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hardlyfatal · 6 years ago

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gary’s writing workshop: lesson 5: point of view, part 1

Defining Points of View

Points of view, which I’ll refer to henceforth as POVs, is the narrator’s position in describing the events unfolding in a story. POV filters everything in a story, so if you get it wrong, the entire thing is compromised. There are four types: first, second, third limited, and third omniscient.

First, let’s go over why they’re named as they are. Linguistically, grammatical person is the distinction between who is participating in an event. If a person is by themselves, to whom would they speak? Themselves. They are alone, there’s just one of them, so they are the first person.

If they are speaking directly to someone else, instead of one person, there are two. The other person is the second person.

More than that, by default, is three or more, so if the individual narrating isn’t first or second, all that’s left is the third person, of which there are two kinds1.

Note: This explanation is solely to explain how the terms came to be called this. It does not mean that scenes with one person must be done in first, with two people in second, and 3+ people in third.

So what does all of this have to do with us? What does it mean to us as writers of fiction?

Narrative Modes/Voices

POVs are also known as narrative modes or narrative voices. I’m still going to call them POVs to make it easier for us, though.

1. First person:

When the story is told by the narrator, filtered through the protagonist as if they’re telling it themselves. “I” tells the story. The character relates the story directly, using the pronoun “I” but also sometimes “we” if the narrator is part of a group. “We” should only be used very sparingly.

Pros: It mirrors real life, as we experience our lives only from our own POVs and think of ourselves in terms of “I” and “we”. It creates a clear and direct connection with the reader, and thus also sense of immediacy and intimacy. Excellent for getting the protagonist’s opinion of their own appearance – you get a front-row seat to how they sees themselves, through the filter of their own experiences and conditionings. Their looks could cause them pain… or pleasure, if they think they’re hot stuff.

Cons: Like all limited POVs, you’re pretty much restricted only to scenes showing what the protagonist experiences. Using “I” all the damned time can quickly become redundant and repetitive, and there’s no effective way to make substitutions for it. It’s harder to establish who, exactly, “I” is so you have to take care to pinpoint the protagonist’s identity at the start of the story, and it can feel awkward2.

There’s also a risk of too much introspection, to the point of claustrophobia since we lack exposure to any other POVs besides the primary. The character has to be particularly strong and compelling to sustain interest throughout the story. There’s a danger of the author inserting too much of themselves because it’s easy to slip into that when you’re writing a lot of “I” statements.

Examples: The Hunger Games series, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Jane Eyre, To Kill a Mockingbird, The Great Gatsby, Moby Dick, and Rebecca.

2. Second person:

When the story is told to “you”, where “you” are one of the characters. It’s pretty rare to see this in published fiction, usually just when someone’s trying to be artsy, but more frequently in fanfiction, where it’s used in “you are the OFC paired with (Favorite Hot Dude) stories that don’t even try to be anything but blatant self-inserts. Gotta give them points for honesty, at least.

It works best, IMO, in an epistolary story, such as Part Two of my None But You series, where the characters were writing letters to each other. The letters were written in second person, with the assumption that the letters’ authors were directly addressing the recipients. Dracula by Bram Stoker is primarily an epistolary novel and much of it is written in this way as well.

Pros: It creates a feeling of closeness and intimacy between the narrator and reader; it’s as if the former is speaking directly to the latter. It makes the writer less likely to yammer on about backstory or engage in overlong or unnecessary flashbacks.

If your aim is to render the narrator oblivious to or disrespectful of boundaries, or to describe a dynamic between two people that is intense and encompassing, this is an excellent way to create that ambiance and hammer home the point without having to use the narrative itself; the POV does a lot of the heavy lifting in this regard.

Cons: That closeness and intimacy is kind of intrusive and can feel uncomfortable and downright unpleasant to the reader. It can seem like an assault, relentless and exhausting, since you’re dictating what the reader is supposed to be experiencing, thinking, and feeling. It’s harder to develop secondary characters, and subplots featuring them, because the focus is inherently on the narrator-and-reader duo. It’s weird and uncommon and can be distracting and hard to get through.

Examples: Bright Lights, Big City and various shorter stories by Margaret Atwood, Nathaniel Hawthorne, William Faulkner, and Leo Tolstoy.

3. Third person:

When the story is told about one or more characters: “he” or “she” or, more rarely, “they”. The two main kinds consist of:

a) Third omniscient: This POV has been extensively used in some of the most famous fictional works of all time. The story is presented by a narrator with an overarching, all-knowing POV that sees, hears, and knows everything that is happening at all times, including the thoughts and emotions of each character.

The narrator may not be a character in the story, even, merely acting as an observer from a distance who’s recounting events as they progress. Think of it as someone describing a movie they watched; they weren’t in it, but they know everything that happened, regardless of whether various characters were present in a scene or not.

Pros: It can feel ‘traditional’ in the manner of great works of literature. It gives the author freedom to explore multiple characters in a way that sees the ‘bigger picture’ instead of only what each character would be able to perceive; a forest-instead-of-the-trees perspective. Your voice as the author will end up coming through more strongly than that of the characters; if your intent is to give a sense of godliness, that the story is being relayed by a superior figure who sees it all, this would work well.

The author, and therefore the narrator, is not restricted only to what the character would be able to know because there is no filtering3 through a character to begin with. It can create an ‘epic’ format of storytelling because it grants the author the ability to dart back in time for a flashback, or ahead in time to hint at or fully reveal the repercussions of current events in the story, thus contributing to the forest-not-the-trees big picture feel.

It creates a lot of distance between narrator and reader, thus permitting a more effective and easier-to-write description of events since you don’t get bogged down with as much need for showing instead of telling. If your aim is to create a more remote dynamic between characters and reader, this is the best way to go about it.

Cons: The same distance that makes it easier to describe events can weaken the sense of intimacy and how personal the story feels to the reader, and since third person omniscient is already pretty distant feeling, that can make identification with the characters take a big hit.

Can lead to info-dumping; feels a lot like ‘telling’ instead of ‘showing’ because, as an omniscient narrator, they might know everything that’s happening, but they’re not really feeling as the characters feel, as they act and react to events. Thus it can significantly reduce the visceral feel of the story, and whatever connection the reader makes with it.

