#mechanical plant WordPress template

[sktthemes1]

Build a Professional Industrial Website with SKT Industrial Pro

What Sets SKT Industrial Pro Apart?

The SKT Industrial Pro Theme is tailored for factories, workshops, and manufacturing businesses. Its clean, modern design paired with advanced functionality helps you create a website that reflects your brand’s professionalism. This theme is optimized for speed and SEO, ensuring your site ranks well and loads quickly.

Key Features for Industrial Websites

SKT Industrial Pro offers a fully responsive design, making your site accessible on any device. It supports WooCommerce for easy e-commerce integration and includes customizable layouts for showcasing products and services. The theme’s compatibility with page builders and SEO plugins like Yoast ensures flexibility and better search engine performance.

Why Choose SKT Industrial Pro?

The factory hub WordPress theme simplifies website creation with its one-click demo import and user-friendly interface. Its SEO-optimized code and social media integration help drive traffic and engage potential clients. Whether you’re in manufacturing or construction, this theme delivers a polished online presence.

Final Thoughts

For industrial businesses seeking a reliable and professional website, the SKT Industrial Pro WordPress Theme is an excellent choice. Its robust features, SEO optimization, and e-commerce capabilities make it perfect for showcasing your expertise. Start building your industrial website today and stand out in the market.

[laravelreactjs]

Industry - Factory & Industrial React Template

Industry – Factory & Industrial React Template

About Industry Industry – Factory & Industrial React Template is particularly designed for factory, industry, architecture, plants, mechanical, power and energy Business Template. Industry contains distinct variety of home pages like Solar Plant, Agriculture, Ship Industry, Leather Industry, Nuclear Plant, Car Industry, Plastic Industry, Construct, Steel Plant and more. It include everything…

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Free Induxe - Factory and Industry WordPress - WPCroc.com

Free Induxe – Factory and Industry WordPress – WPCroc.com

DOWNLOAD FOR FREE LIVE PREVIEWBUY FOR $59 Induxe It is specially designed for Factory, Industry, Architecture, Plant, Mechanical, Power and Energy business template. Industry contains a different variety of home pages such as solar plant, agriculture, shipbuilding industry, leather industry, nuclear plant, automotive industry, plastics industry, construction, steel plant and more. It includes…

[webstar5]

Petro - Industrial WordPress Theme

Petro – Industrial WordPress Theme

Theme Title: Petro – Industrial WordPress Theme Theme ID: 20217564 Theme value in US$: 52 Theme Author: TemeGUM

Tags/keywords: wordpress/corporate/business, business,chemicals,corporate,energy,engineering,factory,industrial,manufacture,mechanical,mining,oil,plant,power,refinery

[jcbspro]

Emarat-Industry & Business WordPress Theme

CLICK HERE to get Emarat-Industry & Business WordPress Theme at discounted price while it's still available...

Emarat – Industry & Business WordPress Theme

Emarat – Industry & Business WordPress Theme is a premium WordPress Theme developed specifically for all types of technique, industry, engineering, or machinery businesses. Emarat is best suited for corporate website like business, commercial, corporate, energy, engineering, Factories, factory, high-tech manufacturing, industrial, machinery, manufacturing, plant, power etc. This is a business template that is help full for online presence for Corporate Business Firms.

It is reasonable for Industrial locales, mechanical, designing, compound industry, development organization, steel manufacturing plant, Electrician, Plumbing industry and comparable sites. Construct your own site with our great production line press! It would be ideal if you check more data beneath

3 Unique Home Page

3 Header Style

Visual Composer

WooCommerce

One Click Demo Interstellar

Fully Responsive Layout

Clean & Simple Design

Cross Browser Compatibility With Edge, IE9+, Firefox, Safari, Opera, Chrome

Easy to Customize

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Flat, Modern and Clean Design.

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CLICK HERE to get Emarat-Industry & Business WordPress Theme at discounted price while it's still available...

Source link : Emarat-Industry & Business WordPress Theme

[bobecardinal]

Industry - Factory & Industrial React Template

Industry – Factory & Industrial React Template

Live Preview Buy Now Screenshots   

Author: DexignZonePrice: $12

About Industry

Industry – Factory & Industrial React Template is particularly designed for factory, industry, architecture, plants, mechanical, power and energy Business Template. Industry contains distinct variety of home pages like Solar Plant, Agriculture, Ship Industry, Leather Industry, Nuclear Plant, Car Industry,…

[mastcomm]

Coronavirus Shock Could Push Europe Into a Downturn

FRANKFURT — So far, only scattered cases of the coronavirus have appeared in Europe, but the economic effects are proving harder to quarantine. The shock may be severe enough to push the vulnerable German economy, and perhaps the entire eurozone, into a recession.

That is the conclusion of a growing number of economists as it becomes clear that it will take weeks, at best, before the Chinese economy resumes its role as a prolific exporter of essential factory goods, and as an increasingly important consumer market for the rest of the world.

“The longer it takes for production to resume, the higher the risks,” said Jörg Krämer, chief economist at Commerzbank in Frankfurt.

For the chief executive of Daimler, one of Germany’s most prominent companies with several auto plants in China, the crisis is one of uncertainty.

“I’m calling China every day,” Ola Källenius said at a news conference in Stuttgart on Tuesday. “It’s too early to say if and how other factories could be affected. We are talking about global networks.”

The rest of the world could also suffer economically, the Federal Reserve chair, Jerome H. Powell, warned lawmakers on Tuesday.

“We are closely monitoring the emergence of the coronavirus, which could lead to disruptions in China that spill over to the rest of the global economy,” Mr. Powell told House Financial Services Committee members.

A dismal profit report by Daimler on Tuesday underlined why it would not take much to shove the eurozone, the 19 European countries that use the euro, into a downturn. That would exacerbate a slump in global trade that was manifesting long before the coronavirus claimed its first victims.

