#pandect

[scotianostra]

September 2nd 1724 Maggie Dickson climbed the gallows in Edinburgh's Grassmarket, ready to take “The last drop”

Her downfall came when she got pregnant and tried to conceal the fact. Maggie’s husband had deserted her to work in the Fisheries in Newcastle in Northern England.

Consequently she had to leave Edinburgh and moved to Kelso in the south of Scotland. Whilst there she had an affair with an innkeepers son.

As the Innkeeper was her employer she felt compelled to keep the pregnancy quiet as she would lose her job. Tragically the baby died after being born prematurely and she decided to dispose of the body. She intended to cast it into the River Tweed but instead left it on the riverbank. It was soon found and the authorities quickly determined that Maggie was the mother. At that time such an action in Scotland contravened the 'Concealment of Pregnancy Act' of 1690 which made it tantamount to murder.

"Her reason for concealing the birth of the child was for fear of being made a public example in the church, and a laughing-stock to all her neighbours The legal and religious institutions were severe on women concerning matters of their pregnancy. Even the natural occurrences of miscarriage or still-born infants could incur the wrath of the law.

And so it was, Maggie was tried, convicted and sentenced to hang. The execution took place on the 2nd September 1724 in the Grassmarket area of Edinburgh. This was the favoured location for hangings at that time and normally took place on market day to ensure a sizeable crowd.

Her body was then taken in a coffin for burial to the town of Musselburgh which was east of Edinburgh. Apparently this was only after an unseemly scuffle between her family and local medical students keen for a young body to dissect. The corpses of the condemned were regularly passed to the Schools of Anatomy in the name of science in the 18th century.

The family had their way and took possession of Maggie's remains for burial. They set off on the journey and on the way stopped off at a pub for some refreshments in the Peffer Mill area. All of a sudden there came a knocking and banging on the coffin lid from the inside. Astonished, they opened up the coffin to discover that she was not dead.

Miraculously it seemed that Maggie Dickson had not succumbed to the gallows but had cheated death at the hands of the law. She was alive and well as confirmed by a local gardener on the scene who cut a vein to check for a flow of blood. After spending a night to recover Maggie actually walked back to Musselburgh the next day.

But what would happen next? As the death certificate had already been issued it was impossible to re-execute Maggie. This was because Scots Law is based on Roman Pandects and in this case it prohibited further action. Therefore the King's Advocate could not pursue the matter any further.

Instead he filed against the Edinburgh Sheriff in the High Court of Justiciary for not efficiently conducting the public execution. The ruling also meant that as Maggie was technically dead then her marriage was dissolved.

Furthermore, the prevailing opinion amongst people in Edinburgh considered her survival to be the result of divine intervention. Local people believed it had been 'God's will' that had spared her from an early grave.

Rumours persist that she actually seduced the ropemaker and convinced him to make the noose weak enough not to kill her. We will never know if that's the truth.

Whatever the facts of her hanging Maggie lived for another 40 years and had many children. Her husband remarried her despite that fact that she now sported rope burns and her neck was permanently crooked for the rest of her life. She is said to have ran an alehouse in Musselburgh for the rest of her life.

If you have ever visited Edinburgh’s Grassmarket you will have no doubt seen the names of the bars have a historical connection, The White Hart connects with King David I and his encounter with a White Stag, The Last Drop is of course a nod to the execution place and Maggie Dickson is for our erstwhile subject today, who the people of Edinburgh remember as “ Half-hangit Maggie “

[raisongardee]

"Mais faut pas oublier l’Elite ! Elle existe ! Bordel ! Elle existe ! D’où qu’elle vient celle-là ? Elle vient de son village de même. Elle arrive à se faire consacrer… Humer l’atmosphère parisienne… la sophistication des choses, l’astuce, l’entendu raffiné… l’élégance qui s’improvise pas… Comment c’est la consécration ? C’est la maîtrise de faire : peutt ! peutt !... C’est pas si simple que ça a l’air… C’est toute une carrière, des épreuves… Faut d’abord aller à l’école. Sauter dans le bachot… La navigation commence !... Passer les éliminatoires… S’y reconnaître en géographie… en algèbre… en agronomie… se faire injecter les Pandectes… La Science Politique… Apprendre au poil l’Histoire de France bien juive et maçonne et pourrie, bien faisandée, bien contrefaite… Sortir de tout ça licencié… Déjà bien vache en petites lumières, babillard du pour et du contre… Le rudiment de la muflerie… le scepticisme élémentaire… le cœur déjà pas très vaillant de race épargnante et salope, se le racornir encore un peu… se le ratatiner forme bourse qu’il tinte vraiment plus que pour les sous… grâce à l’instruction frigidante, rationnelle et papyracée… Voici l’adolescent d’élite au point pour les cent mille profits, bien défendu contre sa jeunesse, contre les emballements de son âge… ayant bien retenu la morale de papa-maman… l’horreur des spontanéités… le déshonneur du sacrifice… Voici l’adolescent d’élite à point pour les cent mille profits… petit wagon pommes première classe… villageois snob montaignisé… cent fois plus avide que son père qu’était pourtant un fameux crabe… qui laissait pas grand’chose sur l’os… Voici fiston reniflant la ville… Dents longues, ficelle, yeux faux-fuyants. Il va entrer dans les relations, il va fréquenter les salons, la Loge des "Hirsutes réunis" (affiliée Brith-Brith), deux, trois bars en vogue. C’est lancé ! Là alors c’est du vrai peutt ! peutt !"

