasing pressure from the accelerator stops the vehicle's forward propulsion

• The vehicle will coast forward rather than be propelled by the engine or motor

• Used to reduce speed slightly to regain space around your vehicle

• "Covering the brake" is where you prepared to brake

Controlled or "Squeeze" Braking

This is performed using consistent pressure sufficient to slow the vehicle while avoiding the abrupt weight transfer that can lead to loss of traction

The driver is smoothly "squeezing" the brake pedal.

This is used to slow the vehicle in normal traffic conditions such as for a STOP sign or traffic stopped ahead

Threshold Braking

This is applying brake pressure to a point just short of locking the wheels

This results in the vehicle's maximum braking capability

It is often used to slow quickly when a driver's path becomes blocked, such as when braking to avoid hitting a pedestrian or animal

Trail Braking, or "Squeeze Off" Braking

Trail braking is the type of braking the best drivers use to be smooth and precise

When you must stop, most of the time you are using "Squeeze" braking

But the best drivers do trail braking at the end. They brake to a roll, and then roll to a stop

Passing through school zone: Releasing accelerator

Slowing traffic ahead: Controlled braking

Child runs out in front of you: Threshold braking

Turning: Trail braking

Stopping Distance

1. Perception time - How far the vehicle travels before the driver perceives the need to stop

This is usually one-half to three-quarters of a second (if the driver is not distracted)

2. Reaction time - How far the vehicle travels during the time it takes for the driver to respond and begin to apply the brakes, which is another one-half to three-quarters of a second

3. Braking time - How far the vehicle travels before stopping after the brakes are applied

If the driver is using maximum braking, or threshold braking, the vehicle is slowing down as quickly as it can

To minimize stopping distances, always brake in a straight line, with your front wheels pointed straight ahead

This maximizes the tires' contact patches and grip on the road

Which results in the to three-quarters of a second

3. Braking time - How far the vehicle travels before stopping after the brakes are applied. If the driver is using maximum braking, or threshold braking, the vehicle is slowing down as quickly as it can

To minimize stopping distances, always brake in a straight line, with your front wheels pointed straight ahead. This maximizes the tires' contact patches and grip on the road, which results in the greatest possible traction

Emergency Braking

1. Press the pedal as hard as you are able and "Stomp and Steer!"

2. Plant the brake pedal on the floor, and continue to steer around obstacles

Continue to look and steer where you want your vehicle to go

3. Keep your foot down until the need to brake is over. Know that the brake pedal will pulse under your foot and this is normal. The pulsing is telling you that the ABS is working properly

4. Do not pump the brake pedal or remove your foot from the pedal-this could prevent the system from working properly

Light acceleration is used to maintain slow forward motion or allow speed to increase gradually with minimum weight shift

Trail braking is used to smoothly and gradually reduce brake pedal pressure at the end of a braking maneuver, helping to avoid abrupt weight transfer when turning at an intersection or into a curve

Where should you look to follow your intended path?

The left and right of the center of your path

Total stopping distance is made up of:

• Reaction time

• Braking time

• Perception time

When starting the engine, you should release the key or start button:

As soon as the engine starts

Which level of acceleration should you use when accelerating on a short highway entry ramp?

Which technique should you use to signal vehicles behind you that you are slowing?

• Press the pedal as hard as you are able and hold

Lightly tap your brake pedal a few times before braking

When driving, your hands should be placed on the steering wheel:

• At 8 o'clock and 4 o'clock

• At 9 o'clock and 3 o'clock

When backing straight or to the right:

• Position your right hand on the back of the passenger seat

• Grip the steering wheel at the 12 o'clock position with your left hand

• Move the wheel left or right in the direction in which you want the rear of the vehicle to go

Where should you look to follow your intended path?

The left and right of the center of your path

Total stopping distance is made up of:

• Reaction time

• Braking time

• Perception time

Which level of acceleration should you use when accelerating on a short highway entry ramp?

• Thrust

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Signs

Divided Highway

Keep right – Warning signs are usually yellow with black markings. This sign indicates that a divided highway is beginning and cars should keep to the right

Two-way Traffic

Curve Ahead

Losing control of the vehicle if you drift onto the shoulder

You may make left turns

Watch for traffic merging from the right

No Passing Zone

Slow-Moving Vehicle

At an intersection with a yield sign, you:

Must yield the right-of-way to cross traffic that is close enough to cause conflict

Downward-facing triangular:

Indicate school zones

Road users are allowed to use to communicate with each other.

Horn

Hand signals

Headlights

What type of warning sign do you see as you approach a railroad crossing?

Yellow and round

Select the appropriate hand gesture to signal you are stopping.