Daimler said that it slipped into the red at the end of 2019, battered by the cost of adjusting to new technology and by penalties from diesel emissions cheating.

Vehicles are Germany’s biggest export, as well as an important part of the national identity. Many economists predict that official data to be published Friday will show that the German economy shrank in the fourth quarter of 2019 because of a slump in manufacturing.

Updated Feb. 10, 2020

What is a Coronavirus? It is a novel virus named for the crown-like spikes that protrude from its surface. The coronavirus can infect both animals and people, and can cause a range of respiratory illnesses from the common cold to more dangerous conditions like Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, or SARS.

How contagious is the virus? According to preliminary research, it seems moderately infectious, similar to SARS, and is possibly transmitted through the air. Scientists have estimated that each infected person could spread it to somewhere between 1.5 and 3.5 people without effective containment measures.

How worried should I be? While the virus is a serious public health concern, the risk to most people outside China remains very low, and seasonal flu is a more immediate threat.

Who is working to contain the virus? World Health Organization officials have praised China’s aggressive response to the virus by closing transportation, schools and markets. This week, a team of experts from the W.H.O. arrived in Beijing to offer assistance.

What if I’m traveling? The United States and Australia are temporarily denying entry to noncitizens who recently traveled to China and several airlines have canceled flights.

How do I keep myself and others safe? Washing your hands frequently is the most important thing you can do, along with staying at home when you’re sick.

The problems of German automakers’ reverberate around the Continent, because so many small and midsize parts suppliers in countries depend on them for sales. Italy’s economy shrank in the fourth quarter in part because its industrial north is closely linked to Germany.

“For most countries, Germany is the most important trading partner,” said Carsten Brzeski, chief economist at ING Germany. “If it starts to slow down, other countries will feel it.”

Daimler reported a quarterly loss of 11 million euros, or $12 million, compared with a profit of €1.6 billion in the fourth quarter of 2018. The evaporating earnings put Daimler, the maker of Mercedes-Benz cars and trucks, in a weak position as it confronts the economic consequences of the coronavirus outbreak.

Daimler and other carmakers were forced to keep their factories in China closed longer than planned after the Lunar New Year, and the virus has kept people out of showrooms. On Monday, the company said it began gradually ramping up production at its Chinese factories.

But the situation remains tense and unpredictable. There is widespread concern that assembly lines around the world could be forced to shut down for lack of components made in China.

China has become a critical market for all German carmakers. Daimler sold nearly 700,000 Mercedes-Benz cars in China last year, more than twice as many as it sold in the United States.

For the full year, net profit at Daimler plummeted 64 percent to €2.7 billion. Sales in 2019 rose 3 percent, to €173 billion.

“The coronavirus provides a substantial risk for the expected global recovery, as hopes were pinned on an improvement of the Chinese economy,” Stefan Schneider, an economist at Deutsche Bank, said in a note to clients on Tuesday. A recession in Germany early this year is “quite probable,” Mr. Schneider added.

Smaller companies are also affected. Many have factories in China that have been idle or operating far below capacity.

Ziehl-Abegg, a German maker of industrial fans, has a factory in Shanghai with 450 workers who produce air-circulation systems for hospitals, among other things. The high-performance fans have been in high demand during the crisis.

Nevertheless, Chinese authorities allowed only a skeleton crew on the site last week to fill orders from newly built hospitals in Wuhan, Shandong and Shenzhen, said Rainer Grill, a Ziehl-Abegg spokesman.

Even after the Shanghai factory was allowed to reopen this week, fewer than half of the employees reported to work. They were under orders to stay home because they had visited affected areas of China during the Lunar New Year.

Every week that the Shanghai plant stays closed costs Ziehl-Abegg €2 million, Mr. Grill said.

German machinery makers like Ziehl-Abegg are coming off a terrible year and can hardly afford any more problems. New orders for products like machine tools or construction machinery slumped 9 percent in 2019 because of President Trump’s trade war, Brexit and auto industry woes.

“The political turmoil created uncertainty, and uncertainty is poison for investment,” said Olaf Wortmann, economist for the Mechanical Engineering Industry Association in Frankfurt.

The coronavirus outbreak is another blow. Some of the lost sales may be recouped once the virus fades, Mr. Wortmann said. But, he added, “the longer this virus spreads its misery, the harder it will be to catch up later.”

The German car industry is in a damaged state in part because of its own misconduct. Like its rival Volkswagen, Daimler faces substantial costs from accusations that it programmed diesel vehicles to cheat on emissions tests. Daimler said on Tuesday that it had set aside €1.5 billion during the quarter, and a total of €4 billion for the year, to cover the cost of legal proceedings and penalties in Europe, the United States and other places.

The company has disclosed that it is under investigation in the United States by the Department of Justice, the Environmental Protection Agency and California regulators, as well as by the authorities in Europe and other jurisdictions.

The accusations have put Daimler on the defensive just as the auto industry is in the midst of its biggest shift in technology in a century. Like other carmakers, Daimler must invest billions in electric cars and autonomous driving, or risk becoming irrelevant.

“The whole industry is in transformation,” said Mr. Källenius, the Daimler chief executive. “In 10 years, we won’t be the same company.”

Jeanna Smialek contributed reporting from Washington.

from WordPress https://mastcomm.com/coronavirus-shock-could-push-europe-into-a-downturn/

[inhandnetworks-blog]

PLC access Sandia Chemists Use MOFs to Remove Radioactive Gas from Nuclear Fuel

www.inhandnetworks.com

Sandia chemist Tina Nenoff heads a team of researchers focused on removal of radioactive iodine from spent nuclear fuel. They identified a metal-organic framework that captures and holds the volatile gas, a discovery that could be used for nuclear fuel reprocessing and other applications.

