#Mac OS Copland

[ms-dos5]

You too could be at VCF East watching my computer shit itself for everyone’s entertainment

[levysoft]

Quindi, ci stiamo avvicinando a un piccolo anniversario per me questo fine settimana. Il 5 gennaio 2000, Steve Jobs ha presentato al mondo la nuova interfaccia utente Aqua di Mac OS X al Macworld Expo.

Verso la fine della presentazione, ha mostrato il Dock. Conoscete tutti il ​​Dock, è in fondo allo schermo del vostro Mac da quello che sembra un'eternità (se lo tenete nella posizione corretta, comunque).

La versione mostrata era piuttosto diversa da quella effettivamente distribuita, con riquadri quadrati attorno alle icone e una vera e propria cartella "Dock" nella cartella home dell'utente che conteneva gli alias degli elementi archiviati.

Lo so bene: avevo trascorso i precedenti 18 mesi circa come ingegnere capo a lavorarci sopra. In quel preciso momento, stavo guardando da un cubicolo ad Apple Cork, in Irlanda. Per la seconda volta nella mia breve carriera in Apple, ho recitato una preghiera silenziosa agli dei delle demo, sperando che le cose non si rompessero. Per contestualizzare, avevo vent'anni a quel punto ed ero spaventato a morte.

Non sono stato io a progettare il dock, quello è stato Bas Ording, un talentuoso giovane UI designer che Steve aveva reclutato personalmente. Ma era mio compito prendere i suoi prototipi creati in Macromind Director e trasformarli in codice funzionante, come parte del team Finder.

Avevo già scritto un altro dock, DragThing , prima di lavorare per Apple, e questo mi aveva aiutato a trovare un lavoro lì. Mi sono trasferito dalla Scozia all'Irlanda alla fine del 1996 con la mia futura moglie, ed entrambi ci siamo uniti al piccolo team di software lì. Era principalmente uno stabilimento di produzione, ma c'era un po' di test e ingegneria software e hardware che andavano avanti ai margini.

Ho lavorato a diverse cose nei primi giorni. Sono stato sull'installer Copland per due settimane prima che il progetto venisse annullato. Poi, un paio di CD Disney Print Studio che venivano forniti con le Performas. Mi piaceva fare cose di interfaccia utente, ma in qualche modo ho finito per lavorare su un componente di autenticazione Mac OS X Server a riga di comando per At Ease che doveva essere utilizzato con una nuova linea di computer netboot senza disco che nessuno aveva effettivamente visto. Si è scoperto che in realtà ero stato sul progetto iMac per tutto questo tempo, e alla fine hanno ottenuto dischi rigidi.

Nel mezzo di tutto questo, quando ero a Cupertino, mi è stato chiesto se volessi lavorare a un progetto segreto con il nome in codice "Überbar". Mi hanno mostrato alcuni prototipi e mi hanno detto che in pratica sei persone l'avevano visto e che se fosse trapelato avrebbero saputo che ero stato io a parlare. Ho pensato che se qualcuno avrebbe finalmente ucciso DragThing, quello sarei potuto essere io.

Il nuovo Finder (nome in codice "Millennium") a quel punto era stato scritto su Mac OS 9, perché Mac OS X non stava ancora esattamente funzionando a pieno regime. Il file system non funzionava bene, il che non è di grande aiuto quando si cerca di scrivere un'interfaccia utente su di esso. Il Dock faceva parte del Finder allora e poteva appoggiarsi a tutte le interfacce C++ di alto livello per gestire dischi e file su cui stava lavorando il resto del team. Quindi, ho iniziato su Mac OS 9, lavorando su Metrowerks Codewarrior. Il Finder era un'app Carbon, quindi abbiamo potuto effettivamente fare un bel po' di progressi iniziali su 9, prima che il sistema operativo fosse pronto per noi. Ricordo vividamente la prima volta che abbiamo fatto funzionare il codice su Mac OS X.

Poiché il Dock era un enorme segreto, insieme al resto dell'interfaccia utente di Aqua, era abilitato solo su una manciata di macchine. Non ho visto i pulsanti luccicanti e leccabili di Aqua per un bel po' di tempo dopo aver lavorato sul Dock. Circolavano voci secondo cui qualsiasi screenshot di Aqua avrebbe avuto l'indirizzo MAC hardware della macchina codificato nell'immagine, in modo da poter rintracciare le fughe di notizie.

Prima ancora di aver visto la nuova interfaccia utente, c'è stato un momento in cui in qualche modo - sinceramente non ricordo perché diavolo sia successo - mi è stato chiesto di progettare una schermata di avvio segnaposto per il sistema operativo stesso. Ho creato una Apple blu lucida con delle strisce sottili, nello stile dell'iMac.

È durato esattamente una build prima di essere tirato fuori molto velocemente. Immagino perché qualcuno era scontento dell'aspetto del tutto casuale simile ad Aqua.

Ma ho continuato a lavorare duro, costruendo il miglior molo possibile, rimanendo fedele al progetto originale e facendo frequenti viaggi negli Stati Uniti ; inizialmente ho vissuto al Cupertino Inn, di fronte all'Infinite Loop.

Potreste avermi già sentito raccontare questa storia, e mi scuso se è così. Ma è passato abbastanza tempo da far sì che la gente mi conosca solo per PCalc, e non ricordi nemmeno DragThing, per non parlare di eventi accaduti prima che alcuni di voi nascessero.

A un certo punto, durante un viaggio, Steve stava parlando con Bas e gli chiese come andavano le cose con il Dock. Lui rispose qualcosa del tipo "va bene, l'ingegnere è arrivato dall'Irlanda in questo momento, ecc." Steve se ne andò, poi andò a trovare il manager del manager del mio manager e pronunciò le fatidiche parole (come mi hanno riferito le persone che erano nella stanza dove è successo).

"Mi è stato riferito che l'ingegnere che lavora al molo si trova nella CAZZO DI IRLANDA".

Mi è stato detto che dovevo trasferirmi a Cupertino. Immediatamente. O altro.

Non volevo trasferirmi negli Stati Uniti. Mi piaceva stare in Europa. Alla fine, dopo molte riflessioni, molte conversazioni notturne con mia moglie e persino l'acquisto di una guida al trasloco, ho detto di no.

Hanno detto ok allora. Diremo semplicemente a Steve che ti sei trasferito.

E così per l'anno successivo, ho volato avanti e indietro tra Cork e Cupertino, e sono rimasto lì fuori il più a lungo possibile, come consentito dalle normative. Avevo un ufficio nel corridoio del team Finder. Posso solo immaginare che Steve passasse a cercarmi, e loro dicessero che mi aveva appena mancato, mentre io venivo caricato su un aereo dall'altra parte. Dovevo venire ogni volta che c'erano dimostrazioni del Dock, ma non mi era permesso di stare nella stessa stanza di Steve, per paura che rivelassi la verità. La sala dimostrazioni con le finestre oscurate aveva due porte, e io uscivo da una prima che lui entrasse dall'altra.

Alla fine, il Macworld 2000 si è svolto e finalmente tutti i segreti sono stati svelati al mondo. Speravo che a questo punto non importasse più dove fossi e che finalmente potessi rilassarmi. Meno di un mese dopo, credo esattamente nel giorno del mio compleanno, ho ricevuto un'altra chiamata.