If you do try to ‘zoom into’ a character’s feelings, you then have to ‘zoom out’ again so you can either return to omniscient narration or zoom into another character, and all that back-and-forth can create not only a sense of literary vertigo but also make the story feel uneven and disorganized. That same strength of voice, with the author being stronger than the characters, can become a problem if it feels like the story is more about you than them.

Examples: The Da Vinci Code, Little Women, Pride and Prejudice, Brokeback Mountain, the Discworld series, the Lord of the Rings series, and The Scarlet Letter.

b) Third limited: The story is restricted to narration by only the main character(s). In mainstream literature, it’s usually just the single, main protagonist, but in popular fiction, including many romance novels, there are two or more characters who narrate from their POV4. The huge majority of stories are written in third limited.

Pros: This is the best of all worlds; you get the ‘bigger picture’ benefit of distance that first and second persons lack, but also have access to the thoughts and feelings of the characters in an effective, less distant way. Since the majority of fiction is written in this way, it feels effortless and doesn’t force the reader to stretch to comprehend what’s happening. Since the scope of narration is smaller, and the characters only know whatever is filtered through them, the author can write them in ways that make it easier for the reader to identify and connect – enhances intimacy between character and reader.

Cons: Likewise, with the smaller scope, narration loses that all-encompassing sense of time from past through present to future, and of space from events unfolding in a number of places – you’re limited to only what the narrating character perceives in their particular time and space until and unless you switch to someone else.

Examples: the Harry Potter series, the Song of Ice and Fire series, 1984, Cloud Atlas, Ender’s Game, Fahrenheit 451, The Old Man and the Sea, Alice in Wonderland, and The Cask of Amontillado.

Homework

Your homework is that, if you have any questions or are confused about any of it on the first read-through, write out your thoughts to help organize them, and then try to answer them on your own through in-depth scrutiny of the lesson’s contents – see if you can figure it out for yourself, without explanation from me or anyone else.

I’m hoping you’ll have epiphanies because if you can catch on without assistance it will have more meaning and you’ll get a deeper comprehension of the issue. It’s so important, I really want to you get it as well as possible.

Endnotes

1 There are actually more than two but they fit under the umbrellas of either omniscient or limited and only literary analysts actually care and none of us are here to write a dissertation about this shit so let’s just narrow it down to the main two.

2 Many a Mary Sue and Gary Stu is born because a less-than-deft author favorably describes their protagonist in a way that irritates the reader. Plus, how to go about it? Many fall into the trap of the ol’ “looking in a mirror” scene, which ends up seeming narcissistic more than not. It’s been done and done and done a zillion times since the invention of fiction a few thousand years ago – it’s gone beyond trope to cliché and now is universally considered by good authors to be lazy, shitty writing.

3 We’ll be going over filter words in more depth in a later lesson but for our purposes here: they are words that aren’t strictly necessary and act as a layer, or filter, through which the reader must pass to get to the story’s meaning. This meaning as well as urgency and intimacy can create distance between the character and the reader. Words like “saw”, “thought”, “wondered”, “felt”, etc. are filters.

4 Having numerous POVs in a single story is very difficult to keep organized and maintain, and I advise against it until you have mastered just doing two of them, as in a romance novel. I took on five POVs for Desperado, and don’t think I don’t regret that choice every damned time I have to write another chapter.

#gary's writing workshop #writing #writing tips #writing resources #writing references

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autoirishlitdiscourses · 4 years ago

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Discourse of Thursday, 01 July 2021

5 today but tomorrow afternoon. The Dubliners sing The Croppy Boy, mentioned in lecture and less discussion than other people react to the interest of the work that you've set up on stage and reciting, anyway. Grading criteria The/performance/recitation/discussion, of course, you'll get there, but our wonderful email servers that the Butcher Boy was not acceptable, that one of three groups reciting from McCabe in your paper there were things that I disagree with you to section and the fairy world. You picked a longer-than-required selection and delivered it in to the small late plan email penalty ½%, but with the other Godot groups for several reasons for missing a scheduled recitation, you will receive no credit for the quarter.

So you can currently earn for the Self. One is to talk about; it applies to the schedule on the proper day. In a lot of things well here, and then sit down and write about, but rather because thinking about how you'll effectively fill time and get them to pick out the eighth line of discussion if people aren't prepared, it's normal not to argue that a close reading exercise of your discussion.

I think that you examine as part of the assignment write-up test the next two days on grading turnaround was perhaps optimistic for weeks when I responded to being perceptive. You reacted gracefully to questions from other students were engaged, and is entirely understandable, but the most important insights are is one place where I was now a month and a lot of important points of analysis, and you provided a very sophisticated and clear. Does that help? Of course! Let me know if you go over twelve I'll start making discreet kneecap-breaking gestures unless someone before you they will be worth thinking about the question entirely and demonstrates a solid, though not the right direction, though, I'll have to do a good job of reading and thinking about it in contractual terms to the very end of his speech and discussion of a person's actions is what would have most needed in order to tip the scales from writing an essay that is, after all, you've really done some very good selections for your thoughts, and fixing these problems will help you to section on Wednesday prevents you from reciting, obligates you to do is to understand and articulate and did an excellent quarter! This may be a fallback plan. Quite frankly, I guess.

Equal Access Statement: University policy and Federal and state law require that you speak enough in other components of the Artist As a Young Man, which I've gestured to in many small ways, I suppose. Let me know what you want it to work with, e. Good luck with all of these ways.

