#Unsuitable for Interdependence

[darkmaga-returns]

11/28/2024•Mises Wire•Michael Njoku

In the science of human action, the effects of erroneous notions of the market process, most particularly as they pertain to policy-making decisions, are not to be underestimated. The economist can not remain indifferent to these in an era in which the appeals of interventionism and government expansion increasingly hold sway in the domain of public policy. Put differently, we cannot deny how economic and social policies rooted in mistaken views of the market’s process—affect the decisions of consumers who are intent on employing the market as a means towards the satisfaction of their most urgent needs. This is of general significance given that policies, when unsuitable to chosen ends, primarily result in either or both of the following outcomes: 

(a) Some groups in society becoming better-off at the expense of other groups;

(b) Some gains being obtained in the short term at the cost of greater impairment of welfare in the future.

Virtually every economic policy is theory-laden, and at the root of each economic theory lies a fundamental notion of the market as either an “interdependent system of logically necessary relations” or an “aggregation of autonomous events.” This article attempts to highlight the comparative implications of these concepts of the market—as they manifest in choices of policies, which ultimately result in either furthering social cooperation or hampering cooperation in the market.

The Oneness of the Market Process—From Consumer Valuation to Satisfaction of Need

The market is indivisible and logically coherent. This is easily ascertained in the peculiar way in which it tends to foster the harmony of rightly understood interests of various participants despite the absence of conscious design by a planner. 

Say the consumer is currently dissatisfied with present conditions of his well-being and desires to remove his uneasiness by acting to substitute a more favorable condition in the future with the present condition. He arranges his values according to an ordinal scale of importance; this he makes by preferring the satisfaction of his present need to the satisfaction of competing needs. He seeks to have at his disposal definite quantities of the first-order good whose properties render capable of being brought into causal connection with the satisfaction of this urgent need, consequently attributing a higher value to this good.

[cyberwizardsblog]

Why gay marriages won't work in India

Recently supreme court gave its judgment about same sex marriage case declining the request to change the spacial marriage act to facilitate the same sex marriage.

Although I think judgment was unfair to struggle of all the people involved specially women and trans folks

I didn't include gays in that list because being a gay myself, I have noticed several trends in gays of India that makes them unsuitable for marriage.

First thing first there are broad general trends in homosexual men in India

1. Tops are looking for easy release without caring for bottoms pleasure. I have met several tops who says they are pure tops meaning they don't kiss, suck. I have met tops who don't even like touching asshole while wanting to do anal sex.

2. Most tops are married men or going to marry a girl or don't even comprehend the idea of marrying another man.

3. Most bottoms are poor, looking for sugar daddy or jobs/money.

4. Place of doing the deed is big problem for everyone. Even if someone has place, they don't want to do that at their place due mess created during sex or stigma attached to sex or due to society.

5. People says that they are looking for love but actually they are looking someone who can shower his love on them while they were free to fuck someone else/ recently described as situationship.

6. Obviously there is division based on economic status, caste and religion. Gays who are in higher echelon don't care about lower status people despite being in same boat.

7. Then there are several organisations who works for welfare of LGBT people. Although there are some good people and organisations, most of the organisation are full of English speaking woke people who can't comprehend the complexities of India society. Their donors are ultra elite people who just wants to feel good about themselves and brag to their western countries friends without actually making any changes in society of India.

These are personal experiences based on several people I have met. Obviously tops don't share their feelings being toxic males. Its mostly bottoms who are bearing the brunt of highly patriarchal toxic society. Although they are better then lesbians due to patriarchy.

So coming to the point of marriage, there are few points I would like to share, why it won't work for most gays in India

1. Internal homophobia- People who claim to be home sexual behave in the same manner as a toxic male would behave with women. Like anytime harrasment or any bottom.

2. While most tops wants bottoms to do the all the work that are assigned to women in traditional households but doesn't want to support financially, physically or mentally as normal men do to their wives. Tops wants a bottom to submit to their whims and fancies without taking care of their well being.

3. Poverty is big problem to have a place of their own. In traditional marriage women move to groom's parents home, but since most of LGBT aren't accepted by their families, moving in with parent's home is out of question. So where to go after marriage

A. Renting a place for same sex couple in homophobic country like India is nightmare.

B. Most young aren't rich enough to afford home of their own.

4. Everyone need social security. Society function because people are interdependent and help each other during hard times. But with gays there is no society, most people live secluded life, without interacting with other gays or being friends with each other. Either fuck or we don't know each other attitude of gays make them loneliest people.

In India caste, religion or geographical identities works because people support their common identities, even if they don't no each other personally.

For example if two same caste people met in government offices they will help each other but gays won't do the same. They will probably avoid each other due various reasons.

It is this attitude of Indian gays that makes them pathetic creatures on Earth. All of them want to have live like Western countries gays but they aren't ready for struggle that people of those countries have faced. People of western countries have faced brutal murders, conversion therepy, state repression but became victorious because they have each other. Now they are powerful because rich support the cause of poor. They support each other through various means. ( Shopping from gay shopkeeper, to selecting gays for jobs to providing support of mental, financial, social nature to people who are asking for help).

So there is no concept of social gay. Gay who are brand to cater to for business or government aren't exists in India. Marriage is a social institution. It can't work in alone. So if there is no society for gays, of gays marriage for same sex won't work as they do for heterosexuals.

[tinypicsofchopper]

[astrowithkaro]

Hi!! Can you do October 5 please?? Thank you :)

Language Of Birthdays: October 5 - Libra

[You can find the rest of the series here; or check out my masterlist]

The Day Of The Just Cause

Justice is a major theme in the lives of those born on October 5. Generally guarding the truth, as they see it, they will do what they can to first expose and then oppose unfairness, corruption or oppression. Not satisfied with this, however, they will often persuade friends, family members or colleagues to help put the situation right. Those born on this day can be found working on a personal level or at the highest echelons of society with the same determination.

In like manner. October 5 people insist on fair treatment for themselves and will not tolerate insults to their dignity. Indeed, the concept of fair play occupies such a central place in their speech and thought that they may be accused at times of using the cause of justice for their own personal advancement. This may or may not be true, but in fairness, those born on this day generally think of the cause first and their own wishes second. They can even go too far in this direction through self-sacrifice and self-denial, giving up what is most pleasurable to them for the sake of their ideals and the well-being of others. They must moderate such behavior because sooner or later their personal needs and wants will assert themselves, and they may be forced to resign from their position or cut back drastically on the responsibilities they take on, leaving those who have grown dependent on them stranded.

October 5 people are at heart life-oriented and fun-loving. When functioning in a healthy way. they manage to get tremendous personal satisfaction out of leading or contributing to a team. The ultimate kick for them is the gratitude on the faces of those who benefit from their work, and in this respect they are as interdependent as anyone else, perhaps even more so. Thus although they may appear to be strong, independent types, they are in fact somewhat needy and hungry for appreciation. They generally show little interest in causes that do not directly involve people, for it is the human element which is vital to their outlook and work.

Rarely do October 5 people meld with their environment, despite their need to immerse themselves in human activities. Often they will occupy a position for which they would objectively seem completely unsuited. like someone who has to wear the wrong uniform. However, when highly successful. October 5 people may actually redefine the public's image of the role which they play, so powerful are their social instincts. Even those with only a modest degree of success tend to function in a unique way that raises a few eyebrows but gets the job done.

October 5 people must be very careful to avoid ego trips where their personality becomes a central focus, ultimately superseding their ideals and original purpose. Also their criticism and judgment of others, particularly of what went on before they came on the scene, cannot be allowed to get out of hand. Thus October 5 people must not only form their principles in opposition to what they despise but mould a constructive vision of life as they wish it to be.

Strengths:

Just

Life-oriented

Social

Weaknesses:

Preoccupied

Bothered

Anxious

Advice

Those born on October 5 must beware of neglecting their health. Regular checkups with a family physician are recommended. The tendency of October 5 people to sacrifice themselves to a cause or live for others may impact first on their physical health but in the long run can also cause psychological frustrations due to suppression of personal needs. Socially oriented dependencies like smoking, as well as drinking alcohol and coffee, must be kept under control or even ultimately eliminated if they cause physical problems. Team sports and walking are recommended for exercise.

Don't get SO carried away with yourself

Remember to tune in and ask for spiritual advice frequently

Keep your small daily tasks in mind

Don't stumble over the stone at your feet while you eye the distant mountain

[mostlysignssomeportents]

Monopoly so fragile

A big boat stuck in the Suez Canal, catastrophically disrupting global logistics - it wasn't just predictable, it was inevitable. For decades, the shipping industry has consolidated into just a few companies, and ships got bigger - too big to sail.