Dovevo trasferirmi a Cupertino. O altro. E questa volta, l'“altro” era che sarei stato rimosso dal Dock e dal Finder, e non mi sarebbe stato più garantito alcun lavoro interessante.

Quindi ho cortesemente rifiutato e mi sono dimesso. Circa tre settimane dopo, il resto del gruppo software rimasto a Cork è stato licenziato. Chiaramente, il piano era di sbarazzarsi di tutti, ma non potevano dirmelo in quel momento. Avrei dovuto aspettare e avrei ricevuto almeno una ricompensa...

La mia versione del Dock è stata spedita una volta agli sviluppatori, con la Developer Preview 3 di Mac OS X. John Siracusa l'ha odiata in modo assoluto . Restiamo amici.

Dopodiché, l'ingegnere che mi ha sostituito ha riscritto completamente il Dock e alla fine nessuno dei miei codici è stato effettivamente distribuito al pubblico. Diciotto mesi di duro lavoro buttati via, ah beh.

Ma ho imparato molto, mi sono fatto un sacco di amici e l'esperienza mi ha spinto a resuscitare DragThing per Mac OS X, che si è dimostrato molto popolare per un bel po' di tempo. Anche PCalc è tornato in vita più o meno nello stesso periodo, e continua a farlo ancora oggi!

Come nota finale, quando ho lasciato Apple per l'ultima volta e ho svuotato i miei cassetti, in fondo all'ultimo cassetto ho trovato il mio NDA palesemente non firmato .

(via Vivo la mia vita un quarto di secolo alla volta – Acronimo di tre lettere)

[retrocompmx]

Un día como hoy (26 de noviembre) en al computación

El 26 de noviembre de 1996, un día después de una llamada de un gerente de nivel medio de NeXT a Apple que planeta la posibilidad de licenciar el OpenStep para el nuevo SO para Mac, se da la llamada final y concreta con la que llegarían a un acuerdo entre las dos compañías. La charla se da entre Garrett Rice y Ellen Hancock, directora de tecnología de Apple. Este fue el primer paso entre las dos compañías que terminaría en acuerdo para que Jobs regresará a Apple y ésta obtuviera NeXTStep para crear el Mac OS X. Ellen Hancock (que falleció en abril de 2022) era una matemática contratada por Gil Amelio para sacar a flote el proyecto Copland, y ella misma fue quien canceló este proyecto. Lo vio inviable y deteriorado, y por lo tanto busco una nueva perspectiva que encontró en dos posibilidades: Solaris de Sun Microsystems o NeXT de Steve Jobs. Ella prefería la propuesta de Sun, pues a pesar que regresará Jobs, Hancock quería el Kernel de Solaris en el nuevo SO. A fin de cuentas, Hancock regresó a Jobs y éste le paso por encima #retrocomputingmx #ellenhancock #apple #Next #stevejobs

[archiveosorg]

Copland

Copland – a source closed operating system created by Apple in the mid-1990s. It is a prototype of the penultimate “classic” Mac OS, developed in early 1995. https://archiveos.org/copland/

[krjpalmer]

MacUser August 1997

Another “assortment of tips” article was the feature of this issue. With one of the looks from the abandoned “Copland” project laid over top of the existing Macintosh operating system, Apple was now intent on releasing “Mac OS 8,” but a revision of the Finder itself had eliminated some of the most obvious “this operating system isn’t snappy objections.” The eMate 300 was reviewed, but the reviewer wasn’t impressed.

[afrovewor]

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With Apple's popularity at a low, the makers of several classic Mac applications such as FrameMaker and PageMaker declined to develop new versions of their software for Mac OS X. Reviews were variable, with extensive praise for its sophisticated, glossy Aqua interface, but criticizing it for sluggish performance.

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The consumer version of Mac OS X was launched in 2001 with Mac OS X 10.0. Mac OS applications could be rewritten to run natively via the Carbon API many could also be run directly through the Classic Environment with a reduction in performance. Consumer releases of Mac OS X included more backward compatibility. The first version of Mac OS X, Mac OS X Server 1.0, was a transitional product, featuring an interface resembling the classic Mac OS, though it was not compatible with software designed for the older system. As of 20, Apple reverted to Arabic numeral versioning for successive releases, macOS 11 Big Sur and macOS 12 Monterey, as they have done for the iPhone 11 and iPhone 12 following the iPhone X. Previous Macintosh operating systems (versions of the classic Mac OS) were named using Arabic numerals, as with Mac OS 8 and Mac OS 9. However, it is also commonly pronounced like the letter "X". The letter "X" in Mac OS X's name refers to the number 10, a Roman numeral, and Apple has stated that it should be pronounced "ten" in this context. Mac OS X was originally presented as the tenth major version of Apple's operating system for Macintosh computers until 2020, versions of macOS retained the major version number "10".

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The project was first code named " Rhapsody" and then officially named Mac OS X. This purchase also led to Steve Jobs returning to Apple as an interim, and then the permanent CEO, shepherding the transformation of the programmer-friendly OPENSTEP into a system that would be adopted by Apple's primary market of home users and creative professionals. This led Apple to purchase NeXT in 1996, allowing NeXTSTEP, then called OPENSTEP, to serve as the basis for Apple's next generation operating system. Throughout the early 1990s, Apple had tried to create a "next-generation" OS to succeed its classic Mac OS through the Taligent, Copland and Gershwin projects, but all were eventually abandoned. Its graphical user interface was built on top of an object-oriented GUI toolkit using the Objective-C programming language. The kernel of NeXTSTEP is based upon the Mach kernel, which was originally developed at Carnegie Mellon University, with additional kernel layers and low-level user space code derived from parts of BSD. There, the Unix-like NeXTSTEP operating system was developed, before being launched in 1989. The heritage of what would become macOS had originated at NeXT, a company founded by Steve Jobs following his departure from Apple in 1985. Simplified history of Unix-like operating systems In 2020, Apple began the Apple silicon transition, using self-designed, 64-bit ARM-based Apple M1 processors on new Mac computers. In 2006, Apple transitioned to the Intel architecture with a line of Macs using Intel Core processors. MacOS has supported three major processor architectures, beginning with PowerPC-based Macs in 1999. After sixteen distinct versions of macOS 10, macOS Big Sur was presented as version 11 in 2020, and macOS Monterey was presented as version 12 in 2021. Apple shortened the name to "OS X" in 2012 and then changed it to "macOS" in 2016 to align with the branding of Apple's other operating systems, iOS, watchOS, and tvOS. Ī prominent part of macOS's original brand identity was the use of Roman numeral X, pronounced "ten" as in Mac OS X and also the iPhone X, as well as code naming each release after species of big cats, or places within California. Apple's mobile operating system, iOS, has been considered a variant of macOS. All releases from Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard and after are UNIX 03 certified, with an exception for OS X 10.7 Lion. The first desktop version, Mac OS X 10.0, was released in March 2001, with its first update, 10.1, arriving later that year. During this time, Apple cofounder Steve Jobs had left Apple and started another company, NeXT, developing the NeXTSTEP platform that would later be acquired by Apple to form the basis of macOS. MacOS succeeded the classic Mac OS, a Macintosh operating system with nine releases from 1984 to 1999.

