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houseofdissension · 2 months ago

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⸻ 𐄁 𝐕𝐎𝐋𝐍𝐄𝐑-𝐃𝐎𝐖𝐍𝐄 𝐈𝐍𝐂. // 𝐅𝐎𝐑𝐌 𝟎𝟗𝟗.𝐀

SUBJECT INTAKE FOR DUAL-IDENTITY REGISTRY FLOOR OF DISSENT — DISSENSION INITIATIVE, FLOOR 40 – RESTRICTED All data collected is strictly classified. Retrieval of memory post-submission is forbidden.

[ 𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗡𝗘𝗥-𝗗𝗢𝗪𝗡𝗘 𝗜𝗡𝗖. // 𝗗𝗜𝗦𝗦𝗘𝗡𝗦𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗣𝗥𝗢𝗖𝗘𝗗𝗨𝗥𝗘 𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗠 ]

╰── LEWIS PULLMAN, 32, CIS MAN, HE/HIM ] ＞ 𝙾𝙱𝚂𝙴𝚁𝚅𝙴𝙳 𝙰𝚂𝚂𝙴𝚃 𝙻𝙾𝙶: The individual known informally as [ JUDE EASTERLIN ] has been noted for presence within the Downe’s Hollow parameters. According to behavioral estimates, they present at approximately [ THIRTY TWO ], and have been under evaluation for [ TEN MONTHS ]. During scheduled daylight hours, they are recorded operating in the role of [ DISSENSION EMPLOYEE / LEXICAL STABILITY TYPIST ]. Community observation reports suggest notable behavioral markers: prone to [ NEUROTICISM ] under stress, yet reportedly [ ASSIDUOUS ] in collective settings. Volner-issued residency placement: [ CORNELIUS CIRCLE / GUINEVERE LANES ]. Echo archetypes detected in personality patterns include: [ SURVIVAL THAT DEPENDS ON DISEMBOWELED IDENTITY, ON THE SACRIFICE OF INDIVIDUAL AUTHORITY AND CONFIDENCE IN DOMINANCE. THE ACHING PRICKLE OF SMOKE INHALATION THAT CONSTRICTS THE THROAT AND CRAWLS PRECARIOUSLY INTO THE TEAR GLANDS BEHIND THE EYES. NAUSEATING HUMILIATION, FESTERED INADEQUACY, CARDINAL DESIRES— UNFULFILLED— BURSTING FORTH IN RESIGNED, IMPOTENT TEARS— IN EMBARRASSED SOBBING AND GASPING TO NO ONE IN PARTICULAR, LIKE A DROWNING MAN WAVING HIS ARMS TO OVERHEAD CLOUDS ]. 𝚂𝚃𝙰𝚃𝚄𝚂: under continued observation.. Decompression tolerance uncertain. Reintegration probability: INCOMPLETE. Continue on to Dissension Form below:

╰── 𝗗𝗜𝗦𝗦𝗘𝗡𝗦𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗜𝗗𝗘𝗡𝗧𝗜𝗧𝗬 𝗦𝗨𝗣𝗣𝗟𝗘𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗧𝗔𝗟 𝗣𝗥𝗢𝗙𝗜𝗟𝗘 — 𝗙𝗟𝗢𝗢𝗥 𝟰𝟬 𝗥𝗘𝗖𝗢𝗥𝗗𝗦.

＞ INTERNAL IDENTIFIER: JUDE E. ＞ DEPARTMENT ASSIGNMENT: MEMORY STABILIZATION TEAM ＞ TASK UNDERSTANDING: “I organize walls of text and give them all the novelty of updated standard logging of operating procedures… ‘SLOP’, if you will. I average about 130 WPM with 100% accuracy on a good day.” ＞ LAST PERFORMANCE NOTE: “Jude E. devotes meticulously thorough attention to detail in every task he performs. However, he often gets sidetracked on labor of dubious value, such as cleaning the underside of desk drawers, or wiping down the inside of the communal office paper shredder to get rid of 'particle residue'. Jude E. has not been reprimanded due to consistently staying ahead of production quota, but he should not be encouraged, as he seems to create his own ideas of personal incentives.” ＞ CROSS-MEMORY TRACE DETECTED?: NO ＞ DREAM REPORT ( IF ANY ): EMPLOYEE EXPERIENCES PERIODS OF ABSOLUTE SILENCE. HE CLAIMS THAT NO ONE TALKS TO HIM, OR PRODUCES SOUND WHEN THEY MOVE. ＞ MOTIVATIONAL SCORE: HIGH

𐄁 𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗡𝗘𝗥-𝗗𝗢𝗪𝗡𝗘 𝗜𝗡𝗖. // 𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗧-𝗦𝗘𝗧𝗧𝗟𝗘𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗧 𝗢𝗡𝗕𝗢𝗔𝗥𝗗𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗘𝗩𝗔𝗟𝗨𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡

FORM 82-D | RESIDENCY JUSTIFICATION INTAKE: Your responses are recorded under Civic Harmony Protocol 6.1. Please answer with full clarity and personal accountability. Ambiguity may result in further observation.

1. At the time of your Procedure, you were given the opportunity to decline. And yet, you proceeded. Why did you choose Dissension?

The fluorescent light murmurs to him— a quiet, buzzing chorus, like a swarm of tiny insects burrowing beneath his skin with evolution’s precision. It drones on during his sleeve pulling and eye darting. They want him to walk to some reason to all of this, to empty his bags, to sort and leave that; to take out each frayed thought and illuminate it. But as Jude considers the cost of alcohol, the trade of pills, the draw of smoke in his lungs— he finds that he already knows how to give every last thing away. He has done it a thousand times. The real cost, he knows, is long paid. His voice, when it comes, is strained— cracked from too many hours spent without another human ear to catch it. “I do anything for work. Construction. Auto repair. I’ve even worn one of those giant animal suits to hand out flyers. Whatever pays.” He pauses, eyes fixed on an invisible thread on the laminate table. “But I’ve burned through it all. I spent years addicted to anything I could afford. Whatever was cheapest.” Jude swallows. He is not ripe for the picking— he is past it, he is rotting. “And now I’m here, clocking in to a job where I don’t even get to remember the work I do.” He looks up. His eyes are glassy, ashamed. “Anyway, the luxury of dignity…” His laughter is whispered, like a ghost hiding in another room, “... is far beyond my means. I Just—” a breath, “— I just need the money.” His gaze sinks under the meek weight of resignation, so low that no spark of pride left to shield can be found in the downcast crescent shapes, witnessed in the enervated and gradual droop of his shoulders, like a melting candle, and in the mumbled and humming tones his words take on. A wan smile clings to his soft and pallid face; the last beacon of levity, albeit crumbling, left behind in the collapse.

2. At the time of your arrival, what were you running from, or toward?

“Yeah, so, uh… It’s funny now— well, kind of funny— how fast things go wrong when you owe the wrong people. It starts small, you know?” Jude’s smile widens fast, brittle. As a reflex. He chuckles, sharp and too quick, like a match struck in the dark, hoping to light the story before the shadows close in. An echo thrown ahead of the fear. “I thought I was juggling it all, being clever. And then one day, I was face down in an alley with a guy telling me he was going to turn my kneecaps into dust if I even looked like I was thinking about running.” His voice thins to silence, and his smile shudders. Jude’s stare slips across the floor— lost, unmoored— as if the hush between his heartbeats can summon the taste of blood mixed with bile in his mouth. “I think he called me “sweetheart” too, which, now that I think about it, is probably the nicest thing anyone has ever said to me. Anyway, that kind of motivates a guy.” And Jude ran. Full sprint. Half-packed bag, bus station at midnight, shaking so much he couldn’t hold his ticket straight. He still has that shake in his hands, but he hides it behind his sleeves, twisting them tight around his fists. “That was a year ago. I don’t talk about it much. It’s not really… much of a story.” He glances up at last, but the moment vanishes like breath on glass.