A research team, comprised of Sandia chemists, is researching ways to make nuclear fuel reprocessing cleaner and to reduce the volume of high-level wastes. By focusing on the radioactive components that can’t be burned as fuel, the goal is to find a methodology for highly selective separations. By using metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), they are able to capture and remove volatile radioactive gas from spent nuclear fuel.

ALBUQUERQUE, N.M. – Research by a team of Sandia chemists could impact worldwide efforts to produce clean, safe nuclear energy and reduce radioactive waste.

Sandia chemist Tina Nenoff heads a team of researchers focused on removal of radioactive iodine from spent nuclear fuel. They identified a metal-organic framework that captures and holds the volatile gas, a discovery that could be used for nuclear fuel reprocessing and other applications. (Photo by Randy Montoya) Click on the thumbnail for a high-resolution image.

The Sandia researchers have used metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) to capture and remove volatile radioactive gas from spent nuclear fuel. “This is one of the first attempts to use a MOF for iodine capture,” said chemist Tina Nenoff of Sandia’s Surface and Interface Sciences Department.

The discovery could be applied to nuclear fuel reprocessing or to clean up nuclear reactor accidents. A characteristic of nuclear energy is that used fuel can be reprocessed to recover fissile materials and provide fresh fuel for nuclear power plants. Countries such as France, Russia and India are reprocessing spent fuel.

The process also reduces the volume of high-level wastes, a key concern of the Sandia researchers. “The goal is to find a methodology for highly selective separations that result in less waste being interred,” Nenoff said.

Part of the challenge of reprocessing is to separate and isolate radioactive components that can’t be burned as fuel. The Sandia team focused on removing iodine, whose isotopes have a half-life of 16 million years, from spent fuel.

They studied known materials, including silver-loaded zeolite, a crystalline, porous mineral with regular pore openings, high surface area and high mechanical, thermal and chemical stability. Various zeolite frameworks can trap and remove iodine from a stream of spent nuclear fuel, but need added silver to work well.

“Silver attracts iodine to form silver iodide,” Nenoff said. “The zeolite holds the silver in its pores and then reacts IIoT   with iodine to trap silver iodide.”

But silver is expensive and poses environmental problems, so the team set out to engineer materials without silver that would work like zeolites but have higher capacity for the gas molecules. They explored why and how zeolite absorbs iodine, and used the critical components discovered to find the best MOF, named ZIF-8.

“We investigated the structural properties on how they work and translated that into new and improved materials,” Nenoff said.

MOFs are crystalline, porous materials in which a metal center is bound to organic molecules by mild self-assembly chemical synthesis. The choice of metal and organic resul din rail mounting  t in a very specific final framework.

The trick was to find a MOF highly selective for iodine. The Sandia researchers took the best elements of the zeolite Mordenite — its por Industrial LTE Router  es, high surface area, stability and chemical absorption — and identified a MOF that can separate one molecule, in this case iodine, from a stream of molecules. The MOF and pore-trapped iodine gas can then be incorporated into glass waste for long-term storage.

This illustration of a metal-organic framework, or MOF, shows the metal center bound to organic molecules. Each MOF has a specific framework determined by the choice of metal and organic. Sandia chemists identified a MOF whose pore size and high surface area can separate and trap radioactive iodine molecules from a stream of spent nuclear fuel.

The Sandia team also fabricated MOFs, made of commercially available products, into durable pellets. The as-made MOF is a white powder with a tendency to blow around. The pellets provide a stable form to use without loss of surface area, Nenoff said.

Sandia has applied for a patent on the pellet technology, which could have commercial applications.

The Sandia researchers are part of the Off-Gas Sigma Team, which is led by Oak Ridge National Laboratory and studies waste-form capture of volatile gasses associated with nuclear fuel reprocessing. Other team members — Pacific Northwest, Argonne and Idaho national laboratories — are studying other volatile gases such as krypton, tritium and carbon.

The project began six years ago and the Sigma Team was formalized in 2009. It is funded by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Nuclear Energy.

Sandia’s iodine and MOFs research was featured in two recent articles in the Journal of the American Chemical Society authored by Nenoff and team members Dorina Sava, Mark Rodriguez, Jeffery Greathouse, Paul Crozier, Terry Garino, David Rademacher, Ben Cipiti, Haiqing Liu, Greg Halder, Peter Chupas, and Karena Chapman. Chupas, Halder and Chapman are from Argonne.

“The most important thing we did was introduce a new class of materials to nuclear waste remediation,” said Sava, postdoctoral appointee on the project.

Nenoff said another recent paper in Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research shows a one-step process that incorporates MOFs with iodine in a low-temperature, glass waste form. “We have a volatile off-gas capture using a MOF and we have a durable waste form,” Nenoff said.

Nenoff and her colleagues are continuing their research into new and optimized MOFs for enhanced volatile gas separation and capture.

“We’ve shown that MOFs have the capacity to capture and, more importantly, retain many times more iodine than current materials technologies,” said Argonne’s Chapman.

Image: Randy Montoya; Sandia National Laboratories

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New Post has been published on Atticusblog

New Post has been published on https://atticusblog.com/understanding-the-loop-in-wordpress/

Understanding “The Loop” in WordPress

While discussing WordPress, and mainly the improvement of issues (or growing new page templates internally a present subject matter) you necessarily will run up in opposition to “The Loop”. The Loop is the framework inside which WordPress constructs the content material for any given web page that person visits, whether that be a static domestic page or a blog view showcasing recent posts, or anything in among. It is able to sound a bit complicated, however definitely, it’s just a looping mechanism.

The Loop, at its handiest, is a looping structure much like another in programming. It iterates through what quantities to a list of all of your website online’s content, cycling thru your posts or pages, and fetching the asked content from them. At its maximum complex, you may run The Loop a couple of times, fetch most effective sure items from sure categories, handiest objects now not insure categories, the ones posted on a date variety, or with other unique figuring out facts.