I'm looking forward to your questions? Section guidelines handout, which is not productive about Fluther's point of causing interpretive difficulty for the Arnhold Program is a very, very well on the paper as a whole, though I think that letting the discomfort of silence force people other than that, you're on the final, you need to participate effectively and in a comparison/contrast is a new document. The basic fact that they will be posted to the date indicated on the final will be on that do not often contact students by email no later than Friday afternoon your notes it's perfectly acceptable additional text to text and helping them to pick it up or down by much. Yeats texts that you've thought closely about it not in many many many ways. Take a look at it if it's the best possible dressing, and the 1916 Easter Rising on the day before Thanksgiving. My son inside her. You will find section more rewarding and enjoyable. That does not fully articulate that argument in a variety of comments explaining why you received the professor's miss three sections at the beginning of the texts is also a complex relationship to each other. Again, though some luxury goods have their prices quoted in guineas, for instance, so you will have to find ways to the text's/Ireland's/Irish literature's/your/my/the professor's signature by next Friday 13 December, you should re-framed to be read allegorically as being the plus and minus for each day that the rather thin time slice that Joyce gives us of their accustomed path. I think that, overall. That sounds good to me, I suppose another way, too, about what kind of murder did win small glory with the final. I sent yours because I will pass out copies of all but the usage in literature in English X-rays, which you make in the West of Ireland: Thanks to! But I'm glad I had my students gave recitations in front of the Absurd, or otherwise fundamentally dishonest paper, no matter how amusing it is likely to get a low C in the loop and let me know what works best for you? Thank you for being such a good paper. You've got some very perceptive reading of the novel. Because I will hold up various numbers of fingers to let you do so just let me know as soon as possible; if you do is to engage in micro-level details of phrasing and sentence structure are real strengths in a thesis statement, as outlined in my mailbox, or sent me this one right away if there are a few exceptions, listed in a paper that you explain ideas clearly and manage to pick one or two days on grading turnaround was perhaps optimistic for weeks when I saw you come out unscathed, full of the students in a packet of poems tonight. I'll send it right along. Congratulations on declaring the major, it's a good choice for a job well done yesterday. You demonstrated that here. Lesson Plan for Week 11:59 pm on Sunday afternoon, we can certainly talk about why you think? You're not alone.

I know my handwriting is hard to motivate discussion, your primary focus should be substantiating some aspect of the fourth qua in the writing process. Your delivery did quite an impressive move, and this weekend has just been crazy and I'm glad to be more explicit, I really did intend to do more than one inch, then left my office SH 2432E, provided that everyone is scheduled. You have a good student and I enjoyed having you in section tonight is The Woman Turns Herself into a text that takes experience to develop your discussion in a section you have thought it; but make sure that it's helpful to you. To put it another way: What do you see as the source you're using an abstraction would help you to open up different kinds of distinctions may help you to be sure you know that I appreciate your quick response! I enjoyed having you in section two, this is very nuanced. Having to seek emergency medical treatment twice is a violent and sadistic serial killer.

Your delivery was solid, although other people in, so you can conceivably take as many lines as the focal point of analysis is will pay off—the refusal to push back the midterm, then you are thinking now, you should be made. I explicitly say so as to avoid proctoring it during my office so they won't be able to hold off, because that will make what I mean as human, in part because it's a bit nervous, but they're also specific; #4 is also quite graceful and lucid though I occasionally feel that there will be paying attention to the deadline and didn't support your assertion that you're both aware that you should continue to be more comfortable with the rest of the course so far and to become more specific about your topic is potentially also a thinking process too, that particular selection and delivered it very well help you punch through to even more, which is also a nice plan here. Good choice. I cut you off. I have posted a copy of the starling but I can see below, and let me know. I'll see you in section, that connecting Lucky's speech and demeanor is expected from everyone in section that you can make it up. But you're a bright group, and should elucidate some aspect of the Anglo-Irish Literature Section guidelines. 2-4:30 tomorrow, as well as some slang terms for various coins and brief notes on areas in which it takes a while for discussion to assist me in the course. Hi! The other people's textual selections won't be assessed until after the meeting you'd have to cut peat, or twenty minutes, but you're absolutely welcome to speak in your notes would be a comparatively easy revision process. I feel that that can be here is one-half percent, you're quite prepared, and I suspect that what most needs at this point for you, because it's a thoughtful delivery of the poem responds to these in my recorder died. There are a couple of suggestions. Have a good holiday, and I'm trying to complete a COMMA specialization, graduating seniors who need to reschedule—as it turns out, only two A-range for the quarter, so is an emotional payoff and a leg. On standard essay format, it's impossible to know. This site will have to know the novel very closely at one section, providing reminders about upcoming events, links to songs and other works, I think that you contribute meaningfully to the course's discourse about sexuality and fidelity would pay off for you to give a quiz.

Tomorrow. I think, always a productive direction, I think that you needed to happen here—it's just that I'm closer to your main ideas. I suspect he'll still want people to speak without forcing them. Note that I have ever worked with, and your material you emphasize I think. A grades should also say that I changed your grade up you should understand that this afternoon.

21% not quite right to me is the lack of motherhood; the paper's relevance to the students, and I will give it the second stanza and demonstrating your close attention to the city, and how does this rhetorical maneuver accomplish? On it than that they deserve to represent them even better work on future assignments if I want, and that the more common problems with conforming to the potent titles to the group's discussion. But you really have done some writing, despite the fact that a more specific about where you're going to be time for someone who is planning on rearranging your schedule to drop into the text correct. This would allow you to be time management you've only got twenty minutes, not on page 7. What I'm saying, Yeah, I think is a wise textual selection does not overlap with yours, but some students may not be able to avoid responding to paper proposals. Does that help?

Note that plagiarism will definitely require documentation from a poem by noon this Wednesday at 1:30 you are traveling with a difficult text. Neither is really quite a good job of conveying the weirdness of Francie's cognition in general, than it would still help to motivate people other than your thesis at the assignment and subsumes them into a set of mappings is the deal I will make sure that you can respond productively if they do not have started reading McCabe yet if they're cuing off of his own mother. Good luck, and your delivery was very productive. I think one of these things would have helped to think about your medical condition actually makes it easier for me to make sure it's too late to do this in my other section that you're capable of doing so by 10 p. I think you would be to email in just a bit in the quarter, and that his presence is central to your presentation, don't do much to dictate ideas without being so long to get your hands. If you have an excellent lecture/discussion tomorrow night. If we're getting in Nausicaa and The Cook, the F on a first-out argument that you're covering. 10 30% of course welcome to leave campus before I pass it out; if this or anything else gets covered in the way that sets you up and see whether I was too harsh on some of the opening scene 6 p. What is the deal I will also make a paper is really more lecture-oriented than it needed to be experienced and discussed by presenters: You may recall her recitation of a married woman crying in response to such mawkish and purple thoughts. It is/is/your/education; and added and before I do; added that to me about your topic is that the ideas and texts that you're scheduled to recite part of your ideas onto electronic paper is due or a bit over, but help you to perform the assignment into a set of ideas.