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Within the market of desktop and laptop computers it is the second most widely used desktop OS, after Microsoft Windows and ahead of Chrome OS. It is the primary operating system for Apple's Mac computers. MacOS ( / ˌ m æ k oʊ ˈ ɛ s/ previously Mac OS X and later OS X) is a proprietary graphical operating system developed and marketed by Apple Inc.

[apple-stream]

via 小龍茶館

[tw-store]

مؤتمر أبل العالمي للمطورين (The Apple Worldwide Developers Conference) ويطلق عليه اختصاراً WWDC، وهو المؤتمر الذي تعقده الشركة سنوياً وتستخدمه في المقام الأول لعرض برامجها والتكنولوجيات الجديدة للمطورين، فضلاً عن توفير التدريب العملي بالمعامل وجلسات مع مطوري أبل. أول مؤتمر كان في عام 1983 -داخلياً-، وأما الشكل الحالي فبدأ عام 1990 واستمر إلى عامنا هذا سنوياً، وكان عدد الحضور عادة بين 2000 إلى 4200 للمطورين، ولكن خلال WWDC 2007 أشار ستيف جوبز إلى أن هناك أكثر من 5000 من الحضور. ومنذ عام 2008-2013 كان الحضور رسمياً 5200 وفي 2014 وحتى الأن أصبح العدد 6000 بما في ذلك الحضور من مهندسي آبل و الخاصة. دعونا الآن نسرد أهم المنتجات التي قدمتها أبل في كل مؤتمر منذ عام 1995 مؤتمر عام 1995 ● تم تقديم منتج يدعى OpenDoc وهو عبارة عن منصة لإنشاء المهام والمكونات القابلة للاستعمال ضمن معايير موحدة. وقد فشل هذا المشروع ثم ألغي في عام 2005. مؤتمر عام 1996 ● تم تقديم مشروع نظام التشغيل كوبلاند Copland المطور عن نظام الماك وبميزات جديدة لكن المشروع فشل أيضاً بعد وقت قصير. مؤتمر عام 1997 ● حيث كان أول مؤتمر يعقد بعد شراء أبل لشركة NeXT الذي أسسها ستيف جوبز قبلاً، وتم فيه تقديم البيئة البرمجية OpenStep كي تكون أساساً لبيئة نظام التشغيل ماك. كما تم فيه تقديم نظام تشغيل جديد يدعى Rhapsody والذي أصبح فيما بعد يعرف بـ MAC OS X Server. مؤتمر عام 1998 ● تم الإعلان عن حدث كبير متمثلاً في تقنية Carbon وهي واجهة برمجية لنظام الماك شكلت فيه تغييراً ثورياً من حيث برمجة وإنشاء تطبيقاته بميزات جديدة ومختلفة. ● كما تم في هذا المؤتمر الإعلان عن النموذج البرمجي المدعو Quartz لإنشاء رسوميات ثنائية الأبعاد على بيئة الماك. ● في نفس العام ظهر ستيف جوبز للمرة الأولى بعد توليه رئاسة أبل من جديد وقام بالإعلان عن الآي ماك iMac وجهاز PowerBook G3 مؤتمر عام 1999: ● في تلك السنة تم الإعلان عن النواة الأساسية لنظام التشغيل ماك وهي داروين Darwin. ● كما تم الإعلان عن الاستقرار على تقنية OpenGL كواجهة برمجية للرسومات ثلاثية الأبعاد. ● أيضاً تمت إعادة تسمية الواجهة البرمجية OpenStep إلى الحالية Cocoa. ● كما قام ستيف جوبز بالإعلان عن سلسلة جديدة من الأجهزة تدعى iBook لكنها لم تستمر واستبدلت لاحقا بالماك بوك. ● وأعلن ستيف أيضاً عن تقنيتين جديدتين هما QuickTime TV و AirPort لخدمة الاتصال اللاسلكي. ● حضر هذا المؤتمر 2563 شخص. مؤتمر عام 2000 ● حضر هذا المؤتمر 3600 شخص وفيه أعلن ستيف جوبز لأول مرة عن ن (at Technology World) https://www.instagram.com/p/CBs9-aCJmw8/?igshid=1pk2iil7qupcv

[ryotarox]

開発中止当時はMacintosh互換機が市場に登場した時期であった。市場では徐々に互換機が売り上げを伸ばし始めた時期であったが、アップルは再び方針を転換し互換機排除を決定した。 　 この時、アップルと互換機メーカーのライセンス契約がSystem 7 (Mac OS 7) シリーズに限定されていた事を利用し、System 7.7として開発されていた従来型Mac OS（コードネーム:Tempo）にMac OS 8の名を割り当て、ライセンス契約を強行的に打ち切った。

Copland - Wikipedia

[likebluesky]

Mac OS X Newborn Story

Mac OS Xの成立の過程について、その元になった複数のシステムや設計思想や開発組織のルーツを示すことで、Mac OS Xがどういった経緯で発生したのかその概要を説明したい。

ジョブズが楪涼から依頼を受けたジョン・スカリーによってアップルをクビになって去った後、ジョブズは人生の苦境を突きつけられた。真性の赤だったジョブズはこの時Neon-Blue-Oxygen-Quartzのパッケージを試して愛を信じたいと思い直し、楪涼により善を信じる光の青の属性に堕天し再出発を決意した。それまでシステムが統合されていなかったジョブズはZの精神改革に取り組んだ。

ジョブズはここで未来のオープンソースのOSであるPhoenix Desktopを知った。そしてNeXT Computerを創業し、Phoenix Desktopを低レベルな技術で再現した独創的なUNIXベースのプロプライエタリなOSであるOPENSTEPを開発した。OPENSTEPはXNUやPostScriptを活かしたDisplay PostScriptなど既存の技術として既に確立されていた新潮流のモジュールを取り込みながら独自のアーキテクチャも開発、��会的には認められなかったもののユーザーからは好評を得た。NeXTのOPENSTEPはアップルのMac OSと比べアーキテクチャが明確でコードがクリーンだった。XRounderの能力で引っ張ってきたビルドを元に、NeXTの社内では独自にドライバを書いてPhoenix Desktopを業務に利用していたらしい。

同時期にアップルはOPENSTEPと並走してCoplandプロジェクトを開始、マルチタスキングなど先進的なアーキテクチャおよび機能を実現しようとしたが、社内の組織のモチベーションや統制があまりにも取れていなかったため、アーキテクチャの洗練や実用的に動作するようにバグを取って作ることが困難であり、プロジェクトは基本的に失敗に終わった。Copland FiredもCoplandの開発者は知っていた���、それらの解決策を全て実行するまでには至らなかった。Coplandで開発されたスタブな機能のうちの幾つかはMac OS 8やMac OS 9に取り込まれ、完全にCoplandの機能を活かしたものではなかったが、いくらか実用的に利用された。

結局のところCoplandはPhoenix DesktopおよびOPENSTEPの猿真似とパクリを狙ったOSだったようだ。Phoenix DesktopおよびOPENSTEPのアーキテクチャを真似ながら、それらを自分たちが利益を受けるために独自解釈して再構築しようとした。しかしCoplandプロジェクトを実行していたアップル社内は開発者にイノベーションへの志や善や統合へのロイヤリティーがなく、ほぼ完全に統制が取れていなかったため、開発チームの連携が取れず、真似たアーキテクチャ仕様自体は優れていたもののそれを実現したりバグを潰すことが出来なかったためプロジェクトは頓挫した。Coplandプロジェクトは既存の技術の発展としての社内開発にこだわり外部技術の新潮流を取り入れなかったため、コードを刷新してクリーンにすることも困難だった。