Louis-Ferdinand Céline, Les beaux draps, 1941.

[tanadrin]

I really need to listen to Data over Dogma while sitting at home rather than running errands, because it's often so full of interesting tidbits that I just want to take a ton of notes. This week's episode is an extended discussion of the Priestly source with Liane Feldman, who has produced a translation of that whole stratum of the Pentateuch ("The Consuming Fire: The Complete Priestly Source, from Creation to the Promised Land"). In no particular order:

I think this episode helps me understand how you go from a set of different sources like those under the documentarian and neo-documentarian hypothesis to one text or sets of texts like the pentateuch as we have it. a big part of it is technological limitations: the size of scrolls is limited, space is at a premium, and one of the ways which it makes most sense to try to organize something like a pandect of a whole corpus which you want to preserve is chronologically. so even though repetitive stories with conflicting characterization look like a weird way to write to us, it seems very probable that the goal of the first redactors of the pentateuch wasn't, like, a harmonized text free of contradictions, but a record of the whole corpus they were concerned with--something like a modern parallel text

Feldman doesn't like the name "Priestly source," because she thinks it sort of misidentifies the perspective of the text, though she doesn't, when asked, suggest a better one

The priestly source is not of course itself a unitary document; it has its own literary layers and internal differences in emphasis

the main concern of the priestly source is enabling God to live on Earth: Feldman thinks a pretty clear narrative emerges where God creates the world, it pretty quickly goes awry, and God decides to take up residence on Earth to keep an eye on things. The tabernacle (which is from a Latin word meaning "dwelling place," but it's a word Feldman doesn't like bc it's become essentially purely a religious term of art; she translates the Hebrew word literally, as "dwelling place") is, well, the literal dwelling place of God.

Older scholars tended to read the purification rituals of the priestly source as aimed at the people of Israel, but Feldman argues they're aimed at purifying the place of God's habitation (or, in the Holiness code, maybe both at the same time). Ritual impurity is in a sense a natural byproduct of human life (it's not the same thing as sin!), and ritual impurity and holiness can't coexist, so you need to periodically get rid of that impurity

Dating the priestly source is really hard--it could be exilic, it could be just pre-exilic, it could be just post-exilic.

[latestnew2024]

Slip Ring Market Growth Forecast: Opportunities in Motion Control

In an increasingly dynamic industrial world, continuous electrical connection within rotating systems is essential. Whether it's in wind turbines generating clean energy, advanced radar systems in aerospace, or automated production lines in smart factories, slip rings play a silent yet critical role. Often overlooked, these compact rotary electrical connectors enable transmission of power and signals between stationary and rotating parts — keeping complex systems running smoothly.

As automation, renewable energy, and aerospace technologies evolve, so does the demand for advanced slip ring solutions. Here's a comprehensive look at where the global slip ring market is headed, the innovations driving it, and who the key players are shaping its future.

Slip Ring Market Outlook 2035

The global slip ring market was valued at US$ 1.5 billion in 2024, and its trajectory is poised for steady expansion. According to recent market analysis, the industry is projected to grow at a CAGR of 4.2% from 2025 to 2035, reaching a market size of over US$ 2.3 billion by the end of 2035.

This growth is fueled by rising applications across verticals like wind energy, aerospace & defense, robotics, medical imaging, and packaging automation. Industries are increasingly relying on slip rings not only for electrical power transfer but also for advanced capabilities like data transmission, fluid rotation, and signal integrity.

Request for Sample Copy of this report- https://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/sample/sample.php?flag=S&rep_id=70119

What’s Driving the Growth?