Hand down

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Lines

You may encounter double dashed yellow lines on some roads

These are typical where traffic shifts directions based on morning and evening commutes, through tunnels, or over bridges

These are called reversible lanes. They are commonly controlled by overhead signal lights

Lane transitioning

A yellow "x" means the lane is transitioning directions and drivers should safely exit the lane

Opposing Traffic Lane

A red "X" means this is an opposing traffic lane, do not drive in this lane

Travel lane

A green arrow means the lane is open and you may drive in this lane

Diamond Markings

White diamond markings on the road surface designate if a lane is restricted

Legal to change lanes

Dashed lines regulate where you are allowed to enter or exit a restricted lane

Solid lines show where it is not legal to enter or exit a restricted lane

Signs

HOV signs indicate the minimum number of occupants required and/or vehicle type

Additional information may also contain specific types of vehicles allowed to use a restricted lane, or the time of days of the week the lane is restricted

Solid white lines are used:

To mark the right edge of highways

Between lanes to indicate areas where lane changes are discouraged or unlawful

Double, solid, yellow lines mean:

Drivers traveling in both directions are prohibited from passing—

A broken yellow line alongside a solid yellow line means:

Passing is permitted from the lane next to the broken line

A double solid yellow line down the center of a two-lane road indicates:

Lanes are moving in opposite directions and drivers are not permitted to pass

Two solid yellow lines on the pavement mean:

Passing is not allowed

A solid yellow line next to a broken yellow line means that vehicles:

Next to the broken line may pass

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Right-of-Way

Yielding Right of Way

Right-of-way rules tell you and other drivers how to proceed

When there are no signs, symbols, or police present set rules will determine who has the right-of-way when two or more streets come together

They also cover other situations

Even though right-of-way rules have the force of law, a good driver never depends exclusively on them for safety

A driver who has the right of way should use it sensibly, never insist on it

Never assume that you have the right-of-way. Always look at the situation and think about vour own safety

Yield the right-of-way to:

At a 4-way stop, the driver reaching the intersection first gets to go first (of course all vehicles must stop).

If two cars approach an intersection at the same time from opposite directions and one driver is signaling for a turn, the right-of-way belongs to the car going straight

The driver on your right at a four-way stop has the right-of-way if both of you arrive at the same time beside each other

When two vehicles arrive to an intersection at the same time, which one has the right-of-way when no signs or signals indicate rules?

The car approaching from the right has the right-of-way

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Traffic Lights

Solid green arrow

Your turning lane (left or right) may proceed if it is safe to do so

Other road users should yield the right-of-way. This is sometimes referred to as a "protected" turn

Just like regular green lights, you should not enter the intersection

Flashing red arrow

A flashing red arrow is treated as a stop sign and the turn is unprotected

You may proceed when it is safe and only after you have stopped

Flashing yellow arrow

A flashing yellow arrow is treated as a yield sign and the turn is unprotected

This means you may turn left only when it is safe to do so, yielding the right-of-way to all oncoming traffic

Green

Solid green light/arrow

Enter intersection if safe

Red

Flashing red light/arrow

Stop and proceed when safe

Solid red light/arrow

Do not enter the intersection

Flashing yellow arrow

Turn when safe

Flashing yellow light

Slow and proceed with caution

Solid yellow light

Clear the intersection

When you see a flashing yellow light at an intersection, you should:

Slow down and cross the intersection carefully

A flashing yellow light at an intersection indicates that drivers

should slow to a safe and reasonable

speed and proceed with caution

When approaching a traffic signal displaying a steady green arrow, drivers:

May turn in the direction of the arrow after yielding to traffic and pedestrians already in the intersection

You come to an intersection displaying a flashing red light. You should:

Come to a full stop and go when it is safe to do so

You are approaching an intersection when the traffic light changes from green to solid yellow. You should:

Stop before entering the intersection, unless you are too close to stop safely

When approaching a traffic signal displaying a flashing yellow arrow, drivers:

May turn left after yielding to oncoming traffic and pedestrians

When approaching a traffic signal displaying a flashing yellow arrow, drivers:

May turn left after yielding to oncoming traffic and pedestrians

It is legal to make a left turn at a red traffic light after stopping only if

You are traveling on a one-way street and turning onto another one-way street.

You want to turn left at an intersection. The light is green but oncoming traffic is heavy. You should:

Wait in the center of the intersection

You may continue carefully through an intersection with a yellow light if:

You are already within the intersection when the light changes to yellow

When intending to stop

place your arm out the window with elbow bent and arm/hand down.

When intending to turn right

place your arm out the window with elbow bent and lower arm and hand up

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Routes

Routes running east-west have even numbers while routes running north-south have odd numbers.

If an Interstate is one that loops around a city, it is three digits starting with an even number

For example, in Indianapolis, Interstate 465 loops around the city

Interstate 80 starts in San Francisco and ends in New York City

If an Interstate is a spur, meaning it splits off the main highway and does not reconnect with the main highway, it is three digits starting with an odd number

For example, in Bismark, Interstate 194 splits off from Interstate 94 and does not rejoin it

A = 25

Primary Interstates are labeled using two-digit route numbers

Even-numbered routes run west-east with lower numbers farther south

Odd-numbered routes run north-south with lower numbers farther west

B = 90

Primary Interstates are labeled using two-digit route numbers

Even-numbered routes run west-east with lower numbers farther south

Odd-numbered routes run north-south with lower numbers farther west.