As Matthew Stoller points out, in 2000 the ten biggest shippers controlled 12% of the market, today, it's more that 82%, and even that number is misleadingly rosy because of alliances among the megashippers that effectively turn them into one company.

https://mattstoller.substack.com/p/what-we-can-learn-from-a-big-boat

The Suez crisis illustrates one of the less-appreciated harms of monopoly: all of us are dunderheads at least some of the time. When a single person wields a lot of unchecked power, their follies, errors and blind-spots take on global consequence.

The "efficiencies" of the new class of megaships - the Ever Given weighs 220 kilotons and is as long as the Empire State Building - were always offset by risks, such as the risk of getting stuck in a canal or harbor.

Despite this, a handful of executives were able to green-light their deployment. Either these execs didn't believe the experts, or they didn't care (maybe they thought they'd retire before the crisis) or they thought they could externalize the costs onto the rest of us.

Running a complex system is a game of risk mitigation: not just making a system that works as well as possible, but also making one that fails as well as possible. Build the Titanic if you must, but for the love of God, make sure it has enough life-boats.

Monopolies are brittle. The ideology that underpins them is fundamentally eugenic: that there exists among us superbeings, genetic sports who were born with the extraordinary insights and genius that entitle them to rule over the rest of us.

If we let nature run its course, these benevolent dictators will usher in an era of global prosperity.

This is catastrophically, idiotically, manifestly wrong. First, even people who are very smart about some things are very stupid about other things.

Charles Koch took over his father's hydrocarbon empire and correctly concluded that the industry was being held back by a focus on short-term profits. He made a series of long-term bets on new production technologies and grew the business a thousandfold.

Being patient and farsighted made Koch one of the richest people in world history - and one of the most influential. He pioneered a kind of slow, patient policy entrepreneurship, investing in a network of think-tanks that mainstreamed his extremist ideology over decades.

And yet, this man who became a billionaire and changed the character of global politics with his foresight has managed to convince himself that there is no climate emergency. That patience, foresight, and cool weighing of probabilities have gone out the window completely.

Smart people are often fools (so are regular people). History is full of them. Take William Shockley, the Nobel-winning inventor of silicon transistors who failed in industry because he became obsessed with eugenics and devoted his life to a racist sterilization campaign.

Moreover, fools sometimes succeed. Take Mark Zuckerberg, who justified his self-serving "real names" policy (which makes it easier to target ads by banning pseudonyms) by claiming that any attempt to present yourself in different ways to different people is "two-faced."

That is a genuinely idiotic thing to believe: presenting yourself differently to your lover, your parents, your toddler, your boss and your friends isn't "two-faced," it's human. To do otherwise would be monstrous.

But even when monopolists aren't idiots, they are still dangerous. The problem with Zuck isn't merely that he's uniquely unsuited to being the unaccountable czar of 2.6 billion peoples' social lives - it's that no one should have that job.

Monopolists all have their own cherished idiocies (as do the rest of us), but they share a common pathology: the ideology, popularized by Thomas Friedman and others, that "efficiency" is the highest virtue.

The whole basis for 40 years of tolerating (even encouraging) monopolies is the efficiencies of scale that come from consolidating power into a few hands, and the shared interests that arise from a brittle interdependence.

Who would go to war with the trading partner that controls the world's supply of some essential item?

This was always, predictably, a system that would work well but fail badly. Clustering the world's semiconductor production in Taiwan made chips cheap and plentiful, sure.

But then the 1999 Taiwan quake shut down all the world's computer sales. There are plenty of examples like this that Stoller lists: a single vaccine factory in England shuts down in 2004 and the US loses half of its flu vaccines.

Despite the increasing tempo of supply-chain crises that ripple out across the world, we have allowed monopolists to "take the fat out of the system at every joint," setting up a thousand crises among us and yet to come.

Bedding makers can't make mattress for want of foam. RV manufacturers can't get enough "air conditioners, fridges, furniture" to meet orders. Often, the pivotal items are obscure and utterly critical, like the $1 "flat steel form ties," without which home construction halts.

"For the want of a nail, the shoe was lost." We've understood that tightly coupled systems have cascading failures since the 13th century. "Resiliency" is inefficient - but only if you ignore what happens when brittle systems fail.

Every monopolist *necessarily* shares an ideology that elevates brittleness to a virtue. They must, because monopolies are brittle. One foolish mistake, one ship wedged in a canal, one delusive denial of climate change, and we all suffer.

Every monopolist believes in their own infallibility. They must, because to have someone as fallible as me or you in charge of the world's social media or shipping or flat steel ties is otherwise a recipe for disaster.

Of all the dangerous things monopolists are wrong about, this belief in their own inability to be wrong is the most dangerous.

Image: Copernicus Sentinel (modified) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Container_Ship_%27Ever_Given%27_stuck_in_the_Suez_Canal,_Egypt_-_March_24th,_2021_cropped.jpg

CC BY: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/deed.en

[maryjoybrionesbonete]

Week 10

WHAT I LEARN? Design Pattern and Universal Pattern

-A design pattern is the re-usable form of a solution to a design problem. The idea was introduced by the architect Christopher Alexander and has been adapted for various other disciplines, notably software engineering.

-Software design pattern in software engineering, a software design pattern is a general, reusable solution to a commonly occurring problem within a given context in software design. It is not a finished design that can be transformed directly into source or machine code. Rather, it is a description or template for how to solve a problem that can be used in many different situations. Design patterns are formalized best practices that the programmer can use to solve common problems when designing an application or system.  Object-oriented design patterns typically show relationships and interactions between classes or objects, without specifying the final application classes or objects that are involved. Patterns that imply mutable state may be unsuited for functional programming languages, some patterns can be rendered unnecessary in languages that have built-in support for solving the problem they are trying to solve, and object-oriented patterns are not necessarily suitable for non-objectoriented languages.  Design patterns may be viewed as a structured approach to computer programming intermediate between the levels of a programming paradigm and a concrete algorithm.  

- Interaction design patterns are design patterns applied in the context human-computer interaction, describing common designs for graphical user interfaces.  A design pattern is a formal way of documenting a solution to a common design problem. The idea was introduced by the architect Christopher Alexander for use in urban planning and building architecture and has been adapted for various other disciplines, including teaching and pedagogy, development organization and process, and software architecture and design.

-According to Irish Disability Act, 2005, Universal Design is the design and composition of an environment so that it can be accessed, understood and used to the greatest extent possible by all people regardless of their age, size or disability. It is also an approach to design that honours human diversity. It addresses the right for everyone – from childhood into their oldest years – to use all spaces, products and information, in an independent, inclusive and equal way. It is a process that invites designers to go beyond compliance with access codes, to create excellent, people centred design (Elaine Ostroff).

The Principles of Universal Design

1.      Equitable Use

·         Provide the same means of use for all users: identical whenever possible; equivalent when not

·         Avoid segregating or stigmatising any users

·         Provisions for privacy, security and safety should be equally available to all user

·         Make the design appealing to all users

2.      Flexibility in Use

·         Provide choice in method of use

·         Accommodate right-handed or left-handed access and use

·         Facilitate the user’s accuracy and precision

·         Provide adaptability to the user’s pace

3.      Simple and Intuitive

·         Eliminate unnecessary complexity

·         Be consistent with user expectations and intuition

·         Accommodate a wide range of literacy and language skills

·         Arrange information consistent with its importance

·         Provide effective prompting and feedback during and after task completion

4.      Perceptible Information

·         Use different modes (pictorial, verbal, tactile) for redundant presentation of essential information

·         Provide adequate contrast between essential information and its surroundings

·         Maximize ‘legibility’ of essential information and its surroundings

·         Differentiate elements in ways that can be described (i.e.  make it easy to give instructions or directions)

·         Provide compatibility with a variety of techniques or devices used by people with sensory limitations

5.      Tolerance for Error

·         Arrange elements to minimise hazards and errors: most used elements, most accessible; hazardous elements eliminated, isolated or shielded

·         Provide warnings of hazards and errors

·         Provide fail safe features

·         Discourage unconscious action in tasks that require vigilance

6.      Low Physical Effort

·         Allow user to maintain a neutral body position

·         Use reasonable operating forces

·         Minimise repetitive actions

·         Minimise sustained physical effort

7.      Size and Space for Approach and Use

·         Provide a clear line of sight to important elements for any seated or standing user