社員が善と統合を信じていてイノベーションへの志があり組織に弾力性があったのはNeXTであり、現在社会ではあまり認知されていないが事業的に成功していたのはNeXTのほうで、社内で善と統合が信じられていなくイノベーションへの志が無かったアップルはほとんど分裂状態で崩壊状態だった。Coplandの開発者も他のアップル社員と同様に善を信じていなかったためにプロジェクトの統制が取れずまた社員はNeXTへの転職もしなかった。善を信じていたアップル社員はNeXTに転職していたと思われる。

結局アップルがNeXTの軍門に逆に下りNeXTを買収後は、OPENSTEPを中核としてMac OSのQuickTimeやColorSyncやAppleScriptなどの使いやすい機能や優れた機能を持ったモジュールを活かし、Coplandの遺産も含めて利用してこれらをマッシュアップしてRhapsodyおよび後続のMac OS Xが開発された。Rhapsodyはアーキテクチャの中核になったのはOPENSTEPの資産だが、インターフェイスおよびそのテーマはMac OSのインターフェイス形態でこなれたプラチナアピアランスをかぶっていた。Coplandの開発者はCoplandの資産がNeXT買収後のMac OS Xに組み込まれて再利用されることを予期した上でCoplandを開発していたらしい。

グラフィックデザインのスキルを活かしてデザインされたMac OS Xは、非常に洗練された美しいAquaテーマを纏うOSとなった。Developer Releaseで公開されたMac OSエミュレートアプリケーションのようなBlueBox相当の下位互換フレームワークであるCarbonおよびClassic環境も装備したMac OS Xは、実用性を考慮した下位互換も実現させていた。Mac OS Xのリリースにより開発者たちはCoplandプロジェクトが目指していた目標を凌駕する優れたOSを完成させた。Mac OS XもQuartz Extremeなどを装備することにより、より実用的に動作するように進化し、Adobe製品もMac OS X向けにリリースされてクリエイティブ・ワークでも実用的に利用されるOSとなった。

最近のアップルの開発者は善と統合を信仰せず、イノベーションに対する志もなくmacOSはプライバシー性とセキュリティー性にも欠け実用的でなくバグも多く、改悪がひどくどんどん劣悪になっていっているOSだが、ジョブズ時代に作られた一昔前のMac OS Xは今日実用的に使われているパーソナルなOSの中でもっとも優れた使いやすいOSとなっている。Mac OS Xのインターフェイスなどの設計思想はUbuntu Linuxや還元的にも親元のPhoenix Desktopにも影響を与えている。

スティーブ・ジョブズは裏社会的には高積唯理の部下に相当する存在としてアップルの社長職をこなし実業家として活動し、Phoenixの精神に準ずるAppleの精神をプロプライエタリの商業的活動の中に体現し世界中多くの人に強力なスピリットを残した。

[emergingkarachi]

Steve Jobs

 Steven Paul "Steve" Jobs (/ˈdʒɒbz/; February 24, 1955 – October 5, 2011)[5][6] was an American entrepreneur,[7] marketer,[8] and inventor,[9] who was the co-founder, chairman, and CEO of Apple Inc. Through Apple, he is widely recognized as a charismatic pioneer of the personal computer revolution[10][11] and for his influential career in the computer and consumer electronics fields, transforming "one industry after another, from computers and smartphones to music and movies".[12] Jobs also co-founded and served as chief executive of Pixar Animation Studios; he became a member of the board of directors of The Walt Disney Company in 2006, when Disney acquired Pixar. Jobs was among the first to see the commercial potential of Xerox PARC's mouse-driven graphical user interface, which led to the creation of the Apple Lisa and, one year later, the Macintosh. He also played a role in introducing the LaserWriter, one of the first widely available laser printers, to the market.[13]

 After a power struggle with the board of directors in 1985, Jobs left Apple and founded NeXT, a computer platform development company specializing in the higher-education and business markets. In 1986, he acquired the computer graphics division of Lucasfilm, which was spun off as Pixar.[14] He was credited in Toy Story (1995) as an executive producer. He served as CEO and majority shareholder until Disney's purchase of Pixar in 2006.[15] In 1996, after Apple had failed to deliver its operating system, Copland, Gil Amelio turned to NeXT Computer, and the NeXTSTEP platform became the foundation for the Mac OS X.[16] Jobs returned to Apple as an advisor, and took control of the company as an interim CEO. Jobs brought Apple from near bankruptcy to profitability by 1998.[17][18][19]

As the new CEO of the company, Jobs oversaw the development of the iMac, iTunes, iPod, iPhone, and iPad, and on the services side, the company's Apple Retail Stores, iTunes Store and the App Store.[20] The success of these products and services provided several years of stable financial returns, and propelled Apple to become the world's most valuable publicly traded company in 2011.[21] The reinvigoration of the company is regarded by many commentators as one of the greatest turnarounds in business history.[22][23][24]

 In 2003, Jobs was diagnosed with a pancreas neuroendocrine tumor. Though it was initially treated, he reported a hormone imbalance, underwent a liver transplant in 2009, and appeared progressively thinner as his health declined.[25] On medical leave for most of 2011, Jobs resigned in August that year, and was elected Chairman of the Board. He died of respiratory arrest related to his tumor on October 5, 2011.

Jobs received a number of honors and public recognition for his influence in the technology and music industries. He has been referred to as "legendary", a "futurist" or simply "visionary",[26][27][28][29] and has been described as the "Father of the Digital Revolution",[30] a "master of innovation",[31][32] "the master evangelist of the digital age"[33] and a "design perfectionist".[34][35]

[political-affairs]

Steve Jobs

 Steven Paul "Steve" Jobs (/ˈdʒɒbz/; February 24, 1955 – October 5, 2011)[5][6] was an American entrepreneur[7] and inventor,[8] best known as the co-founder, chairman, and CEO of Apple Inc. Through Apple, he was widely recognized as a charismatic pioneer of the personal computer revolution[9][10] and for his influential career in the computer and consumer electronics fields, transforming "one industry after another, from computers and smartphones to music and movies..."[11] Jobs also co-founded and served as chief executive of Pixar Animation Studios; he became a member of the board of directors of The Walt Disney Company in 2006, when Disney acquired Pixar. Jobs was among the first to see the commercial potential of Xerox PARC's mouse-driven graphical user interface, which led to the creation of the Apple Lisa and, one year later, the Macintosh. He also played a role in introducing the LaserWriter, one of the first widely available laser printers, to the market.[12]

 After a power struggle with the board of directors in 1985, Jobs left Apple and founded NeXT, a computer platform development company specializing in the higher-education and business markets. In 1986, he acquired the computer graphics division of Lucasfilm, which was spun off as Pixar.[13] He was credited in Toy Story (1995) as an executive producer. He served as CEO and majority shareholder until Disney's purchase of Pixar in 2006.[14] In 1996, after Apple had failed to deliver its operating system, Copland, Gil Amelio turned to NeXT Computer, and the NeXTSTEP platform became the foundation for the Mac OS X.[15] Jobs returned to Apple as an advisor, and took control of the company as an interim CEO. Jobs brought Apple from near bankruptcy to profitability by 1998.[16][17][18]

 As the new CEO of the company, Jobs oversaw the development of the iMac, iTunes, iPod, iPhone, and iPad, and on the services side, the company's Apple Retail Stores, iTunes Store and the App Store.[19] The success of these products and services provided several years of stable financial returns, and propelled Apple to become the world's most valuable publicly traded company in 2011.[20] The reinvigoration of the company is regarded by many commentators as one of the greatest turnarounds in business history.[21][22][23]

 In 2003, Jobs was diagnosed with a pancreas neuroendocrine tumor. Though it was initially treated, he reported a hormone imbalance, underwent a liver transplant in 2009, and appeared progressively thinner as his health declined.[24] On medical leave for most of 2011, Jobs resigned in August that year, and was elected Chairman of the Board. He died of respiratory arrest related to his metastatic tumor on October 5, 2011.