C = 390

Three-digit Interstates originate from a primary (two-digit) Interstate, and the last two numbers match the number of the Interstate from which they originate

For example, I-390 originates from I-90

Three-digit routes that start with an odd number are "spurs", which lead into a metropolitan area and do not reconnect to the originating Interstate *

* At the time of the route's adoption

D = 290

Three-digit Interstates originate from a primary (two-digit) Interstate, and the last two numbers match the number of the Interstate from which they originate

For example, I-290 originates from I-90

Three-digit routes that start with an even number are "loops", which are routes around a metropolitan area and reconnect to the originating Interstate *

* At the time of the route's adoption

E = 425

Three-digit Interstates originate from a primary (two-digit) Interstate, and the last two numbers match the number of the Interstate from which they originate

For example, I-425 originates from I-25.

Three-digit routes that start with an even number are "loops", which are routes around a metropolitan area and reconnect to the originating Interstate *

* At the time of the route's adoption

F = 525

Three-digit Interstates originate from a primary (two-digit) Interstate, and the last two numbers match the number of the Interstate from which they originate

Example: I-525 originates from I-25

Three-digit routes that start with an odd number are "spurs", which lead into a metropolitan area and do not reconnect to the originating Interstate*

An odd-numbered Interstate with a single or double-digit number indicates a route that:

• Runs north and south

How does a driver know if an Interstate highway runs east-west or north-south?

• By the route number

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Passing

With large vehicles, maintain a space of at least 6 seconds, and identify an alternate escape path in case you need one

Passing is illegal on two-lane roads when approaching a hill crest, curve, or intersection

Most states also prohibit passing on bridges, in tunnels, and near railroad crossings

It is illegal to exceed the posted speed limit while passing

Position your vehicle approximately 3 seconds behind the vehicle you plan to pass. Search ahead for roadside obstacles and areas of reduced space

Search ahead for roadside obstacles and areas of reduced space and visibility

A driver can legally pass on the right side of another vehicle:

If the vehicle is waiting to turn left and there is an available passing lane

Do not pass:

On a hill or curve

When school bus lights are flashing

When approaching an intersection

A good rule to remember for passing is:

Drive with the flow of traffic and pass only as needed

You should be cautious when passing You should be cautious when passing a bicycle because:

The cyclist may have to swerve into traffic to avoid an object on the road.

Expressway passing

• You should always be in the right-hand lane unless you are passing

• Do not pass on the right or pass on the shoulder of the roadway

Sudden movements at high speeds are very dangerous

• Use your mirrors and check over your shoulder to make sure that the way is clear before passing

Mirrors alone are not sufficient due to "blind spots". If a car is directly behind you in an adjacent lane, it will not be visible in the side mirrors

• Always notify other vehicles of your intent to pass by using the appropriate blinker

Safe passing depends on cooperation between drivers

• Don't speed up when being passed

• Pass as quickly and safely as possible

• Do not stay alongside another vehicle any longer than you must

• Don't cut in too soon after passing someone

• Make sure you can see the entire passed vehicle in your rearview mirror before moving back to the right lane

• Never cruise along in the blind spot of the vehicle next to you

Non-expressway passing

Space to Pass

• Whenever you pass another car on a two-lane road you must enter a lane that belongs to oncoming cars.

Therefore, it's important to watch for other vehicles

• Signal, and then pass when the way is clear

At highway speeds of 50 to 55 mph, you need from 10 to 12 seconds to complete a pass safely

• You must judge whether or not you have enough room to pass whenever you approach

(1) an oncoming car

(2) a hill or a curve

(3) an intersection

(4) a roadway obstruction

To pass:

• Check for oncoming traffic

• Check your mirrors and check over your shoulder for vehicles following or passing you

• Signal

• Steer into the passing (left) lane

• Adjust speed

• Wait until you can see the entire passed vehicle in your rearview mirror

• Signal and check over your shoulder before returning to the right lane

• Steer into the right lane, adjust your speed and cancel your turn signal

Changing Lanes

You are driving in the left lane and want to move into the right lane. You should:

Check your mirrors, signal, and look over your right shoulder for other vehicles before changing lanes

When changing lanes, you should check your vehicle's blind spots by looking over your shoulder in the direction that you want to move

Always check vour mirrors and turn on your directional signal before beginning a lane change

When changing lanes, you should look for a gap of 4 seconds

To change lanes you should:

Signal, check your mirrors, check your blind spot in the direction you plan to move, then change lanes.

When driving on an interstate:

Signal, check mirrors, and check blind spots before changing lanes

You may pass a vehicle when: You are on a road with a broken line next to your lane

When changing lanes:

Check your mirrors

• Check your "blind spot" by turning your head and looking over your shoulder in the direction you plan to move

Blind spots are areas around your vehicle caused by headrests and door pillars that block your vision. Blind spots are also areas that are not covered by your mirrors

• Whenever you change lanes, give the correct signal and look over your shoulder in the direction you are about to move to make sure you do not get in correct signal and look over your shoulder in the direction you are about to move to make sure you do not get in the way of a vehicle that is already there

Never rely solely on your rearview mirrors when making a lane change

• Find a gap in traffic, signal, and then look again before changing lanes

• Adjust speed and move into the other lane

• Cancel your turn signal after completing a lane change

Changing lanes includes:

• Changing lanes from one lane to another on a roadwav

• Entering a freeway or a highway from an entrance lane

• Entering the roadway from the curb or shoulder of the road

Here are some important things to do when you check for traffic behind you:

• Glance in the rearview and side mirrors. Make sure that nobody is preparing to pass you