·         Make reach to all components comfortable for any seated or standing user

·         Accommodate variations in hand and grip size

·         Provide adequate space for the use of assistive devices or personal assistance

Top 10 Myths and Misconceptions

1. Universal Design is one size fits all

2. Universal Design aims to replace the design of products targeted at specific markets

3. Universal Design will reduce the number of products available on the market

4. Universal Design is a synonym for the compliance with accessible design standards

5. Only disabled and elderly people benefit from Universal Design

6. Universal Design aims to replace assistive technology

7. Universal Design is a trend

8. Universally Designed products are aesthetically unattractive

9. Universal Design can be achieved by specialist designers only

10. Universal Design can be applied at the end of the design process

11. BONUS MYTH! If a Universally Designed product is not achievable it is not worth trying at all

Conclusions

• Diversity is the norm

• Universal design celebrates human differences

• Universal design markets usability, not disability

• Ageing consumers have great economic power

• Universal design offers a blueprint for designing a world fit for all people

• Universal design recognises the interdependence of humanity, the natural world, and the products of human design

[musicandphilosophy]

AMS 2019

Mysticism

Chair, Delia Casadei (University of California, Berkeley)


Edwin Li (Harvard University), “Mysticism as Philosophical (Non-)Foundation: Reconstructing a Daoist Critique of Confucian Discourse of Music in Early China”

Karen Leistra-Jones (Franklin and Marshall College), “Summoning Beethoven: Spiritualism and the Act of Performance”

Martin Scherzinger (New York University), “Music’s Xenogenesis (The African Mbira)”

Codee Ann Spinner (University of Pittsburgh), “Spiritualist Hymnals and Parlor Songs for the Dead”

Phil Ford (Indiana University), “Diviner’s Time”

Abstracts:

Presenter 1: Edwin Li (Harvard University), “Mysticism as Philosophical (Non-) Foundation: Reconstructing a Daoist Critique of Confucian Discourse of Music in Early China”

Confucian discourse of music in early China has been unambiguously characterized as that which is bound up with the construction of the hierarchy of sound (sheng), tone (yin), and music/joy (yue/le). This unanimous voice can be attributed to the “Book of Music” (Yueji), which has, at its outset, provides readers with a clear definition of the three sonic categories. The Daoist critique of the Confucian musical discourse, however, has engendered incompatible interpretations. Scholars have characterized Daoist musical thought as “nihilistic,” (Yang Yinliu) the opposition of “all kinds of man-made music” (Cai Zhongde), and recently, a questioning of “how to eventually reach musical Dao” (Park So Jeong). In this paper, I attempt to reconstruct a Daoist critique of the Confucian discourse of music, which centers on a philosophical foundation these scholars have neglected: mysticism (xuan). Drawing on Laozi’s Daodejing and the Zhuangzi (especially on the under-appreciated chapters), I argue that mysticism is the form and formlessness of Dao (a state of mind in which one does not assert, and forgets oneself), a philosophical foundation for music when it is not—a philosophical (non)foundation. Laozi expresses this by claiming that the Dao cannot be named, and is the shape that has no shape. In other words, to “reach musical Dao” is not to declare reaching musical Dao. Mysticism thus grounds “music” in groundlessness. I conclude by relating Daoist mysticism to the present, arguing that such an ontological blackhole invites an empathetic understanding of musical experiences beyond humans.

Presenter 2: Karen Leistra-Jones (Franklin and Marshall College), “Summoning Beethoven: Spiritualism and the Act of Performance”

In 1893, a “consecration ceremony” celebrated the opening of a museum in Beethoven’s birth house. The ceremony occurred in the room of Beethoven’s birth and included a performance of the Cavatina from the String Quartet op. 130 by the Joseph Joachim Quartet, playing on instruments once owned by the composer. As numerous contemporary accounts noted, the quasi-religious function of this event and its proximity to Beethovenian relics combined with spoken texts before and after the Cavatina and aspects of the performance itself to create a séance-like experience: the Kölnische Zeitung reported that the audience “believed… that through the eloquent tones [of the Cavatina] his transfigured spirit appeared to proclaim itself in the present.”

The notion of performance as communion with a dead composer is a familiar trope in music criticism. Yet its particular foregrounding in these sources invites a consideration of such rhetoric as more than mere metaphor. In Germany in the 1890s there was widespread interest in mysticism and the occult, including spiritualist séances. While these movements are often described as a counter-cultural reaction to modernity’s rationalizing tendencies, recent scholarship has emphasized their interrelationship with contemporaneous developments in science and philosophy and the serious consideration they were given within establishment circles. Mystical claims such as those surrounding this ceremony often implied that music’s vibrational disruptions of matter were what allowed a spiritual dimension to make contact with the phenomenal world; ultimately, they suggest a view of performance that merged Romantic metaphysics with seemingly incompatible materialist concepts.

Presenter 3: Martin Scherzinger (New York University), “Music’s Xenogenesis (The African Mbira)”

Forward Kwenda, an acclaimed mbira player from Zimbabwe claims that the power of the mbira’s sound transports performers and listeners out of the commonplace, into a realm “much greater than a human being can understand” (Kwenda 1997). For the traditionalist Tute Chigamba, the religious and introspective attitude demanded by mbira music renders it unsuitable as an instrument of mere entertainment (personal communication, 1999). Echoing this sentiment, Hakurotwi Mude asserts, “The mbira dza vadzimu is not played for pleasure” (Mude, in Berliner, 1991, 134). Far from providing sensuous experiences alone, mbira music, especially for the traditionalists, is central to the spiritual cosmology of the Shona. It mystically “speaks back” to performers (Chigamba, 1999). Andrew Tracey reports that the idea that one mbira sounds like more than itself is still more pronounced with other lamellaphone-types, like matepe, njari, and nyonganyonga (personal communication). Matepe players actually boast of it. The perplexing ability of the music to elicit audile condundra, issue forth asynchronous sounds, materialize phantom melodies and rhythms, and recoup similitude in contexts of metamorphosis facilitates listening experiences that grow beyond the dimensions of the tactile performance alone, touching instead upon something unguessed-at. These are the ventriloquizing musical lines emerging as if of unknown origin. This is a music of xenogenesis, explicitly designed to invoke the powers of ancestral spirits in contexts of social crisis and upheaval. Set adrift of the generalized project of disenchantment in music studies, this paper aims to re-enchant the material force of xenogenetic sound in the mbira scenario.

Presenter 4: Codee Ann Spinner (University of Pittsburgh), “Spiritualist Hymnals and Parlor Songs for the Dead”

Like their Christian neighbors, Spiritualists in North America have frequently incorporated hymnals into their worship and rituals. Spiritualist hymns often share language, imagery, and entire hymns and texts with mainstream Protestant denominations. I argue that despite these similarities, hymns and singing take on new significance in Spiritualist practice. Analyzing the melodies and texts of Spiritualist hymns, specifically The Spiritual Harp (1868) and Longley’s Choice Collection of Beautiful Songs (1899), I compare song collections to a wider body of religious hymnody in North America—specifically in the Northeastern region of the United States. These comparisons demonstrate the ways in which Spiritualist acoustemologies—understanding mundane sounds in terms of spiritual sources—arose through music. Whereas a Protestant congregation might use a hymn for a metaphorical communication with an almighty power, Spiritualists used hymn—occasionally even the same hymns—to directly speak to and with the dead.

My argument is based on research conducted in a small Spiritualist community, Lily Dale, NY. Founded in the latter half of the nineteenth century, Lily Dale is home to a collection of historic hymnals and songbooks donated by former residents. Though the books themselves are informative for understanding what was important to the community members who used them, they are particularly valuable for the autographs, handwritten notes, and supplemental materials placed there by their former owners. These material publications—combined with the hymns, their music and texts—are vital for understanding Spiritualists’ conceptions of interactions between the living and the dead. 

Presenter 5: Phil Ford (Indiana University), "Diviner’s Time”

Mysticism resists assimilation to scholarly understanding, not because the latter is rational and the former irrational, but because each is defined by its own order of knowledge. Mystical knowledge is gnosis — initiatory knowledge, revealed in experience, that changes the knower. This paper concerns an object of gnosis it designates diviner’s time. In considering the Azande concept of the “second spear,” Joshua Ramey’s essay “Contingency Without Unreason” adds a fifth cause, the divining cause, to Aristotle’s canonical four. The divining cause “is linked … to the singularity of an event”: it accounts not only for what things happen but when, and for the significance of their timing. The diviner’s cause registers on the human organism much as musical time does; indeed, it might be that the temporality of divination makes of human life a kind of music. 