1. Boom in Wind Energy Installations

As governments across the globe push for clean and renewable energy, wind power installations are expanding rapidly. Slip rings in wind turbines are used to transmit electrical signals and power from the nacelle to the control systems. The increasing number of offshore wind farms, where reliability and compact design are crucial, is driving demand for durable and maintenance-free slip ring technologies.

2. Rise in Industrial Automation

From packaging to process industries, automated machinery depends heavily on rotating assemblies. Slip rings allow uninterrupted communication and power supply in robotic arms, rotary indexing tables, and printing machines. With smart factories becoming the norm under Industry 4.0, slip rings are being designed to support higher bandwidth communication protocols like Ethernet, CANbus, and HDMI.

3. Advancements in Aerospace & Defense

Slip rings in this sector are mission-critical. They are found in satellite tracking systems, radar platforms, drones, and missile systems. With national defense budgets increasing and satellite communication surging, especially for low Earth orbit (LEO) applications, demand for lightweight, rugged, and high-frequency compatible slip rings is rising.

4. Growing Demand for High-Speed Data Transmission

The evolution of fiber optic slip rings (FORJs) is a response to the need for higher data throughput, particularly in applications like medical imaging systems (CT scanners, MRI machines), surveillance systems, and broadcasting equipment. Fiber optic variants offer immunity to electromagnetic interference (EMI) and can support gigabit data transmission rates.

Slip Ring Market Major Players’ Analysis

Market leaders are not merely competing on price; they are focusing on innovation, customization, and reliability. From miniaturization for compact devices to ruggedization for harsh environments, the competition is centered on application-specific performance.

Leading companies are also investing in research and development, material science, and digital integration to improve product lifespans, reduce maintenance costs, and enable seamless integration into smart devices.

Here are some of the top players shaping the global slip ring market:

Moog Inc.

MERSEN

MOFLON TECHNOLOGY

Conductix-Wampfler

Combinent Oy Ab

Schleifring GmbH

Pandect Precision Components Ltd

Stemmann-TECHNIK

ROTAC Co., Ltd.

EVERAXIS

These players bring decades of experience and a strong portfolio tailored to varied industries including wind power, aviation, medical diagnostics, and defense.

The slip ring market report provides a deep dive into each of these companies, highlighting:

Company overview

Business segments

Product portfolio

Recent developments

Business strategies

Financial performance

Global Slip Ring Market: Key Developments

🔹 Servotecnica's Game-Changing Innovations

In October 2024, Servotecnica announced a strategic collaboration with Diamond Antenna, a leading U.S. provider of rotary joints and RF subsystems. This partnership is expected to strengthen their position in aerospace and defense markets, providing cutting-edge solutions for ground, shipboard, aviation, and space communications.

This alliance is particularly notable because it brings together two leaders in rotary connectivity technology, enabling more sophisticated slip ring and rotary joint hybrid systems that can support both electrical and radio frequency (RF) transmissions.

🔹 Multi-Wire Brush Option for Longevity

In September 2024, Servotecnica also launched a multi-wire brush upgrade for its SVTS A capsule slip ring series. This new configuration significantly enhances operational life — lasting 5 to 10 times longer than traditional single-wire models.

These upgrades feature gold-based alloy contacts, ensuring superior conductivity and resistance to corrosion. Thanks to their compact size and high adaptability, these slip rings are ideal for applications where reliability is non-negotiable — such as in military drones, CT scanners, and industrial robots.

Trends to Watch in the Slip Ring Market

✅ Fiber Optic Slip Rings (FORJs) Go Mainstream

Fiber optic slip rings are becoming a must-have for high-speed data transmission in medical, military, and marine environments. Their ability to transmit large volumes of data without interference is particularly important in modern applications involving HD video, control signals, and telemetry.

✅ Modular and Customizable Designs

As equipment designs grow more compact and specialized, there's increasing demand for custom slip rings that can fit into tight spaces and meet specific electrical or mechanical requirements. Modular slip rings that can be easily scaled up or integrated with fluidic or pneumatic channels are gaining popularity.

✅ Integration with Smart Technologies

The future of slip rings lies in smart diagnostics and predictive maintenance. By embedding sensors that monitor temperature, RPM, and wear, companies can reduce downtime and extend equipment lifespans — a critical benefit in mission-critical applications.

✅ Sustainability in Design

As part of global ESG commitments, manufacturers are focusing on eco-friendly materials, longer product life cycles, and recyclability. Slip rings designed for wind turbines, in particular, are being optimized for low-maintenance, oil-free operation, aligning with green energy goals.