• Look over your left or right shoulder

• Look towards the side you will be moving. Be sure no one is near the left (or right) rear corner of your car

These areas are called "blind spots" because your mirrors do not cover these areas. You must turn your head and look

• Be alert for motorcycles or bicycles

• Check quickly. Do not take your eyes off the road ahead for more than an instant. The vehicle ahead of you could stop suddenly while you are checking behind

No matter what kind of car you have, or how well you adjust your mirrors, there are still blind spots so never rely solely on your mirrors

It is the car you don't see that is the most dangerous

• Check all lanes. Someone in another lane may plan to move into the same spot you do

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Turning Basics

When turning:

• Check for traffic controls, pedestrians, and other vehicles. Signal your turn

• Enter the closest lane in the direction you want to go

• Look as far as you can through the turn.

• Accelerate smoothly and make sure your signal cancels

Right turns

• Do not swing wide to the left before a right turn

• Always turn right from the rightmost portion of your lane

Left turns

• Yield to oncoming traffic

• Always turn left from the leftmost portion of your lane

Multiple left or right turn lanes

• Enter the same lane from which you are turning

• Stay in that lane until the turn is finished

Shared Center Left Turn Lane

Shared left turn lane is located in the middle of the roadway.

• When using a left turn share lane: check your mirrors and for vehicles ahead, signal left, check left blind spot

• Steer smoothly in to shared left lane, make left turn when traffic is clear

Intersections

An intersection is any place where roads meet, so that one line of traffic meets or crosses another. It includes:

• Cross streets and side streets,

• Freeway entrances,

• Driveway and shopping center entrances

Here are some of the rules to follow anytime you approach an intersection:

• Make sure you look both ways, even when you cross a one-way street (Someone might be going the wrong way).

At all intersections slow down and search for:

• traffic controls

• oncoming traffic and cross traffic

• pedestrians and bicyclists

• road conditions

• objects that block your view

Do not rely on others to obey traffic signals or signs

At an intersection:

• Look left and right, even if other traffic has a red light or stop sign because someone may run either one

They may yield the right of way when required so be prepared to do so to avoid a crash

Before moving after a stop:

• Check for traffic and bicyclists

• Look left, then right, then left before you enter the intersection

When a light turns green, make sure your path of travel is clear and there is no cross traffic

Never think that another driver will give you any extra space

• Do not turn into a lane just because an oncoming vehicle has a turn signal on - the driver may plan to turn after they pass you or they may have forgotten to turn their signal off

• Make sure you have a good view

If your view of a cross street is blocked by buildings, trees, a device or a row of parked cars, edge forward slowly until you can see

• Don't start to turn yet! Wait until traffic clears

• If a line of cars in one lane is blocking your view of another lane, wait until the cars pass - if you try to look by edging the front of your car into the other lane, you may get hit

Traffic Circles and Roundabouts

A traffic circle is a circular intersection

Traffic circles or roundabouts are sometimes built at intersections of heavily traveled streets and roads

• All vehicles approaching traffic circles or roundabouts must yield the right-of-way to vehicles already in the circle or roundabout unless otherwise directed by a police officer or by traffic control devices

• Enter a roundabout by proceeding to the right around the raised center island (counterclockwise).

Raised pavement on the inside of the circle enables trucks to negotiate around the small island, while vehicles stay in the outer travel lane

• At large traffic circles, called rotaries, vehicles also proceed to the right or counterclockwise around the center island at a slow rate of speed until the street desired is approached

• Drivers must yield the right-of- way to a vehicle on the operator's left

• Exit from the circle or roundabout is then made by making a right turn

Extreme caution should be used when entering and leaving traffic circles or roundabouts

Strict attention to highway signs and pavement markings is necessary

If you are going to be turning from a rotary circle within two exits, it is suggested that you should be in the right most lane (This applies unless otherwise indicated by road markings on pavement or traffic signs specifying the lane to be used

When using traffic circles:

• Slow down to enter the circle. This sign warns you that there is a traffic circle ahead

• Yield to the traffic in the circle

• Enter a traffic circle to the right and follow the lane lines

• Signal your exit

Step 1

Identify a safe gap by searching:

• Ahead

• To the sides

• And behind your vehicle

Step 2

Alert other drivers of your intentions by signaling left or right

Step 3

Re-check your blind zone-especially on the side toward the lane you intend to move into

Step 4

When conditions are safe, steer into the new lane, adjusting your speed to the flow of traffic

Step 5

In most vehicles, you must cancel your turn signal and recheck your speed and position. Some vehicles automatically cancel the turn signal for you:

• These often feature a system where the driver can simply nudge the turn signal lever up or down.