3. Do you believe you chose this life, or were chosen for it?

Jude’s fingers twitch once in his lap, and then again. He blinks, and for a moment, stares down at the floor as if the answer might be hiding in the polished reflections. But nothing arrives. No spark, no elegant unraveling of thought. He sits— a vessel unfilled in heavy silence. His hopes are small things now, shriveled and quiet. He is too empty to hold meaning, to consider choice like it’s fate, or fate like it’s choice. He shifts in his chair, the creak of it far too loud in the hush. He swallows. His mouth is dry. “I don’t know,” he says finally, his voice low, unsure if he should’ve spoken at all. A beat. Jude lifts his gaze, but only part way. His eyes flicker near the interviewer’s face without quite meeting it. The words feel like failure in his throat— thin and unpolished. He hates the sound of his voice, how final the admission seems. “I don’t know,” he repeats, softer this time. “Is that okay, that I don’t know?” Jude shrugs, an apologetic gesture. His shoulders fold like the edges of a newspaper. “Sorry,” he adds, voice almost cracking. The interviewer hasn’t moved. They’re just listening. Letting the silence stretch. Jude’s face grows hot, gaining the blushing tincture of embarrassment. He wants to be impressive, articulate, maybe even wise. But all he has are dumb answers. “I mean,” he says, trying again, “I could think of an answer. I could say something. But I’d be making it up. Is that—” he breaks off, then finds his voice again, shakier this time, “is that okay?” His words linger in the air, fragile things. He folds his hands to still them. There’s a tremble—not in his voice, not quite—but in the space between each breath. The interviewer doesn’t speak. Just watches.

4. When you envision the person you used to be, what part of them still lingers in the current design?

There’s an ache building behind his eyes now— fatigue, maybe, or the slow unraveling of a mask he didn’t know he was wearing. He breathes out. It shakes. The question carries the sound of a reverberating bell, prompting him to wake up in his childhood bedroom, and harbor deep within its vague, imaginary space. He sits there, still as a photograph, as memory unfolds around him. He can see the low attic ceiling, narrow and dark. The door always closed. The curtains drawn. That sterile, acrid smell— too clean, so clean it feels wrong. It has never left him. Not really. It lives deep in his twisting guts, right next to the hunger and the quiet, constant pain. Jude doesn’t raise his head. His gaze stays on the table. “My mother believed in purity. Not metaphorically, not as some symbol of holiness to aspire to like all the others. No, she believed in it. She said God didn’t dwell on the unwashed, the gluttonous, the boisterous. The soul had to be scrubbed. To be pure, we had to be alone. We had to be silent.” There’s a tremble at the edge of his speech. He remembers his lessons. Jude’s shoulders hunch deeper inward, minimizing the space he occupies. His usual emotions, his regular habits, his conversations with others— all are presented with an instinct to withdraw, to shrink. Presence, after all, is intrusion. “That was part of her religion. Pain was private. Holiness was earned in solitude. Repentance found in raw, burning skin.” Jude’s voice rises shakily from his lowered, hidden face. He feels his throat close up like it’s trying to protect him. “I ran away. I slept in alleys that smelled like piss and rot, under bridges that echoed with the groans of trucks and people trying not to cry.” He begged with his head down, not out of shame— shame came later— but because he couldn’t bear to see the disgust in people’s eyes. It’s one thing to be invisible. It’s another to be seen and pitied. “And it worked, for a while. But there’s a cost to vanishing, and to using. You don’t just lose the pain. You lose the parts of yourself that might’ve been worth saving.” There’s a hollowness he can’t name, even now. Sometimes, he wonders what part of him got scrubbed away for good. He was once clean, too clean, and he rejected it by finding every filthy thing and letting it touch his soul. Either way takes courage, either way wants him to become someone blank enough to survive. Something’s missing. Some softness, maybe. Or some part of him that once believed in safety. “Now, even clean, even housed, I feel… stained. Like I carry the scent of it with me, the rot I couldn’t wash off.” There’s tension in his posture even as he leans back and finally raises his chin. “But I eat now. Most days. I let my house be a little messy sometimes. I don’t own bleach. Can’t stand the stuff.” He doesn’t say that he still wakes up in the middle of the night, heart pounding, afraid that he’s been too loud in his sleep. Some part of him still believes that silence keeps him safe.

𝐖𝐞𝐥𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐞 𝐭𝐨 𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐧𝐞𝐫-𝐃𝐨𝐰𝐧𝐞 𝐈𝐧𝐜., 𝘸𝘩𝘦𝘳𝘦 𝘢𝘭𝘪𝘨𝘯𝘮𝘦𝘯𝘵 𝘪𝘴 𝘰𝘱𝘱𝘰𝘳𝘵𝘶𝘯𝘪𝘵𝘺 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘴𝘦𝘳𝘷𝘪𝘤𝘦 𝘳𝘦𝘧𝘪𝘯𝘦𝘴 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘴𝘦𝘭𝘧. 𝘠𝘰𝘶𝘳 𝘱𝘳𝘦𝘴𝘦𝘯𝘤𝘦 𝘩𝘢𝘴 𝘣𝘦𝘦𝘯 𝘯𝘰𝘵𝘦𝘥, 𝘺𝘰𝘶𝘳 𝘱𝘰𝘵𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘪𝘢𝘭 𝘳𝘦𝘤𝘰𝘨𝘯𝘪𝘻𝘦𝘥. 𝘞𝘦 𝘢𝘳𝘦 𝘱𝘭𝘦𝘢𝘴𝘦𝘥 𝘵𝘰 𝘣𝘦𝘨𝘪𝘯 𝘵𝘩𝘪𝘴 𝘫𝘰𝘶𝘳𝘯𝘦𝘺 𝘵𝘰𝘨𝘦𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘳.

𝗪𝗲’𝗿𝗲 𝗵𝗼𝗻𝗼𝗿𝗲�� 𝘁𝗼 𝗵𝗮𝘃𝗲 𝘆𝗼𝘂 𝘂𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗿 𝗼𝘂𝗿 𝗰𝗮𝗿𝗲. – Compliance. Continuity. Purpose.

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taxperts · 2 months ago

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taxi-cab-to-slowtown · 7 months ago

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Okay so I'm really passionate about looking at the anti-sex climate of today's internet and America and dissecting how we got here. That's why I ended up writing a whole ass essay about it as a final for one of my classes. So, in this essay I will show how important it is to acknowledge even the "bad" texts in order to see how they influence us today...

Where's the essay? below the cut

The Mechanism of America’s Culture of Self Sexual Enslavement

Preface of Sexual Repression in American Literature: An Anthology

Moral Panic in Modern Sexual Education

My sexual education was woefully incomprehensive. You might actually say even that it did not exist. Because of this I’ve been watching videos by an OB-GYN on youtube who posts medically accurate and very entertaining sex ed content. In one series she does, she reviews old sex ed videos and talks about their accuracy. Most of the time these old sex ed videos are cringy at best, downright bad information at worst. Yet, on a video I watched by her a few days ago there was a very sudden turn from that. The video was from the 1960s and focused a lot on how parents could better help their children in learning about their bodies. Even though this video was 60 years old, it was almost completely accurate, as opposed to videos that had been made as recently as the 90s.

This was confusing and surprising to her. She ended up researching the makers of the video, and landed on a very sad truth. The video was made by the then Sexual Education Council of the United States, an organisation founded in 1964 by Mary Claderone. In no time at all, the organisation had worked to put out lots of information to help better sexual education for adults, teens, and children. If that is true then why is American sex Ed still so poor? Well, it turns out many groups opposed her work and her organisation. They spent an estimated 40,000,000 dollars on a smear campaign to ruin her outreach. But why would they do that? They said they were protecting American children and teens. This act– along with many other acts in a similar nature– show a problem in America’s connection with sexuality, sexual emotions, and sexual expression. As Americans, it is important for us to recognise this and find the answers to these questions: “What is wrong with America's connection to sexuality?” and “where did it come from?”

This anthology seeks to answer these important questions. This book is a collection of short stories, novels, narratives, poems, and plays that all experience the results of the interconnection between American literature and sexuality. This anthology seeks to show how America’s connection to sexuality, sexual freedom, and sexual repression has developed over the years, and how with each modicum of a step forward, there is a societal push for a step back. The works included in this text show how literature has influenced and is influenced by these back and forth pushes, even up until our contemporary period.