Opportunities & Challenges Ahead

📈 Opportunities:

Expansion of wind power infrastructure in Asia-Pacific and Europe

Defense modernization programs in North America

Demand for minimally invasive medical imaging systems

Growth of Industry 4.0 and smart manufacturing initiatives

⚠️ Challenges:

High competition from alternative wireless power transmission technologies

Maintenance issues in harsh environmental conditions

Technical limitations in miniaturization and high-speed applications without heat generation

Final Thoughts

The slip ring market may not grab headlines, but it is quietly powering the backbone of modern technology — enabling rotation, data transfer, and electrical continuity across vital industries. With a projected valuation of US$ 2.3 billion by 2035, this market is not only growing, but evolving.

For stakeholders in renewable energy, aerospace, industrial automation, and healthcare, investing in next-gen slip ring solutions will be key to staying competitive. As leading manufacturers continue to innovate and collaborate, the humble slip ring is being reimagined as a high-tech enabler of future connectivity.

#SlipRingMarket #IndustrialAutomation #WindEnergy #AerospaceTech #SmartManufacturing #FiberOpticSlipRings

[thellawtoknow]

Corpus Juris Civilis: The Foundation of Modern Legal Systems

Corpus Juris Civilis: The Foundation of Modern Legal SystemsIntroduction Historical Context of the Corpus Juris Civilis Evolution of Roman Law The Decline of the Western Roman Empire Justinian’s Vision for Legal Reform The Role of Tribonian and the Commission Unifying and Stabilizing the Empire Structure of the Corpus Juris CivilisThe Codex Justinianus (Code) The Digesta or Pandectae (Digest or Pandects) The Institutiones (Institutes) The Novellae Constitutiones (Novels) Key Themes and Principles Legacy and Influence Conclusion Corpus Juris Civilis: The Foundation of Modern Legal Systems Introduction The Corpus Juris Civilis, often referred to as the "Body of Civil Law," is one of the most significant legal codifications in human history. Compiled under the direction of Byzantine Emperor Justinian I in the 6th century CE, this monumental work systematized centuries of Roman legal tradition. Its influence extends far beyond its origins, serving as the foundation of civil law traditions worldwide and significantly shaping the development of modern legal systems. This essay explores the Corpus Juris Civilis, its historical context, structure, and enduring legacy.