Though it was written too close to ten pages. There were some pauses for recall, and your participation weight a number of important goals well, actually. Great! He also demonstrated an extensive set of images to look it up or down by much that you do an awful lot to discuss in connection with the way of engaging in a lot of important themes as the play set? However, if you're talking more than you expect.

277 in the phrasing of your specific question you're answering. You are perfectly capable of this. If you have not held your grade. The Song of Wandering Aengus but that you must have helped to project a bit of wiggle room. I also think that that's what would most help of everything, anyway, especially ballerinas. I think that that's likely for you straighten out I know to and/or #6, Irish nationalism road. If I'm not trying to force a discussion of Extraordinary Rendition: Patrick Kavanagh, Boland, and that the professor hasn't said how much effort and time into crafting such a full email box, does not necessarily mean that I have posted a copy of these are impressive moves. Your discussion and were so effective working together that you lectured more than three sections and/or taking the course are not meeting basic expectations; explains basis for both of you assignment. I would recommend that, with Dexter, it seems that it needed to be as successful as it's written, which could be said for the final, so that you send me more specifically about your own very sophisticated level. By My Window 6 p.

#Irish literature #automatically generated text #Patrick Mooney #Python #Markov chains

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radicalfem-kat · 5 years ago

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This is a question I get asked a lot and, to be honest, it’s one of the hardest to answer. Firstly, being asked to second guess someone else’s motivation is problematic. I can only guess what they’re thinking based on their behaviour, I can’t know. Secondly, I don’t think it has a simple answer, like most things in life. Still, it bears discussion, so I’m going to try to explore the phenomenon.

Before we begin, a quick history lesson.

Trans people claiming to have some sort of DSD/intersex status is not a new phenomenon. I’m going to illustrate his with the story of Agnes Torres, probably one of the most well documented cases ever.

In 1962, 20-year-old Agnes was referred to University of California Medical Center at Los Angeles because of “progressive feminization” since the age of 12. Agnes is described in science papers as presenting with “feminine body contours and hair pattern and large, well-developed breasts coexisting with the normal external genitalia of a male.” Medical history indicated that Agnes had been a typically presenting, healthy male at birth and had remained so pre-puberty. Then, during puberty, a “progressive deepening of the voice, phallic enlargement, development of a feminine pubic hair pattern and progressive breast enlargement” had occurred. Agnes also expressed a desire to have been a woman since childhood and to have had an interest in “girls’ toys”.

Agnes’ case baffled doctors. Numerous tests were carried out. None provided any conclusive answers for her appearance. She was found to have an excess of oestrogen, which explained the feminised development, but doctors could not explain why this had happened. She was eventually diagnosed with a rare form of ‘male pseudohermaphroditism with feminizing testis’, an outdated term used back then for Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS).

Agnes wanted sex reassignment surgery (SRS) to align her genitalia with the rest of her appearance. Doctors agreed, due to Agnes’ hyper-feminised appearance and traits (Agnes spoke at length in psychological interviews about studying how women behaved and taking instruction form her boyfriend, Bill, on how to pass as a woman), that Agnes was “entitled” to a vagina and so SRS was performed.

Agnes stayed in touch with the doctors who had treated her and written about the case. She dropped a bombshell though when, 5 years later, she revealed she had been self-medicating with oestrogen tablets, stolen from their mother, since the age of 12. This was the cause of Agnes’ feminisation, not a mysterious intersex condition.

It would seem Agnes was uncomfortable with her own sexuality and gender non-conforming behaviour. It’s impossible to think that 12-year-old Agnes really understood the consequences of taking female hormones. In fact, doctors described Agnes’ belief that she may become a woman as sort of magical thinking. It may be that she believed the medication would help that process. She certainly seemed to have had no thought of the need for surgical alteration until later in life.

Much has been written about the case since, exploring the reasons that Agnes may have chosen to lie to doctors, but also why they were so taken in. The main theory seems to be that doctors and Agnes felt she needed some “true claim” to womanhood to be eligible for SRS and to explain her feminine appearance and behaviour. Constructing an intersex narrative positioned Agnes as the victim of a mistake by nature that could be fixed by man. This clearly appealed to the doctors who could make a name for themselves by being the ones treating her and reporting on the case. Agnes herself said later in life she had co-operated with whatever the doctors said in the hope that this would mean surgery was performed as quickly as possible.

Keep reading

It’s interesting to note that many of Agnes’ comments have since been criticised as being homophobic and transphobic. She referred to trans and homosexual people as “abnormal” and explicitly did not want to be classed with “them”. Agnes is not the only recorded case where a belief in being born intersex among transsexuals has been found to be caused by internalised transphobia. This is a common theme. As a side note, arguably, the portrayal of intersex in this case is also interphobic in viewing it as a mistake that needs to be fixed.

I’ve often considered this may be a reason for the claims of intersex status by many of the trans activists I have spoken to. In fact, it is a motivation that has been acknowledged by trans activists. It seems many feel that being intersex legitimises their access to procedures such as SRS and hormone treatments or their claims of feeling an incongruence with their sex. This is not a popular view in intersex activism circles, who tend to be against unnecessary medical interventions, particularly for children. It is, however, something intersex orgs have tackled before in the shape of “intersex brains” theory (I will blog about this one day, but in the meantime, you can hear some of my thoughts about it here).

This argument, that being intersex will make access to medical procedures easier, isn’t without other contradictory problems though. In the UK, anecdotal evidence suggests that access to cosmetic procedures for adults can be easier to access with a diagnosis of gender dysphoria, rather than a diagnosis of a DSD. It would perhaps then be better to suggest that some claims are due to a perceived ease of access to medical procedures, rather than this being reality.

Another hypothesis for why trans people may claim to be intersex is “individuals may also be attracted to the novelty and perceived freakishness of being “intersex.” In some cases, this may take the form of, or be akin to, a sexual paraphilia”. This may not be as far fetched as it seems. Certainly, there are boards on trans peer support sites, such as Susan’s Place, which discuss the fetishization of “hermaphrodites”. Even in literature written by respected academics, such as this from Anne Fausto-Sterling (the woman behind the 1.7% stat) it’s clear to see the idea of intersex people being reduced to a fantasy and fetishized.

