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Before Teaching a Class on Comic Book Drawing, Find Out What Your Students Already Know

Teaching an art class about how to draw comic books combines many skills all at once: drawing, costume design, storytelling, and layout. Whereas a "normal" art student will devote an entire class to studying just one or two of these subjects (that is, drawing and layout (aka "composition"), the budding comicbook artist must tackle all of these subjects at once, simultaneously, because its basically an amalgam of different basic art specialties. Just as movies are a collaborative art form involving acting, painting (set design), writing, lighting, drawing, etc, drawing comics is similarly sophisticated. But just imagine teaching this art form to kids, who are its biggest enthusiasts. That's a major hurdle: teaching drawing, writing, visual storytelling, and layout all at once. But it can be done, and in fact, it should be taught as a single subject.

In an ideal comics art school, there should be a central creators class, where the focus is on creating a comic book. But this should all be supported by several foundation classes, each which focuses in developing a the traditional categories of art, such as drawing, painting, etc.

If anyone saw the movie "American Splendor", which chronicles the list of comics verite' writer Harvey Pekar, they'd see how comics start: from an idea. Pekar is not an artist, and not much of a writer either, but he does have an ear for the pleasantries of idle conversation. His "innovation" was to write about his own life, but to translate it into comic book form; kind  cartoonists version of the "cinema verite" movies / the "French New Wave" popular around that time. Without Pekar's complaining, hostility, suspiciousness, and hep cat jive, his comics would be very ordinary. In fact, Pekar is a good example of how the writing dialogue of is paramount importance. In comics, however, writing doesn't stop and the text in the word balloons.

There's also a lot of "visual" writing. It's about the creative decisions made by artist regarding story pacing, the number of panels on a page, the "camera angles" (closeups, longshots...), the composition or layout, shadows, sound effects, styles of letters...all of these graphic elements have storytelling values, so the comic artist must consider each element individually, and how it's contributing to the overall story drawn on the page. Since all of this is a huge task, comic book companies often split up the tasks among separate individuals. But in a comic book class, each student must acquire a mastery of all of them on his own.

Since there's so much to teach, and so much for a student to learn, the approach I like to take when teaching is have the student just start drawing comics, as they always have. This will give me (the teacher) a baseline idea of the students strength's and weakness. Plus, the student will be something that he's familiar with and enjoys; my job is just to take him to the next step. As an art teacher (at least the way I teach) I often feel like a coach. I try to find where there the students weaknesses art, and then I design exercises to correct those weaknesses.

So given the complexity and sophistication of graphic storytelling (that is, comic book production), where do you start when teaching a class? I say to start with drawing whatever they like. Post all of the pictures on the board, and use that first critique to allow all of the students strengths, weaknesses, and interests in subject matter just jump out at you. That will be your lesson plan right there: a course designed around correcting the mistakes of your students. You must be able write stories with words, pictures, shapes big and small, and all with a sense of timing. It's a big job, but the place to get started is by letting your students show you what they already know.

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The Purpose of Glass Coatings on Auto Glass Windows

The auto glass window is one of the most important components of the car. They assist driving visibility, they protect the passengers from the environment and they also assist in the aero dynamic property of the car. Hence it is best to look into the methods that are employed to enhance their performance. This article would discuss specifically on the various glass coatings that are applied on the auto glass windows to enhance their performance.

Among the most common type of glass coatings that is applied to auto glass window is the anti fog glass coatings. This is because auto glass windows anywhere will have the tendency to fog up when the inside and outside temperature of the car are significantly different. If this type is not applied, the potential for the driver and his passengers to have limited or low visibility is very high. Hence, it is very important that the anti mist kind is applied.

Another type is the ultra violet ray protection coating. These days, we are exposed to increased level of ultra violet ray due to the ozone depletion that is getting much more serious. As a result, those who drive for long hours are prone to skin cancer and other dangerous diseases. Therefore, it is important to coatings that can absorb and also reflect these ultra violet rays to prevent them from entering the car through the auto glass windows. In fact, the seriousness of this problem is so severe such that some countries make it compulsory for cars to have ultra violet rays glass coatings. This is because of the fact that these countries have had to handle many cases of skin cancer and related diseases.