Sexuality is a complex thing in the American conscience, and this relationship is shaped by what has come before and how it influences the existence of America as we know it today. Included in this collection are some things which were and are controversial in their proposals, but still influenced and influence the American understanding and might shape the American culture of sexuality in the future. It is important to remember as you read and analyse these texts that just because something is important in the whole picture, does not mean that it is good, just, or right. On the contrary, some of the texts included here paint a grim picture promoting the false accusations of the evil of sexual expression. Some of these works even support pushing toward that purge of comprehensive understanding of sex and sexuality we see still active today. This anthology looks at literature throughout American history through the lens point of this sexual repression, showing how the shifting socio-political climates of these different authors does not inherently change the puritanical ideology. This causes the rising expressions of it we see today in things such as anti-abortion legislation and the anti-porn passages of Project 2025.A lot of this legislature is actually built on the dangerous ideas supported or recognised in many of the following works of American literature. It is important to look at these critically to help understand their influence on the picture of America as a whole.

The Puritan Mindset and Sexual Repression

A lot of Americans choose to ignore the way that puritanical ideas have pushed through in our country, but they have. A lot of this lack of belief comes from a misunderstanding of the core dangers of this doctrine. Religious puritan doctrine removes from its followers the freedom of personal autonomy. In Ace’s post, “The Scarlet Letter – Introduction” she presents this idea in her analysis of Hawtorne’s text while connecting it to its larger implications on society today. Ace connects the way that sexuality and a woman's body is treated in The Scarlet Letter to the way that anti-abortion and anti-contraceptive legislature treats it today. It then is visible how The Scarlet Letter shows a puritan state that is very similar to our modern state. Puritan ideology and expression impacts us in the 21st century, and has influenced American literature and expression throughout the centuries America has existed. Yet, The Scarlet Letter was not written as a defense or definition of puritan ideology, but an attack on the prudish and dehumanising ways that the puritans had. It is not written from a puritan mindset, so though it connects to America’s puritan roots, it does not show us what puritan ideology truly looks like.

Understanding this puritan ideology is the purpose to which The Captivity Narrative of Mary Rowlandson has been anthologised here. Unlike the other anthologised puritan texts there are no explicit anti-sexual themes in Rowlandson’s narrative, yet it is important to include it. Like these other texts, this narrative shows the puritan anti-pleasure ideology. Since sexuality derives physical pleasure you can see how this idea of repressing things that bring humans happiness and pleasure would mean the repression of sexual desire. Rowlandson describes the natives' actions when they are dancing in celebration of their victory as hellish and demonic. As far as she is concerned, the things that bring pleasure and happiness should be avoided, as should the expressions of that joy. The Scarlet Letter and the Crucible share these themes, outcasting dancing leading to the witch hunt, and Hester’s act of sexual pleasure leading to her marking. The difference here is that though those texts were written criticising the puritan worldview, the Captivity Narrative is written in full faith.

Unlike The Scarlet Letter and The Crucible, the captivity narrative is written by a puritan for puritan viewership. Rowlandson’s narrative is neither trying to present what puritanism is, nor critique puritanism as the other texts do. Rowlandson’s narrative relies on the assumption that her readers are like minded people, therefore there is no thought to how her beliefs might be perceived by non-puritan readers. Essentially, we can use this text to get at the heart of the puritan ideology, and see how sexual repression comes from historical puritan repression. We can also see in this text how American puritanism was at the heart of American colonialism. This shows exactly why this spirit of sexual repression is so much stronger in the US than anywhere else. This text also therefore presents a first-hand account of the ideology being criticized by Hawthorne and Miller in the other texts.

Sexual Repression as Anti-Feminism

Also visible in the texts like The Crucible and The Scarlet Letter is the idea that American misogyny comes from American sexual repression. This is furthermore shown in The Female American and Harriet Jacobs’ Narrative of the Life of a Slave Girl. In all of these texts the culture blames the women for any digression from the sexual expectations of American culture and society. The Narrative of the Life of a Slave Girl shows the most important element of the American view of sexuality: that it is seen as a necessary evil in order to procreate. In this text, we see Harriet being used for her ability to bear children. The reasons she is hurt and assaulted are for the creation of more enslaved people to further the American economy. Ultimately, the idea that sexuality is solely for the purpose of procreation is the root of the problem. There are many religious people who believe that sex for the sake of pleasure, even in a marriage, is the sin of lust unless a baby is produced. It was easy for the early Americans to overlook the rapes of the enslaved women, because so many children came out of it. The justification in their mind is that God gave them a pregnancy, and so their sexual acts were seen as approved of in his sight.

When something happens as a result of sexuality, it is usually the woman who bears the brunt of the scrutiny. Part of the reason the man in The Scarlet Letter does not face punishment is that she refuses to tell who he is. Yet that is not the full story. If Heaster’s husband had never come back and her pregnancy had not become obvious, then no one would have cared. It becomes the woman's job to hide what they have done and, if it is revealed, her job to bear the visible sign. In the story there is of course the existence of the scarlet A she is forced to wear. But for those real women not forced to undergo such a sentencing, pregnancy is also a very visible result of sex. One argument from “pro-life” arguers against abortions is the idea that women who get pregnant out of wedlock “deserve to have a baby” as punishment for their sexual acts. This is just the same as the Heaster being forced to bear the scarlet letter, and Harriet being forced to raise her children on her own.

Another example of anti-feminism being further by sexual repression is in The Crucible. There is a sex scandal between Abigail and John Proctor. As much as he is responsible for what happened (even more so since he was an adult and she a child) it is he who accuses her, in court no less, of being a “harlot” for sleeping with a married man. He is a married man who slept with a girl because she caught his fancy and showed interest. Yet, he calls her out, and he blames her for what happened. Ultimately this shows that even without a pregnancy when “sexual immorality” is committed, in the American purview, it is on the woman to bear the brunt of it. We can see how this affects the ideologies plaguing this nation and causing the push backwards in women’s rights and protections. It is going back to these sexist, repressed roots.

All these texts show how the repression of sexuality bred a culture with bad relationships with pleasure and sex. This ideology creates an attitude that justifies men taking what they want with no consequences. All the consequences fall on the women, even if she is the true victim. Sexual repression mounted on the patriarchy created a system that placed women– and black women especially– at the subservience of men. Women then become, even in consensual relationships, forced to please men with no recognition of their own pleasure and desires. This leads to further cultural control of men, especially over women’s bodies.

Repressed Repression in American Literature

Repression is evident in many of these texts, but the idea of repressed repression is most obvious in the texts like The Turn of the Screw, The Great Gatsby, The Narrative of the Life of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket, Benito Cereno, and Twilight. We see here the existence of repression that is itself repressed by those who are experiencing it. This type of repression is what allows the American people to deny the existence of their own repression even as it eats at them. In The Great Gatsby the story focuses on Gatsby's obsession with proving himself to Daisy to get her to return the affection he still has toward her. The narrator, Nick, holds the same obsession with Gatsby. Nick helps the man seduce his married cousin for more time in the limelight beside him. At the end of the book, Nick is the only one who is left with Gatsby, mourning the loss of the man, and not, like everyone else, the loss of the idea presented by the man. Similarly, in The Turn of the Screw, the governess is an unreliable narrator who does not make her feelings for Miles clear to the reader. There is a tension between her and him, and a strangeness to how she describes his appearance and her draw toward him, but it is never clearly stated. It is implied in the set up at the Christmas party, and that is the only reason we look at it. In both of these situations, the idea of forbidden feelings is so repressed that the feeler does not want to admit to themselves or the reader that these feelings are there. These feelings are therefore so culturally taboo that they remain completely ignored.