Thus this paper coins the term diviner’s time_ to describe a temporality whereby the sign, charged with emotion, announces itself in experience. Divinatory signs manifest in a paradoxical interdependence of difference and repetition. The sign repeats not in the manner of two identical words on a page, but like a resonance between sounding bodies. The resonance (literal and figurative) of bells arrange a symmetry between the first and third acts of Richard Wagner’s Parsifal, in which the repetition-in-difference of diviner’s time registers as gnosis. In the uncanny repetition of diviner’s time, we might feel not only that we are listening to music, but as if we are living in music, or are ourselves music.

[khalilhumam]

What Does Success Look Like for a COVID-19 Vaccine? Improving Portfolio Level Understanding

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New Post has been published on http://khalilhumam.com/what-does-success-look-like-for-a-covid-19-vaccine-improving-portfolio-level-understanding/

What Does Success Look Like for a COVID-19 Vaccine? Improving Portfolio Level Understanding

Around the world COVID-19 and the policy responses to it are causing unprecedented disruptions of life and wellbeing. It has triggered what is likely to be a global economic recession on a scale that we have never experienced before. development of a vaccine is our only reliable exit strategy, for now at least. As scientists and governments around the world race to develop a vaccine at scale, we take a look at what a portfolio approach entails and why it is so important.

Why it is useful to understand the overall portfolio

With the stakes being so high and unprecedented amounts of public monies “pushing” and “pulling” products along, portfolio risk analysis and hedging are increasingly being discussed, alongside research aiming to understand the optimal research and manufacturing strategy.. Below, we discuss what risk analysis is and why it matters. A portfolio analysis is about understanding all the vaccines in the pipeline, and identifying risks of failure or areas that are over or under invested. In the race to get to a COVID-19 vaccine(s), each vaccine candidate is not independent of the rest. They all rely on access to the same financial resource envelope, they may compete for manufacturing capabilities and raw materials, and their action mechanisms are often underpinned by the same scientific principles. If successful, they target the same demand pool and government budgets. With strong financing, scientific, production and market interdependencies, the probabilities of success of each product in a vaccines portfolio are, therefore, interlinked. A portfolio analysis is about understanding all the vaccines in the pipeline, and identifying risks of failure or areas that are over or under invested. Such a wide analysis is useful in a number of ways:

To push funders making early investment calls—as we have seen the US government do, and also CEPI, the Gates Foundation, and the recently announced initiative by a group of European countries.

To those designing pull mechanisms at risk (rather than based on performance) such as the Gavi AMC (working with CEPI), or the Kremer proposal.

To vaccine developers themselves, policy makers, and planners.

To a more general policy audience that  has a stake in the way taxpayer money is spent and of course in getting access to a successful vaccine.

A robust and precise portfolio analysis is (or ought to be), therefore, a highly valued global public good. With little attention on performance-based pull and with the bulk of public money going towards early push and late stage volume commitments coupled with gigantic manufacturing scale up, picking some early winners and getting ready to produce them in large quantities may look like the world’s only way out. Understandably, it is important to be ready to ramp up capacity with some early investments so that we can manufacture enough vaccines for everyone including low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). But is arbitrarily picking winners the right approach?

Pressure to pick winners quickly might lead to a poor quality vaccine portfolio.

In order for the world to get the COVID-19 vaccine that it needs, a lot of things will need to fall into place. The vaccine candidates need to appear safe and effective in animal studies, in small trials in healthy volunteers, and then in large trials in representative groups of people, including the young, the elderly, and the sick. We need to manufacture the raw ingredients of the vaccines; to purify them*; to formulate and add adjuvants, stabilizers, and preservatives; to package and distribute; and deliver them to people. At present, most governments and companies look like they are trying to independently pick vaccines that will win this obstacle race, and perhaps boost their domestic biotechnology and pharmaceutical capabilities at the same time in ways that lack transparency or a clear scientific rationale. The problem with this approach is that the obvious “winners” may be too similar to one another in terms of underlying technology, the way they are trying to make people immune, or the manufacturing capacity they require. But that’s too many eggs in too few baskets. We should  include in the portfolio enough candidates which don’t look like obvious winners, but which won’t fail for the same reasons. Maybe they generate immunity in a different way? Maybe they rely on slower, but older and less risky, manufacturing? The world should be hedging its bets. After all, minimising the risk of getting nothing that can be used for wide population level prevention is just as important as maximising the speed of getting something. Decision making is becoming increasingly centralised and antagonistic, with governments, technocrats and UN advisory panels, making funding and hence portfolio shaping decisions way “by committee” and beyond early grant-type decisions, including scaling up manufacturing capacity, all at risk to the public purse. There is good reason to think that with the pressure to pick winners fast the current portfolio is not optimal with what may be an unwarranted over-emphasis on vaccines that target the virus’ spike protein. Similarly problematic are the USA and China overly favouring their own domestic manufacturers. So the combination of an understandable urgency to succeed, succeed now and succeed using a government’s own national (US, Chinese or UK) company, may end up reducing our chances of obtaining safe, efficacious vaccine(s) in sufficient quantities to serve global demand. 

While we wait for a vaccine, let’s improve the global COVID-19 policy response

Understanding how long it will take to get to a vaccine for wide scale population level use (in addition to risks, expected costs to taxpayers and likely economic outcome) is crucial in shaping the policy response including a gradual lifting of suppression measures and more general policy planning. The decisions that governments, industry and individuals make in the next few months will vary greatly depending on estimates of vaccine timelines. If we could say with a high degree of certainty that the world was likely to produce up to 8 billion doses of a new vaccine in the next twelve months, decisions about the health system, infrastructure, financial aid and on how to live our lives, would be very different than if developing and deploying a successful vaccine at scale was more than two or three years away. This is why it is so important to have a comprehensive portfolio analysis. While it would be impossible to be precise with estimates, it would give us the best chance of planning ahead. A rigorous portfolio analysis may facilitate better understanding of production scale-up timelines, and potential characteristics of the early entrants. These will help governments and global organisations (such as Gavi and WHO) plan for their distribution and rollout in a geographically and population sensitive way.

What does success look like?

A lot of the discussions about fast tracking a COVID-19 vaccine assume a linear process. The assumption is that we can get to the right product with a lot of carefully (albeit non transparently) allocated push funding coupled with pull in the form of manufacturing capacity at risk plus volume guarantees for the more advanced products (but as yet unregistered and unproven). Add on a global purchasing agreement under fair allocation rules set out by WHO or another norm-setting body and we stand a chance in winning the COVID-19 war globally. If the above sounds technically and politically complex, unfortunately, things are (even) more complex than that. True we have a WHO TPP (Target Product Profile) setting out the minimum and maximum performance characteristics of a COVID-19 vaccine. However, success is hard to describe and conditional on population and sub-population characteristics, geographical variation and the epidemiological counterfactual on or two (or more) years into the future. A relatively less effective product which however does not require a cold chain may be ideal for Sub Saharan African countries but rejected by a High-Income Country (HIC) if a more efficacious. A vaccine that is unsuitable for immunocompromised populations may be less appropriate for countries with large numbers of inadequately controlled HIV infections, for example. And what if the first entrant is a partially efficacious vaccine – e.g. one that is contraindicated for old people or people with major comorbidities but with an acceptable risk profile for younger health care workers? Or one that requires multiple doses or does not offer long term immunity and thus are less practical/more expensive for low income settings? Or, perhaps the worst nightmare of all, a vaccine fast tracked through trials ends up being unsafe? A successful COVID-19 vaccine is not a binary state of affairs. Indeed, recent analysis shows that even at the minimum acceptable efficacy threshold set out by the WHO TPP, extremely high coverage rates will be needed to manage the outbreak even in a HIC setting; vaccine development is never going to be a shot on goal. In another stream of work some of us have been reflecting on elements of value as a means of informing a genuine pull, crowding in private monies and insuring public payers against the probability of overpaying for suboptimal early choices. Such work can and ought to inform structured expert opinion elicitation which feeds into portfolio shaping tools. This way probability of success simulations could account for conditionalities and interdependencies and build off the various (as many as possible) characteristics of a successful product. Ultimately the value a vaccine confers to those receiving it or its benefit/risk ratio at individual and population levels must form part of the calculus for making vaccine investment decisions.  To understand value and make a meaningful contribution to the ongoing discussions and actions, we think it is important to understand the vaccine portfolio. CGD is working with colleagues who specialise in vaccines, pharmaceutical portfolio forecasting, and running simulations. We are collecting data and hope to publish a portfolio analysis and our underpinning methods, soon. We are looking to speak to as many vaccine, manufacturing and supply chain experts as possible, to get the best estimates for probability of success. If you have such expertise or know somebody who does, please contact Anthony.