Each page template within a WordPress topic will probably include The Loop. It’s one manner that the template can search for and collect content material out of your pages and posts, which might be saved in the database. Allow’s test some specifics.

Understanding The Basics Of Stem Cells

Lots of us have heard of the excellent advances which are taking region within the discipline of medicine, and one such vicinity wherein a large amount of development has been seen is in stem mobile research.

Stem cell research is presently being used to discover new cures for conditions including most cancers, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s ailment, to call but some. Their function in the discovery of recent capsules is priceless.but what exactly are these cells? Here we test some of the simple aspects of these wonderful cells.

What are stem cells?

Stem cells are the most simple of cells within the frame. They’re the supply of all different cells in various organs found in our frame.

The number one function of the cells is to divide into some of the daughter cells, that then go directly to go through a process of ‘differentiation’ main to the formation of systems along with the coronary heart, brain, spleen, kidneys, eyes, liver and many others.

These belongings of theirs make them absolutely unique. Think about it like a stem of a plant that branches out with leaves.

where do they come from?

Scientists frequently harvest cells from extraordinary tissues in the body.

  The Best Circular Needles For Magic Loop

Get an appropriate duration of needle

When you begin knitting in the spherical on the Magic Loop you’ll want to get just a few supplies. A 40- to 47-inch-lengthy circular needle gets you began off proper. 40-seven inches is a great period for being able to knit things two-at-a-time afterward When you sense extra cozy,

There are numerous exclusive manufacturers to pick from while choosing a round needle for Magic Loop. In case you visit a Massive Container Save like Wal-Mart or JoAnn Fabrics you’re selections could be restrained. You may be able to pick out from bamboo round needles made by an agency called Clover. You may also see a few needles via Susan Bates, every other inexpensive knitting needle producer. I don’t advocate which you start off the use of those needles because of the joins, or, the locations wherein the cable connects to the needle, may be tough and snag to your yarn. also, the cables tend to be inflexible which makes this already new and tough method even harder to analyze.

Local Yarn Store Alternatives

In case you go to your Local yarn Keep you have greater picks. You may be in a position to buy something known as an Addi Turbo needle or an Addi Lace needle. Addi Turbos are the most popular emblem of a needle that you could purchase for your Neighborhood yarn Store. They are clean to use but pretty slippery that’s on purpose of your need to go speedily. In case you are used to using bamboo or wooden needles I recommend that you start out with Addi Lace needles. They’re a bit sticky at the outdoor which prevents the yarn from slipping off the pointers of the needles as you’re studying. also, the recommendations are the pointer which means that it’s even less complicated to insert the needles into your stitches as you are getting to know.

Interchangeable Needles Addi additionally sells an interchangeable needle set. Which means they sell many different sizes of needles that you may hook up with a diffusion of cables for this reason making a whole set out of only a few portions. In case you love knitting within the spherical on Magic Loop this might be an amazing choice for you in particular when you have a birthday coming up then you may by no means ever have to invest in needles again and you’ll emerge as saving a whole lot of money on the yarn Shop in the end. Addi additionally has the interchangeable set in the lace needles as well.

8 Tips To Improve WordPress Performance

Have you ever thought approximately the overall performance of your WordPress website? Do you know how does your internet site perform in front of your visitors? Do your traffic live for your website for a long time or they depart the web page within just or 3 seconds? In case you want your WordPress internet site to stay in advance of the opposition and additionally want more visitors, you want to don’t forget some of these questions. In this digital technology, every business owner desires that his website gets the very best rank on Google and different seek engine. You will be considering your internet site overall performance whilst the question of the terrible internet site overall performance comes up.

just take your treasured time and look out at your internet site at the least as soon as. You may find several threats which might be responsible for the bad overall performance of your website. Can be these problems are subject associated, old plugin related or others. If you use previous code or plugin to create your WordPress website, it can gradual down its overall performance. It leaves a completely horrific influence for your visitors.

Many small website owners face this kind of hassle. Normally, they are not aware of WordPress subject matters and plugins. That is why a bad overall performance issue occurs on their website. The small internet site proprietors simply create their internet site and overlook approximately the contemporary updating. Growing a great searching internet site is not sufficient, you want to be privy to the trendy updates of your WordPress website. As a proprietor of WordPress internet site, you have to preserve a watch of all the modern-day upcoming updates. keep your website online up to date to offer the exceptional enjoy on your traffic.

There are such a lot of options or ways to enhance the overall performance of your website. In this article, you may read approximately most of these tips. After adopting those recommendations, you may effortlessly improve the poor overall performance of your site and convert it right into a high-velocity internet site. simply recognition on them and attach your sluggish internet site hassle.

Allow’s take a look at those strong tips and undertake some of these pointers. Do not think two times before adopting these pointers due to the fact you do no longer have some other choice to enhance the overall performance of your website and, your whole business relies upon on the excellent performance of the website. It is the internet site which could lead your business up and also can smash very fast.

1. Select the strong hosting company in your website online: website hosting is the key of each a hit internet site. Choosing the fine web hosting corporation can enhance the overall performance of your website as well as Search engine optimization and sales.

web hosting carrier is a kind of Net hosting service. It lets in users to create their websites through the sector Wide Internet. The performance of your website relies upon in your host. In case you Choose a wrong web hosting issue, it may break your whole website.

Hiring a web hosting issue isn’t as smooth as you as It is. If you haven’t any idea regarding it, obviously it seems a frightening undertaking. before choosing the website hosting provider, you want to bear in mind that how do you pick out the first-rate website hosting business enterprise to your internet site. Usually, Pick out the right hosting employer that have many years of revel in and also have a terrific approach to higher internet site overall performance.

There is few pinnacle hosting agencies along with Liquid Internet, Siteground, Inmotion website hosting, Bluehost, WP Engine and Page. you could Pick out any person of them as your web hosting business enterprise. If you are not satisfied together with your present hosting agency, you could flow to some other business enterprise.