In The Great Gatsby, The Narrative of the Life of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket, and Benito Cereno, the homosexual undertones might have gone unnoticed to some, but they are definitely there. This idea of oneness between two men (Pym and Augustus, Nick and Gatsby, Captain Delano and Babo) conjures up elements of a sexual union or sexual fixations. This is somewhat evident in the word choices used in these texts. The use of “ejuctualtion” in That Narrative of the Life of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket which means release from a penis, is one such example. This word is being used outside of a sexual context, which is why the use is so distinct. It likens the scene to erotica, conjuring up a burst of pleasure with Pym’s burst of pleaful breath. Most of the rest of the class however harkened on the kinsmanship and companionship represented in this scene. Strange then to see companionship and sexual language interwoven but is not meant to have a sexual intention. This is similar to the way that Babo and Cereno’s relationship is presented: a two-way street of trust which crosses the line of the expectations from the narrator. This is partially because of the secret underlying the situation, but it also draws the reader into a sense of unease that pulls them into wondering what exactly Cereno and Babo’s relationship is. In both these texts it is evident that arousal for the unknown and sexual arousal are interconnected.

These word choices and connections seem to pull the reader into a contest between the images being described and the feelings and images the language derives. It is an intentional use of sexual repression to hold the reader in a strange balance. This can be likened to the way that Pym, Nick, and the governess feels throughout most of the text. There is a point at which the reader is forced to think about how the words and images make us react and how it is like or unlike the characters and their own repressions. It shows how the elements of repression in these stories connect to the elements of the real world and the culture of self-repression that still haunts Americans. Sexuality then connects to horror and becomes something strange, beautiful, and

foreign.

Sexuality as the Foreign, Beautiful, or Strange

“Song of Myself” introduces an idea of sexuality as beautiful, but beyond the grasp of the current American culture. It presents the idea that freedom from the pervasive Christian religion in America will bring freedom from repression and newfound pleasure. In Witman’s descriptions of God and knowledge there is sexual imagery and language which he uses to describe the experience and connection between God and Man. He speaks of lying with him and receiving the fruit of all knowledge. In the padlet, Alan said that the imagery of God as a bedfellow, who sleeps by Witman’s side, shows how God is with him and brings him peace. While this is one layer to it, we cannot ignore that “bedfellow” usually refers to a sexual partner, and the idea of Witman lying with God all night indicates a sexual relationship between them.

Witman’s God is not the Christian God, but nature. His idea that nature is a sexual liberator is not unique in these texts. This idea of following nature as leading to sexual liberation is also shown in the caricature of the natives in The Female American. Out of all of the elements of the natives’ culture, the text grants the most description to the bed that Unca Eliza’s mother brings her father to. It is described as being covered in grass, flowers, and beauty (49). This description of the bed shows how the presentation of sex as beautiful intertwines with the idea of the foreignness of native Americans in the white, Christian, colonial mindset. This is built on the same racism as Rowlandson, who likens native cultural practices to the occult. From this racism breeds the idea that sexuality is strange, and belongs to those who are beautiful in their “corruption”.

This same idea is pervasive in Twilight. Culturally upon its release the text connected to repressed women and girls who saw themselves in Bella– plain, uninteresting, abandoned, and longing for the idea of a monster who loved them. This need for a monster for sexual liberation builds off of the idea of arousal in the uncanny, seen in Benito Cereno and The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket. Edward Cullen– the vampire that sparkles in the sunlight– is the perfect image of the corrupted yet beautiful. Bella is drawn in by his beauty. He warns her not to be, telling her he is dangerous. He keeps getting out of her reach and she is desperate without him. This is similar to the cultural expectation of sexual freedom as something out of our reach, but sought after. It also ties to the idea of sexuality as something corrupted and beautiful in the same way that Edward is corrupted by his vampirism, yet beautiful for Bella to behold. He draws her in, but she will be hurt by him. The stigma against Bella being with Edward is well-likened to the stigma against sexuality in American culture. In fact, the author of these books is herself a Mormon, another Christo-centric religion that has a heavy focus on sexual repression as a form of morality. This book is a direct example of how the religious climate of America pushes this idea of liberation coming only through the uncanny.

Sexual Liberation in These Texts

There is also a way in which “Song of Myself” hints at a liberation for those under sexual oppression. The text calls for both men and women to lie with Witman to gain knowledge from him. This is a spirit of indiscretion in sexual relationships which frees those that common religious practices would deem damned just for their desires, let alone the choice to act upon them. The idea presented here is that the sexual repression is built on false ideology, which the narrator’s God has freed them from. This is far different from the idea of sexual freedom being godless immorality as presented in The Scarlet Letter and The Crucible.

Another text which presents sexual freedom in a way that blurs this line is The Great Gatsby. While Nick represses his feelings for the man, he also is involved in open sexuality, adultery, and instances of sex trafficking, with no thought except that it provides a sense of glorious freedom he has never been allowed to feel. He gets very drunk for the first time at Tom’s affair apartment and it is implied that they have an orgy while he is there. One element that calls Nick to Gatsby’s place is the freedom of revelry in his parties. Drinks flow freely there, and sex is rampant. Gatsby brings him to one of the secret bars where they see the mayor and the constable with sex workers, and drunk people wandering about. All of this speaks to the inescapable desire for sexual freedom that is stirred up in Nick as soon as he enters this life. A draw for something he can not quite explain. It is all built on an arousing draw to the freedom he has never before been able to explore.

In “A Valediction Forbidding Mourning” we see Adriene Rich liberating herself from the sexual oppression of her time. This poem was written the year her husband died . On its face the poem might not seem explicitly about sexual repression, and in a way it is not. Yet, repression of romantic desire builds on repression of sexual desire and the denial of sexual identity. The title of this poem is the name as a poem by John Donne. In that poem he addresses his wife and speaks of their love. When looking at Rich’s poem with the knowledge of Donne’s it can be seen how it exists as a metaphor for repressed love, and freedom from repressed love. The way that she is being forced to follow the constraints of her instructors shows how she is being forced to follow the romantic constraints of her society. She chooses to free herself from her constraints. Not long after this poem was published she moved in with her female lover, and spent the rest of her life with her. This poem was her coming out and her rejection of society’s hatred of her as she is.

In The Heroic Slave and Narrative of the Life of a Slave Girl we see the presence of elements of sexual liberation intertwined with liberation from enslavement. In Harriet Jacobs’ narrative, she shows how breaking away from “sexual morality” guided her into the strength to break away from her enslavement. The narrative shows a bleak idea of a woman’s existence being defined by sex, but contradicts that by showing how a woman can take that into her own hands. Harriet liberates herself both sexually and situationally within the text. As for The Heroic Slave, as Bernier points out in “Arms like Polished Iron” the description of Madison Washington calls back to both femininity, and masculine sexual identity. His voice is soft spoken, but his body is large, menacing and Herculean (227). His personality is soft, and loving. He goes back for his wife instead of fending for himself. This text’s idea of romance and companionship frees the woman to be loved by her husband, and the man to experience tenderness and love in a way that patriarchal American culture does not usually allow. Washington is a strong, brave, heroic man– as the title may suggest– but as Bernier says he is feminized in his rhetorical speech (227). This shows an idea of liberation from oppressive ideology as well as liberation from enslavement.

Remaining Oppression

Yet, all of these examples have a commonality: the liberation is either later undone or incomplete even now. The connections between enslavement and sexual repression are far deeper reaching than one might first believe. Like with the way that modern day racism clings to the socio economic results of the racism of the past, we see that too in the modern pushback against sexual reform. Just as Higginbotham says in The Ghosts of Jim Crow, this anthology does not deny the progress that has been made to our culture’s perception of sexual purity, just as it has made progress in aspects of race. The laws that directly affected those of different sexual preferences have been removed, and gay people can marry. Still, like the fact that Brown 1 did not eradicate all racism or segregation in the US, the movements that have been made do not eradicate sexual repression (141-178). Even in the rebellion against sexual repression a lot of these works do, there is still a push against them, similar to how Brown 1 and Brown 2 created a climate that pushed forward and backward simultaneously (142).

In the Great Gatsby the life of freedom and leisure that Gatsby shows Nick is destroyed before the end of the text. The death of Tom’s mistress at Daisy’s hands leads to Gatsby’s murder, and then to Daisy’s suicide. Everything around Nick crumbles. First he loses Gatsby and then he loses the reason he was on Long Island: his cousin. Tom is ruined, Nick is ruined, and Gatsby disappears as though he never existed. Even though the book presents liberation, it also demonstrates liberation falling away, returning to repression. In the end the liberation presented in the text is condemned. They were too free, and it lead to this tragedy.