Another type is an anti scratch coating. Knowing that the auto glass windows are prone to debris that could cause them to get scratched, it is very important to apply anti scratch coatings to prevent serious damage from occurring when the car is driven around. This prevents the car owner from having to fork out a substantial amount of money to repair scratches to the windshield.

In addition to this, another type of glass coatings is the anti glares glass coatings. This is especially important when the car is driven during sunrise, sunset and at night. The glare prevention glass coatings filters out excessive light that can obstruct the drivers view on the road. This type of coatings is a very handy tool in reducing the number of road accidents that occur each year because of reduced visibility during the periods mentioned earlier.

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Benefits of Selecting Authorized MacBook Repair Service Centers

An Apple MacBook is one of the most delightful computers that have come into the marketplace. A growing demand of this electronic component sees an equally growing demand of MacBook repairs.

It is expected for MacBook users to encounter various problems with their MacBook personal computer as there is a wide range of features available with this electronic unit. However, smart MacBook owners would refer only to authorized MacBook repair centers to ensure a safe and accurate repair for the full restoration of computer's functionality.

Authorized repair centers

There is a host of reasons to prefer authorized MacBook repair singapore centers than freelance options which may cost less. Authorized MacBook repair centers have been approved by Apple to handle all types of repairs and replacements on the MacBook. The technicians at any authorized Apple repair center are well qualified, trained and skilled in repairing the MacBook efficiently and effectively. These skilled technicians have the experience in handling the intricate repairs on the MacBook which freelance technicians may only conjecture or perform trial and error exercises.

Since the MacBook is an expensive computer, it is worthwhile to consider only the best of repair services to secure the highest functionality of the computer unit. It is very frustrating to have to make repeated visits to the repair technician with an inconsistent working MacBook.

Busy working executives rely heavily on the MacBook for their work; hence, it is important to have the MacBook repaired as quickly as possible. This is achieved through authorized MacBook repair centers in the neighborhood.

Establishment

It is not difficult to identify one authorized Apple repair service center as there would probably be at least one in every neighborhood since the craze for MacBooks is blazing across the globe.

There is a high degree of reliability besides easy availability with authorized repair stores for MacBook repairs. Apple is a world renowned brand of computer that does not compromise on its quality products; hence, it strives to ensure customer satisfaction with its after-sales services through repair works at their authorized repair centers. This is part of the company's branding and commitment to consumers on their wide range of products.

Besides reliability, Apple authorized repair centers guarantee the best of repair services with the usage of original components in all their repair works. This is an important criterion for MacBook consumers who want the full functioning of their MacBook unit consistently. These centers are well equipped and prepared to service all models of MacBook.

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Importance of Applying Protective Coatings Over Paint

Now that you have driven your car off the lot, you want to keep it in as neat condition as when you first received it from the Showroom. The automobile industry has made great strides in technology and the innovation of Protective Coatings have greatly improved the longevity and durability of Vehicle Paint.

Various forms of protective coatings can be applied to protect your vehicle from the elements such as Sealants that seal the paint from the harsh environment and provide long lasting protection, Waxes that provide a deep wet-look shine and offer unique protection and gloss enhancing properties, Ceramic Coatings that chemically bond to paint and provide superior durability, making maintenance much easier.

Let us closely examine the reasons why protective coatings are of utmost importance.

Daily, your vehicle endures all forms of surface 'attacks,' from scratches to contaminants that are an inescapable part of owning a vehicle. The Gtechniq product range provide a tough, protective surface to the car's paintwork. Developed through Science, products chemically bond to the vehicle paintwork, thereby adding a protective layer that can combat a great deal of damage while at the same time retaining deep gloss and shine levels on the paint.

Crystal Serum - Gtechniq's most ultimate form of paint protection, can only be applied by a Gtechniq Accredited Detailing Facility and is not available to purchase over the counter. Unlike waxes and sealants which will, at most, protect paintwork for a period of six months, the coating is warranted to last on your paintwork for seven years and is capable of protecting paint against acidic components and bird droppings.

Upon application of the coatings, the vehicle surface is not only protected but is also a breeze to maintain. Due to the hydrophobic top layer, water and dust easily repel meaning that the vehicle can be washed and dried within minutes.

Coatings would also be applied to Wheels, Glass, Trims, Interior Leather, Fabrics, Dash etc. with the main goal to achieve a top coat hydrophobic finish and make maintenance very easy.