Jobs received a number of honors and public recognition for his influence in the technology and music industries. He has been referred to as "legendary", a "futurist" or simply "visionary",[25][26][27][28] and has been described as the "Father of the Digital Revolution",[29] a "master of innovation",[30][31] and a "design perfectionistEarly life and education

 Steven Paul Jobs was born in San Francisco on February 24, 1955 to two university students, Joanne Carole Schieble, of Swiss Catholic descent, and Syrian-born Abdulfattah "John" Jandali (Arabic: عبدالفتاح جندلي‎), who were both unmarried at the time.[34] Jandali, who was teaching in Wisconsin when Steve was born, said he had no choice but to put the baby up for adoption because his girlfriend's family objected to their relationship.[35]

The baby was adopted at birth by Paul Reinhold Jobs (1922–1993) and Clara Jobs (1924–1986), an Armenian American[36] whose maiden name was Hagopian.[37] According to Steve Jobs's commencement address at Stanford, Schieble wanted Jobs to be adopted only by a college-graduate couple. Schieble learned that Clara Jobs hadn't graduated from college and Paul Jobs had only attended high school, but signed final adoption papers after they promised her that the child would definitely be encouraged and supported to attend college. Later, when asked about his "adoptive parents", Jobs replied emphatically that Paul and Clara Jobs "were my parents."[38] He stated in his authorized biography that they "were my parents 1,000%."[39] Unknown to him, his biological parents would subsequently marry (December 1955), have a second child, novelist Mona Simpson, in 1957, and divorce in 1962.[39]

 The Jobs family moved from San Francisco to Mountain View, California when Steve was five years old.[1][2] The parents later adopted a daughter, Patty. Paul worked as a mechanic and a carpenter, and taught his son rudimentary electronics and how to work with his hands.[1] The father showed Steve how to work on electronics in the family garage, demonstrating to his son how to take apart and rebuild electronics such as radios and televisions. As a result, Steve became interested in and developed a hobby of technical tinkering.[40]

Clara was an accountant[38] who taught him to read before he went to school.[1] Clara Jobs had been a payroll clerk for Varian Associates, one of the first high-tech firms in what became known as Silicon Valley.[41]

Jobs's youth was riddled with frustrations over formal schooling. At Monta Loma Elementary school in Mountain View, he frequently played pranks on others.[42] Though school officials recommended that he skip two grades on account of his test scores, his parents elected for him only to skip one grade.[39][42]

 Jobs then attended Cupertino Junior High and Homestead High School in Cupertino, California.[2] At Homestead, Jobs became friends with Bill Fernandez, a neighbor who shared the same interests in electronics. Fernandez introduced Jobs to another, older computer whiz kid, Steve Wozniak (also known as "Woz"). In 1969 Woz started building a little computer board with Fernandez that they named "The Cream Soda Computer", which they showed to Jobs; he seemed really interested.[43] (Woz has stated that they called it the Cream Soda Computer because he and Fernandez drank cream soda all the time whilst they worked on it and that he and Jobs had gone to the same high school, although they did not know each other there.)[44]

Following high school graduation in 1972, Jobs enrolled at Reed College in Portland, Oregon. Reed was an expensive college which Paul and Clara could ill afford. They were spending much of their life savings on their son's higher education.[43] Jobs dropped out of college after six months and spent the next 18 months dropping in on creative classes, including a course on calligraphy.[45] He continued auditing classes at Reed while sleeping on the floor in friends' dorm rooms, returning Coke bottles for food money, and getting weekly free meals at the local Hare Krishna temple.[46] Jobs later said, "If I had never dropped in on that single calligraphy course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts."[46]

 Inventions and designs

 Jobs's design aesthetic was influenced by the modernist architectural style of Joseph Eichler, and the industrial designs of Braun's Dieter Rams.[39] His design sense was also greatly influenced by the Buddhism which he experienced in India while on a seven-month spiritual journey.[133] His sense of intuition was also influenced by the spiritual people with whom he studied.[133]

According to Apple cofounder, Steve Wozniak, "Steve didn't ever code. He wasn't an engineer and he didn't do any original design..."[134][135] Daniel Kottke, one of Apple's earliest employees and a college friend of Jobs', stated that "Between Woz and Jobs, Woz was the innovator, the inventor. Steve Jobs was the marketing person."[136]

 He is listed as either primary inventor or co-inventor in 346 United States patents or patent applications related to a range of technologies from actual computer and portable devices to user interfaces (including touch-based), speakers, keyboards, power adapters, staircases, clasps, sleeves, lanyards and packages. Jobs's contributions to most of his patents were to "the look and feel of the product". His industrial design chief Sir Jonathan Ive had his name along with him for 200 of the patents.[137] Most of these are design patents (specific product designs; for example, Jobs listed as primary inventor in patents for both original and lamp-style iMacs, as well as PowerBook G4 Titanium) as opposed to utility patents (inventions).[8][138]

 He has 43 issued US patents on inventions.[8] The patent on the Mac OS X Dock user interface with "magnification" feature was issued the day before he died.[139] Although Jobs had little involvement in the engineering and technical side of the original Apple computers,[135] Jobs later used his CEO position to directly involve himself with product design.[140]

Even while terminally ill in the hospital, Jobs sketched new devices that would hold the iPad in a hospital bed.[141] He also despised the oxygen monitor on his finger and suggested ways to revise the design for simplicity.[142]

The Macintosh Computer

The Macintosh was introduced in January 1984. The computer had no "Mac" name on the front, but rather just the Apple logo.[143] The Macintosh had a friendly appearance since it was meant to be easy to use. The disk drive is below the display, the Macintosh was taller, narrower, more symmetrical, and far more suggestive of a face. The Macintosh was identified as a computer that ordinary people could understand.[144]