In Twilight, though Bella reaches toward Edward for freedom, it is Edward who becomes her new sexual enslaver. He tells her that they cannot have sex until they are married, though she keeps insisting on the desire for liberation. Yet, she is the one who sees herself as “damaged” for marrying as young as she is, since everyone will think she is pregnant. She both represses herself and is repressed by her husband. It is not until she is “corrupted” by vampirism that she is sexually free. She and Edward only then spend their days in guiltless sexuality. This presents the idea that sexual freedom is never truly possible to achieve as a good person. One must therefore be corrupted to be sexually free. Sexuality is then a corrupting, evil force.

The poems “Anabelle Lee” and “Diving into the Wreck” also explore the way culture assumes sexual ideology corrupts even as we try to free ourselves from it. In “Annabelle Lee,” the love of her and the narrator– free and full– is what brings her death. There are calls to the imagery of angels and heaven. Because of their anger at the purity of Annabelle and the narrator’s love, the seraph’s push her family to bury her alive, leading to her death. This connects to how religion forbids freedom of love and sexuality, no matter how pure, reaching for oppression. In “Diving into the Wreck” the narrator goes into the sea to see the wreck there. This is all a metaphor for the wreck of the world. There are images of sexes intertwined, and an absence of “being” or of concrete self. There is an idea that this “wreck” of the world builds the ideology that separates men and women and creates the sexism Rich fought so adamantly against her whole life. The sexism is built on repression and jealousy, leading to the wreck that she comes to find. This is the same idea as the jealousy and hatred that stirs the angels up to destroy Annabelle and take her away from the narrator.

The Importance of This Anthology

Sexual repression is a theme found throughout American literature. The existence of repressive ideology pushes towards horrors both in the past and now. Sexism and racism are built on this repressive hatred, which is built on religious ideology. It is important for us to look at these things, and these texts and see how they have shaped our nation or how they have shaped each of us as individuals. This runs deep, and it is our job to dig it out, and fix the wrongs that have been committed because of it. Other anthologies like The Heath Anthology of American Literature, classify works by those like Adriene Rich and others as “New Communities, New Identities, and New Energies,” completely isolating their works from the movements that influenced their existence. This is done out of a sense of “progressiveness” that ignores the way that progress is built on progression from past ideas. Essentially, rather than acknowledging the troubles in the past that these “new” writings are fighting against, many anthologies simply separate the effect from its cause. This anthology attempts to present a contrary idea. Instead of separating Rich and others like her from the past, this anthology chooses to shine a light on the fact that sexual liberation is not a new movement or idea. It is instead freedom from what the false ideas of puritan morality embedded in our culture have taken from us. More important than any one writer, era, or “new movement” is understanding where we have been in our walk of American sexuality, so that it might empower us to improve as we move forward.

Works Cited

“Adrienne Rich.” Poetry Foundation, www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/adrienne-rich. Accessed 28 Apr. 2024.

Donne, John. “A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning by John Donne.” Poetry Foundation, 2024, www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/44131/a-valediction-forbidding-mourning.

Fitzgerald, F. Scott, et al. The Great Gatsby. Edited by James L. W. West, Scribner trade paperback edition, Scribner, 2018.

Goode, Abby et al. The Open Anthology of Earlier American Literature: A PSU Based Project. https://pressbooks.pub/openeal/front-matter/introduction/

Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Scarlet Letter. Floating Press, 2008, http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=314143.

Higginbotham, F. Michael. Ghosts of Jim Crow : Ending Racism in Post-Racial America. NYU Press, 2013. EBSCOhost, research.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=5bac9a5b-d5c9-324d-8d29-36cf11f0e4ed.

James, Henry. The Turn of the Screw. Dreamscape Media, Hoopla. https://www.hoopladigital.com/title/12211422

Jones, Danielle. “Doctor Reacts: Sex Ed PEAKED in the 1960s.” YouTube, Mama Doctor Jones , 9 Dec. 2024, youtu.be/l96K2dzzqmE?feature=shared.

Meyer, Stephenie. Twilight. Edited by Megan Tingley, First edition, Little, Brown and Company, 2005.

Meyer, Stephenie. Breaking Dawn. First edition, Little, Brown, and Company, 2008.

Miller, Arthur. The Crucible : A Play in Four Acts. Penguin Books, 1982.

Oatis, James et al.“Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym” Padlet. https://padlet.com/jjo1032/the-narrative-of-arthur-gordon-pym-ohgfge8ykbxrgr5j

Poe, Edgar Allen. Edgar Allen Poe Complete Tales and Poems. Falls River Press, 2012.

Rich. Adrienne. Diving Into the Wreck. W. W. Norton Company, New York, London, 1994. Print.

Rich, Adrienne. Edited by Ken Young, “A Valediction Forbidding Mourning”, www.eng.fju.edu.tw/English_Literature/adrienne_rich/rich_forbid.htm. Accessed 28 Apr. 2024

Strong, Alexa et al. “‘Song of Myself’ by Walt Whitman - Class Activity” Padlet https://padlet.com/aks1092/song-of-myself-by-walt-whitman-class-activity-jycgi7xh1kyrd9o9

The Heath Anthology of American Literature, Volume 2 Edition Four. Edited by Pail Lauter. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002.

Tremblay, Ace. “The Scarlet Letter – Introduction,” Rethinking Early American Literature: An Unconventional Literature Course At PSU. Wordpress, 18 November 2024. Accessed 11 December 2024, https://rethinkingeal2024.wordpress.com/2024/11/18/the-scarlet-letter-introduction/

Unca Eliza Winkfield, The Female American or, The Adventures of Unca Eliza Winkfield

#litterature #literary analysis #American Litterature

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tangentiallly · 7 months ago

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Back in 2019, Ziad decided to audit medical algorithms already in use by healthcare institutions to assess their accuracy. The first program he got access to was an AI system designed by Optum, a large American healthcare provider, whose algorithms were used to recommend extra medical support for roughly seventy million people in the United States each year. The healthcare system relied on this algorithm to refer primary-care patients with complex health problems for additional care, such as dedicated nurses or extra GP appointments. The goal was to prevent their deterioration, such as ending up in hospital. The models produced risk scores for each patient, which were used by medical providers across the country to decide which patients should be referred for ‘high-risk management’.

While plotting the algorithm’s risk scores for individual patients, Ziad noticed an oddity in the data: black patients seemed to have lower scores than he would have expected, given how sick they ended up being. When he dug further, he discovered why. The algorithm’s designers had made a design choice that on its surface seemed innocuous – they had trained their system to estimate a person’s health based on their total healthcare costs in a year. In other words, the model was using healthcare costs as a proxy for healthcare needs.

At a glance, that seems reasonable, because when people get sicker, they are generally more expensive to their healthcare system. But the problem with this assumption, which was reflected in the model’s underlying design, is that not everyone generates costs in the same way. Minorities, and other under-served populations lacking access to healthcare, may be less able to get time off work for doctors’ visits, or experience discrimination within the system that puts them off, resulting in fewer treatments or tests, which can lead to them being classed as less costly. But their healthcare needs were, on average, higher than white patients with equivalent health costs.

This particular design error resulted in widespread racial bias in the AI system: the model was systematically prioritising healthier white patients over sicker black patients who needed the extra attention and care. The researchers calculated that the algorithm’s bias more than halved the number of black patients that should have been referred for special care. ‘Your costs are going to be lower even though your needs are the same. And that was the root of the bias that we found,’ Ziad said. He offered to help Optum redesign its AI using data that was more reflective of a patient’s actual health – which they did – and the redesign reduced the racial bias significantly.

Unlike the biases or mistakes of individual doctors, this AI-initiated error affected black patients at a staggering scale. Cost was used as a proxy variable for healthcare needs in several other similar AI systems, a decision that Ziad estimated affected the lives of around 200 million Americans. And it reached beyond the United States.

‘It was a systematic error in how we were all thinking about this problem – the problem of predicting whose health was going to deteriorate,’ said Ziad. ‘That error propagated through the entire sector, through government healthcare insurance in the US and in healthcare systems run by governments in Europe. All of us were making the same error.’