The car enthusiast who look to have both, a product that not only protects the car but at the same time also improves the appearance should always opt for the application of a Ceramic Coating. Due to their exceptional protection and longstanding value, Ceramic Car Coatings are an ideal choice for car owners who desire to keep their cars in a state-of-the-art condition for a long span of time.

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iPhone Screen Replacement

Once you buy an iPhone it becomes your entire world, you start relying on it so much that you can't think without it! You have your music and videos on it, make calls and search the web on it, chat, mail, message and do a hundred other things, it is just so addictive you can't help it. When something so important is rendered useless for a reason like a crack in the screen; all your work is held up and it can be absolutely frustrating, not to mention the big hole it's going to drive into your pocket getting it repaired!

iPhones are wonderful multi-purpose gadgets, and are quite durable but accidents can happen that can damage them. Given their "Apple" make they are horrendously expensive and the one year warranty they come with does not cover "accidents". Doing the repairs yourself may cost you less but it violates Apples terms regarding the warranty.

A replacement or repair by the company is a lot more expensive than if you get it done at an outlet by a dealer. The price could be reduced by more than half. iPhone screen replacement glass for 3G and 2G phones are available at low prices and they come with a do-it-yourself video which makes the repair or replacement easy and affordable. Digitizer glass touch screen for 4G and 3GS iPhones are also available. Whether your screen is cracked, damaged, scratched or broken you can have it replaced and make it as good as new. The original iPhone products are no doubt the best but the amount they cost can make you think twice about going in for a factory repair. Other products are manufactured to suit your iPhone as well as an original would and the cost is a lot more economical.

Besides the economical factor you can also save on shipping costs and do the job yourself at home with an assisting video. It would also be much less time consuming and you can get your iPhone in working condition much faster. Various products are available along with tools to fix them all you need to do is select and order!

Here is a one stop solution for your broken iPhone with Videos, Tutorials, All Parts for iPod iPhone 7 screen replacement.

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Quality of a Good Phone Repair Center

As we know there are many companies delivering high-tech sophisticated phones with great technology to facilitate our daily needs. There is a growing demand of quality repair centers. It is hard to find a proper provider for a particular brand as all service providers does not have expertise on all brands.

If you are searching for a phone repair center, first you need to be sure about the good reputation of the service center. The technical people should have outstanding knowledge on a particular product to provide all sort of services related to the phone such as repair facilities of broken LCD screens; broken flex cables, bad charge port, faulty keypad, defective microphone, speaker, and any kind of problems of the phone. This is because the phone may have several problems and not limited to a single problem. As the phones are developing using high-tech technology the repair person should have previous experiences working on related product and have access to up-to-date information. A top class phone repair service center should be able to provide unlocking facilities of all GSM phone for the international travelers.

People are using phone for various purpose and by this way sometimes they find their most loveable phone not working well or functioning very poorly. These problems may bother you and will force you to find a phone repair center as tele-conversation is essential for daily business. Before visiting a service provider, you will need to think about the quality of the provider otherwise, you may capture bitter experience with your phone. You will find many service centers available in the market. Some are new with less quality. They try making fool their customers. Getting the best phone repair center is not easy task. So you have to collect maximum information about the phone repair centers to fine out the best one.

A certified repair center can be trusted as it guarantees all services it offers. So it is very important to know the service center is authorized or not to avoid any kind of problems. A good repair center should be able to repair all kinds of phones. It should use good quality tools and machinery to find out the specific problems of the phone. If they do not use high quality tools, the phone could start repeating the problems again. It should be able to provide you a price range and exact time of delivery. If they don't give specific time to deliver your phone it seems they have not much knowledge of repairing phone.

For this reason, when you are searching for a phone repair service center, it is very important that the repair center you prefer must be reliable. A good repair center must have wide range of experiences with better quality control and testing procedures.

If you are looking for a phone repair singapore service provider.

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How to Repair a Broken iPhone Screen - iPhone Screen Repair

iPhone Screen Repair Options

1. Video Tours - Watch Some Tutorials

Upside - The Easy Fix: If you have the patience and frame of mind to check out how-to videos at YouTube or Vimeo, you'll find ample videos-some of them current and relevant to your particular model-most of them helpful.