• The signal activates, and flashes 3 times. Then it automatically cancels itself

Exiting a Multi-lane Highway

• Get into the right-hand lane well before reaching the exit

• Signal your intent to exit

• Don't slow down on the main expressway, rather, start slowing down as soon as you enter the deceleration lane and continue slowing at the beginning of the exit ramp

• Slow down to the posted speed on the ramp or you may have difficulty getting around sharp curves

• Make sure your signal cancels

Stop Lines

Stop lines are usually painted on the roadwav at a distance from an roadway at a distance from an intersection to give pedestrians a walkway in front of stopped cars

You just yield to pedestrians in a crosswalk, marked or unmarkedperson who is blind or impaired may use a white cane and/or have a guide dog. This person always has the right of way

Stop at least 10 feet and wait until the person is out of dange

Failure to yield right of way: $50-$1000 fine

• Stop your car before the painted lines

• When turning a corner, watch for

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Features

A. Speedometer

Shows how fast you are going

Measure = “miles per hour” (mph)

Showing a speed of 80 mph

B: Oil warning light

Engine might be low on oil, or it may be too hot

You should stop; do not drive the vehicle any farther

C: Anti-theft system

Vehicle security is active

D: Airbag light

If it remains on, there is a problem with the airbag that must be corrected

E: Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS) light

This warns the driver if one or more tires is

F: Tachometer

Shows how hard the engine is working

G: Electronic Stability Control “On” light

Commonly referred to as “ESC”

ESC helps maintain traction when the driver enters a turn at too high a speed

It aims to prevent front-tire and rear-tire skids

In some vehicles, this light comes on when the system activates

H: Electronic Stability Control “Off” light

This is displayed when the ESC is not functioning

In some vehicles, the driver can deactivate the ESC system

I: Parking brake “On” light

Means the parking brake is activated

J: Traction Control “Off” light

Traction Control (TC) helps prevent wheelspin when the driver accelerates too hard

It is designed to prevent the drive wheels from spinning

Like with ESC, some vehicles allow the driver to deactivate the Traction Control system

K: Safety belt reminder light

This illuminates when the vehicle detects that one or more occupant has not buckled their safety belt

In many vehicles, a chime is heard when this light is on

L: Battery light

This comes on if there is a problem with the battery or charging system

M: Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS)

ABS helps prevent a vehicle’s wheels from turning when the driver brakes very aggressively

This light comes on when there is a problem with the ABS

N: Auto Stop light

This lets the driver know that the Auto Stop system is activated

To save fuel, Auto Stop shuts the engine off when the vehicle is stopped, such as at a signal light

The engine restarts when the driver accelerates from a stopped position

O: Water temperature gauge

P: Fuel gauge

Q: Low-fuel warning light

This light comes on when the vehicle is low on fuel

Refuel as soon as possible, so the vehicle does not run out of fuel

Do not wait for the light to come on before refueling

A good rule of thumb is to refuel when you get down to ¼ tank of fuel remaining, or sooner

R: Fuel port location indicator arrow

Some vehicles’ fuel port (door) is on the left side of the car

Others are on the right side of the car

This arrow points to the side where the fuel port is located

Here, it tells the driver that the fuel port is on the right side

This is particularly helpful when driving a vehicle that is new to a driver (e.g., a rental car)

S: Cruise control on light

Comes on when the cruise control system is turned on, but not yet activated

Lets the driver know they can activate cruise control

T: Average speed readout

Some vehicles keep track of the average speed traveled

Some vehicles can also display useful information such as:

Average fuel economy

Numbers of miles that can be traveled on the remaining fuel

Outside temperature

U: Compass

Shows the cardinal direction in which the vehicle is headed–that is, north, south, east, or west

This compass reads “SW,” which means the driver is heading in a southwesterly direction

V: Odometer

Displays the number of miles the vehicle has traveled since new

W: Gear selector indicator

Shows which gear the transmission is in

This indicator shows that the vehicle is in “P,” or Park

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Natural Laws

Related to inertia is momentum, which is how much motion an object has, and is a product of its mass and velocity

In a basic sense, the more momentum a moving object has, the harder it is to sto

For example, if both are going the same speed, a 40-ton truck will have a lot more momentum than a 2-ton passenger car

What is centrifugal force?

It is the tendency for objects that are rotating around a center to be pulled outward

Physics teachers often say that centrifugal force is actually inertia

An object tending to continue in a straight line

Such as entering a turn with no traction

This force depends on the mass of the object, the speed of rotation, and the distance from the center

Kinetic Energy

Movement requires energy

The faster an object moves, the more energy is needed

Kinetic energy, the amount of energy needed to propel a vehicle, is affected by the vehicle’s weight and speed

Kinetic energy also directly influences vehicle deceleration

First, the braking distance needed to stop a vehicle increases by the square of the amount the speed is increased

If a vehicle’s speed doubles from 20 mph to 40 mph, the distance needed to stop the vehicle increases by four times

Second, the crash impact force also increases by the same ratio: the square of the increase in speed

That means that, as a vehicle’s speed doubles, crash forces are 4 times greater

SPEED

At 55 mph, your vehicle travels approximately 80 feet in 1 second (that's about¼ the height of the Statue of Liberty)

Plus, most control actions take about ½ a second, such as starting to turn the steering wheel or beginning to apply the brakes

As your speed increases from 55mph to 65mph, the chances of dying DOUBLE

As your speed increases from 55mph to 75mph, the chances of dying TRIPLE

A vehicle going 40mph needs THREE times as much distance to stop as one traveling 20mph

A vehicle going 60mph needs NINE times as much distance to stop as one traveling 20 mph

Separating: Adjusting your speed and/or position to address one hazard at a time

Weight Transfer and Distribution

A transfer of weight from one point of the vehicle to another occurs whenever the driver accelerates, brakes, turns, or executes some combination of these actions