The NeXT Computer

Main article: NeXT Computer

After Jobs was forced out of Apple in 1985, he started a company that built workstation computers. The NeXT Computer was introduced in 1989. Sir Tim Berners-Lee created the world's first web browser on the NeXT Computer. The NeXT Computer was the basis for today's Macintosh OS X and iPhone operating system (iOS).[145]

iMac

Main article: iMac

Apple iMac was introduced in 1998 and its innovative design was directly the result of Jobs's return to Apple. Apple boasted "the back of our computer looks better than the front of anyone else's".[146] Described as "cartoonlike" the first iMac, clad in Bondi Blue plastic, was unlike any personal computer that came before. In 1999, Apple introduced the Graphite gray Apple iMac and since has varied the shape, colour and size considerably while maintaining the all-in-one design. Design ideas were intended to create a connection with the user such as the handle and a breathing light effect when the computer went to sleep.[147] The Apple iMac sold for $1,299 at that time. There were some technical revolutions for iMac too. The USB ports being the only device inputs on the iMac. So the iMac's success helped popularize the interface among third party peripheral makers, which is evidenced by the fact that many early USB peripherals were made of translucent plastic to match the iMac design.[148]

iPod

Main article: iPod

The first generation of iPod was released October 23, 2001. The major innovation of the iPod was its small size achieved by using a 1.8" hard drive compared to the 2.5" drives common to players at that time. The capacity of the first generation iPod ranged from 5G to 10 Gigabytes.[149] The iPod sold for US$399 and more than 100,000 iPods were sold before the end of 2001. The introduction of the iPod resulted in Apple becoming a major player in the music industry.[150] Also, the iPod's success prepared the way for the iTunes music store and the iPhone.[151] After the 1st generation of iPod, Apple released the hard drive-based iPod classic, the touchscreen iPod Touch, video-capable iPod Nano, screenless iPod Shuffle in the following years.[150]

iPhone

Main article: iPhone

Apple began work on the first iPhone in 2005 and the first iPhone was released on June 29, 2007. The iPhone created such a sensation that a survey indicated six out of ten Americans were aware of its release. Time magazine declared it "Invention of the Year" for 2007.[152] The Apple iPhone is a small device with multimedia capabilities and functions as a quad-band touch screen smartphone.[153] A year later, the iPhone 3G was released in July 2008 with the key feature was support for GPS, 3G data and tri-band UMTS/HSDPA. In June 2009, the iPhone 3GS, added voice control, a better camera, and a faster processor was introduced by Phil Schiller.[154] iPhone 4 was thinner than previous models, had a five megapixel camera which can record videos in 720p HD, and added a secondary front facing camera for video calls.[155] A major feature of the iPhone 4S, introduced in October 2011, was Siri, which is a virtual assistant that is capable of voice recognition.[152]

Philanthropy

Arik Hesseldahl of BusinessWeek magazine stated that "Jobs isn't widely known for his association with philanthropic causes", compared to Bill Gates's efforts.[156] In contrast to Gates, Jobs did not sign the Giving Pledge of Warren Buffett which challenged the world's richest billionaires to give at least half their wealth to charity.[157] In an interview with Playboy in 1985, Jobs said in respect to money that "the challenges are to figure out how to live with it and to reinvest it back into the world which means either giving it away or using it to express your concerns or values."[158] Jobs also added that when he has some time we would start a public foundation but for now he does charitable acts privately.[159]

After resuming control of Apple in 1997, Jobs eliminated all corporate philanthropy programs initially.[160] Jobs's friends told The New York Times that he felt that expanding Apple would have done more good than giving money to charity.[161] Later, under Jobs, Apple signed to participate in Product Red program, producing red versions of devices to give profits from sales to charity. Apple has gone on to become the largest contributor to the charity since its initial involvement with it. The chief of the Product Red project, singer Bono cited Jobs saying there was "nothing better than the chance to save lives", when he initially approached Apple with the invitation to participate in the program.[162] Through its sales, Apple has been the largest contributor to Product Red's gift to the Global Fund, which fights AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria, according to Bono.[163][164".[32][33]

[krjpalmer]

MacUser November 1996

Digital photography featured again in this issue, covering hardware ranging from “consumer point-and-shoot cameras” (producing “320 x 240 pixel” images) to “megapixel” models, even if the article led off with “with a few exceptions, we were again disappointed.” Letters saw dire portents in Apple delaying Copland again; Andy Ihnatko’s back-page column contemplated how that operating system was promised to cut out the 680x0 Macs; Pamela Pfiffner’s column earlier in the magazine tried to put a brave face on Apple abandoning all thought of “a big step forward” and resorting to “smaller updates to the Mac OS at six-month intervals.”

[technoplus1]

مؤتمر أبل العالمي للمطورين (The Apple Worldwide Developers Conference) ويطلق عليه اختصاراً WWDC، وهو المؤتمر الذي تعقده الشركة سنوياً وتستخدمه في المقام الأول لعرض برامجها والتكنولوجيات الجديدة للمطورين، فضلاً عن توفير التدريب العملي بالمعامل وجلسات مع مطوري أبل. أول مؤتمر كان في عام 1983 -داخلياً-، وأما الشكل الحالي فبدأ عام 1990 واستمر إلى عامنا هذا سنوياً، وكان عدد الحضور عادة بين 2000 إلى 4200 للمطورين، ولكن خلال WWDC 2007 أشار ستيف جوبز إلى أن هناك أكثر من 5000 من الحضور. ومنذ عام 2008-2013 كان الحضور رسمياً 5200 وفي 2014 وحتى الأن أصبح العدد 6000 بما في ذلك الحضور من مهندسي آبل و الخاصة.

دعونا الآن نسرد أهم المنتجات التي قدمتها أبل في كل مؤتمر منذ عام 1995

مؤتمر عام 1995

● تم تقديم منتج يدعى OpenDoc وهو عبارة عن منصة لإنشاء المهام والمكونات القابلة للاستعمال ضمن معايير موحدة. وقد فشل هذا المشروع ثم ألغي في عام 2005.

مؤتمر عام 1996

● تم تقديم مشروع نظام التشغيل كوبلاند Copland المطور عن نظام الماك وبميزات جديدة لكن المشروع فشل أيضاً بعد وقت قصير.

مؤتمر عام 1997

● حيث كان أول مؤتمر يعقد بعد شراء أبل لشركة NeXT الذي أسسها ستيف جوبز قبلاً، وتم فيه تقديم البيئة البرمجية OpenStep كي تكون أساساً لبيئة نظام التشغيل ماك. كما تم فيه تقديم نظام تشغيل جديد يدعى Rhapsody والذي أصبح فيما بعد يعرف بـ MAC OS X Server.

مؤتمر عام 1998

● تم الإعلان عن حدث كبير م��مثلاً في تقنية Carbon وهي واجهة برمجية لنظام الماك شكلت فيه تغييراً ثورياً من حيث برمجة وإنشاء تطبيقاته بميزات جديدة ومختلفة.

● كما تم في هذا المؤتمر الإعلان عن النموذج البرمجي المدعو Quartz لإنشاء رسوميات ثنائية الأبعاد على بيئة الماك.

● في نفس العام ظهر ستيف جوبز للمرة الأولى بعد توليه رئاسة أبل من جديد وقام بالإعلان عن الآي ماك iMac وجهاز PowerBook G3

مؤتمر عام 1999:

● في تلك السنة تم الإعلان عن النواة الأساسية لنظام التشغيل ماك وهي داروين Darwin.

● كما تم الإعلان عن الاستقرار على تقنية OpenGL كواجهة برمجية للرسومات ثلاثية الأبعاد.

● أيضاً تمت إعادة تسمية الواجهة البرمجية OpenStep إلى الحالية Cocoa.

● كما قام ستيف جوبز بالإعلان عن سلسلة جديدة من الأجهزة تدعى iBook لكنها لم تستمر واستبدلت لاحقا بالماك بوك.

● وأعلن ستيف أيضاً عن تقنيتين جديدتين هما QuickTime TV و AirPort لخدمة الاتصال اللاسلكي.

● حضر هذا المؤتمر 2563 شخص.