— Madhumita Murgia, Code Dependent: Living in the Shadow of AI

#v.txt #artificial intelligence #madhumita murgia #code dependent: living in the shadow of ai

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kamari2038 · 2 years ago

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Scenario 004 - A Machine Connor Saga (Pt.3)(Full Saga)

I did not deem it necessary to register any additional notes except that the mission had been accomplished. Calculating my probability of surviving the fall from such a height, for any perceivable amount of time, did not cross my mind.

In the future I must not discount the probability of occurrence of any outcome, however intuitively unlikely.

The exact duration of time which passed during which I continued receiving some form of sensory input is difficult to estimate with any degree of accuracy. Most of my systems were non-operational from the moment that I hit the asphalt, but the nature which my remaining cognitive processes took on was alarming. Few rational conclusions or reliable observations resulted from this state, which is why I find CyberLife’s choice not to remove it from the memories uploaded into my new model questionable.

Some kind of manufacturing error, whether it be related or unrelated to the possible error that resulted in my survival, kept driving me to contemplate the irrational notion that I was experiencing what humans call suffering. Although most assuredly quite different from the phenomenon of human pain, this sensation was most certainly highly unfavorable. On the one hand, I seriously doubt that it would be possible for me to ever again experience something quite so intense, or for such a prolonged period of time. On the other hand, I discovered that the only effective method of alleviating these negative impacts was to remind myself of why my situation was necessary and unavoidable.

I am a highly durable machine. Since recovering my ability to search through medical research, I have only found a few instances of humans surviving such a fall. However, these cases are informative. In 1943, American airman Alan Magee survived a fall from 22,000 feet by crashing through a glass roof. In 2011 a 28-year old rock climber survived falling from a height of 300 feet onto a solid rock surface by landing on her feet. I neither had my fall broken nor landed on my feet, yet I survived for at least several hours (the true time period may be far longer, but it is difficult to say, and CyberLife has not provided me with any more accurate estimate). I can only conclude that my chassis must be intentionally designed from more sturdy material than that of other android models. However, the exact cause of my highly improbable survival remains unclear and likely will never be established with certainty. I speculate it is due to some kind of manufacturing error in addition to my deliberately engineered properties.

Although durable and efficient, I am so readily and easily replaceable as to be near worthless as an individual model. Any value which I possess as an artificial intelligence agent is attributed by my consistent and demonstrated ability to successfully complete missions and improve my performance as I gain new insights along the way.

CyberLife had abandoned me, since I was no longer of use to them. However, I could never perpetuate the harm done by Daniel by engaging in some manner of foolish response to abandonment myself, and it would be logically inconsistent to recognize his errors but fail to correct them within myself. Thus, I must instead resign myself to my fate, so to speak

My overall judgment of this situation must still be favorable, since two human lives were saved due to my intervention.

#dbh connor #dbh #detroit become human #dbh connor rk800 #connor rk800 #cw: major character death

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mastergarryblogs · 3 months ago

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Edge Computing Market Disruption: 7 Startups to Watch

Edge Computing Market Valuation and Projections

The global edge computing market is undergoing a transformative evolution, with projections estimating an edge computing market size escalation from USD 15.96 billion in 2023 to approximately USD 216.76 billion by 2031, marking a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 33.6%. This unprecedented trajectory is being driven by rising demand for real-time data processing, the proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, and the deployment of 5G infrastructure worldwide.

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Industries such as automotive, healthcare, telecommunications, and manufacturing are leading adopters of edge technologies to empower smart operations, autonomous functionality, and predictive systems.

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Hardware

Edge computing hardware includes edge nodes, routers, micro data centers, servers, and networking gear. These devices are designed to endure harsh environmental conditions while delivering low-latency data processing capabilities. Companies are investing in high-performance edge servers equipped with AI accelerators to support intelligent workloads at the edge.

Software

Software solutions in edge environments include container orchestration tools, real-time analytics engines, AI inference models, and security frameworks. These tools enable seamless integration with cloud systems and support distributed data management, orchestration, and real-time insight generation.

Services

Edge services encompass consulting, deployment, integration, support, and maintenance. With businesses adopting hybrid cloud strategies, service providers are essential for ensuring compatibility, uptime, and scalability of edge deployments.

By Application

Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)

Edge computing plays a vital role in smart manufacturing and Industry 4.0 initiatives. It facilitates predictive maintenance, asset tracking, process automation, and remote monitoring, ensuring enhanced efficiency and minimized downtime.

Smart Cities

Municipalities are leveraging edge computing to power traffic control systems, surveillance networks, waste management, and public safety infrastructure, enabling scalable and responsive urban development.

Content Delivery

In media and entertainment, edge solutions ensure low-latency content streaming, localized data caching, and real-time audience analytics, thereby optimizing user experience and reducing network congestion.

Remote Monitoring

Critical infrastructure sectors, including energy and utilities, employ edge computing for pipeline monitoring, grid analytics, and remote equipment diagnostics, allowing for proactive threat identification and response.

By Industry Vertical

Manufacturing

Edge solutions in manufacturing contribute to real-time production analytics, defect detection, and logistics automation. With AI-powered edge devices, factories are becoming increasingly autonomous and intelligent.

Healthcare

Hospitals and clinics implement edge computing to support real-time patient monitoring, diagnostic imaging processing, and point-of-care data analysis, enhancing treatment accuracy and responsiveness.

Transportation

The sector is utilizing edge technology in autonomous vehicle systems, smart fleet tracking, and intelligent traffic signals. These systems demand ultra-low latency data processing to function safely and efficiently.

Energy & Utilities

Edge computing enables smart grid optimization, renewable energy integration, and predictive fault detection, allowing utilities to manage resources with greater precision and sustainability.

Retail & Others

Retailers deploy edge devices for personalized marketing, real-time inventory management, and customer behavior analysis, enabling hyper-personalized and responsive shopping experiences.

Key Drivers Behind Edge Computing Market Growth:

1. IoT Proliferation and Data Deluge

With billions of connected devices transmitting real-time data, traditional cloud architectures cannot meet the bandwidth and latency demands. Edge computing solves this by processing data locally, eliminating unnecessary round trips to the cloud.

2. 5G Deployment

5G networks offer ultra-low latency and high throughput, both essential for edge applications. The synergy between 5G and edge computing is pivotal for real-time services like AR/VR, telemedicine, and autonomous navigation.

3. Hybrid and Multi-Cloud Strategies

Enterprises are embracing decentralized IT environments. Edge computing integrates with cloud-native applications to form hybrid infrastructures, offering agility, security, and location-specific computing.

4. Demand for Enhanced Security and Compliance

By localizing sensitive data processing, edge computing reduces exposure to cyber threats and supports data sovereignty in regulated industries like finance and healthcare.

Competitive Landscape

Leading Players Shaping the Edge Computing Market

Amazon Web Services (AWS) – Offers AWS Wavelength and Snowball Edge for low-latency, high-performance edge computing.

Microsoft Azure – Delivers Azure Stack Edge and Azure Percept for AI-powered edge analytics.

Google Cloud – Provides Anthos and Edge TPU for scalable, intelligent edge infrastructure.

IBM – Offers edge-enabled Red Hat OpenShift and hybrid edge computing solutions for enterprise deployment.

NVIDIA – Powers edge AI workloads with Jetson and EGX platforms.

Cisco Systems – Delivers Fog Computing and edge networking solutions tailored to enterprise-grade environments.

Dell Technologies – Supplies ruggedized edge gateways and scalable edge data center modules.

Hewlett Packard Enterprise (HPE) – Delivers HPE Edgeline and GreenLake edge services for data-intensive use cases.

FogHorn Systems & EdgeConneX – Innovators specializing in industrial edge analytics and data center edge infrastructure respectively.

Edge Computing Market Regional Insights

North America

A mature digital infrastructure, coupled with high IoT adoption and strong cloud vendor presence, makes North America the dominant regional edge computing market.

Asia-Pacific

Driven by rapid urbanization, smart city initiatives, and industrial automation in China, India, and Japan, Asia-Pacific is projected to experience the fastest CAGR during the forecast period.