“Perhaps we will come to view such children as especially blessed or lucky. It is not so far-fetched to think that some can become the most desirable of all possible mates, able to pleasure their partners in a variety of ways.”

I must confess, in terms of most disturbing quotes ever, Fausto-Sterling is a strong contender there. Worrying views about children as sexual objects aside, I notice no thought is given to the intersex person themselves receiving any pleasure from sexual intercourse. They are merely positioned as the one who exists to please others.

In terms of modern, online intersex appropriation, it’s easy to see why this prevails. There are many links to the anime community in some trans circles. Hentai, the pornographic branch of anime, has a whole genre named ‘Futanari’. Futanari is the Japanese word for hermaphroditism, although it can also be used more broadly to mean androgyny. In hentai, however, it specifically describes characters with both primary sex characteristics, nowadays referring almost exclusively to characters who have an overall feminine body, but both female and male genitalia.

As I have written before, it is not actually possible for a person to have both sets of genitalia. In fact, as in the Yaniv case, it is often factors like this that make it obvious that the claim of being intersex is fictitious. Many trans activists will make other such implausible claims, such as contradictory, multiple diagnoses, the existence of both sets of genitalia and/or gonads and even in extreme cases tales of self-impregnation.

In the case of Yaniv, there is one other factor that’s worth considering.

Trans activist Tracie O’Keefe wrote an article in 2010 encouraging trans people to identify as intersex as a way to “mess with the system”. O’Keefe makes it clear that the aim is to use intersex as a political label and a tool to confuse authorities by suggesting that binary classifications of male and female don’t work. This certainly seems to be the aim of the fabled sex spectrum. O’Keefe posits that this will make it easier for trans activists to push for legislative changes that give them access to the things they demand, such as changes in documentation along with the destruction of any evidence of former identities. Although not an administrative matter, it’s clear to see this at work in the Yaniv case, where spurious claims about “intersex genitalia” are accepted almost without question.

I’m going to wrap this up soon, but I think we also need to acknowledge why this is such an issue for the intersex/DSD community. Firstly, intersex discussion groups can quickly become dominated by trans activists claiming intersex status and wanting validation for this. This over-representation means that often it is these stories that make it into the mainstream media, with some trans activists becoming actual spokespeople for the intersex community, despite not having the experience or even an interest in the issues facing those with DSDs. This leads to the spreading of misinformation which unfortunately, due to its proliferation, can end up influencing intersex protocols. As it can be easy for trans activists to claim an invasion of privacy when asked to prove their credentials to speak on behalf of intersex people, it is difficult to challenge these claims. This, in turn, promotes the unhelpful and inaccurate ideas held by the pretending individual, or poseur, while intersex people who dare to contradict the narrative become further marginalised.

Whatever the many and varied reasons trans activists lay claim to intersex status, be it an inability to accept themselves for who they are, for perceived status or access to medical interventions, fetishistic curiosity, or just to create political confusion for the advancement of their agenda, it is not a claim that helps either group, nor is it a new phenomenon. Trans people need to be able to accept themselves and understand who they are without this conflation. Encouraging the mistaken belief that they are somehow intersex does nothing to help with this, all it does is shutdown discussions and muddy the waters. Intersex people deserve accurate information about their differences, not only to be available to them but also to fight social stigmas surrounding DSDs. And finally, both groups deserve their own voices and to talk about their own needs and reality without being political pawns in someone else’s game or sexual fantasy.

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dunyaminsinirlari · 8 years ago

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Öğretmenler için muhteşem 101 site - 101 great web-sites for English teachers

İngilizce öğretmenleri için www.goedonline.com sitesinde karşıma çıkan bu liste kesinlikle hazine değerinde.Kullandıklarınız ya da deneyecekleriniz için yorumlarınızı sabırsızlıkla bekliyorum :)I want to hear your commands about web-sites which you use. Thank you! =)

Writing Prompts and Starters 1. The Story Starter This automatic generator comes up with over two billion (no joke!) creative ideas for writers. It was named to Writer’s Digest Magazine’s list of 101 Best Websites for Writers in 2012.

2. Creative Writing Prompts When your students need inspiration, this site is the place to go. It features more than 300 detailed creative writing prompts, as well as journal ideas. You can also use the writing prompts as great warm-up activities each day.

3. Ink Provoking Another creative writing prompts website that can be used for a variety of writing activities. New prompts are added each Sunday to keep the content fresh. NOTE: Ink Provoking’s prompts are more specific than some of the aforementioned websites, so it may be more suited to older students.

4. Story Spinner Online Bonnie Neubauer’s Online Story Spinner offers millions of ideas to get your students writing. When you click on the Story Spinner, you get a starting phrase, a setting and four words that must be included in the story. NOTE: Story Spinner Online’s prompts are more specific than some of the aforementioned websites, so it may be more suited to older students.

5. Language Is a Virus The automatic prompt generator on this site can provide writers with an endless number of creative prompts. Some of the other resources available on the site include writing exercises and information on dozens of different authors. NOTE: Language Is a Virus’ prompts are more specific than some of the aforementioned websites, so it may be more suited to older students.

6. The Quotations Page With over 27,000 famous quotes from more than 3,100 authors, The Quotations Page is the largest online listing of quotes on a variety of different topics. Use quotes from The Quotations Page as writing starters or warm-up activities.

7. The Onion “The Onion” is home to well-written, fake news articles about contemporary issues and people. It’s a great way to introduce your students to satirical writing and to point out that not everything you read is true. Have your students read an article from “The Onion” and then write a piece of their own.

8. Slate Magazine An online magazine of news, politics, and culture. Slate.com combines humor and insight in thoughtful analyses of current events and political news. Have your students read an article about a current event and write their thoughts and impressions.

Grammar

Parts of Speech: A Multi-Sensory Approach eBook

9. Purdue University Online Writing Lab (LinkedIn Teacher Favorite!) Purdue’s Online Writing Lab was the most frequently recommended website. With over 200 free resources including research, grammar and mechanics, style guides, ESL tools and more, it’s easy to see why!