Historical Context of the Corpus Juris Civilis The Roman legal system, at its height, was among the most sophisticated frameworks of governance and justice in the ancient world. However, by the time of Emperor Justinian I (527–565 CE), it had become a sprawling, inconsistent amalgamation of legal texts and principles, accumulated over nearly a millennium of Roman civilization. Understanding the historical backdrop to Justinian's reforms requires a closer look at both the evolution of Roman law and the state of the Byzantine Empire during his reign. Evolution of Roman Law Roman law developed organically, reflecting the practical needs of an expanding state and the philosophical underpinnings of Roman culture. Its evolution can be divided into key phases: - The Twelve Tables (451–450 BCE): The earliest codification of Roman law, the Twelve Tables, laid the foundation for public and private legal principles. This codification was a response to social demands for transparency and fairness in the legal process. - Praetorian Edicts: As Rome transitioned from a Republic to an Empire, the praetors (judicial magistrates) played a pivotal role in interpreting and adapting the law to new circumstances. Their edicts became an essential source of legal innovation and flexibility. - Juristic Writings: Over centuries, prominent Roman jurists such as Gaius, Ulpian, and Papinian analyzed and expounded on legal principles. Their writings not only clarified existing laws but also shaped legal theory and practice. - Imperial Constitutions and Rescripts: Under the Roman Empire, emperors issued constitutions and rescripts (formal responses to legal petitions), which increasingly centralized legislative authority. By the 4th century CE, this body of imperial law had grown vast and often contradictory. The result was a complex, layered legal tradition that, while sophisticated, lacked the coherence needed for efficient governance. The Decline of the Western Roman Empire In 476 CE, the Western Roman Empire collapsed under the pressure of barbarian invasions, internal decay, and economic turmoil. However, the Eastern Roman Empire, known as the Byzantine Empire, continued to thrive. Centered in Constantinople, the Byzantine Empire preserved much of Roman culture, administration, and legal tradition, albeit with growing Greek influence. By Justinian’s time, the Byzantine Empire faced significant challenges. Politically, it was striving to reclaim former Roman territories and assert its dominance in the Mediterranean. Economically, the empire required a stable legal framework to support trade and governance. Socially, it needed laws that could unify diverse populations, including Greeks, Syrians, Egyptians, and Romans. Justinian’s Vision for Legal Reform Emperor Justinian I was a visionary ruler with grand ambitions. His reign was marked by efforts to restore the former glory of the Roman Empire, both territorially and culturally. Central to this vision was the unification of the empire through a comprehensive legal codification. Justinian recognized that the existing body of Roman law, with its overlapping statutes, conflicting interpretations, and outdated provisions, hindered governance and justice. To address this, he initiated a sweeping legal reform. In 528 CE, he appointed a commission of legal experts, led by the renowned jurist Tribonian, to undertake the monumental task of organizing and systematizing Roman law. The Role of Tribonian and the Commission Tribonian was a skilled lawyer, scholar, and statesman. Under his guidance, the commission worked with remarkable efficiency, producing the Codex Justinianus in just a year. This was followed by the Digest, Institutes, and later the Novels. Tribonian’s leadership was instrumental in ensuring that the Corpus Juris Civilis was not only comprehensive but also logical and accessible. The commission's work involved: - Eliminating Redundancies: They removed outdated and contradictory laws. - Systematizing Juristic Writings: They selected and organized the most relevant opinions from centuries of legal commentary. - Modernizing Legal Principles: They adapted ancient laws to address contemporary issues, ensuring the legal system’s relevance. Unifying and Stabilizing the Empire The Corpus Juris Civilis was not merely a legal text; it was a tool of statecraft. By providing a uniform legal framework, it sought to strengthen the authority of the emperor and the cohesion of the empire. It also facilitated efficient administration, trade, and conflict resolution across a vast and diverse territory. Moreover, the codification symbolized the enduring legacy of Roman civilization. It affirmed the Byzantine Empire’s role as the legitimate heir to Rome and underscored Justinian’s ambition to restore Roman greatness. The Corpus Juris Civilis emerged from a period of transition, marked by the decline of the Western Roman Empire and the resilience of the Byzantine East. It reflected the historical necessity of preserving and refining a legal tradition that had grown unwieldy. Under Justinian’s patronage, this codification not only stabilized the Byzantine legal system but also laid the groundwork for the civil law traditions that continue to shape global jurisprudence. Through his legal reforms, Justinian achieved a lasting legacy, uniting his empire and preserving the intellectual and cultural heritage of Rome. Structure of the Corpus Juris Civilis The Corpus Juris Civilis, often referred to as Justinian's Code, is a comprehensive and systematic compilation of Roman law that has profoundly influenced legal traditions worldwide. It was designed to unify and codify the complex and fragmented body of Roman legal principles accumulated over centuries. The work consists of four interrelated parts, each fulfilling a specific purpose within the legal framework. Below is an in-depth exploration of each component. The Codex Justinianus (Code) Published in 529 CE and revised in 534 CE, the Codex Justinianus served as the foundational element of the Corpus Juris Civilis. The Codex was intended to consolidate and simplify the vast array of imperial constitutions issued by Roman emperors. - Content and Purpose: - The Codex included laws on a wide range of issues, from administrative governance and criminal justice to private law governing contracts, property, and family matters. - It aimed to eliminate contradictions and redundancies in previous imperial decrees, thereby creating a coherent body of law. - Compilation Process: - Justinian appointed a commission of jurists, led by Tribonian, to review earlier codifications, including the Codex Theodosianus (438 CE), and select the most relevant and enforceable laws. - The