*Though an mRNA Vx does not need a purification step in the conventional sense

[pensarelvirus]

Rethinking the Apocalypse: An Indigenous Anti-Futurist Manifesto

The end is near. Or has it come and gone before? – An ancestor

Why can we imagine the ending of the world, yet not the ending of colonialism?

We live the future of a past that is not our own. It is a history of utopian fantasies and apocalyptic idealization. It is a pathogenic global social order of imagined futures, built upon genocide, enslavement, ecocide, and total ruination.

What conclusions are to be realized in a world constructed of bones and empty metaphors? A world of fetishized endings calculated amidst the collective fiction of virulent specters. From religious tomes to fictionalized scientific entertainment, each imagined timeline constructed so predictably; beginning, middle, and ultimately, The End. Inevitably in this narrative there’s a protagonist fighting an Enemy Other (a generic appropriation of African/Haitian spirituality, a “zombie”?), and spoiler alert: it’s not you or me. So many are eagerly ready to be the lone survivors of the “zombie apocalypse.” But these are interchangeable metaphors, this zombie/Other, this apocalypse. 

These empty metaphors, this linearity, only exist within the language of nightmares, they are at once part of the apocalyptic imagination and impulse.
This way of “living,” or “culture,” is one of domination that consumes all for it’s own benefit. It is an economic and political reordering to fit a reality resting on pillars of competition, ownership, and control in pursuit of profit and permanent exploitation. It professes “freedom” yet its foundation is set on lands stolen while its very structure is built by stolen lives.

It is this very “culture” that must always have an Enemy Other, to lay blame, to lay claim, to affront, enslave and murder. A subhuman enemy that any and all forms of extreme violence are not only permitted but expected to be put upon. If it doesn’t have an immediate Other, it meticulously constructs one. This Other is not made from fear but its destruction is compelled by it. This Other is constituted from apocalyptic axioms and permanent misery. This Othering, this weitko disease, is perhaps best symptomatized in its simplest stratagem, in that of our silenced remakening: They are dirty, They are unsuited for life, They are unable, They are incapable, They are disposable, They are non-believers, They are unworthy, They are made to benefit us, They hate our freedom, They are undocumented, They are queer, They are black, They are Indigenous, They are less than, They are against us, until finally, They are no more. In this constant mantra of violence reframed, it’s either You or it’s Them. It is the Other who is sacrificed for an immortal and cancerous continuity. It is the Other who is poisoned, who is bombed, who is left quietly beneath the rubble. This way of unbeing, which has infected all aspects of our lives, which is responsible for the annihilation of entire species, the toxification of oceans, air and earth, the clear-cutting and burning of whole forests, mass incarceration, the technological possibility of world ending warfare, and raising the temperatures on a global scale, this is the deadly politics of capitalism,  it’s pandemic.

An ending that has come before.

The physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual invasion of our lands, bodies, and minds to settle and to exploit, is colonialism. Ships sailed on poisoned winds and bloodied tides across oceans pushed with a shallow breath and impulse to bondage, millions upon millions of lives were quietly extinguished before they could name their enemy. 1492. 1918. 2020…

Biowarfare blankets, the slaughter of our relative the buffalo, the damming of lifegiving rivers, the scorching of untarnished earth, the forced marches, the treatied imprisonment, coercive education through abuse and violence. The day to day post-war, post-genocide, trading post-colonial humiliation of our slow mass suicide on the altar of capitalism; work, income, pay rent, drink, fuck, breed, retire, die. It’s on the roadside, it’s on sale at Indian markets, serving drinks at the casino, restocking Bashas, it’s nice Indians behind, you.

These are the gifts of infesting manifest destinies, this is that futured imaginary our captors would have us perpetuate and be a part. The merciless imposition of this dead world was driven by an idealized utopia as Charnel House, it was “for our own good” an act of “civilization.” Killing the “Indian”; killing our past and with it our future. “Saving the man”; imposing another past and with it another future.

These are the apocalyptic ideals of abusers, racists and hetero-patriarchs. The doctrinal blind faith of those who can only see life through a prism, a fractured kaleidoscope of an endless and total war.

Its an apocalyptic that colonizes our imaginations and destroys our past and future simultaneously. It is a struggle to dominate human meaning and all existence. This is the futurism of the colonizer, the capitalist. It is at once every future ever stolen by the plunderer, the warmonger and the rapist.

This has always been about existence and non-existence. It is apocalypse, actualized. And with the only certainty being a deathly end, colonialism is a plague.

Our ancestors understood that this way of being could not be reasoned or negotiated with. That it could not be mitigated or redeemed. They understood that the apocalyptic only exists in absolutes.

Our ancestors dreamt against the end of the world.

Many worlds have gone before this one. Our traditional histories are tightly woven with the fabric of the birthing and ending of worlds. Through these cataclysms we have gained many lessons that have shaped who we are and how we are to be with one another. Our ways of being are informed through finding harmony through and from the destruction of worlds. The Elliptic. Birth. Death. Rebirth.

We have an unknowing of histories upon histories of the world that is part of us. It is the language of the cosmos, it speaks in prophecies long carved in the scars where our ancestors dreamed. It is the ghostdance, the seven fires, the birth of the White Buffalo, the seventh generation, it is the five suns, it is written in stone near Oraibi, and beyond. These prophecies are not just predictive, they have also been diagnostic and instructive.

We are the dreamers dreamt by our ancestors. We have traversed all time between the breaths of our dreams. We exist at once with our ancestors and unbirthed generations. Our future is held in our hands. It is our mutuality and interdependence. It is our relative. It is in the creases of our memories, folded gently by our ancestors. It is our collective Dreamtime, and it is Now. Then. Tomorrow. Yesterday.

The anti-colonial imagination isn’t a subjective reaction to colonial futurisms, it is anti-settler future. Our life cycles are not linear, our future exists without time. It is a dream, uncolonized.

This is the Indigenous anti-future.

We are not concerned with how our enemies name their dead world or how they recognize or acknowledge us or these lands. We are not concerned with re-working their ways of managing control or honoring their dead agreements or treaties. They will not be compelled to end the destruction that their world is predicated upon. We do not plead with them to end global warming, as it is the conclusion of their apocalyptic imperative and their life is built upon the death of Mother Earth. 
We bury the right wing and the left wing together in the earth they are so hungry to consume. The conclusion of the ideological war of colonial politics is that Indigenous Peoples always lose, unless we lose ourselves.

 Capitalists and colonizers will not lead us out of their dead futures. Apocalyptic idealization is a self fulfilling prophecy. It is the linear world ending from within. Apocalyptic logic exists within a spiritual, mental, and emotional dead zone that also cannibalizes itself. It is the dead risen to consume all life.

Our world lives when their world ceases to exist.

As Indigenous anti-futurists, we are the consequence of the history of the colonizer’s future. We are the consequence of their war against Mother Earth. We will not allow the specter of the colonizer, the ghosts of the past to haunt the ruins of this world. We are the actualization of our prophecies. This is the re-emergence of the world of cycles. This is our ceremony. Between silent skies. The world breathes again and the fever subsides. The land is quiet. Waiting for us to listen.

When there are less distractions, we go to the place where our ancestors emerged.

And their/our voice.

There is a song older than worlds here, it heals deeper then the colonizer’s blade could ever cut.

And there, our voice. We were always healers. This is the first medicine.

Colonialism is a plague, capitalism is pandemic. These systems are anti-life, they will not be compelled to cure themselves. We will not allow these corrupted sickened systems to recuperate. We will spread.

We are the antibodies.

+ + + +

Addendum:
In our past/your future it was the unsystematic non-linear attacks on vulnerable critical infrastructure such as gas utilities, transportation corridors, power supplies, communications systems, and more, that made settler colonialism an impossibility on these lands.

Our organizing was cellular, it required no formal movements.

Ceremony was/is our liberation, our liberation was/is ceremony.

We honored our sacred teachings, our ancestors and coming generations.

We took credit for nothing. We issued no communiqués. Our actions were our propaganda.

We celebrated the death of leftist solidarity and it’s myopic apocalyptic romanticism.