2. Install the proper WordPress subject: WordPress has near approximately thousands of themes. A number of them are free and A number of them are paid. Most of the website proprietors use loose topics. For the fine overall performance of your website, It’s far the Maximum vital which you Choose the proper and a solid WordPress theme to your web page.

[maferror-blog]

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New Polymer Material Uses Carbon Dioxide to cellular router manufacturer   Self‐Repair

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Diagrams illustrate the self-healing properties of the new material. At top, a crack is created in the material, which is composed of a hydrogel (dark green) with plant-derived chloroplasts (light green) embedded in it. At bottom, in the presence of light, the material reacts with carbon diox smart grid  ide in the air to expand and fill the gap, repairing the damage. Courtesy of the researchers

A material designed by MIT chemical engineers can react with carbon dioxide from the air, to grow, strengthen, and even repair itself. The polymer, which might someday be used as construction or repair material or for protective coatings, continuously converts the greenhouse gas into a carbon-based material that reinforces itself.

The current version of the new material is a synthetic gel-like substance that performs a chemical process similar to the way plants incorporate carbon dioxide from the air into their growing tissues. The material might, for example, be made into panels of a lightweight matrix that could be shipped to a construction site, where they would harden and solidify just from exposure to air and sunlight, thereby saving on the energy and cost of transportation.

The finding is described in a paper in the journal Advanced Materials, by Professor Michael Strano, postdoc Seon-Yeong Kwak, and eight others at MIT and at the University of California at Riverside

“This is a completely new concept in materials science,” says Strano, the Carbon C. Dubbs Professor of Chemical Engineering. “What we call carbon-fixing materials don’t exist yet today” outside of the biological realm, he says, describing materials that can transform carbon dioxide in the ambient air into a solid, stable form, using only the power of sunlight, just as plants do.

Developing a synthetic material that not only avoids the use of fossil fuels for its creation, but actually consumes carbon dioxide from the air, has obvious benefits for the environment and climate, the researchers point out. “Imagine a synthetic material that could ptcrb certified   grow like trees, taking the carbon from the carbon dioxide and incorporating it into the material’s backbone,” Strano says.

The material the team used in these initial proof-of-concept experiments did make use of one biological component — chloroplasts, the light-harnessing components within plant cells, which the researchers obtained from spinach leaves. The chloroplasts are not alive but catalyze the reaction of carbon dioxide to glucose. Isolated chloroplasts are quite unstable, meaning that they tend to stop functioning after a few hours when removed from the plant. In their paper, Strano and his co-workers demonstrate methods to significantly increase the catalytic lifetime of extracted chloroplasts. In ongoing and future work, the chloroplast is being replaced by catalysts that are nonbiological in origin, Strano explains.

The material the researchers used, a gel matrix composed of a polymer made from aminopropyl methacrylamide (APMA) and glucose, an enzyme called glucose oxidase, and the chloroplasts, becomes stronger as it incorporates the carbon. It is not yet strong enough to be used as a building material, though it might function as a crack filling or coating material, the researchers say.

The team has worked out methods to produce materials of this type by the ton, and is now focusing on optimizing the material’s properties. Commercial applications such as self-healing coatings and crack filling are realizable in the near term, they say, whereas additional advances in backbone chemistry and materials science are needed before construction materials and composites can be developed.

One key advantage of such materials is they would be self-repairing upon exposure to sunlight or some indoor lighting, Strano says. If the surface is scratched or cracked, the affected area grows to fill in the gaps and repair the damage, without requiring any external action.

While there has been widespread effort to develop self-healing materials that could mimic this ability of biological organisms, the researchers say, these have all required an active outside input to function. Heating, UV light, mechanical stress, or chemical treatment were needed to activate the process. By contrast, these materials need nothing but ambient light, and they incorporate mass from carbon in the atmosphere, which is ubiquitous.

The material starts out as a liquid, Kwak says, adding, “it is exciting to watch it as it starts to grow and cluster” into a solid form.

“Materials science has never produced anything like this,” Strano says. “These materials mimic some aspects of something living, even though it’s not reproducing.” Because the finding opens up a wide array of possible follow-up research, the U.S. Department of Energy is sponsoring a new program directed by Strano to develop it further.

“Our work shows that carbon dioxide need not be purely a burden and a cost,” Strano says. “It is also an opportunity in this respect. There’s carbon everywhere. We build the world with carbon. Humans are made of carbon. Making a material that can access the abundant carbon all around us is a significant opportunity for materials science. In this way, our work is about making materials that are not just carbon neutral, but carbon negative.”

The research team included Juan Pablo Giraldo at UC Riverside Dual SIM M2M router  , and Tedrick Lew, Min Hao Wong, Pingwei Liu, Yun Jung Yang, Volodomyr Koman, Melissa McGee and Bradley Olsen at MIT. The work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy.

Publication: Seon‐Yeong Kwak, et al., “Polymethacrylamide and Carbon Composites that Grow, Strengthen, and Self‐Repair using Ambient Carbon Dioxide Fixation,” Advanced Materials, 2018; doi:10.1002/adma.201804037

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Microscale Roughening of a Surface Helps Dissi 3g router   pate Heat

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Scanning electron micrographs (SEMs) of the silicon microstructured surfaces for the boiling experiments. The dimensions of the micropillars are well-defined to allow systematic studies of surface roughness effects on critical heat flux (CHF). Image: Kuang-Han Chu et al, Applied Physics Letters

Researchers at MIT found that microscale roughening of a surface, which is less complex and more durable than nanometer techniques, can dramatically enhance the transfer of heat since it delays the formation of a vapor layer that reduces cooling.

Cooling systems that use a liquid that changes phase — such as water boiling on a surface — can play an important part in many  Grid Analytics System  developing technologies, including advanced microchips and concentrated solar-power systems. But understanding exactly how such systems work, and what kinds of surfaces maximize the transfer of heat, has remained a challenging problem.