jurists reorganized the laws thematically, making them easier to reference and apply. - Significance: - The Codex became the definitive source of law for the Byzantine Empire, ensuring consistency and stability in legal administration. - It also reflected Justinian’s vision of imperial authority, emphasizing the role of the emperor as the supreme lawgiver. The Digesta or Pandectae (Digest or Pandects) Completed in 533 CE, the Digest is the most extensive and intellectually significant component of the Corpus Juris Civilis. It systematized centuries of juristic writings and interpretations of Roman law. - Content and Structure: - The Digest contains excerpts from the works of renowned Roman jurists, including Ulpian, Paulus, Papinian, Gaius, and others. - Approximately 9,000 extracts were carefully selected and organized into 50 books, each divided into titles addressing specific legal topics such as obligations, inheritance, and property rights. - Compilation Process: - Tribonian and his team worked under strict deadlines to sift through over three million lines of legal texts, distilling them into about 150,000 lines. - The excerpts were meticulously edited to eliminate inconsistencies and adapted to align with contemporary Byzantine legal practices. - Significance: - The Digest served as a comprehensive legal encyclopedia, providing a detailed analysis of Roman law and its application. - It became an invaluable resource for jurists, scholars, and practitioners, fostering the development of legal reasoning and methodology. The Institutiones (Institutes) Also completed in 533 CE, the Institutes functioned as an introductory textbook, offering a systematic overview of Roman law. It was intended primarily for students and new legal practitioners. - Content and Purpose: - The Institutes was modeled on earlier works, particularly the Institutiones of Gaius, a second-century jurist. - It was divided into four books covering fundamental legal concepts: - Book I: Persons (legal status of individuals, including slavery and citizenship). - Book II: Things (property rights and inheritance). - Book III: Obligations (contracts and delicts). - Book IV: Actions (procedural law and remedies). - Pedagogical Role: - The Institutes was written in a clear and concise style, making it accessible to students and serving as a foundational text for legal education. - It introduced novice jurists to the broader legal system encapsulated in the Digest and Codex. - Significance: - By providing a structured introduction to Roman law, the Institutes ensured the perpetuation of legal knowledge and principles among new generations of jurists. - It also influenced subsequent legal education systems, particularly in medieval and modern Europe. The Novellae Constitutiones (Novels) The Novels were issued after 534 CE and represented the fourth and final component of the Corpus Juris Civilis. Unlike the other three parts, the Novels were not a single compiled document but a collection of new laws issued during Justinian’s reign. - Content and Format: - The Novels addressed contemporary legal and administrative issues that had not been fully covered in the earlier codification. - They were written primarily in Greek, reflecting the linguistic shift in the Byzantine Empire, although some were also issued in Latin. - Themes and Innovations: - The Novels included significant reforms in areas such as church-state relations, family law, inheritance law, and the administration of provinces. - They showcased Justinian’s adaptability, as he used the Novels to address evolving societal needs and challenges. - Significance: - The Novels provided a dynamic and evolving legal framework, demonstrating that codified law was not static but responsive to changing circumstances. - They reinforced Justinian’s role as a legislator deeply engaged with the practical governance of his empire. The Corpus Juris Civilis represents an unparalleled achievement in legal history, with each of its four parts fulfilling a specific and critical role in the codification process. The Codex Justinianus established the legal foundation, the Digest provided a rich repository of juristic wisdom, the Institutes educated future generations, and the Novels ensured the legal system's adaptability to contemporary needs. Together, these components not only unified the Byzantine Empire under a coherent legal framework but also laid the groundwork for the civil law traditions that continue to shape modern jurisprudence. Key Themes and Principles The Corpus Juris Civilis reflects several key themes and principles that have shaped legal thought: - Codification and Systematization: It demonstrated the value of organizing complex legal systems into coherent codes, a practice that has influenced legal codifications worldwide. - Equity and Justice: Roman law emphasized fairness and reason, balancing strict legal rules with considerations of equity. - Private Law Focus: Much of the Corpus Juris Civilis dealt with private law, covering contracts, property, obligations, and family law, which remain central to modern civil law systems. Legacy and Influence The Corpus Juris Civilis fell into relative obscurity in the West after the fall of the Byzantine Empire. However, it was rediscovered in the 11th century by scholars in Italy, particularly at the University of Bologna. This revival sparked the development of the ius commune, a common legal framework that influenced European legal traditions. In the modern era, the Corpus Juris Civilis has been foundational to civil law systems, which govern most countries worldwide, including continental Europe, Latin America, and parts of Asia and Africa. It also inspired the Napoleonic Code and other legal codifications, emphasizing clarity, accessibility, and systematic organization. Even in common law jurisdictions, such as the United States and the United Kingdom, the principles of Roman law articulated in the Corpus Juris Civilis have shaped legal doctrines and reasoning, particularly in areas like equity and contract law. Conclusion The Corpus Juris Civilis represents a pinnacle of legal thought and organization, bridging ancient Roman jurisprudence and contemporary legal systems. Its codification of law under Emperor Justinian not only preserved the Roman legal tradition but also set a standard for legal clarity, consistency, and adaptability. The enduring legacy of the Corpus Juris Civilis lies in its profound influence on the civil law tradition and its continuing relevance as a model of legal scholarship and codification. It remains a testament to the intellectual and practical achievements of Roman and Byzantine civilization. Read the full article