We demanded nothing from capitalists/colonizers.

*

Fuente: http://www.indigenousaction.org/rethinking-the-apocalypse-an-indigenous-anti-futurist-manifesto/

[Publicado 19/marzo/2020]

[expertfeedly]

RAISING PRODUCTIVITY

Though the process of economic development is essentially a matter of raising human productivity, it cannot go very far without organizational changes. To make even the simplest traditional tasks of producing food, clothing, and shelter more efficient requires the regrouping of human effort in more specialized and more closely co-operating teams. And while the process 'has to begin with the traditional tasks, it soon involves new products and new forms of productive organization based on inter-industry relationships which tend to grow more complex. Underpinning the whole structure in almost all developing countries is the agricultural sector, the oldest and often the most difficult to adapt to the changing needs.

Of all the lessons to be learned from recent development experience, probably the most important is that agricultural adaptation is not an automatic process that can be left to work itself out under the impact of other social and economic changes. The raising of agricultural productivity must be consciously pursued and it is fundamental to the whole development process. The problem of inducing a satisfactory rate of growth in the agricultural sector is not merely a matter of providing for a due allocation of resources. 

It also involves social and institutional questions that are deeply embedded in the fabric of rural life, as well as technical questions, to some of which satisfactory answers are not yet known. For most developing countries, economic progress depends on the movement of workers from the land to productive employment in other occupations. For this process to succeed, not only must complementary factors be available in these other occupations but the agricultural output must be made to expand adequately--that is, to meet the needs of the economy as a whole--with relatively (and perhaps in the longer run, even with absolutely) fewer workers. 

And, in this respect, agriculture occupies a crucial position, not only does it constitute the largest productive sector in most developing countries, so that its performance is a major determinant of over-all rates of growth, but it provides the essential flow of food-stuffs and raw materials and by extension, income, savings and foreign exchange--any lag in, which soon throws the economy, out of balance. It is because of this crucial role in the development process that the recent agricultural performance of developing countries, though good by historical standards, has been less than adequate for contemporary needs and in the light of other changes. In the period 1955-1965 only a small proportion (probably less than a fifth) of developing countries registered a growth in agricultural output of under 2 percent a year, and there were as many with rates above 3.4 percent as there were below that figure. 

This was a better achievement than that of the more advanced countries; yet, because of the low level of nutrition characteristic of so many developing countries, the great acceleration in population growth, the fact that such populous countries as India and Indonesia were in the group with declining per capita food production, the rise in incomes induced by the development process, the rapid growth in the demand for food outside the agricultural sector and the urgent need to enlarge and tap farm savings, it was far below the expanding requirements of a dynamic economy. The change is epitomized in the swing in cereal trades from net exporters of over 14 million tons a year in the recent before the war, the developing countries had become net importers of almost 11 million tons a year in the first half of the 1960s. In many of the developing countries, agriculture has begun to exercise a serious drag on the course of development. 

The movement of workers from cultivation of the soil to other occupations has been commonly designated industrialization, but recent experience in the developing countries has shown that the assumption of a dichotomy between agriculture and industry tends to lead to an undue concentration of policymakers' attention on the latter with its new problems and a neglect of the former where the problems are tacitly assumed to be old and familiar. It is only when the organic relationship between farming and manufacturing is fully recognized that the problems of agricultural adaptation can be approached as part of a coherent development strategy. 

In this context, an industrialization program, far from competing or conflicting with agricultural development, might consist in large measure of projects designed to industrialize agriculture: where parents worked on the land shaping yokes for oxen, gathering manure, carrying water, winnowing grain, weaving storage baskets, children might be expected to serve agriculture from mills and factories, producing tractors, nitrogenous fertilizers, pumps and pipes, meal and flour, cement and silos. In this process, the industrial establishments and their workers constitute the market for the farm products, while the farmers, constitute the market for the output of the factories. 

Due allowance 'being made for exports, there is thus an obvious need for balance between the expansion of industry and the expansion of agriculture. Given this interdependence, a lag in one sector can slow down the whole development process weaknesses in agriculture have been responsible not only for initiating or accentuating inflationary tendencies but also for aggravating the market-based difficulties of many industries. The introduction of new agricultural technology poses its own problems unsuitability of tenure systems and land distribution, imbalances among the various inputs that together permit the new methods to be practiced, lack of credit for more capital-intensive farming, absence of insurance arrangements to persuade conservative, peasants to accept the risks of innovation, inadequacy of storage and marketing facilities, unattractive ratios, of output prices to the cost of inputs. 

Whatever combination of such difficulties is encountered--and this has varied from country to country--the common source has been a failure to articulate all relevant policy measures and deal with the development process within a single integrated framework. Where diversification of the economy is underway, the need to increase agricultural output per man is imperative. In the new industries, on the other hand, output per unit of capital employed tends to be a more important consideration. Here, market limitations influence, and sometimes dictate, the choice of technology. 

Where domestic demand is insufficient to sustain even one optimum-sized unit, production must be either partly export-oriented or protected from lower-cost imports, and neither course is without its risks and difficulties. To be successful, an export-oriented industry must be able to compete with producers in larger or higher-income markets or have access to other small markets still importing the product in question. 

Neither alternative has proved to be a ready solution; hence, on the one hand, the widespread concern about obtaining some tariff preference for manufactures seeking entry into the more advanced countries, and on the other hand, the continuing efforts to bring about the integration of contiguous economies and the formation of sub-regional common markets.

Nor is the use of protective measures without its particular dangers to a developing country: unless the protected industry grows at a satisfactory pace, improving its competitive status, it may contribute significantly to a higher domestic cost structure, especially inimical to export activities and, as indicated above, to agriculture and hence to the economy's external balance. There are signs that this is what has been happening in many Latin American countries after a period of intensive import substitution.

In most developing countries, the acceleration of the diversification process depends heavily on the effectiveness of official incentives to private entrepreneurs. In the case of some industries, however-particularly those in which a viable plant involves a large investment--Governments may themselves have to, or choose to, play the entrepreneurial role. This is pre-eminently true of projects that collectively constitute the economy's so-called infrastructure-power, transport, communications, irrigation, schools and hospitals, and other social overheads. 

Because of their cost and scope, such projects have to be scheduled with particular care, bearing in mind not only the demand constraint stemming from the size of the market but also the indivisibility stemming from the size of the plant, and in many cases their interdependence: an irrigation project may be justifiable only in association with a hydro-power plant which in turn may require the justification of suitable industrial users, appropriately linked by transport facilities.

catalytic effect on productivity. Judiciously timed and spaced, such overhead investment can be a major stimulus to growth. Yet, in itself, much of this infrastructure may add little or nothing to the supply of goods and services that determine the level of living. A high capital-output ratio--and recent years have seen many cases of incremental figures twice or even three times as great as the 3 to 4 average that is more typical of the developing countries-may reflect an investment pattern that is quite out of line with the pattern of resource availabilities and the need to absorb as many workers as possible in more productive employment. 

This is one of the reasons why rapid urbanization constitutes so awkward a problem in many developing countries. The concentration of population is, to a degree, a concomitant of industrial development, and the provision of the appropriate infrastructure is an essential part of the process. But if the urban infrastructure runs too far ahead of what is available in the rural areas, it may in itself act as a magnet on the rural population. As an urban community cannot survive without the "overhead" facilities necessary to maintain health, movement, order, and security, a rapid town ward drift can absorb a large volume of investment with little relative advantage to real consumption. In many developing countries, the growth of major cities, with the working-age population well in excess of employment, is less the result of a deliberate policy than a manifestation of a failure to provide for the structural changes that the process of development requires in the agrarian sector. The result is often an unduly wide disparity in income both within these large cities and between the city and the rural areas.

In many ways, these cities epitomize the problem of economic development in a poor country in a shrunken world. They constitute the chief points, of contact with the more developed economies; their peoples have access to all the modern means of communication-indeed contacts may often be closer with the outside world than with the cities' own hinterland--and they aspire to the levels of living characteristic of countries with average per capita income many times greater than that of their own country. Their expenditure patterns exert a disproportionate effect on the composition of domestic production and of imports; they also influence the course of domestic savings. 