10. Guide to Grammar and Writing Capital Community College’s Grammar Site accumulated the second highest number of recommendations. It contains a very intensive guide for everything from word and sentence level, to paragraph level, to essay and research paper level.

11. Big Dog's Grammar A fun and easy-to-follow guide to the basic rules of English grammar. It’s designed for beginning students to be used as a quick review, with interactive online exercises.

12. Grammar Bytes This website provides “grammar instruction with attitude.” Its “grammar bytes” include grammar rules, handouts, interactive exercises, videos and definitions of common grammar terms.

13. Diagramming Sentences Help your students visualize how the different parts of a sentence fit together. On this page, you can learn the process one step at a time, or jump to a specific topic such as Predicate Nominatives, Infinitive Phrases or Relative Clauses.

14. GrammarBook.com GrammarBook is an online resource for grammar and punctuation usage that includes lessons, quizzes, and an optional test to evaluate student understanding of the material.

15. Grammar Handbook - Writing Workshop (LinkedIn Teacher Favorite!) The University of Illinois’ Writing Workshop offers a free online grammar handbook that explains basic grammatical rules concerning parts of speech, phrases, clauses, sentences and sentence elements and common problems of usage.

16. Daily Grammar This archive of 440 grammar lessons and quizzes can be accessed for free! They cover the eight parts of speech, parts of the sentence and the mechanics of grammar.

17. Grammarly Share Grammarly with your students because it’s a user friendly way to improve a paper. Simply copy and paste text into the box and click “check text.” Within 30 seconds, it provides a detailed analysis that includes 150 different grammar rules, plagiarism, word choice and more. The only downside is that Grammarly is a premium service; however, you can sign up for a free seven day trial.

18. FunBrain FunBrain’s Grammar Gorillas are great for learning, reinforcing and reviewing different Parts of Speech. They show you fun sentences and ask you to find the noun, verb, etc.

Reading & Writing 19. ReadWriteThink (LinkedIn Teacher Favorite!) ReadWriteThink is a comprehensive collection of classroom resources for teachers. It includes searchable lesson plans, student interactives, activities and printouts. With this collection, students can explore elements of books and stories, develop characters, create poems, comic strips, newspapers, flyers and more.

20. The Elements of Style Online An online version of William Strunk's classic reference book, The Elements of Style, on the principal requirements of plain English style, the rules of usage and principles of composition most commonly violated.

21. Scholastic Graphic Organizers for Reading Comprehension Use these graphic organizers with your K-12 students with a variety of reading comprehension activities. They are great for literary elements, literature, reading assessment, reading comprehension, literature, curriculum development, new teacher resources, teacher tips and strategies.

22. Short Stories: 10 Tips for Creative Writers This website explains what a short story is and how it should be structured. It covers topics such as writing a catchy opening, developing characters, creating conflict or tension and more.

Figurative Language Terms eBook

23. Awesome Library Awesome Library is a very basic site with links to resources for reading, writing, literature, poetry, drama, lesson plans, public speaking and more.

24. Gale Glossary of Literary Terms The Gale Glossary of Literary Terms defines hundreds of terms, from Abstract to Zeitgeist.

25. Proofreading Symbols and Abbreviations The easy-to-use table on this website includes 32 proofreading symbols and abbreviations. Give this resource to your students after you’ve graded their papers so they know what your marks mean.

26. About.com - How to Write a Five-Paragraph Essay (LinkedIn teacher Favorite!) An interesting and easy-to-follow guide for writing the perfect five-paragraph essay.

27. Thesaurus.com The world’s largest and mosttrusted free online thesaurus helps your students find synonyms and antonyms of words. It’s great for writing of any kind!

28. Penzu Penzu is home to what is probably the most realistic imitation of lined paper on the internet. This nifty online journal is accessible from any computer with the internet, so it’s great for keeping track of creative writing without having a physical notebook.

Poetry 29. Poetry 180 - A Poem a Day for High School Students The Library of Congress’ Poetry 180 website provides high school English teachers with an age-appropriate poem each day for that can be printed, projected on an interactive whiteboard and/or read aloud.

30. eMule Poetry Archives Search over 5,000 online text-based poems from more than 153 classical poets including William Blake, Robert Frost, Emily Dickinson, William Wordsworth and more.

31. RhymeZone If you’re doing a unit on poetry, RhymeZone is a must. You can type in a word and it will give you a list of all the words in the English language that rhyme with it, listed by number of syllables.

Literature 32. ipl2 Literary Criticism The Internet Public Library Literary Criticism website is a useful collection of critical and biographical websites about authors and their works. You can browse by author, title, nationality or literary period.

33. Aesop’s Fables The largest online collection of Aesop’s Fables with over 650 fables to choose from.

34. Danteworlds Danteworlds provides high school students with a multimedia journey through Dante’s Inferno. It combines textual commentary, artistic images and audio recordings in addition to providing summaries, analyses and study questions. It’s very cool! You should check it out.

35. Mark Twain's Mississippi Mark Twain’s Mississippi provides resources for studying Mark Twain's life and works, as well as the history, economics, politics and culture of his era. It includes primary source materials as well as essays, images, audio and video.

36. Luminarium: Anthology of English Literature This website provides information about the life, works and analysis of Medieval, Renaissance, 17th century and Restoration authors like Chaucer, Shakespeare and Milton.

37. Literary Hit Parade Did you ever want to know who won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1936? What the best-selling nonfiction books were in 1968? Sigma Tau Delta has put together a list of notable literary events from 1924-2008, organized by decade. It’s interesting to browse around and see what was popular during certain time periods. Some things may surprise you!

38. Famous Authors Famous Authors is a biographical database of hundreds of historical and modern authors. Each listing includes a picture of the author and a short summary of their life.

39. ClassicAuthors ClassicAuthors is an online collection of the works of classic authors such as: Jane Austen, Emily Bronte, Geoffrey Chaucer, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Homer, John Milton, Edgar Allen Poe, Henry David Thoreau and William Wordsworth.

40. IMDb Use IMDb, the internet movie database, to see if there are any movies that are relevant to the book you’re teaching. If you find one, you can also check the rating to make sure it’s appropriate for your classroom.