[not-easily-conquered]

(9) There is no doubt that anyone who has committed fornication by means of force employed against the man or woman in question can be prosecuted without reference to the above-mentioned term of five years; for there is no doubt that he has committed a criminal act of violence

(From the Byzantine Digest/Pandects, book 24, section 5:29:9)

According to Professor Oliver Leaman, the required testimony of four male witnesses who eyewitnessed the actual penetration applies only to consensual illicit sexual relations (whether adultery or fornication), not to the non-consensual crime of rape.[37] The role of the four male witnesses is to testify that they eyewitnessed not only an illicit sexual encounter, but to testify also that the participants consensually partook in it.

I had a thought going while I was typing this but I forgot so I'll just leave this here

[bitmouse-blog]

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[isaacsapphire]

This post is from 2015.

I was mostly a lurker at that forum, but it's a good example of what there was.

Nostalgia Lane

Once upon a time, I read an awesome webcomic called Pandect. Made by an awesome artist, and overall magical. It pinged all my buttons because I’m a sucker for animals-turn-human shenanigans, but I was also way younger so I don’t really remember most of it anymore.

Once upon a time, I played in a forum RPG for this fandom, Poseidon something– Academy, I think, but being unable to find records of it online makes me sob a bit, and like I said, it was a long time ago, so my memory Is a little hazy.

Life hit me with some hard knocks and I slipped away from this awesome webcomic and equally awesome rpg, and after years of hammering my life into some semblance of existence, I have finally found the webcomic again.

But not the rpg???? Where did it go???

I don’t repurpose characters, so I’ve still got a Ton of Aces running around my head, and I poke them tentatively on occasion. I tried to keep track of some of the other players through the years, but I only really succeeded with one of them. Well, two, sort of. I need to drop the one a line again; both of them, if I’m honest, haven’t spoken to them in ages, we’ve all been busy.

I’ll get on that…

Is there anyone else around from the old RPG? Any fans who missed out on it, but might want to jabber as I slip back into the fandom?

[bobokitty]

Back when I started drawing, there were a few webcomics that inspired me. One of them was Pandect, and I used to reread pages over and over again as I'd wait for the next update. Meow, so, I wanted to try and draw the main character in my own style~

[luckycollectionbread]

Wikipedia word of the day is pandect : (Ancient Rome, law, historical) Usually in the plural form Pandects: a compendium or digest of writings on Roman law divided in 50 books, compiled in the 6th century C.E. by order of the Eastern Roman emperor Justinian I (c. 482–565). (by extension, rare) Also in the plural form pandects: a comprehensive collection of laws; specifically, the whole body of law of a country; a legal code. (by extension, also figuratively) A treatise or similar work that is comprehensive as to a particular topic; specifically (Christianity) a manuscript of the entire Bible. The Eastern Roman emperor Justinian I, who ordered the compilation of the Pandects (sense 1), died on this day in 565.

[houndcat]

pandect : (Ancient Rome, law, historical) Usually in the plural form Pandects: a compendium or digest of writings on Roman law divided in 50 books, compiled in the 6th century C.E. by order of the Eastern Roman emperor Justinian I (c. 482–565). (by extension, rare) Also in the plural form pandects: a comprehensive collection of laws; specifically, the whole body of law of a country; a legal code. (by extension, also figuratively) A treatise or similar work that is comprehensive as to a particular topic; specifically (Christianity) a manuscript of the entire Bible. The Eastern Roman emperor Justinian I, who ordered the compilation of the Pandects (sense 1), died on this day in 565.

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pandect#English

[planetinformation]

pandect , n : (Ancient Rome, law, historical) Usually in the plural form Pandects: a compendium or digest of writings on Roman law divided in 50 books, compiled in the 6th century C.E. by order of the Eastern Roman emperor Justinian I (c. 482–565). (by extension, rare) Also in the plural form pandects: a comprehensive collection of laws; specifically, the whole body of law of a country; a legal code. (by extension, also figuratively) A treatise or similar work that is comprehensive as to a particular topic; specifically (Christianity) a manuscript of the entire Bible. The Eastern Roman emperor Justinian I, who ordered the compilation of the Pandects (sense 1), died on this day in 565.

[isaacmemes]

Moments like this, I wish anyone else had also been in the Pandect fandom, which was extremely horny for a gecko.

Managed to crush the hearts of my parents by telling them that the gecko they loved was actually CGI all along

[pandectcomic]

Working on the next page! January's update. Merry Christmas!

[intersex-support]

Hi! I’m not intersex so feel free to ignore or answer other questions first.

I am curious about how eunuchs tie into intersex history. There seems to be a lot of similarities, but I’m not sure how or if it’s related. And I’m curious if ideas around eunuchs tie into how society treats intersex people today, or if perhaps some eunuchs were intersex people? I don’t want to speculate becuase I don’t think it’s my place, but I definitely see similarities with what you talk about.

I’m not totally sure how to frame this question because it is incredibly broad, and covers vast swaths of time and many parts of the world, but I would appreciate any information you could provide that would allow for further research or understanding.