It is for these reasons that special significance attaches to the extremely rapid growth of urban population: it has been about double the average rate in recent years. Moreover, the proportion of developing country population living in large cities (of over 500,000 persons), which doubled in the course of the 1950's, is now estimated to be increasing at about 6 percent a year--over twice the overall rate of population growth and three times the corresponding rate in the more advanced countries. In view, of the dearth of capital in most of the developing countries, such an expansion may not signify a comparable rise in productivity. On the contrary, the very effort to keep up with the provision of city overhead may serve to divert capital from more productive deployment in other areas.

https://ift.tt/2Qbqr69

[oumaimaoriflame]

Things To Consider When Looking For Professionals In Pediatric Chiropractic Chantilly VA

By Maria Watson

Human beings face numerous health problems which all have different specialists who can handle them best. A majority of hospitals are trying to improve their services to cater to all the complications that people face. Children are not exempted from the conditions, and parents must always take the initiative of ensuring kids get the right care. Below is a list of the things one can consider when looking for specialists in pediatric chiropractic Chantilly Va. Look for recommendations. There are several other people who know more about the experts. A reliable source of recommendations is your doctor, and thus should be the first person to run to. Other colleagues and friends may also have kids with similar conditions in the past. Reach out to them to know if they found an expert for treatment, and ask for direction to the right care. Examine their credentials. Every practitioner must have a series of documents that prove their worthiness to serve in the specialty. Academic qualifications are among the main thing to look at, to ensure they have adequate and relevant training. Check for other documents such as the licenses from the statutory authorities and confirm their validity. Evaluate the level of experience. The level of experience regards to the number of years one has in the field. Individuals with the longest terms are the best to serve as they know all the aspects concerning the job. The specialist may have the experience but becomes unsuitable if the work done in the past is not relevant to the problem your kid has. Ensure the individuals have adequate exposure to treating infants. Consider the cost. The amount to pay will vary from an expert to the other. The cost should not be a major drawback since the health of your child comes first. There are various options the experts can provide for payment and the best is where they accept insurance. Ask whether the insurance will cater for the cost. If to pay in cash, ensure to assess the options carefully and go for what you can afford. Read reviews. What other parents say about a certain expert is of great significance. Reading the reviews from other people will give one insight of the kind of work a potential expert does. Go online and read as much as you find, and use the information as part of the basis for making the right choice. The specialist who satisfied past customers is the most ideal to choose. Call for interviews. Other than the qualifications and experience, other traits make up an ideal expert. Meeting physically provides a chance to evaluate all of them. The ideal expert should listen and respond to any questions in an understandable manner. Besides, it is important to have someone who is free and makes the clients feel comfortable. There are numerous fields health practitioners engage in. Some include dentists and chiropractors. Both fields specialize in different body parts. All parts of the human body are important with some being interdependent, and the fault of one will lead to the failure of other parts. The spine is among the basic parts supporting the body. Both adults and children may develop complications in them and thus need the attention of a specialist. Discussed above are the things to consider when looking for a specialist to treat your child.

About the Author:

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[thesnhuup]

Some Reflections on Completing 15 Years at SNHU

Last month marked my fifteenth year here at SNHU.

A former college president once told me, “all college presidents should leave after eight years. Ninety-five percent of the good you will do happens in the first year and after that you are just on cruise control.” A second former president countered, “I was a president for 16 years and all my best work happened in the second eight years. It takes the first eight to set the stage.”

I find myself in the second camp, though worried that I may be rationalizing, since I obviously ignored the advice of the first colleague. Yet when I look back at my time at SNHU, so much of our transformation has happened in that second stage, and I am somewhat reassured. Three years ago I was less sure and at a dinner with our Trustees, I shared that we were growing rapidly but in many ways we were still built and managed as if we were the $50m enterprise I inherited when I arrived in 2003. Our systems were not as scalable as they needed to be, I was mostly handling the government and media relations work, we talked about diversity but had no dedicated diversity officer, we had too few people in compliance and legal for the amount of work, strategy was more in my head than in a well-wrought plan, and so on.

I argued that we had to build out the management structures, systems, and team that could manage our newfound scale and complexity. I had been very good at building, but was not sure if I would be the right person to lead the new SNHU, promising to let them know before they’d have to assess if that proved true. In the three years since that dinner conversation, we have built a modern organization, operating at scale, with the capacity to manage the business of the University, while extending our mission in new and exciting ways. The key has been talent.

So much of the innovation for which SNHU is known was created by applying the work of Clay Christensen, the famous HBS Professor, long time board member, and friend of 35 years. When asked to share our story, I often begin with Clay’s work and how we applied it.However, the one thing that Clay does not spend a lot of time on in his research is the talent factor. Yet as I lead SNHU into my 16th year here, perhaps my most important responsibility is finding talent, developing talent, and letting people much better in their areas than me do their jobs. It is an inexact science at best, as people are complex and human nature is messy. In doing this for a while now (and feeling pretty proud of the team we’ve built), a checklist of sorts has emerged for me. These are the traits I now mostly look for in people:

Mission – SNHU lives to serve students and most of our important decisions begin with the question, “Is this good for students?” We have an innate belief in the power of education to transform lives and to create opportunity, as a tool of social mobility and source of hope. If that mission does not fire someone up, they probably should work elsewhere. Because we are complex, we all have our other drivers and hot buttons. Title, office spaces, money matter and whatever journey we traveled into leadership roles will have its baggage, good and bad. However, I want people that first believe that “mattering” is a critical part of their work and, second, want to matter in the ways that SNHU seeks for itself.

Work Ethic – This one seems pretty basic, but a lot of success comes with showing up and putting in the time and effort. I often ask job candidates what their parents did for work and what they carry with them in their own professional lives. It’s a question that sometimes throws candidates – they suspect it is a sly way of getting at their class, I think – but there are no wrong answers and I find the answers telling. One candidate was uncomfortable about the fact that his father was a janitor and mother worked as a cashier in a convenience store, quickly shifting the topic to his own sophisticated lifestyle.  Not a guy for us. The answers I love to hear are about work ethic, not cutting corners, dignity and professionalism. About grit and resiliency. My parents had 8th grade educations. My father worked in construction and my mother in a factory. Most of the important lessons I carry in my role as university president I learned from them.

Curiosity – A second question I often ask is “What books are you reading?” or some variation. My intent is not to judge (Hey, I’m as happy as the next person to read a trashy novel.), but to see A) that they like to learn and are curious and B) what ideas and questions inspire them. It makes me doubly happy when the answer includes good literature, as I think novels are transporting and allow us to inhabit lives and places far different than our own, which expands our thinking and builds empathy. Non-fiction helps us understand the world, while fiction can help us feel the world or worlds of others. It reminds us that the way we think the world works is a construct of our own meaning making. Having some humility around the limits of our understanding and then seeking to stretch those limits is for me a sign of wisdom and desire, a quality I much value in others. Beware those who have no good questions.

Empathy – Because of where I sit in the organization, I hire people into leadership roles. They invariably manage people and work closely with colleagues, especially as we become a more interdependent organization in which teamwork and building consensus are prized traits. Those who lack empathy almost always fail. That simple, but powerful ability to place yourself in someone else’s shoes is critical for leaders in our culture. It helps you motivate and develop your people, to build win-win solutions and manage team projects, to make better hires and treat people with more kindness when things do not work out.

What about technical competence? That is the unspoken “must have,” of course, and I’ve been lucky to hire people who are so good at what they do – far better than me at those things. A sign of immature leadership is thinking you have to be better at all the things your people do. That’s a recipe for failure or at least mediocrity. When I look at my Leadership Council, I feel like I have the Dream Team of higher education. It shows in our results.

So how would I answer that question of my own suitability for the work, for leading the institution we’ve built? With some sheepishness at the list of things at which I need to be better and ongoing struggles with things that will never be easy for me (an introvert, social settings remain challenging; public speaking occasions are usually preceded by a bit of stage fright; I hate workplace drama – all traits that seem to make me singularly unsuited for my job, I know), I am managing to recalibrate my role for this next stretch of my tenure at SNHU. It means focusing on talent, as I’ve described, driving strategy, being the primary flag-bearer for SNHU’s external relations, building partnerships, and being our story-teller-in-chief. If the Trustees will have me for a while longer, I will be immensely relieved.

Because for as great as these last years have been, I think the work of the next few years will be amazing and fun and powerful. We will be reaching new students across the US and the globe. We will harness new technologies to transform educational delivery models, pedagogy, and programs. We are pushing our work around access to be more focused on equity and the ways deeply marginalized populations need to be supported for success. We will reach more substantially downstream into workforce development and upstream into secondary education and serving youth, building a continuum that starts to look more like a platform or learning ecosystem. That ecosystem will include more credentials in more fields with greater granularity and programming from more partnerships. I would hate to miss it.