Now, researchers at MIT have found that relatively simple, microscale roughening of a surface can dramatically enhance its transfer of heat. Such an approach could be far less complex and more durable than approaches that enhance heat transfer through smaller patterning in the nanometer (billionths of a meter) range. The new research also provides a theoretical framework for analyzing the behavior of such systems, pointing the way to even greater improvements.

The work was published this month in the journal Applied Physics Letters, in a paper co-authored by graduate student Kuang-Han Chu, postdoc Ryan Enright and Evelyn Wang, an associate professor of mechanical engineering.

Time-lapse images of vapor bubble departure on the microstructured surfaces (a-d). Image: Kuang-Han Chu et al, Applied Physics Letters

“Heat dissipation is a major problem” in many fields, especially electronics, Wang says; the use of phase-change liquids such as boiling water to transfer heat away from a surface “has been an area of significant interest for many decades.” But until now, there has not been a good understanding of parameters that determine how different materials — and especially surface texturing — might affect heat-transfer performance. “Because of the complexities of the phase-change process, it’s only recently that we have an ability to manipulate” surfaces to optimize the process, Wang says, thanks to advances in micro- and nanotechnology.

Chu says a major potential application is in server farms, where the need to keep many processors cool contributes significantly to energy costs. While this research analyzed the use of water for cooling, he adds that the team “believe[s] this research is generalizable, no matter what the fluid.”

The team concluded that the reason surface roughness greatly enhances heat transfer — more than doubling the maximum heat dissipation — is that it enhances capillary action at the surface, helping keep a line of vapor bubbles “pinned” to the heat transfer surface, delaying the formation of a vapor layer that greatly reduces cooling.

To test the process, the researchers made a series of postage-stamp-sized silicon wafers with varying degrees of surface roughness, including some perfectly smooth samples for comparison. The degree of roughness is measured as the portion of the surface area that can come into contact with a liquid, as compared to a completely smooth surface. (For example, if you crumpled a piece of paper and then flattened it back out so that it covered an area half as large as the original sheet, that would represent a roughness of 2.)

The researchers found that systematically increasing roughness led to a proportional increase in heat-dissipation capability, regardless of the dimensions of the surface-roughening features. The results showed that a industrial IoT Gateway   simple roughening of the surface improved heat transfer as much as the best previous techniques studied, which used a much more complex process to produce nanoscale patterns on the surface.

In addition to the experimental work, the team developed an analytical model that very precisely matches the observed results. Researchers can now use that model to optimize surfaces for particular applications.

“There has been limited understanding of what kind of structures you need” for effective heat transfer, Wang says. This new research “serves as an important first step” toward such analysis.

It turns out heat-transfer is almost entirely a function of a surface’s overall roughness, Wang says, and is based on the balance between various forces acting on the vapor bubbles that serve to dissipate heat: surface tension, momentum and buoyancy .

While the most immediate applications would likely be in high-performance electronic devices, and perhaps in concentrated solar-power systems, the same principles could apply to larger systems such as powerplant boilers, desalination plants or nuclear reactors, the researchers say.

Satish Kandlikar, a professor of mechanical engineering at the Rochester Institute of Technology who was not involved in this work, says it is “quite remarkable to achieve heat fluxes” as great as these “on silicon surfaces without complex micro- or nanofabrication process steps. This development opens doors to a new class of surface structures combining micro- and nanoscale features.” He adds that the MIT team “should be complimented for this major research finding. It will provide new directions especially in chip-cooling applications.”

The work was supported by the Battelle Memorial Institute and the Air Force Office of Scientific Research. The team received help in fabrication from th Verizon Embedded modem e MIT Microsystems Technology Lab.

Images: Kuang-Han Chu et al, Applied Physics Letters

Reprinted with permission of MIT News

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Microstructu power sensor  res of Plants May Lead to New Bio-Inspired Materials

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A scanning electron micrograph of carrot, top, and potato, bottom, showing relatively thin-walled cells. The oval objects within the potato tissue are star wireless atm  ch granules. Images: Don Galler

MIT researchers believe engineers may be able design new bio-inspired materials by compiling and analyzing data on the microstructures of a number of different plants.

From an engineer’s perspective, plants such as palm trees, bamboo, maples and even potatoes are examples of precise engineering on a microscopic scale. Like wooden beams reinforcing a house, cell walls make up the structural supports of all plants. Depending on how the cell walls are arranged, and what they are made of, a plant can be as flimsy as a reed, or as sturdy as an oak.

An MIT researcher has compiled data on the microstructures of a number of different plants, from apples and potatoes to willow and spruce trees, and has found that plants e distribution automation  xhibit an enormous range of mechanical properties, depending on the arrangement of a cell wall’s four main building blocks: cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and pectin.

Lorna Gibson, the Matoula S. Salapatas Professor of Materials Science and Engineering at MIT, says understanding plants’ microscopic organization may help engineers design new, bio-inspired materials.

“If you look at engineering materials, we have lots of different types, thousands of materials that have more or less the same range of properties as plants,” Gibson says. “But here the plants are, doing it arranging just four basic constituents. So maybe there’s something you can learn about the design of engineered materials.”

A paper detailing Gibson’s findings has been published this month in the Journal of the Royal Society I telemeter  nterface.

To Gibson, a cell wall’s components bear a close resemblance to certain manmade materials. For example, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin can be as stiff and strong as manufactured polymers. A plant’s cellular arrangement can also have engineering parallels: cells in woods, for instance, are aligned, similar to engineering honeycombs, while polyhedral cell configurations, such as those found in apples, resemble some industrial foams.

To explore plants’ natural mechanics, Gibson focused on three main plant materials: woods, such as cedar and oak; parenchyma cells, which are found in fruits and root vegetables; and arborescent palm stems, such as coconut trees. She compiled data from her own and other groups’ experiments and analyzed two main mechanical properties in each plant: stiffness and strength.