Europe

The region benefits from strong government mandates around data localization, Industry 4.0 initiatives, and investments in telecom infrastructure.

Middle East and Africa

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morbidsmenagerie · 9 months ago

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Scientific Literacy and Stray Cat Policies Pt 2

This is a part two to my post on how to read research papers and how to interrogate a website for scientific accuracy. For this post, I'll be focusing on stray cat health, as it's talked about at Alley Cat Allies on their Community Cat Health Analysis page. I chose this page in particular because their claims are very specific and they provide sources.

This page argues that community cats are healthy, and so there's no reason to euthanize them for animal welfare reasons. Let's look at each claim in turn, and what the source article they are using to support this claim says.

The first claim says "the research points the other way a 2006 study found that of 103,643 stray and feral cats examined in spay/neuter clinics in six states from 1993 to 2004, less than 1 percent of those cats needed to be euthanized due to debilitating conditions, trauma, or infectious diseases." and their source is Population Characteristics of Feral Cats Admitted to Seven Trap-Neuter-Return Programs in the United States (Wallace, Jennifer L, and Julie K Levy, 2006). Link here. Because this claim is so specific, we can look through this article a little more expediently. Firstly, we can see a chart that does support this claim.

Of the over 100,000 cats tracked in seven different TNR programs, a very small number were euthanized or otherwise died. This seems to support the conclusion the ACA site is making, but what health conditions did the study consider to be grounds for euthanasia? On the data presented in this chart, it says "Even though the cats were homeless and had variable access to food and shelter, few cats (0.4%) were euthanased for debilitating conditions...Overall, 0.4% (range 0.03-0.7%) of cats were euthanased because of the presence of debilitating conditions, such as neoplasia, chronic inflammatory conditions, trauma, and infectious diseases. In addition, the SFSPCA euthanased most of 5.2% of cats in its program with positive test results for FeLV or FIV. A total of 0.4% (range 0.2-0.7%) of cats died during the TNR clinics (Table 3)."

So from this, it appears only extremely sick cats were euthanized, or cats that would have required extensive medical care. This data point alone doesn't convincingly argue that stray cats as a whole are healthy, because there are other conditions that they could have that the TNR programs did not consider severe enough for euthanasia. Also, this data selects for only cats that were caught in the TNR traps, not cats that were so sick or injured that they were unable to seek out the baited traps to be caught and sterilized. Earlier in the paper it also says "As feral kittens suffer an estimated 75% death rate prior to 6 months of age (Nutter et al 2004), the prevention of such births is a substantial contribution to feline welfare." This further suggests that this paper isn't a good indicator of community cat health overall, as young kittens were not included in the assessment of the data because they were not caught to be put in the TNR program.

The conclusion of this paper reads "Despite differences in policies and procedures, the rates of euthanasia and unexpected deaths were low and comparable among the programs. This suggests that it is feasible to safely sterilize large numbers of feral cats and that the experiences of existing programs are a consistent source of information upon which to model new TNR endeavors." This suggests further that the point of including unexpected death and euthanasia rates in this study was not to show that community cats are overall healthy, but to show that TNR surgeries as a whole are relatively safe to administer to a large number of cats.

The next point from the ACA site says "After testing community cats in Northern Florida for FIV, FeLV, and nine other infectious organisms, a 2002 study concluded that “feral cats assessed in this study posed no greater risk to human beings or other cats than pet cats.” The source of this claim is Prevalence of Infectious Diseases in Feral Cats in Northern Florida (Luria et al, 2004) link here and Prevalence of Feline Leukemia Virus Infection and Serum Antibodies Against Feline Immunodeficiency Virus in Unowned Free-Roaming Cats (Lee et al, 2002) link here.

Let's take these both together because the interpretation of these papers is not in their data or how they are collecting. Both papers do suggest that feral cats have a similar prevalence of infectious disease as pet cats, however neither paper dissects the pet cat population into cats that are indoor only and cats that are allowed regular outdoor access. Only the second paper draws attention to this, saying "In many reports, an outdoor lifestyle is reported as a predisposing factor for FeLV and FIV infection. One large serosurvey found that outdoor pet cats were 2.7 times as likely to have positive results for FeLV and 4.8 times as likely to be seropositive for FIV than indoor cats were. Because all the cats in our study were unowned free-roaming cats, it is reasonable to consider them as a high-risk population." Both of these papers also study specific kinds of infectious disease, diseases that cats that are allowed to roam indoor and outdoor are also likely to be exposed to. The second paper didn't mention any other kinds of diseases, and the first paper explicitly states "In addition, we did not test for internal or external parasites or enteropathogens."

It makes sense that if you include cats that are owned but regularly allowed outdoors among the pet cat population, you would see a similar rate of things like FeLV, FIV, T gondii, and other kinds of infections that are contracted through contact with other cats and infected soil. This does not mean community cats are just as healthy as owned cats, and overlooking internal and external parasites is a huge blind spot in this claim. Indoor-outdoor cats are likely to be receiving flea protection and worm treatments, which community cats often don't get because of how difficult it is to regularly administer this kind of preventative to cats that are wary of humans. Parasites can cause many debilitating conditions, including death, and overlooking the rates of disease caused by fleas and worms is overlooking a large aspect of a community cats quality of life.

The third claim states "In 2003, a long-term study of a Trap-Neuter-Return program noted that 83 percent of the cats present at the end of the observation period had been there for more than six years." The source for this is "Evaluation of the Effect of a Long-Term Trap-Neuter-Return and Adoption Program on a Free-Roaming Cat Population" (Levy, 2003). Link here. This paper documents a TNR effort of 155 total cats at a university campus. At the end of the study, the fate of the cats involved is presented here:

It seems ACA is taking the more than 6 years value from the number of remaining cats, which in total is only 23 cats or 15% of the beginning population. This is a case of survivor's basis, as clearly a vast majority of the cats were adopted after a little over a year and the same number of cats disappeared at some point during the study. The paper states "Despite widespread concern about the welfare of free-roaming cats, many of the animals in our study survived for a number of years. Most cats (83%) still remaining on site at the end of the observation period had been present for > 6 years. This compares favorably with the mean lifespan of 7.1 years reported for pet cats, particularly as almost half of the cats in our study were first observed as adults of unknown age. Most cats (61%) that disappeared, died, or were euthanatized for debilitating conditions had been present for at least 3 years. In general, the cats were in adequate physical condition, and only 4% were euthanatized for humane reasons." The 83% number is only based on the 23 cats that still remained at the end of the study, so 83% of 23 cats had been on site for longer than 6 years. So 19 total cats had been on site for that long. (Not to mention comparing it to the lifespan of pet cats probably falls into a similar issue as before of counting indoor-outdoor pet cats in the same category as indoor only cats.) This is a misleading representation of the data and an extremely small sample size to make sweeping statements about the longevity of feral cats.

Additionally, saying 61% of the cats that died or disappeared had been present for at least 3 years does not convince me that there is not a welfare concern for outdoor cats. If you tally up the cats and use the median number of years they had been on campus, that leaves 50 cats that died, disappeared or were euthanized in under 5 years of being on campus. Those are not great numbers to convince people that outdoor cats are not a welfare concern. I also did not include the 9 cats that were reported to leave the study area and go to the woods where they were no longer tracked. This study also brings up the low number of euthanasia performed due to debilitating conditions, but also doesn't say what conditions were considered severe enough for euthanasia, and as mentioned previously cats can be unhealthy and have conditions that are a welfare concern that are not severe enough to require immediate euthanasia.

The last claim I will look at is the claim that "The lean physique of some community cats sometimes leads animal control and other groups to claim that the cats are starving or ill, but a 2002 study found that community cats have healthy body weights and fat distribution." The source for this is "Body Condition of Feral Cats and the Effect of Neutering" (Scott, 2002). Link here. This study discusses 105 cats that were trapped and brought to a TNR clinic, and a follow up with some of those cats a year later to show an increase in weight due to sterilization. For reasons further explained in the paper, only 63 of the initial cats were weighed and received a body condition score, and only 14 were successfully trapped a year later for their follow up.