Downside - The Hard Part: Your iPhone screen repair helpers might provide incorrect or out-of-date information. Peruse at your own risk.

2. Find Parts - Find Your Own Equipment or Accessories

Upside - The Easy Fix: You can locate iPhone screen repair Fix-It sets at outlets such as iFixit.com, or Amazon and eBay. They can run anywhere from $15 to $100, depending.

Downside - The Hard Part: When you send away for parts or even buy them in person, you'll find a full range of equipment arrives. It may be in good condition, or appear to be, but you won't truly know how compatible it is until you get it home and attempt re-assembly with what you've got. Make sure you have the right iPhone screen repair tools on hand. You're likely looking at purchasing a flathead screwdriver and a handy screw-mat.

3. Time Will Tell - You May have to Wait...

Upside - The Easy Fix: Let's say you watch the video or you find and read an owner's manual, you've got the goods and you've attempted an iPhone screen repair. Things may go well! If you set everything in place and hear a confirming "click," your re-assembly went well, and it could be smooth sailing for you from here on in.

Downside - The Hard Part: You may have missed a part, lost a part, or not received something you need. Now what? You'll have to wait and see how your iPhone performs once you've gone under the hood and done the repairs on your own.

4. Hand It Over - Get It Repaired by a Pro

Upside - The Easy Fix: Why tinker on your own? Handing your iPhone screen repair issue over to a professional makes the most sense. Doing so alleviates any headaches and the extra costs involved on the off chance-however unintentional-that you make a mistake anywhere in the re-assembly process.

Downside - The Hard Part: The only downside involved in this option would take place if you find a poor quality iPhone screen repair professional. Just do your research first, and you're golden.

In conclusion always have a professional diagnose your phone before making any type of payment for repair. Check for warranty, terms & conditions, policies, etc., to cover yourself and avoid any additional issues that can add to your iPhone screen repair problem.

Get professional, reliable and trustworthy service from certified technicians. This  is a customer service driven company and provides warranty to ensure customer satisfaction. To have a professional work on your device, please contact us at iphone 6s plus screen repair for fast repair.

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Which is which; Cheap Laptop or Cheap Desktop?

Should you buy a cheap laptop or a cheap desktop?

You may find yourself asking that question many times while shopping for a computer. This guide offers you the pros and cons of owning a laptop versus a desktop pc.

1. Processing speed Comparing processing speeds, laptops usually lag behind their desktop counterparts. With the rapid advance in microchip technology, the gap between them will become smaller.

2. Wireless.

Most laptops especially those with Intel mobile chips come with wireless capability out of the box. This means you can get online from any location at home easily without ugly wires if you have a wireless network setup at home. Desktop pcs do not typically provide this capability out of the box although that may change in the near future.

3. Memory.

Memory chip tends to be more expensive in Laptop than desktop pcs. If you buy a laptop with less than 512MB ram, be prepare to pay more for memory upgrades than you have to with a desktop pc.

4. Graphics DisplayBecause of the size of a laptop, most business or entry level laptop use integrated graphics with limited ram. This means most laptops even some expensive ones cannot run graphics intensive applications or 3d games as well as a desktop pc. With a desktop pc, you can buy a dedicated graphics card just to serve a graphics intensive application.

5. Portability.

Portability is why everyone wants a laptop these days. Because of their size and weight, it is easier to carry a laptop around as opposed to a desktop pc.

6. Screen Display.

Everyone buy laptop for their portability so laptops usually do not come with screens as big as their desktop counterparts. The screen technology used is usually not as good as those used by desktop pc. Furthermore with a desktop pc, you can always upgrade to a bigger and better screen whereas for laptop you are stuck with the same screen display for the whole lifespan of the laptop.

So whether you should buy a cheap laptop or a cheap desktop, ask yourself what are your needs? If you want to be able to use a computer wherever you go, then you are looking at a laptop to fulfill your needs. However if you do not require the portability of a laptop, play a lot of 3D games, graphic intensive applications, if you care about upgradeability to prolong the lifespan of your investment, then desktop pc is a smarter choice for you.