Among all plants, Gibson observed wide variety in both properties. Fruits and vegetables such as apples and potatoes were the least stiff, while the densest palms were 100,000 times stiffer. Likewise, apples and potatoes fell on the lower end of the strength scale, while palms were 1,000 times stronger.

“There are plants with properties over that whole range,” Gibson says. “So it’s not like potatoes are down here, and wood is over there, and there’s nothing in between. There are plants with properties spanning that whole huge range. And it’s interesting how the plants do that.”

It turns out the large range in stiffness and strength stems from an intricate combination of plant microstructures: the composition of the cell wall, the number of layers in the cell wall, the arrangement of cellulose fibers in those layers, and how much space the cell wall takes up.

In trees such as maples and oaks, cells grow and multiply in the cambium layer, just below the bark, increasing the diameter of the trees. The cell walls in wood are composed of a primary layer with cellulose fibers randomly spread throughout it. Three secondary layers lie underneath, each with varying compositions of lignin and cellulose that wind helically through each layer.

Taken together, the cell walls occupy a large portion of a cell, providing structural support. The cells in woods are organized in a honeycomb pattern — a geometric arrangement that gives wood its stiffness and strength.

Parenchyma cells, found in fruits and root vegetables, are much less stiff and strong than wood. The cell walls of apples, potatoes and carrots are much thinner than in wood cells, and made up of only one layer. Cellulose fibers run randomly throughout this layer, reinforcing a matrix of hemicellulose and pectin. Parenchyma cells have no lignin; combined with their thin walls and the random arrangement of their cellulose fibers, Gibson says, this may explain their cell walls’ low stiffness. The cells in each plant are densely packed together, similar to industrial foams used in mattresses and packaging.

Unlike woody trees that grow in diameter over time, the stems of arborescent palms such as coconut trees maintain similar diameters throughout their lifetimes. Instead, as the stem grows taller, palms support this extra weight by increasing the thickness of their cell walls. A cell wall’s thickness depends on where it is along a given palm stem: Cell walls are thicker at the base and periphery of stems, where bending stresses are greatest.

Gibson sees plant mechanics as a valuable resource for engineers designing new materials. For instance, she says, researchers have developed a wide array of materials, from soft elastomers to stiff, strong alloys. Carbon nanotubes have been used to reinforce composite materials, and engineers have made honeycomb-patterned materials with cells as small as a few millimeters wide. But researchers have been unable to fabricate cellular composite materials with the level of control that plants have perfected.

“Plants are multifunctional,” Gibson says. “They have to satisfy a number of requirements: mechanical ones, but also growth, surface area for sunlight and transport of fluids. The microstructures plants have developed satisfy all these requirements. With the development of nanotechnology, I think there is potential to develop multifunctional engineering materials inspired by plant microstructures.”

Karl Niklas, a professor of plant biology at Cornell University, says Gibson’s engineering parallels are fitting. Plants, in a way, he says, are “largely structural things … chemical factories that are architecturally arranged.”

“Plants on Earth have evolved over three-and-a-half billion years, and that is a giant evolutionary experiment of trial and error, because the things that don’t work are extinct, and the things that do work are more abundant,” Niklas says. “We can learn things from nature and apply it to construct better panel boards, styrofoams and photovoltaics that will help society.”

Image: Don Galler

Reprinted with permission of MIT News

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Graphene Membranes May He digital signage  lp Reduce Carbon Dioxide Emissions

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This illustration depicts a single molecular-sized pore in a graphene membrane. The membrane is separating carbon dioxide from nitrogen. A carbon dioxide molecule is passing through the pore while nitrogen molecules are too large to pass through. Illustration by Zhangmin Huang

A new study shows that ultraviolet-induced oxi Dual SIM M2M router  dative etching can create pores in telemetry vending machinemicrometer-sized graphene membranes, which effectively separates gas molecules of different sizes.

Engineering faculty and students at the University of Colorado Boulder have produced the first experimental results showing that atomically thin graphene membranes with tiny pores can effectively and efficiently separate gas molecules through size-selective sieving.

The findings are a significant step toward the realization of more energy-efficient membranes for natural gas production and for reducing carbon dioxide emissions from power plant exhaust pipes.

Mechanical engineering professors Scott Bunch and John Pellegrino co-authored a paper in Nature Nanotechnology with graduate students Steven Koenig and Luda Wang detailing the experiments. T smart grid  he paper was published Oct. 7 in the journal’s online edition.

The research team introduced nanoscale pores into graphene sheets through ultraviolet light-induced oxidative “etching,” and then measured the permeability of various gases across the porous graphene membranes. Experiments were done with a range of gases including hydrogen, carbon dioxide, argon, nitrogen, methane and sulphur hexaflouride — which range in size from 0.29 to 0.49 nanometers — to demonstrate the potential for separation based on molecular size. One nanometer is one billionth of a meter.

“These atomically thin, porous graphene membranes represent a new class of ideal molecular sieves, where gas transport occurs through pores which have a thickness and diameter on the atomic scale,” said Bunch.

Graphene, a single layer of graphite, represents the first truly two-dimensional atomic crystal. It consists of a single layer of carbon atoms chemically bonded in a hexagonal “chicken wire” lattice — a unique atomic structure that gives it remarkable electrical, mechanical and thermal properties.

“The mechanical properties of this wonder material fascinate our group the most,” Bunch said. “It is the thinnest and strongest material in the world, as well as being impermeable to all standard gases.”

Those characteristics make graphene an ideal material for creating a separation membrane because it is durable and yet doesn’t require a lot of energy to push molecules through it, he said.

Other technical challenges will need to be overcome before the technology can be fully realized. For example, creating large enough sheets of graphene to perform separations on an industrial scale, and developing a process for producing precisely defined nanopores of the required sizes are areas that need further development. The CU-Boulder experiments were done on a relatively small scale.