مؤتمر عام 2000

● حضر هذا المؤتمر 3600 شخص وفيه أعلن ستيف جوبز لأول مرة عن نظام التشغيل Mac OS X

مؤتمر عام 2001

● حضر هذا المؤتمر 4000 مطور وتم فيه تقديم الإصدار الأول من نظام Mac OS X Server مع WebObjects 5

● في نفس العام أخرج ستيف جوبز للعالم ولأول مرة الجهاز الثوري آي بود iPod.

مؤتمر عام 2002

● تم فيه عرض النسخة الجديدة من نظام التشغيل Mac OS X v.10.2 والكويك تايم 6 وتم أيضاً التخلي عن نظام التشغيل القديم رقم 9.

مؤتمر عام 2003

● شهد هذا المؤتمر قفزة حقيقية لأبل في مختلف المجالات حيث تم عرض الجهاز الجديد Power Mac G5 وتوزيع نسخ من النظام الجديد OS X Panther 10.3، والإعلان عن حزمة البرامج الجديدة iApps التي شملت iPhoto, iMovie, iDVD وتم تقديم خدمة Rendezvous والتي عرفت لاحقاً باسم Bonjour وتلقّى الحضور نسخاً من كاميرا الويب iSight

● في نفس العام أعلن ستيف جوبز عن البيئة البرمجية الجديدة XCode

مؤتمر عام 2004

● حضر 3500 مطور بزيادة 17 % عن العام الذي سبقه وتم فيه تقديم شاشات ماك عريض بقياس 23 و30 بوصة، وتم فيه تقديم برنامج iTunes 4.9 كأول نسخة متكاملة مع البودكاست وقام جوبز باستعراضها بنفسه.

● وتم فيه أيضاً استعراض نسخة النظام الجديد Mac OS X Tiger 10.4 , والذي تلقى الحضور نسخة منه خاصة بالمطورين مع هدايا أخرى.

مؤتمر عام 2005

● حضر هذا المؤتمر 3800 مطور من 45 دولة مختلفة وأبرز إعلاناته كان عزم أبل الانتقال بأجهزتها إلى معالجات إنتل معمارية x86

● جرى في هذا المؤتمر 110 جلسة معامل و95 جلسة عروض وبحضور أكثر من 500 من مهندسي أبل.

● في نفس العام قام ستيف جوبز بتقديم الماك ميني Mac Mini و الآي بود نانو iPod Nano.

مؤتمر عام 2006

● في هذا المؤتمر تم تقديم ولأول مرة الماك برو Mac Pro كبديل عن سلفه باور ماك والأخير في معمارية الباور بي سي والتي انتقلت أبل منها إلى معمارية إنتل.

● كما تم الإعلان عن تحديث لأجهزة سيرفرات أبل Xserve.

● وتم تقديم النظام الجديد Mac OS X v10.5 Leopard بميزات كثيرة وجديدة كلياً بتحسين هائل.

● حضر هذا المؤتمر 4200 شخص من 48 دولة مختلفة، وجرت 140 جلسة وأكثر من 100 معمل برفقة أكثر من 1000 من مهندسي أبل.

مؤتمر عام 2007

● وهو المؤتمر والعام المشهود، والذي شكل انعطافة كبرى في تاريخ أبل والعالم عندما قدم ستيف جوبز ولأول مرة جيلاً جديداً وثورياً من الهواتف الذكية يختلف تماماً عمّا قبله؛ وهو جهاز الآي فون بإعلان تاريخ لانطلاقة وفي وقت لاحق من السنة أعلن عن تقديم Apple TV.

● كذلك أعلن في هذا المؤتمر عن متصفح سفاري للويندوز وللآي فون.

● كذلك تم الإعلان عن نسخة بيتا من نظام Mac OS v10.5 Leopard

● حضر هذا المؤتمر أكثر من خمسة آلاف مطور.

مؤتمر عام 2008

● وفيه تم الإعلان عن متجر البرامج App Store للآي فون والآي بود تتش والنسخة النهائية من عدة التطوير للآي فون iPhone SDK، وكذلك النسخة الجديدة من هاتف الآي فون iPhone 3G وعالمياً هذه المرة.

● وكذلك تم الإعلان عن النسخة الثانية من نظام تشغيل الآي فون، وعن خدمة MobileMe، وعن النظام الجديد Mac OS X v10.6

● وفي نفس السنة قام ستيف جوبز بالإعلان عن الجهاز الجديد MacBook Air.

● وفي هذا المؤتمر تم الإعلان عن نفاد التذاكر لأول مرة.

مؤتمر عام 2009

● أعلن في هذه الدورة عن النسخة الثالثة من نظام تشغيل الآي فون iPhone OS 3.0 وتم عرض نظام التشغيل الجديد Mac OS X v10.6، وأيضاً تم الإعلان عن تحديث جديد لأجهزة الماك بوك برو إضافة إلى جهاز جديد ينضم إليهم.

● أيضا تم تقديم الجهاز الجديد iPhone 3GS.

● في هذا المؤتمر غاب ستيف جوبز للمرة الأولى عن الكلمة الرئيسية بسبب مرضه.

● لكنه عاد في وقت لاحق من نفس العام ليقدم عائلة جديدة من أجهزة الآي بود تمثلت بالجيل الثالث من الآي بود تتش والجيل الخامس من الآي بود نانو والآي بود شَفِل متعدد الألوان.

مؤتمر عام 2010

● الإعلان عن الآي فون 4 وتغيير اسم نظام التشغيل من iPhone OS الى iOS.

● تم تقديم ميزة الفيس تايم لأول مرة.

● تم تقديم برنامج iMovie للآي فون.

● تقديم معالج آبل A4 واستخدامه في الآي فون 4.

مؤتمر عام 2011

● وصل عدد الحضور إلى أكثر من 5000 شخص وبلغ سعر التذاكر الرسمية 1599$ وفي السوق الرمادية 3500$.

● يعتبر هذا المؤتمر هو آخر ظهور لستيف جوبز ولم يتحدث معظم الوقت.

● الإعلان عن نظام iOS 5، وهو يحتوي على عدة مزايا منها : السحابة – iMessage – مركز التنبيهات – دعم تويتر – كشك الصحف – وأكثر من ميزة أخرى.

● أعلنت أبل عن نظام تشغيل أجهزة ماك الشهير 10.7 الشهير ب Lion .

ويمكن معرفة المزيد عن هذا المؤتمر عبر هذا الرابط.

مؤتمر عام 2012

● نفدت التذاكر خلال ساعة واحدة.

● كشفت أبل عن نظام الماك 10.8 الذي دمج خواص الـ iOS في الماك مثل الآي ماسج ومركز الإشعارات والسحاب ودعم تويتر والفيس بوك وغيرهم.

● أعلنت أبل عن iOS 6 والذي ضم خرائط أبل الجديدة وتطوير سيري ودعم الفيس بوك وشكل المتجر المجدد كلياً.

كشفت أبل عن جهاز الماك بوك الريتنا وكذلك تحديث باقي أجهزة الماك.

ويمكنك معرفة المزيد عن هذا المؤتمر عبر هذا الرابط.

مؤتمر عام 2013

● تم بيع التذاكر في 71 ثانية. يوجد 6 مليون مطور و 300 مليون حساب سحابة و 900 ألف تطبيق لدى أبل. 575 ألف حساب لدى أبل مرتبط بكروت ائتمانية.