The amount of weight shift and the driver’s ability to control the vehicle is influenced by the rate of acceleration, brake application, steering input, surface traction, or combinations of these factors

Front to Rear

When a vehicle accelerates, its weight shifts to the rear

The rear suspension compresses, and the rear tires’ contact patches increase in size, while the front tires’ contact patches decrease in size

When acceleration is aggressive, there is a noticeable rise of the vehicle’s front and a drop of its rear

Rear to Front

When a vehicle decelerates, its weight shifts to the front

The front suspension compresses, and the front tires’ contact patches increase in size, while the rear tires’ contact patches decrease in size

With hard braking, the vehicle’s front noticeably drops, and the rear rises

In this case, occupants feel forward movement

Apply too little brake pressure, and the vehicle does not stop at the desired point or within the distance available

Side to Side

When turning, a vehicle’s weight shifts in the direction opposite the turn

For example, when turning right, the vehicle’s weight shifts to the left, causing the vehicle to lean left

The left side tires’ contact patches increase in size, and the right side tires’ contact patches decrease in size

The degree of weight shift depends on speed, traction, and the amount and quickness of steering input

Traction increases in rear and decrease in the front when:

Accelerating

Traction decreases in the rear and increases in the front when...

Braking

Traction increases on the right side and decreases on the left side when...

Steering Left

Traction decreases on the right side and increases on the left side when…

Steering Right

1) If a vehicle’s speed doubles, the distance needed to stop the vehicle:

Increases by four

2) Which is the proper placement of your left foot while driving?

Resting on the dead pedal or floor

3) The adhesion, or grip, between the tires and the road surface is called:

Traction

4) When braking hard, the weight of the vehicle noticeably shifts _______.

To the front of the vehicle

5) When turning to the right, the contact patches of the _______ increase in size

Left side tires

6) How does gravity affect braking distance when driving downhill?

It lengthens braking distance

7) The _______ a tire’s contact patch, the _______ traction the tire has with the road surface.

smaller, more

larger, more

smaller, less

B and C

8) Hydroplaning can occur at speeds as low as _____ miles per hour.

35

9) _______provides less traction than when driving on concrete.

Asphalt

Gravel

Brick

10) To allow enough distance to stop when responding to hazardous objects or conditions, you should identify a planned path of travel ______seconds ahead.

20 to 30

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Safe Drivers:

• Monitor other road users and traffic-

control devices

• Observe and anticipate the actions of other drivers, pedestrians, cyclists, and animals

• Know and comply with traffic regulations

• Control their vehicle under all types of weather and road conditions

Behaviors that "safe" drivers show.

In addition, they also:

• Decide how to effectively respond to various situations and assess the consequences of alternative responses

• Initiate action and apply adjustments as necessary

• Constantly repeat this process

Anticipate, prevent, and manage additional demands of the road, including:

• Increased speed

• Dense traffic

• Inclement weather

• Distractions

• Stress

• Fatigue

We can learn to not attempt to make a last-minute turn under a yellow signal light

Never assume anything about another driver - better yet: assume they will do the thing that puts you at the most risk

If your view is blocked, anticipate that there is something behind whatever is blocking your view

Also, consider avoiding making unprotected left turns—they are trouble!

Let's Review

• Remember to READ the road

• Keep attention on the road

• Never assume anything about another driver

• Anticipate hazards

• Do not look away from the road for more than 2 seconds

• Never assume a crosswalk is empty

There are three steps to reducing risk:

Perceive

Decide

Act

Perceive

Perceive everything in the traffic scene by:

• Searching 20 to 30 seconds ahead along your intended path of travel for objects and conditions that could increase risk

• Being aware of available traction on the road surface

• Identifying an alternate path of travel 12 to 15 seconds ahead so you can steer out of trouble if a threatening situation develops

Decide

Use the information gathered from your visual search to make wise decisions. This includes:

• Anticipating the possible actions of other road users that could affect your risk

• Assessing the consequences of alternative responses

• Determining the best course of action

Act

Carrying out your actions and maneuvers can involve:

• Changing speed by decelerating, braking, or accelerating

• Adjusting position or direction by changing lanes or turning

• Communicating with other road users

• A combination of two or more of the above

• You should hold off driving up alongside the truck until there is a full car length of space open ahead of the truck in your lane

That way, you can move by and be in a safe space ahead of the truck.

• Avoid driving alongside a truck for a second more than you have to

IPDE

Identify → Predict → Decide → Execute

In this model, predict refers to the task of anticipating what another road user might do, in case you need to respond to a maneuver

SIPDE

Search → Identify → Predict → Decide → Execute

Here, search (or scan) refers to the fact that drivers should be active in their visual search, moving their eyes in a consistent way to maximize their perception

SEE

Search → Evaluate → Execute

Set is an alternate process that describes how drivers should perceive and respond to the traffic scene to minimize risk

Of the three steps, which is the most important?