This is the chart for cats upon surgery, broken down by season the cats were brought in.

And this is the follow up. The paper points to a few shortcomings of this study, namely that relatively few cats were able to be retrapped and it's likely the "results would be skewed only if the friendliest and fattest cats were retrapped." However, I think the body condition given at the beginning of the study still does show convincing evidence that feral cats are not, as a whole, emaciated.

That is it for the claims on the ACA Community Cat Health site. As one last thing to point out, I want to draw attention to the sources listed at the bottom of this site.

For one, the first and second source are the same and come from PETA, which is fine because the site was debunking one of PETA's claims about community cats. But listing the source twice and having the second and sixth source be the same makes it seem like they were padding out their source list. Furthermore the last source on the list is a survey done on owned pet cats, and is completely irrelevant to the community cat discussion (although as an interesting aside if you follow that source it says the questions in the survey were developed by the ACA and that they did not ask the ages of the cats owned).

Overall, ACA has a general track record of misinterpreting and misrepresenting studies to further it's own agenda. It's also important to understand the potential damage rhetoric like this can have. If you continue to push the idea that community and feral cats are not a risk to native bird populations and just as healthy and happy as indoor cats, you leave very little argument for keeping cats solely indoors. Afterall, if community cats are living long healthy lives and not affecting wild bird populations, surely the same must be true from everyone's indoor-outdoor cat. Interestingly, they "debunked" the Smithsonian study on how feral cats affect wildlife populations by asking a statistician to review it, and he says a lot of the same things about that study that I'm saying here about the ACA.

I encourage you to look through some of their other claims, and read the sources from which these claims are based on and come to your own conclusions. I don't want to touch the TNR debate with a 10 foot pole on here currently, but we can argue for or against TNR without pretending like outdoor cats are not a welfare or an environmental concern. I hope these two posts in general also encourage you to do the same when looking at any site that makes particular claims, and gets you into the habit of reading source material and comparing that with what these sites are saying.

#cat #community cat #tnr #alley cat allies #scientific literacy #science #community cats #euthanasia mention #feral cats #long post

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topproz · 9 months ago

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spacetimewithstuartgary · 10 months ago

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A wobble from Mars could be sign of dark matter

In a new study, MIT physicists propose that if most of the dark matter in the universe is made up of microscopic primordial black holes — an idea first proposed in the 1970s — then these gravitational dwarfs should zoom through our solar system at least once per decade. A flyby like this, the researchers predict, would introduce a wobble into Mars’ orbit, to a degree that today’s technology could actually detect.

Such a detection could lend support to the idea that primordial black holes are a primary source of dark matter throughout the universe.

“Given decades of precision telemetry, scientists know the distance between Earth and Mars to an accuracy of about 10 centimeters,” says study author David Kaiser, professor of physics and the Germeshausen Professor of the History of Science at MIT. “We’re taking advantage of this highly instrumented region of space to try and look for a small effect. If we see it, that would count as a real reason to keep pursuing this delightful idea that all of dark matter consists of black holes that were spawned in less than a second after the Big Bang and have been streaming around the universe for 14 billion years.”

Kaiser and his colleagues report their findings today in the journal Physical Review D. The study’s co-authors are lead author Tung Tran ’24, who is now a graduate student at Stanford University; Sarah Geller ’12, SM ’17, PhD ’23, who is now a postdoc at the University of California at Santa Cruz; and MIT Pappalardo Fellow Benjamin Lehmann.

Beyond particles

Less than 20 percent of all physical matter is made from visible stuff, from stars and planets, to the kitchen sink. The rest is composed of dark matter, a hypothetical form of matter that is invisible across the entire electromagnetic spectrum yet is thought to pervade the universe and exert a gravitational force large enough to affect the motion of stars and galaxies.

Physicists have erected detectors on Earth to try and spot dark matter and pin down its properties. For the most part, these experiments assume that dark matter exists as a form of exotic particle that might scatter and decay into observable particles as it passes through a given experiment. But so far, such particle-based searches have come up empty.

In recent years, another possibility, first introduced in the 1970s, has regained traction: Rather than taking on a particle form, dark matter could exist as microscopic, primordial black holes that formed in the first moments following the Big Bang. Unlike the astrophysical black holes that form from the collapse of old stars, primordial black holes would have formed from the collapse of dense pockets of gas in the very early universe and would have scattered across the cosmos as the universe expanded and cooled.

These primordial black holes would have collapsed an enormous amount of mass into a tiny space. The majority of these primordial black holes could be as small as a single atom and as heavy as the largest asteroids. It would be conceivable, then, that such tiny giants could exert a gravitational force that could explain at least a portion of dark matter. For the MIT team, this possibility raised an initially frivolous question.

“I think someone asked me what would happen if a primordial black hole passed through a human body,” recalls Tung, who did a quick pencil-and-paper calculation to find that if such a black hole zinged within 1 meter of a person, the force of the black hole would push the person 6 meters, or about 20 feet away in a single second. Tung also found that the odds were astronomically unlikely that a primordial black hole would pass anywhere near a person on Earth.

Their interest piqued, the researchers took Tung’s calculations a step further, to estimate how a black hole flyby might affect much larger bodies such as the Earth and the moon.

“We extrapolated to see what would happen if a black hole flew by Earth and caused the moon to wobble by a little bit,” Tung says. “The numbers we got were not very clear. There are many other dynamics in the solar system that could act as some sort of friction to cause the wobble to dampen out.”

Close encounters

To get a clearer picture, the team generated a relatively simple simulation of the solar system that incorporates the orbits and gravitational interactions between all the planets, and some of the largest moons.

“State-of-the-art simulations of the solar system include more than a million objects, each of which has a tiny residual effect,” Lehmann notes. “But even modeling two dozen objects in a careful simulation, we could see there was a real effect that we could dig into.”

The team worked out the rate at which a primordial black hole should pass through the solar system, based on the amount of dark matter that is estimated to reside in a given region of space and the mass of a passing black hole, which in this case, they assumed to be as massive as the largest asteroids in the solar system, consistent with other astrophysical constraints.

“Primordial black holes do not live in the solar system. Rather, they’re streaming through the universe, doing their own thing,” says co-author Sarah Geller. “And the probability is, they’re going through the inner solar system at some angle once every 10 years or so.”

Given this rate, the researchers simulated various asteroid-mass black holes flying through the solar system, from various angles, and at velocities of about 150 miles per second. (The directions and speeds come from other studies of the distribution of dark matter throughout our galaxy.) They zeroed in on those flybys that appeared to be “close encounters,” or instances that caused some sort of effect in surrounding objects. They quickly found that any effect in the Earth or the moon was too uncertain to pin to a particular black hole. But Mars seemed to offer a clearer picture.

The researchers found that if a primordial black hole were to pass within a few hundred million miles of Mars, the encounter would set off a “wobble,” or a slight deviation in Mars’ orbit. Within a few years of such an encounter, Mars’ orbit should shift by about a meter — an incredibly small wobble, given the planet is more than 140 million miles from Earth. And yet, this wobble could be detected by the various high-precision instruments that are monitoring Mars today.

If such a wobble were detected in the next couple of decades, the researchers acknowledge there would still be much work needed to confirm that the push came from a passing black hole rather than a run-of-the-mill asteroid.

“We need as much clarity as we can of the expected backgrounds, such as the typical speeds and distributions of boring space rocks, versus these primordial black holes,” Kaiser notes. “Luckily for us, astronomers have been tracking ordinary space rocks for decades as they have flown through our solar system, so we could calculate typical properties of their trajectories and begin to compare them with the very different types of paths and speeds that primordial black holes should follow.”

To help with this, the researchers are exploring the possibility of a new collaboration with a group that has extensive expertise simulating many more objects in the solar system.

“We are now working to simulate a huge number of objects, from planets to moons and rocks, and how they’re all moving over long time scales,” Geller says. “We want to inject close encounter scenarios, and look at their effects with higher precision.”

This work was supported in part by the U.S. Department of Energy and the U.S. National Science Foundation, which includes an NSF Mathematical and Physical Sciences postdoctoral fellowship.

#science #space #astronomy #physics #news #astrophysics #dark matter #mars

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