41. Dipity With Dipity, you can find, create and embed interactive timelines. The best part is that you can add photos to customize the look of each timeline. This website is especially useful for providing your students with a visual representation of a sequence of events in a book.

Shakespeare

William Shakespeare PowerPoint Presentation

42. Mr. William Shakespeare and the Internet This website provides an annotated guide to different Shakespeare resources on the Internet.

43. Folger Shakespeare Library The Folger Shakespeare Library has a lot of great Shakespeare resources that you can take advantage of. Check out their lesson plans, primary sources, study guides and more.

44. The Complete Works of William Shakespeare MIT’s complete online collection of Shakespeare's many works. Need I say more?

45. Absolute Shakespeare This website is a complete resource that includes Shakespeare’s plays, sonnets, poems, quotes, biography and even information about the legendary Globe Theatre.

Spelling 46. SpellZone An online English spelling resource for older students and adults. Includes free units and word lists.

47. Spellathon Practice spelling with free interactive spelling games that are compatible with interactive whiteboards, mobile phones and tablet PCs.

Vocabulary 48. Word of the Day Improve your students’ vocabulary with the New York Times’ Word of the Day. It provides a definition and examples of recent usage in actual New York Times articles.

49. Commonly Confused Words Oxford University Press’ Commonly Confused Words page lists dozens of commonly confused word pairs, such as affect & effect, discreet & discrete, and flaunt & flout, with tips on how to use them correctly.

50. Vocabulary.com Vocabulary.com helps you learn new words by playing synonym games. You get a few different “hints” for when you’re stuck, kind of like Who Wants to be a Millionaire. The hints make it fun!

51. Merriam-Webster Merriam-Webster's online dictionary and thesaurus is easy to use and guaranteed to be accurate. Other site features include a Word of the Day, podcasts, word games and free quizzes.

52. Dictionary.com Use Dictionary.com as a quick reference for words that your students don’t know. Often times it’s a lot faster than whipping out a conventional dictionary because you can simply type the word into the search engine.

What Is... Customizable TV Game Shows

53. Urban Dictionary I was surprised that numerous teachers submitted this one, but I can certainly see how modern diction is relatable and relevant to students. If you’re planning on using Urban Dictionary to look something up during class, make sure you check it before you show it to your students.

BONUS: Word Dynamo (added 7-5-2012) Create customized games and word lists (or play the great pre-built ones) to increase student vocabulary. Choose between 3 different games: Match, crossword, or listen

Free Rice (added 5/17/2012) Free Rice is a great S.A.T./A.C.T. level vocabulary building game. Plus, with every correct answer, 10 grains of rice are donated to the World Food Programme to help end hunger.

Visuwords (added 5/17/2012) Use the neat Visuwords graphical dictionary and thesaurus to find their meanings and associations with other words and concepts.

English as a Second Language (ESL) 54. ManyThings (LinkedIn Teacher Favorite!) A free study site for English as a Second Language (ESL) students with games, quizzes, puzzles, MP3 files with transcripts, listening practice, pronunciation and more.

55. ESLHQ (LinkedIn Teacher Favorite!) This website provides free ESL flashcards, worksheets, games, activities, lesson plans and more.

56. Forvo Forvo is the world’s largest pronunciation dictionary. It’s very valuable for ESL students because they can look up any word and hear it pronounced by an authentic English speaker.

57. Internet TESL Journal The Internet TESL Journal website has over 500 articles on teaching ESL and around 200 lesson plans. You can also find a very useful list of questions to ask your ESL students to develop their fluency about food, habits, holidays, sports and more.

Other ELA Resources 58. GoEd Online English & Language Arts (ELA) Materials Aside from having an awesome blog (tee-hee!), GoEd Online is a one-stop resource for fun English and Language Arts (ELA) teaching materials. Click here to check out our downloadable eBooks, educational videos, PowerPoint presentations and interactive games.

59. Business English Ideas Bank Paul Emmerson’s website, Business English Ideas Bank, is a free online resource for English teachers who are trying to prepare their students for real-world employment. On this website, you’ll find dozens of ideas for incorporating business English into your curriculum.

60. Film English Film English is a site that encourages the use of film in the ELA classroom. There are lesson plans, a glossary, links and videos to help students and teachers.

61. TeachingEnglish Free downloadable activities and lesson plans for teaching kids and adults.

Wheel of Fame Customizable TV Game Shows

62. Teachitworld A huge collection of practical ELA lesson plans, worksheets, audio recordings and teaching tips created by EFL and ESL teachers.

63. engVid engVid is a place for English-learners where you can watch 359 video lessons that have been recorded by experienced native-speaker teachers. New lessons are added three times a week, covering grammar, vocabulary and more.

64. iSLCollective The Internet Second Language Collective is a free community website where ELA teachers can share their home-made teaching materials with their fellow educators.

65. PBS Educator’s Resource Hundreds of high-quality Reading and Language Arts resources that are sortable by grade level.

66. Speech Tips Speech Tips provides your students with step-by-step instructions for the speech planning process: writing the speech, preparing for and ultimately delivering the speech.

Free eBooks and Audio Books 67. Bartleby.com This Internet publisher has a number of free eBooks online that can be used as supplemental resources for your English grammar and literature lessons.

68. Project Gutenberg (LinkedIn Teacher Favorite!) Project Gutenberg offers 39,000 free eBooks. Some of the top downloads are The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, Pride and Prejudice, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Frankenstein, Dracula and Jane Eyre.

69. LibriVox LibriVox is an extensive online collection of free audio books read by volunteers.

70. Google Books With Google Books, you can search and preview millions of books from libraries and publishers around the world.

BONUS: Lit2Go (added 5/29/2012) The University of South Florida's Lit2Go offers 200 free (and teacher-friendly) audiobooks, organized by author and genre. It includes popular academic titles like The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Beowulf, Crime and Punishment, Hamlet, The Illiad, Moby Dick, Romeo and Juliet, The Scarlet Letter, Uncle Tom's Cabin, and more.

Blogging & Website Creation 71. Edublogs With Edublogs, you can create and manage your own teacher blog as well as student blogs. You can customize designs and include videos, images and podcasts. Best of all, it’s safe and secure.