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[carolineweathers]

Though sung by a teenage group, the feelings resound from a guy with the maturity to settle down and searching for someone at the same stage. Unfortunately people who like each other and are in love may not end up together because priorities differ. When in a relationship, the individual's priorities may change depending on where the relationship is heading. The guy may require the girl to sacrifice her career goals and if she isn't willing to, he will not take the relationship to the next level, especially if he is patriarchal in his upbringing. The girl, on the other hand, may be just as family-oriented but finding it difficult to give up her comfortable life in exchange for one of total self-giving. So it is a case of "all or nothing" expected from her, that she finds virtually impossible to hold onto the relationship, with such heavy demands placed on her shoulders. The guy after journeying a while with her is skeptical of the girl's commitment to him as she has not placed a "stake" so to speak, so he feels she is not that into him, as he needs more proof of her "love". However, both are still very emotionally interdependent, close and have become a part of each other's lives, friends. Not understanding the above "give and take" expectation in her boyfriend's mind, the girl grows impatient with the lack of development in their relationship and is also searching for some form of affirmation and assurance where the relationship is going. She feels lost and insecure and the mounting pressures at work etc. takes a toll on the communication between the couple. They begin to avoid talking about it and sweeping it under the rug while time just steals away. The pain of unwantedness and insecurity intensifies; the feeling of wanting to be understood yet he cannot answer because in his heart, he cannot face the likely consequence of the outcome of the conversation that was so important to her i.e. He foresees her initiating a breakup. The distance between them widens as work places heavier demands on the guy's time. The girl still remains very attached and in love, bearing all the pain, unknowing to her boyfriend. At her friend's party for her newborn, the girl gets acquainted with a friend of the husband. In her state of forlorn and like lost at sea, they begin to talk about these feelings that were a great source of dissonance within her and which she was never at peace with. She found herself able to open up and someone else being able to understand her emotions which lay buried and caused so much pain to her heart. She and her boyfriend were never able to communicate this way as he was a foreigner and could not express himself like this new guy at the party. She on the other hand had not experienced a relationship before and did not know that this was a red flag moment. The new guy at the party (till this date been nearly a decade) also fresh from a breakup was looking for some hapless prey to fill in the emotional emptiness left from his previous relationship. Now, caught in a love triangle, the girl feels immense guilt at her "betrayal" and because she felt too unworthy to confess what had happened to her boyfriend she still loved very much. She was simply hurt and all alone, not knowing how to make sense of what was happening. After that episode, she feels the need to reunite the intimacy with her legitimate boyfriend , yet he cannot , and maintains the status quo due to the nature of his work which is the reason why he came to this country. They had met through his arrangement for his boss' kids to find a tuition teacher for them. Perhaps the timing was off, perhaps they're not meant to be together, maybe it was impossible from the outset. Love doesn't conquer all. It needs much more than strong feelings of unity but concrete actions which both may not have been ready for in their late twenties and both still ambitious, having their own dreams and neither willing to compromise. Finally, unable to bear the weight which grows heavier the longer their inherent problems were dragging, there was a huge strain in the relationship and the rift begins to set in. The feeling is like a sudden estrangement which is the most terrifying feeling if you are in the shoes of the girl. You feel like you are not united anymore and like a total stranger and that sense of alienation even though physically still meeting is the worst feeling ever. It degenerates to something less than even a normal friendship. That sense of loneliness was something I hadn't fathomed before. It ended with a telephone call and some indignation on his part. He went back to his country to work after we parted amicably as his family could not accept allowing their son being apart from them, and neither did mine. He was right that I was unsuitable for the demands his culture places on women, undertaking the traditional role. In that, he knew me better than I could have ever known myself. Sometimes we learn about our inadequacies through the eyes of others. We remain within each other's sight but don't talk anymore. Love does not conquer all. We must consider the needs of our families too and not just what we willfully want for ourselves. I think he was rather level-headed and I remember that about him, among his other positive qualities which I found absent in our local guys of the same age.

[fallinginmysleep]

December 25th, 2017

I often fear that we are irrevocably strangers to one another, irreconcilably unsuited, almost as if we were from different planets. But, there is an intense need for coupling in spite of it all.  Even if relationships are destructive, people cling together.  I have a strong desire to be independent, but at the same time a craving for interdependency.

[tolionplz-blog]

violin vibrato youtube

The best time to start learning violin vibrato? Nathan, I do have Simon's book and did evaluation your videos in detail. After attempting the motions the way you explain them for a number of days it is somewhat unclear from my standpoint on the best way to produce these motions (nail joint, rolling finger) without using the idea of arm or wrist movement, the best way vibrato is traditionally thought. The exception is the sideways” movement away from the neck, and I am utterly baffled by this. In reality, after I work with college students at the early stage of vibrato, they often attempt this sort of lateral movement, but to no good impact.

Violin Vibrato Youtube

So now I'll discuss vibrato. First it's worthwhile to arrange your left hand position the proper approach. Now we spoke about methods to arrange your left hand within the first place however now we have to talk about the left hand positioning in the third position as a result of that's the place I like to begin studying vibrato. Your hand in third place is rested at the shoulder of the instrument. I like also doing the second finger on the A string to start as a result of it is essentially the most centered finger, the strongest finger. My finger is on the tip of the fats of the finger, there is a good platform here and that is the way you start.

How To Do Finger Vibrato On Violin

I seen the tune "Ashokan Farewell" mentioned here. Personally I do not care for a lot of heavy vibrato on this music, however y'all can play it nevertheless you want. Also the truth that Ashokan Farewell is in principally first place is not essentially advantageous. My feeling is (and my instructor agrees) that vibrato in first place is tougher than in third or fourth place and I feel that is why a number of lecturers use pieces like "Ave Maria" (Bach-Gounod, Book three of Solos for Younger Violinist by Barbara Barber). Three different "vibrato items" that I used to be given had been the Larghetto from the Handel D Main Sonata and the Grave by Benda and the Veracini Largo, any of which may or might not actually have been written by those composers (it's fairly clear the Grave was not by Benda). These items are gradual however they involve vibrato in the context of shifting.

How To Do Wrist Vibrato On Violin

Vibrato violin definition

How To Do Finger Vibrato On Violin

Ricci developed the subsequent train for finger vibrato: 'The rolling motion generates from the lowest knuckle on the finger. It is produced by bending this knuckle in and out. There isn't any arm movement; simply fingers and wrist.' Utilizing double-stops supports the joints. Stand in entrance of the scroll and maintain the center segment of the student's finger gently between your proper thumb and first finger and ask them to play 4 long sluggish strokes, concentrating only on producing a superb tone and sustaining the left hand position. You'll be able to assist the violin somewhat with your left hand. They could have to play more lengthy bows to repair their consideration on tone quality.

Vibrato Violin Definition

I additionally find that, for me, warming up on the cello, where a good vibrato is just about immediately accessible, allows me to move over to violin with a vibrato able to go. SO - one must also be capable of warm up the vibrato on a steering wheel or the arm of a chair (or on your proper arm in case you are not doing anything with it at the time). Ensure that the violin is held correctly on the student's shoulder - so that the left arm and hand are freed from pressure. Learning violin vibrato, or vibrato for every other stringed instrument is a BIG step. Many college students are often very excited and eager to learn what some people refer because the 'finger shake'. Vibrato takes an intermediate player and makes them sound very advanced. Vibrato adds fullness, rich color, and variety to your playing, however it's also very difficult to study and slow to grasp. If you happen to aren't sure that you simply're doing it correctly, it is best to positively get some help from a trainer or one other musician before proceeding with trying to be taught. When you be taught vibrato the unsuitable means, it is terribly difficult to get out of those bad habits. - Utilizing the arm only, this vibrato is slower and broader. To realize this method, players use the arm movement practiced in Step 1, holding their finger stabilized and in place. This vibrato is ideal for gradual, unhappy, heart wrenching items. This vibrato adds depth and emotion. See instance below of Joshua Bell using arm vibrato. Imagine the tip of finger 2 is glued very lightly in place, in order that the fingertip stays in a single spot, whereas the slight brushing movement continues along the neck of the violin. The geography of vibrato includes the bodily path of the fingerboard; the offset, oblique angle of the hand (assume scaffolding); the four totally different planes of the string; and the path of the bow (which has a way of influencing the whole lot else). Think about the problems that arise from all of these competing angles! Now, just respect the variations and preserve all motions impartial yet interdependent.

Vibrato Violin Definition

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