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abhijeeteducation · 4 years ago

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Why are so few women inventors named on patents?

By Clara Guibourg and Nassos Stylianou

Data journalists, BBC News

Published

2 October 2019

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It's easy to list some of the many everyday items invented and patented by women - the dishwasher, windscreen wipers, the board game Monopoly, to name but a few - but the world is still failing to take full advantage of women's innovative ideas, a report suggests.

Women inventors account for just under 13% of patent applications globally, , by the UK's Intellectual Property Office (IPO). That's one female inventor for every seven male ones.

And although the proportion among patent applications is increasing, at the current rate it won't reach gender parity until 2070.

So, why are there so few women in the world of inventing?

Researchers attribute the gap to a lack of women working in science, technology, engineering and maths (Stem). According to Penny Gilbert, partner at intellectual property law firm Powell & Gilbert, it's simply a pipeline issue.

"If we want to see more women filing patents, then we need to see more women taking up Stem subjects at university and going on to careers in research," she says.

Currently only about and fewer girls and women study these subjects at secondary school and university, despite efforts to diagnose and solve this imbalance.

Two-thirds of applications still all-male

Patents are granted to the owner of an invention, allowing the creator and subsequent owners to prevent others from using their invention. In order to qualify as an "invention" patent, the filing must contain a new, useful idea - that would not be obvious to a skilled person in that field.

They can be filed individually, or by teams of inventors.

The gender disparity among inventors grows even starker when you take into account most female inventorship takes the form of a lone female on a male-dominated team.

More than two-thirds of all patents come from all-male teams or individual male inventors - and just 6% from individual female inventors.

All-female teams are nearly non-existent, making up just 0.3% of applications, according to the IPO.

Even when they apply for patents, women may be less likely to receive them, according to a , by Yale University researchers. They found applicants with an obviously female name were less likely to have their patent approved.

And of course, not everyone involved in an invention is credited with a patent.

All in all, female scientists are less than half as likely to obtain a patent for their research, according to a, suggesting women may be less likely than men to think about commercialising their inventions.

Biotech the most gender equal

In 1991, Ann Tsukamoto developed a way to isolate stem cells. Her innovation led to great advancements in understanding the blood systems of cancer patients and could lead to a cure for the disease.

Dr Tsukamoto, who is currently conducting further research into stem cell growth, is also the co-patentee on more than seven other inventions.

Biotechnology, the use of living organisms to produce useful products such as medicine and food, is the sector with the highest proportion of female inventors. Some 53% of biotechnology-related patents have at least one female inventor.

In second place, 52% of pharmaceutical-related patents have at least one female inventor.

Electrical engineering was at the bottom of the list, with fewer than one in 10 applications having at least one female inventor.

Parity by 2070

The proportion of women inventors has doubled in the past 20 years, according to the IPO, from just 6.8% in 1998 to 12.7% in 2017, the latest year for which full data is available.

During the same period, the proportion of applications naming at least one woman among the inventors rose from 12% to 21%.

Dr Gilbert says stereotypes around women's educational and career choices need to be tackled - by encouraging women to choose Stem areas, introducing mentoring schemes, and celebrating female role models.

"We should applaud the fact that some of the greatest scientists and inventors throughout history have been women - from Marie Curie and Rosalind Franklin to Grace Hopper, [a computer programming pioneer], and Stephanie Kwolek, the inventor of Kevlar," she says.

"We should tell their stories."

Russia tops the list

Although female inventorship in the UK has increased, from 8% in 1998 to 11% in 2017, other countries are well ahead.

With 17% of patent applications including at least one woman over the past 20 years, Russia had the highest proportion of female inventors, out of the 10 countries with the most patent applications, followed by France.

At the other end of the scale, in Japan and South Korea fewer than one in 20 patent applications included a female inventor during the time period.

How was the data collected?

The gender of inventors is usually not included in patent applications, so the IPO inferred gender based on inventors' first names, using data from the European Patent Office Worldwide Patent Statistical Database (PATSTAT).

Inventors' names were matched to a gender using birth data from the UK's Office for National Statistics and the US Social Security Administration, which lists the names of all babies born, and the number of male and female entries, as well as by crawling Facebook profiles to create a larger list of names and their likely gender.

Only names for which at least 95% of entries were male or female were included, so gender-neutral names such as "Robin" have been excluded.

A total of 75% of inventors' names were matched to a gender, although this success rate varies country by country. The name lists used were biased towards Western names, so the UK has the highest "success rate", while countries in East Asia, including South Korea and China, have a lower rate.

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Published

20 August 2013

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abhijeeteducation · 4 years ago

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Amp up the Trend of your Salwar Kameez by Styling it Right

A wedding to attend, a cultural festival to go to, or perhaps the need to put on something comfortable, a salwar kameez certainly can be the answer to all of these criteria. From the comfort of the salwar to the stylishness of the kameez worn, there is nothing one wouldn 19t adore about this three-piece outfit.

From the time of its origin up until now, there have been numerous additions and changes in the attire, evolving it into a more stylish counterpart. So, whether you love to stay completely traditional in your dressing or go a little contemporary, there is a style of salwar suits for everybody.

While it is traditionally a three-piece outfit, styles that exclude the chunni or dupatta and experiment with the bottom styles as well as the kameez is quite common today. These have even become popular outside India, and all for good reason!