The first step, perceiving, is the most important

If you don’t perceive something, you never even make it to the Decide or Act step

If you don’t see it, there’s no reason your brain would make a decision about it

That is, if you fail at step one, you never even get to steps two and three

Most roads feature marked travel lanes that are 10 to 12 feet wide

If lanes are not marked, imagine a 12-foot-wide carpet rolled out ahead of your vehicle

You can use this imaginary path for steering and control, but take care to use it only as a reference point

Never allow your eyes to become fixed on any one point or object; rather, keep them active and moving

Position 1 - Center

Centered in the lane is the most appropriate for most driving situations

Position 2 - Left of center

Positioning left of center is most helpful when a vehicle, bicyclist, or emergency vehicle is on the right shoulder

Position 3 - Right of center

Positioning right of center would be most helpful when large oncoming vehicles approach or when you are preparing to turn right

Perception Time

Perception time is the time it takes for a driver to see something, such as an obstruction in the road ahead

Braking Time

Braking time is the time required to slow the vehicle to a safe speed or to stop, as when the travel path is blocked and there is no alternative path

Reaction Time

Reaction time is how long it takes for the driver to act after recognizing a hazard and deciding to respond

For example, the stopping distance from 40 mph is not just double the stopping distance from 20 mph, it is much longer

Closing Probability

The chance that a vehicle and another road user will move closer together as they move along projected paths of travel

Closing Action

The actions road users execute that increase closing probability changing lanes, entering an intersection or a pedestrian walking into the street from between parked cars

There are four actions drivers can and do execute when responding to driving environments and situations

Changing speed (coasting, braking or accelerating)

Changing direction or position (turning; changing lanes)

Communicating (using the horn, flashing headlights, etc.)

A combination of two or all of the first three (3) actions

Errors

Vision and Perception Errors

• Allows vision to be diverted from

the path of travel

• Allows vision to be blocked

• Does not establish eye contact with other road users when potential conflict situations develop

• Fails to check rearview mirrors and mirror blind zones

Not Yielding Right-of-Way

• Does not obey STOP or YIELD signs

• Runs red traffic signals

• Does not yield to the driver on the right side at an intersection

Improperly Adjusting Speed

Approaches STOP or YIELD signs at too high a speed

Approaches and enters turn too fast

Drives through curves at excessive speed

Does not adjust speed to compensate for reduced visibility, traction, or space

Poorly Judging Distance or Space Requirements

Follows other vehicles too closely

Swings wide or turns too sharply

Passes or overtakes other vehicles improperly

Selects improper lane or position when turning

Inadequate or Improper Vehicle Control

Brakes suddenly or steers too quickly on a low-traction surface

Steers through turns poorly (e.g., hits curb with inside wheel)

Uses the improper seating position

Improper Signaling

Fails to signal when turning or changing lanes

Improperly or inappropriately uses four-way emergency flashers

Gives a false or misleading signal

Improper Timing

Fails to adjust speed to deal with only one hazard at a time

Underestimates spacing between conflicts

Lack of attention and focus on timing

You should give bicyclists at least 3 feet of space. Some state laws require at least 4 feet of space

The law requires drivers to factor in visibility, traction, the volume and speed of nearby traffic and not to exceed reasonable and prudent speeds

You must be aware of prevailing conditions and drive accordingly, allowing yourself a clear distance ahead in which to stop if necessary

What determines a safe driving speed?

The distance ahead that you can see along your projected path of travel

For example, if you can see ahead only 200 feet because of fog or heavy rain and are traveling at 55 mph. you have not left yourself the 235 to 275 feet needed to stop safely

You must reduce your speed.

It takes the brain ½ to ¾ of a second to process information

Plus, most control actions take about ½ a second, such as starting to turn the steering wheel or beginning to apply the brakes

Tip: If you see a person ahead of you driving erratically, maintain a space of at least 4 to 5 seconds - more is better

With large vehicles, maintain a space of at least 6 seconds, and identify an alternate escape path in case you need one

When faced with dangers close to both sides of your pathway, you allow:

More space to the side with the more serious consequences

When you are driving, it is most difficult to control the space to your:

Rear

Of the options presented, which is the most effective for maintaining space around your vehicle?

Speed

Your intended path of travel is the space into which you can safely direct your vehicle with the least risk

True

A "closing probability" when driving is:

The chance that a vehicle and another object will move closer together as they move along projected paths of travel

When dealing with tailgaters it is best to:

Slow down and let them pass by

When a vehicle moves into your space you should:

Safely maneuver to re-establish your space

In traffic, the best way for you to provide an emergency escape path is to maintain adequate space to the:

Front and at least one side of your vehicle

Weather

It is very foggy. You should slow down and:

Turn your lights to their low beam setting

When driving in thick fog with very bad visibility, the safest option is to:

Pull off the road and stop, using your emergency flashers

Water on the road can cause a vehicle to hydroplane. Your car may hydroplane at speeds as low as:

35 miles per hour

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Crashes

Nearly one-half of all new drivers are either charged with a traffic offense or involved in a crash during their first 12 months of licensed driving

That’s almost 1 out of every 2 drivers! Many of these crashes result in injuries and fatalities

What percent of all crashes are due to human error?