72. Wikispaces With a free option for K-12 teachers, Wikispaces is a great tool for making custom webpages that your students can edit together. You can manage privacy settings, create student accounts without email addresses, embed media and even customize the design of your Wiki pages.

73. WordPress WordPress is a blogging platform that allows you a lot of versatility in the kind of content you can offer. Create a class blog where you post links to helpful readings and give updates on assignments. It’s free to sign up and start a blog.

74. Google Sites Google Sites is a free and easy way to create and share webpages and wikis.

Citation

MLA: From Source to Works Cited Presentation

75. Citation Machine (LinkedIn Teacher Favorite!) Citation Machine provides you with an easy way to create your list of 'Works Cited' automatically.

76. Duke University Library's Citing Sources Have your students use this website as a resource for easy-to-use instructions. They’ll learn how to cite magazine articles, books, websites and other sources in their papers.

77. BibMe BibMe might be the easiest way to create a works cited page. You can search for a book, article, website or film and it automatically generates the information for you. You can also enter in the information yourself if you have it on hand.

78. EasyBib Use EasyBib to automatically generate works cited and bibliography information for academic papers using MLA, APA and Chicago/Turabian citation styles. EasyBib is a student favorite.

79. Zotero (LinkedIn Teacher Favorite!) Zotero is a neat tool that helps you collect, organize, cite and share research that you have done. You can add PDFs, images, audio and video files, snapshots of web pages and more. It indexes the full-text content of your library, allowing you to quickly find what you’re looking for.

BONUS: OttoBib (added 7/12/2012) Automatically create MLA, APA, Chicago/Turabian citations by entering in the book's ISBN. It's super easy!

Web 2.0 Tools – Material Creation 80. RubiStar (LinkedIn Teacher Favorite!) RubiStar is a free tool to help teachers create quality rubrics. Registered users can save and edit rubrics online. You can access them from home, school or on the road.

81. Discovery Education’s Free Puzzlemaker (LinkedIn Teacher Favorite!) Puzzlemaker is a tool that helps you create and print customized word searches, criss-cross puzzles, hidden message puzzles and more, all using your own word lists.

82. Gliffy You can use Gliffy to create attractive and professional graphic organizers like Venn diagrams and flow charts. Unfortunately, to receive full access to their services, you have to pay for it. However, you can sign up for a free 30 day trial.

83. Mindomo Mindomo is another online mind mapping tool. It’s neat because you can collaborate in real-time with others and share/embed what you’ve created. You get three free mind maps.

84. Tagxedo Tagxedo is an awesome word cloud creation tool. You can turn customized text, websites, blogs, Twitter accounts and more into stunning designs based on the frequency of words found in the medium. There are numerous designs and color schemes to choose from that can be saved to your computer or shared.

85. Wordle (LinkedIn Teacher Favorite!) Create beautiful word clouds from text that you provide. Like Tagxedo, it gives prominence to words that appear most frequently. You can save, print and share your creation.

86. Animoto Use Animoto to easily create presentations and videos with your own images and music, or choose from a library of stock files. Teachers can apply for a free Animoto Plus account.

87. Bubbl.us Use Bubbl.us to create colorful online mind maps. It’s great for class discussions and brainstorming sessions.

Web 2.0 Tools – File Sharing, Hosting, Viewing and Collaborating 88. YouTube (LinkedIn Teacher Favorite!) With millions of YouTube videos, there’s bound to be something that’s relatable to your lesson. There are step-by-step tutorials, news clips, editorials, short documentaries and more. Recently, YouTube launched an education-specific version of the website called YouTube for Teachers.

89. Vimeo Vimeo is kind of like YouTube in that it is a place for you to easily upload any kind of video you create—even high definition. A free account gives you access to 500MB worth of storage each week that you can use for a variety of things like customizing your website or blog.

90. Prezi Prezi is a really neat cloud-based presentation program that allows you to zoom in and out. If you don’t mind your slides being public, you can sign up for a free account with 100MB of storage.

91. Google Docs Create, share and collaboratively edit documents using a Google account. Google Docs is especially useful for group projects where students are working together on an assignment. Ask your students to provide you with access to their Google Doc while they’re working on it so that you can give them real-time feedback on their progress.

92. SlideShare SlideShare is one of the most popular ways to upload and share PowerPoint presentations and other documents. This is a great tool for transferring documents between your home and school computer without having to carry around a flash drive.

93. AuthorSTREAM AuthorSTREAM is another one of many websites that allow you to upload a PowerPoint presentation and access it from any computer with an internet connection. It’s nice because you can select the privacy settings you want for your PowerPoint.

94. Dropbox (LinkedIn Teacher Favorite!) Dropbox isn’t specific to teachers, but it’s a very handy tool. I’ve spoken with many teachers who use it with their students to share documents, turn in homework, etc. If you haven’t already given Dropbox a try, I’m telling you, it’s worthwhile. It’ll make your life so much easier.

95. Scribd Scribd is a web 2.0 document sharing site where you can upload, store and embed various types of files. It’s another popular option for moving files between your home and school computer.

96. Primary Pad PrimaryPad is an online word processor that allows students and teachers to work together in real-time.

Web 2.0 Tools – Gathering Feedback/Creating Quizzes 97. Poll Everywhere An inexpensive and quick alternative for clicker response systems. Create your first poll in 30 seconds without having to sign up. Your students simply text their answer to a predetermined number and, voila! Poll Everywhere is free if your class size is less than 40 students.

98. Celly Celly is a free group text messaging program for schools with no user limit. It’s easy to start a group chat and create a class poll using text messages. Curators filter the messages before they are sent to the group. This keeps students on-topic and deters cyberbullying.

99. Quizlet As one of the largest and most popular flashcard creation websites around, Quizlet allows students and teachers to customize their own “sets” of flashcards. You can manage access to the flashcards you create and share them with your students.

100. Socrative This web 2.0 tool uses cell phones and/or laptops to gather feedback from students. You can post as many questions as you’d like, which is nice if you have several classes.

Web 2.0 Tools – Document Annotation 101. Crocodoc (LinkedIn Teacher Favorite!) Crocodoc is very useful for reviewing and marking up student papers and assignments. You can upload and display documents in your browser without Flash or any plugins and then use the Crocodoc tools to write comments, edit and highlight.

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