If you are looking for good, stylish trends to wear your , there is nothing stopping you from creating your own! Be it a hunch or just your desire to look different from the rest, you can go ahead and style your outfits the way you wish to. And if you need some help, here are some tips for you to follow:

Neck patterns to best suit your salwar kameez look

One of the factors that make salwar suits worth the hype are the neck patterns chosen. Depending not only on the body type of the wearer but also the material of the outfit, the neck patterns can be simple and stylish round cuts or even some bolder styles that are sure to become the trend of the future. Here are some that you can try if you are bored of the usual patterns:

Scoop Neck

A low scoop that ends just above the bosom, scoop necks are ideal to give your figure a snug fit. No matter what the shape of your kameez, it is bound to make your figure look splendid if you choose to opt for a scoop necked one. Apart from wearing a scoop-necked kameez, you can even pair the salwar with scoop-necked crop tops.

Halter Neck

For those who love a bold streak in the way they dress, halter necks are ideal neck patterns to opt for. Not only are they chic and stylish but also manage to give the ensemble a sophisticated look. You can style shimmery halter necks with your salwars to make your look pop up amongst a crowd.

Asymmetric Designs

This is yet another trendy neck pattern that, while unconventional, has become one that is a must-try. As the name suggests, this particular pattern is asymmetric and fashionable still, ideal for a unique look.

Front Doris

This is one trend that needs to be as popular as, or more so than, the back dori. A thick thread hanging from the front with tassels or trinkets hanging from it, front doris are an appealing addition to your salwar kameez.

Trendy ways to style your salwar suits

If making style statements is your goal with fashion, trying out the latest trends are a given. Be it one that is already quite popular among a majority or something lesser known that hasn 19t been acknowledged yet, trends are made and changed everyday, making everything that catches your eye the best for you. If the shade of the outfit is one that suits you best, the cut an exact fit, and the style one that you are sure of pulling off without a glitch, you can certainly go ahead with it.

For those looking for cool ideas to style their salwar suits best, here are some trends to try:

Cape Jackets

Cape jackets are a trend that has been flaunted with both modern and traditional Indian outfits. From being paired with denims and tops to being worn along with a lovely salwar kameez or saree blouse, these are not only chic but also a bold look to carry. Those with a great sense of fashion are sure to pull off this look without a flaw and create a trend of their own.

Short Kameez

While the kameez has always been a long tunic paired with a salwar, a trend that is widely being accepted as part of the unconventional fashion is pairing a short kameez with the salwar instead. These can be snugly fitting short kurtas, collared shirts with traditional prints, etc. that look ideally traditional and modern at the same time.

Pair it with a Phulkari

No matter what the occasion, simple salwar kameez make for perfect additions to your wardrobe. You can augment the look of this simple outfit simply by adding a phulkari dupatta with or an equally jazzy dupatta that balances the ensemble perfectly.

Cut-off Salwars

Like short kameez, cut-off salwars have made an equally lasting impact with the salwars varying in length, from ones up till the calves to the ones as short as reaching the knees. While the lengths of the kameez can be whatever you wish it to be, you can as easily experiment with that of the salwar to make the look innovative and classy.

Poncho style kameez

Ponchos have become a favourite among women, more so during seasons like summer where every gust of wind is a much-needed boon, and even during monsoon wherein clothes need to dry up as quickly as they get drenched. Ponchos are perfect for such seasons, giving women the comfort they look for when purchasing their clothes. Further, ponchos can be paired with anything, including salwars, making a poncho-style kameez and salwar the perfect modern rendition of the traditional salwar kameez.

If you are looking for some really great salwar suits, the lovely collection of salwar suits for women at Nihal Fashions are some of the best you can find online. And with accessories to boot, you can make any Indian ensemble the next new trend!

So, what are you waiting for? Go ahead and get shopping!

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abhijeeteducation · 4 years ago

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Pisces Daily Horoscope

Hearst

November 25, 2021

Hold on a second, Pisces. Before you start putting everybody 19s needs ahead of your own today, the self-oriented Leo moon in your wellbeing corner would like a word. Bump yourself up to the top of your priority list for a change. Would a brisk walk in the crisp air do your mind and body good? Or do you feel like making a big salad to stave off a hangry mood early in the day? If anyone tries to drag you into their he-said-she-said drama, ignore them. You 19re on Team Pisces today, and self-care comes first. Maybe later, after you 19ve stabilized your blood sugar and cleared your head, you can weigh in. Maybe.

Identical twin sisters Ophira and Tali Edut (The AstroTwins), have been 's official astrologers for over a decade.

This content is created and maintained by a third party, and imported onto this page to help users provide their email addresses. You may be able to find more information about this and similar content at piano.io

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abhijeeteducation · 4 years ago

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16 Ways to Elevate Your Hair Look This Holiday Season

From parties to picture-taking, and even strolling through , late December is full of excuses to dress up in something special. But no look is complete without hair. A clip encrusted with pearls might be just the piece to tie your look together, or maybe its a silky ribbon that 19s going to elevate your ensemble. To help guide you, we 19ve rounded up four basic styles 13 a bun, a ponytail, accessorized and ribbons 13 and searched for the best inspiration to take each of them to the next level. The best part is you won 19t be mid-conversation at a party wondering if you actually unplugged the curling iron 26

Ponytails

Ponytails have matured from lazy to luxe in recent years. Take it up a notch by snatching your pony, or adding some dazzling embellishments.

Photography via IMAXTREE

Ribbons

A ribbon is a dainty and romantic addition to any outfit, and it can be re-worn time-after-time in different ways. Try adding a floppy bow to the bottom of a braid, or wrap it around all types of buns and ponytails for added glamour.

Photography via IMAXTREE

Buns

A low, slick bun is the perfect accompaniment to *any* outfit. Keep it simple or add a kitchy-but-cute veil for easy elegance. Feeling up to a little more? Try a French braid up the back of your head or a galaxy of wintery hairpins for 18gram-worthy style.

Photography via IMAXTREE

Accessories

Adding accessories is the fastest way to make normal hair, chic. Let your imagination run wild with hair clips, headbands, scrunchies and 14from left field 14hair nets.

Photography via IMAXTREE

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