Most crashes are preventable

Over 90% of crashes are attributable to human error

But when it comes to actual crashes, the drivers themselves may only be part of the issue

In fact, a crash could be caused by any one of the 3 main elements in the HTS:

The vehicles

The roads

The drivers

Possible causal factors for a crash:

Loss of Brakes

Certainly a brake failure is unpredictable, and could result from a vehicle-based problem

Low Tire Pressure

It is each driver’s responsibility to ensure that his or her vehicle is always road-ready

This includes ensuring that the vehicle’s tires are set to the correct inflation pressure

Merging With Traffic

It is each driver’s responsibility to share the roadway with other users, including merging cooperatively

Pothole

Any driver could hit a pothole without warning— it is a defect in the roadway

Sharp Curves

A sharp curve cannot “cause” a crash

However, a driver failing to slow down enough before the curve could easily cause a crash

Curves account for more than 1 of every 4 fatal crashes on two-lane rural highways which is 3 times higher than other highway segments

Snow-covered Roads

A snowy roadway cannot “cause” a crash

However, a driver failing to adjust his or her speed to the snowy conditions could easily cause a crash

Wet Roads

A wet roadway cannot “cause” a crash

However, a driver failing to adjust his or her speed to the slick conditions could easily cause a crash

Match the crash rate per 100 million miles driven (on the left) with its driver age group (on the right)

According to this data from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, the overall crash rate of drivers ages 16 to 17 was:

Nearly double that of drivers ages 18 to 19

Approximately 4.5 times that of drivers ages 30 to 59

This clearly shows how the younger a driver is, the higher the chance that they experience a crash

• Traffic crashes are the number one killer of young people ages 15 to 20

• More than 2,500 teenagers have died in crashes each year for the past 25 years

• The first year of driving is by far the most dangerous

What key behaviors are seen consistently in crashes determined to be the fault of a teen driver?

Speeding and driving too fast for road conditions and situations

Failing to yield the right-of-way

Being distracted while driving or not paying enough attention

Driving after consuming alcohol or other drugs

Following other drivers too closely

Weekends are more hazardous

More than one-half of crashes involving teen drivers occur on Fridays, Saturdays, and Sundays

• Teens are twice as likely to crash between 9 p.m. and 6 a.m. as they are during daylight

• More than one third of teenage motor vehicle crash deaths occur between 6 p.m. and midnight

Nighttime driving

• Fatality rates of crashes involving teen drivers at night have been found to be more than 3 times the fatality rates of these types of crashes during the day

Passengers

• Fatality rates in crashes with a teen driver carrying only teen passengers have been found to be 50% higher than crashes in which a teen was driving alone.

Speeding

• The fatality rate for crashes involving a speeding teen driver is approximately 4 times higher than for crashes in which the teen driver was not speeding

Young new drivers are over 4 times more likely to crash than drivers age 30 and older.

In short, young new drivers are more susceptible to having a crash. You are more vulnerable than older drivers and you will want every bit of protection you can have

Other occupant protection is installed on modern vehicles

Besides safety belts, other occupant protection is installed on modern vehicles, including:

Head restraints

Airbags

Vehicle crush zones

Collapsible foot pedals

Child safety seat mounting systems

They all work together to help prevent injuries if a crash happens

3 Collision Concept:

Step 1. The vehicle crashes into an object

Step 2. The unbelted driver crashes into the steering wheel

Step 3. The driver’s brain slams up against the inside of their skull

According to NHTSA, safety belts reduce the chance of being killed in a crash by 25%

Some estimates put the reduction as high as 45%. That is a huge reduction of risk, simply by buckling up!

In injury-only crashes, safety belts reduce the chance of being injured by 50%

Unfortunately, more than half of the people who die in passenger vehicle crashes in the U.S. are unbelted

Safety Belt in Taxis

Less than 60% of people who frequently take taxis or use ride-sharing services said they always wear their safety belts

When asked why, 1 out of 4 said they believe the rear seat is safer, so they don’t have to buckle up

But as we have seen, the rear seat area is not safer

If someone is injured or killed as a result of a traffic incident in which you are involved and found to be at fault, you can be sued

This can involve having to pay hundreds of thousands of dollars for:

Medical bills

Pain and suffering

Other losses

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DONUT

“D” Stands for “Donut,” as in “big donut of space around you!”

What does that mean?

Always keep a huge amount of space around your vehicle – like your own personal DONUT with you in the middle.

Space

• It’s very simple – space is a driver’s best friend

• The more space you have around your vehicle, the better

• It’s hard to hit something when you have enough space around you!

“Bake” It Again

• If someone “takes a bite” of your DONUT (moves into your open space), you must “bake” it again-reestablish that space

• Unfortunately, when driving, the need to reestablish your space never ends

• Adjusting space is ongoing

Not Keeping Enough Space

• Not keeping enough space around them is one of the most common mistakes new drivers make

• You should keep plenty of space around your vehicle, especially to the front

• The space directly ahead is critical to your safety

• If you want to avoid crashing, keep that DONUT around you

Space is your biggest friend on the road!

Always leave enough space between your vehicle and road users ahead, to the sides, and behind you

This “donut” of space around your vehicle will give you time to:

Make adjustments

Maximize your visibility of the traffic scene

Allow you to maintain sufficient space between you and other elements on the roadway

It’s hard to hit anything when you have enough space around your car

Keeping enough space around one’s vehicle is the biggest difference between Good drivers and Poor drivers