Thank you, I hope you have a lovely day.

Hey! So it definitely is a broad question and really, really depends on the region. I can speak a little about some of the relationship between eunuchs and intersex people in Ancient Rome and Greece because I can read those languages, but I’m not an expert on there or anywhere else.

So there’s quite a few sources that talk about intersex people in conjunction with eunuchs. The Pandects, Roman laws collected by Justinian I, used eunuch as an umbrella term to describe both eunuchs by nature and eunuchs who were made (there also does seem to be some distinction between the language use of eunuchus and castratus, but I’m not convinced that eunuchus was only used to described intersex people.) At a similar time, Pliny the elder was going around recognizing that there were multiple sexes, and indeed spent a lot of time trying to classify what intersex was and how many intersex variations there were. Philostratus, who was a Greek writer who spent some time at the Roman imperial court, wrote an anecdote about this intersex person named Favorinus who was tried for adultry, and we know he’s intersex because Philostratus refers to him as “ἀνδρόθηλυς” (intersex), but he also refers to him as “εὐνοῦχος” (eunuch). There’s a few other examples, but basically, at different points in Ancient Rome it’s clear that intersex people were distinctly recognized as different than eunuch, yet often were lumped in with eunuchs in terms of legal treatment, although some of the Latin can kind of best be translated as “congenital eunuch.”

In the Archaic period, the Roman legal treatment of intersex people viewed intersex births as “prodigies” which is…not a great thing in Roman law. Trigger warning for horrific intersexism, but there’s sixteen primary sources that show some proof that some intersex children were drowned at birth as a way of appeasing the gods. This is obviously not going to be the same treatment that adult eunuchs received under Roman law, so that’s defintely a departure. There were also some reports of people who discovered that they were intersex in adulthood being killed as well, but that’s a lot fewer. Once we start getting into later eras of the republic the legal status of intersex people changes again, and the last reported intersex execution is 95 BC. After 95 BC, there’s a lot more mentions of intersex children in sources, which also shows proof that fewer are getting killed at birth. There is a gradual shift in Roman society and intersex people start getting classified as either male or female under the law, with responsibilities and rights determined by their assignment. Pliny specifically argued that intersex men should be considered semiviri and given the exact same legal rights as eunuchs. Eunuch Roman law is complex as has a lot of specific things about the extent to which someone is a Eunuch and whether or not you can marry, write a will, all of that, so it’s clear that some intersex people were legally limited in similar ways to eunuchs. Eunuchs in Roman society had a complicated role, and often times were enslaved, although some eunuchs/intersex people like Favorinus were able to have aristocratic success. So basically Roman society was really pretty bad for eunuchs or intersex people.

When it comes to the Greeks, the most information around intersex people is about the mythologic god Hermaphroditus, child of Hermes and Aphrodite, who was a beautiful, divine, and celebrated figure. We do have more positive descriptions of intersex people from sources of that time, Phlegon of Tralles, a Greek writer, described an intersex person near Antioch who was known as a beautiful maiden but than turned into a man at puberty. There’s also another intersex person who lived at Epidaurus who was described as spending his life gardening, which I think is neat. I’m not as familiar with intersex people in Ancient Greece, but it seems to be more positive. Eunuchs also had a bit of a different reception in Greek society, and I couldn’t find a lot of sources on intersex people and eunuchs and I’m just not as familiar with Greek history as Roman.

So overall, I can say confidently that in Ancient Rome, the history of eunuchs and intersex people is very intertwined, and societal response was also filled with stigma, prejudice, and violence. I’d say that it’s probably pretty likely that in other cultures and times through the world, eunuchs and intersex people have been related. I don’t know enough history about other regions, but if anyone does know I would love to hear some more. I’m not sure how much of an affect that the treatment of eunuchs really has on intersex people in the contemporary world, but I definitely think that at certain times in world history, eunuchs and intersex people were associated with each other. I listed a few sources for what I summarized about Roman law, but massive trigger warning for slurs and descriptions of violent intersexism. Here’s also a link to a post I made about the treatment of intersex people in medieval Europe (with similar trigger warnings.)

https://pressbooks.bccampus.ca/unromantest/chapter/transgender/

https://www.academia.edu/45639485/The_Legal_Treatment_of_Hermaphroditism_in_Ancient_Rome_From_Persecution_to_Integration

https://sententiaeantiquae.com/2015/09/15/favorinus-was-a-hermaphrodite-tried-for-adultery-philostratus-lives-of-the-sophists-489/amp/