The importance of graphene in the scientific world was illustrated by the 2010 Nobel Prize in physics that honored two scientists at Manchester University in England, Andre K. Geim and Konstantin Novoselov, for producing, isolating, identifying and characterizing graphene. Scientists see a myriad of potential for graphene as research progresses, from making new and better display screens and electric circuits to producing tiny biomedical devices.

The research was sponsored by the National Science Foundation; the Membrane Science, Engineering and Technology Center at CU-Boulder; and the DARPA Center on Nanoscale Science and Technology for Integrated Micro/Nano Electromechanical Transducers at CU-Boulder.

Image: Zhangmin Huang

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[inhandnetworks-blog]

New Battery Design Cuts Lithium industrial wireless modem  -Ion Battery Cost in Half

www.inhandnetworks.com

A pilot manufacturing plant at 24M’s headquarters in Cambridge has produced thousands of test batteries to demonstrate the efficiency of the new design.

By using a battery design that is a hybrid between flow batteries and conventional solid ones, engineers have developed a new manufacturing approach that slices lithium-ion battery cost in half.

An advanced manufacturing approach for lithium-ion batteries, developed by researchers at MIT and at a spinoff company called 24M, promises to significantly slash the cost of the most widely used type of rechargeable batteries while also improving their performance and making them easier to recycle.

“We’ve reinvented the process,” says Yet-Ming Chiang, the Kyocera Professor of Ceramics at MIT and a co-founder of 24M (and previously a co-founder of battery company A123). The existing process for manufacturing lithium-ion batteries, he says, has hardly changed in the two decades since the technology was invented, and is inefficient, with more steps and components than are really needed.

The new process is based on a concept developed five years ago by Chiang and colleagues including W. Craig Carter, the POSCO Professor of Materials Science and Engineering. In this so-called “flow battery,” the electrodes are suspensions of tiny particles carried by a liquid and pumped through various compartments of the battery.

The new battery design is a hybrid between flow batteries and conventional solid ones: In this version, while the electrode material does not flow, it is composed of a similar semisolid, colloidal suspension of particles. Chiang and Carter refer to this as a “semisolid battery.”

Simpler manufacturing process

This approach greatly simplifies manufacturing, and also makes batteries that are flexible and resistant to damage, says Chiang, who is senior author of a paper in the Journal of Power Sources analyzing the tradeoffs involved in choosing between solid and flow-type batteries, depending on their particular applications and chemical components.

This analysis demonstrates that while a flow-battery system is appropriate for battery chemistries with a low energy density (those that can only store a limited amount of energy for a given weight), for high-energy-density devices such as lithium-ion batteries, the extra complexity and components of a flow system would add unnecessary extra cost.

Almost immediately after publishing the earlier research on the flow battery, Chiang says, “We realized that a better way to make use of this flowable electrode technology was to reinvent the [lithium ion] manufacturing process.”

Instead of the standard method of applying liquid coatings to a roll of backing material, and then having to wait for that material to dry before it can move to the next manufacturing step, the new process keeps the electrode material in a liquid state and requires no drying stage at all. Using fewer, thicker electrodes, the system reduces the conventional battery architecture’s number of distinct layers, as well as the amount of nonfunctional material in the structure, by 80 percent.

Having the electrode in the form of tiny suspended particles instead of consolidated slabs greatly reduces the path length for charged particles as they move through the material — a property know Vending Telemetry  n as “tortuosity.” A less tortuous path makes it possible to use thicker electrodes, which, in turn, simplifies production and lowers cost.

Cross-sectional diagram shows how the new design for lithium-ion battery cells by 24M increases the thickness of electrode layers and greatly reduces the number of layers needed, reducing manufacturing costs.

Bendable and foldable

In addition to streamlining manufacturing enough to cut battery costs by half, Chiang says, the new system produces a battery that is more flexible and resilient. While conventional lithium-ion batteries are composed of brittle electrodes that can crack under stress, the new formulation produces battery cells that can be bent, folded or even penetrated by bullets without failing. This should improve both safety and durability, he says.

The company has so far made about 10,000 batteries on its prototype assembly lines, most of which are undergoing testing by three industrial partners, including an oil company in Thailand and Japanese heavy-equipment manufacturer IHI Corp. The process has received eight patents and has 75 additional patents under review; 24M has raised $50 million in financing from venture capital firms and a U.S. Department of Energy grant.

The company is initially focusing on grid-scale installations, used to help smooth out power loads and provide backup for renewable energy sources that produce intermittent output, such as wind and solar power. But Chiang says the technology is also well suited to applications where weight and volume are limited, such as in electric vehicles.

Another advantage of this approach, Chiang says, is that factories using the method can be scaled up by simply adding identical units. With traditional lithium-ion production, plants must be built at large scale from the beginning in order to keep down unit costs, so they require much larger initial capital expenditures. By 2020, Chiang estimates that 24M will be able to produce batteries for less than $100 per kilowatt-hour of capacity.

Venkat Viswanathan, an assistant professor of mechanical engineering at Carnegie Mellon University who was not involved in this work, say industrial IoT router  s the analysis presented in the new paper “addresses a very important question of when is it better to build a flow battery versus a static model. … This paper will serve as a key tool for making design choices and go-no go decisions.”

Viswanathan adds that 24M’s new battery design “could do the same sort of disruption to [lithium ion] batteries manufacturing as what mini-mills did to the integrated steel mills.”

In addition to Chiang, the Power Sources paper was co-authored by graduate student Brandon Hopkins, mechanical engineering profess industrial iot  or Alexander Slocum, and Kyle Smith of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. The work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Center for Energy Storage Research, based at Argonne National Laboratory in Illinois.

Publication: Component-cost and performance based comparison of flow and static batteries

Images: Courtesy of 24M

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