● استعرضت أبل سيارات Anki الذكية.

● أعلنت أبل عن نظام ماك 10.9 وأطلقت عليه اسم مافريكس.

● قامت بتحديث عائلة ماك بوك إير وأطلقت الجيل الجديد من ماك بوك.

● تم تحديث خدمات السحابة بدعم iWork.

● كشفت عن iOS 7 ومزاياه.

ويمكنك معرفة المزيد عن المؤتمر بالتفصيل عبر هذا الرابط.

مؤتمر عام 2014

● وفيه كشفت أبل عن وصول أجهزة iOS إلى 800 مليون منهم نصف مليار آي-فون. وكذلك كشفت عن ماك 10.10 ونظام iOS 8 الذي كان أكبر نقلة نوعية في تاريخ iOS منذ صدوره. كما أعلنت عن لغة برمجية جديدة وهى سويفت.

تستطيع مراجعة المقال الخاص بتغطية المؤتمر عبر هذا الرابط.

مؤتمر عام 2015

● أعلنت أبل أنه اعتباراً من هذا المؤتمر سوف يتم بث الدورات التدريبية للمطورين عالهواء مباشرة وذكرت أن هناك مطورة تحضر عمرها 12 سنة فقط. وبعدها كشف عن نظام ماك OS X 10.11 ونقل تقنية Metal إلى الماك. كما أصدرت نظام iOS 9 للمطورين وذكرت أنها دفعت 30 مليار دولار للمبرمجين. وأعلنت لغة سويفت مفتوحة المصدر وكشفت عن نظام الساعة الثاني وفيه أصبحت التطبيقات تعمل بشكل مستقل كما أعلنت عن خدمة أبل ميوزيك.

راجع المقال بشكل تفصيلي عبر هذا الرابط.

مؤتمر عام 2016

● شملت الإعلانات في هذا الحدث إعادة تسمية OS X إلى MAC OS، فضلا عن تحديثات iOS 10، Watch OS 3، و TV OS 10.

● أعلنت شركة آبل أن هذا المؤتمر للمطورين حقاً وأصبح هذا حقيقة عندما سمح للمطورين التوسع في استخدام خدمات الرسائل، وخرائط أبل، وسيري.

● كما لم يتم إدخال أو تحديث أي أجهزة جديدة. ولكن تم الإعلان عن تطبيق المنزل كمركز تحكم لجميع التطبيقات التي توفر وظائف ذكية للمنزل. كما أعلن أداة PlayGround للغة التطوير س��يفت باعتباره التطبيق الحصري الذي يساعد الشباب على تعلم البرمجة مع لغة البرمجة الجديدة من أبل سويفت.

راجع المقال بشكل تفصيلي عبر هذا الرابط.

مؤتمر عام 2017

● وشملت الإعلانات في هذا الحدث عن أحدث أنظمة ماك والذي يأتي تحت اسم “هاي سييرا”، فضلا عن تحديثات iOS 11، Watch OS 4، و TV OS 11.

● أعلنت آبل عن تحديث عائلة أجهزة الآي ماك وايضاً عن نسخة فائقة من أجهزة الماك يتم تجهيزها للمحترفين تسمى iMac Pro.

● قدمت آبل نسخة أحدث من الآي باد Pro.

● أعلنت أبل عن جهاز جديد هوم بود HomePod.

راجع المقال بشكل تفصيلي عبر هذا الرابط.

مؤتمر عام 2018

● لم يخرج مؤتمر 2018 عن التوقعات والتجديد اقتصر على جعل نظام iOS أكثر ثابتاً، وشهد نظام iOS 12 استحسان معظم المستخدمين فعلاً بسبب استقراره بعكس السنوات السابقة.

● شملت الإعلانات في هذا الحدث عن أحدث أنظمة ماك والذي يأتي تحت اسم “موهافي”، فضلا عن تحديثات iOS 12، Watch OS 5، و TV OS 12.

● أعلنت آبل عن تطبيق الاختصارات الذي يمكن سيري القيام بعدة وظائف في نفس الوقت عبر برمجتها على هذه المهام.

● لم تعلن آبل عن أي عتاد في هذا المؤتمر.

راجع المقال بشكل تفصيلي عبر هذا الرابط.

مؤتمر عام 2019

● أعلنت آبل في هذا المؤتمر عن تم تحديث نظام التلفاز tvOS 13 بداية من تغيير تصميم الواجهة الأساسية وكذلك إضافة لأول مرة “تعدد المستخدمين”.

● أعلنت آبل عن نظام watchOS 13 وحصل على المزيد من الاستقلال عن الآي فون حيث لم تعد بحاجة إلى تحميل تطبيق للآي فون وتكون نسخة الساعة جزء منه.

●أعلنت عن تحديث نظام iOS 13 تحسن أداء النظام، سرعة الفتح بواسطة Face ID زادت 30% وكذلك انخفض حجم التطبيقات 50% عند التحميل أول مرة و 60% عند التحديث. وبشكل عام سرعة فتح التطبيقات أصبحت الضعف، والعديد من المميزات الاخرى مثل الوضع الداكن.

● أعلنت آبل عن تطبيق الاختصارات الذي يمكن سيري القيام بعدة وظائف في نفس الوقت عبر برمجتها على هذه المهام.

● لأول مرة تقرر فصل الآي باد عن الآي فون تماماً وتم توفير نظام جديد له يدعى iPad OS. النظام الجديد سيمكن أبل من تطوير مزايا للآي باد بشكل مستقل عن الآي فون والآي بود تاتش.

● تحديث نظام ماك 10.15 و تم إطلاق إسم جديد على نظام الماك مستوحى من الأماكن الطبيعية والمزارات السياحية في كاليفورنيا وهو كاتالينا “Catalina”

● حصل المطورون على العديد من المكتبات البرمجية الجديدة منها مكتبة ARKit 3 و تطوير لغة سويفت لتشمل مكتبة SwiftUI

● أعلنت آبل في هذا المؤتمر عن ماك برو الجديد و شاشة أبل.

راجع المقال بشكل تفصيلي عبر هذا الرابط.

مؤتمر عام 2020

● لا شك أن مؤتمر هذا العام سوف يكون مختلف في كل شيء، لأول مرة سيكون المؤتمر عبارة عن بث حي فقط، لا حضور لا تذاكر، ولا مطورين في نفس المكان مع مهندسي آبل، بالتأكيد ستكون تجربة جديدة علينا وعلى آبل.

نحن في انتظار المؤتمر القادم وكلنا حماس، فهل أنت متحمس مثلنا؟

from آي-فون إسلام

[sarkos]

Even with the environment, even layered amateurs can make things from zero to commercial quality (which is actually different from, but seemingly imminent). It was Mac OS 9 era that could do it. Mac in the latter half of the 1990s was just "a box of dreams", and all the " lain " staff shared their consciousness. However, it was also a time of a milestone when I began to scoop the era of post · Apple , such as the appearance of "lost OS" Rhapsody and compatible machine-derived Be-OS. The way to draw "NAVI" in " serial experiments lain " was a crystallized representation of our "sense".

私と計算機

It’s nice to hear Chiaki Konaka reminiscing about old Macs.

I already knew the Copland reference, but I didn’t realize the static discharge sequence was from experience. I guess there’d be less uncomfortable fanart if anti-static wristbands were more common.