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A Professional Macbook Repair

When you own a Macbook by Apple you own a laptop known as a Macintosh Notebook. Just as with any other laptop you may need at some time to get a Macbook Repair to your laptop. Just like your office or home computer that is plugged into the wall, your Macbook can fail or break. You may find that you need a new hard drive because your old one crashed. You may find that your laptop needs a new or upgraded operating system. Or it may just need to have the operating system reinstalled for some reason. It could be a glitch in the system or perhaps something happened to the system that caused it to fail. Whatever it is that happened to your laptop you may require a professional Macbook Repair.

A professional repair service can be found in most major cities and in many of the smaller ones also. You can do an online search to find one that is near to you. You do have to take that laptop into the shop or else pay to have the repair service come to your office or home. If you can do without the Macbook for a few days you should take it into the shop so you can save a house call fee. You just have to choose a repair shop that does repairs to Macs. Some places specialize in them whereas others can repair most models of laptops including a Macbook. When you take it in they will ask what is wrong with it and if you know then tell them. But they will still hook it up in their shop to check it out and all of its functions.

The same viruses can attack a Macbook as any other Apple computer or those with a Windows operating system but an Apple seems to attract fewer viruses than other operating systems. But you still need to have an antiviral protection in your Macbook so you don't have to get a Macbook Repair because your Apple crashed due to a viral infection in the computer. You also should have anti-spy ware in your Macbook also. If you have to take your laptop in for a repair you should have them check that you have a decent program for these infections. A good computer repair shop may also recommend a smaller program then the usual ones that are seen all over every computer website.

A laptop may also be overheating for some reason. If yours is overheating it is not good for your unit because if it overheats it may be that the fan that keeps it cool is failing and if you catch this before the fan lets the laptop get too hot where it burns up the motor which will cause your Macbook to crash. This is not good and you will need it repaired. If you are lucky you will not have lost any data. Computer and laptop repair shops are a good type of shop to get to know.

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iPad For Cheap: How Cheap Can You Expect To See An iPad?

Are you looking to find an iPad for cheap? How cheap can you really get an iPad for? You might be surprised at what some iPads are going for. We will talk about how low you can expect to see an iPad sell for, as well as the best places to find one at.

The iPad has been the most popular tablet PC as of yet, and it's no wonder, it basically was the first of its kind that helped pave the way for all other tablet PC's. The iPad is a revolutionary mobile technology device that is an ultra thin computer with virtually no buttons or a physical keyboard.

The only thing that consists of the device is a single sheet of multi-touch glass that is 9.6'' tall, 7.5'' wide, and 0.5 inches thick. There is one navigation button at the bottom center of the computer that lays even with the front surface, and a power button that is located on the top left of the device.

The entire user interface of the computer is based on its cutting edge Multi-Touch display with IPS technology. You navigate almost entirely with your fingers as you pinch, squeeze, and flick pages around to get to where you want. Browsing the web gets up close and personal as you can zoom in or out of web pages to see text and font magnified up to 50-100 times if you so desire.

There are hundreds of thousand of apps, movies, songs, games, and books to download on the iPad - all at the tap of you finger. Depending on what model you get will greatly determine how much content you can store as well as its price.

There are currently 3 different capacities with 2 different styles. The 3 different capacities are 16GB, 32GB, and 64GB of flash drive memory. The 2 different styles are Wi-Fi, and Wi-Fi + 3G.

Prices for new models with Wi-Fi range from $499 for 16 GB, to $699 for 64GB of memory. Units with Wi-Fi plus 3G start at $629 for 16GB, to $829 for 64GB of flash storage.

So where can you find an iPad for cheap, and how low can you expect to see one sell for?

You can find cheaper iPads on-line. The iPad is still a very new product that just came out at the beginning of 2010, so finding one for cheap could be a little challenging. However, if you know where to look you can find some quality used and refurbished iPads on-line for $50 to $70+ cheaper than retail prices.

Keep in mind though, you must be careful when shopping on-line. Yes, you could find some cheaper iPads on-line at places like eBay and Craigslist, but most savvy people who buy electronics and technology devices don't usually buy from these places.

The items being sold at these places are typically from regular people who are just trying to get rid of their items for a quick dollar. Sometimes the devices being sold at sites like these can be defective or even broken. You could be able to find some legitimate items from on-line classifieds sites such as these, but typically they wont be in as good of shape or quality as compared to if you bought them from a reputable on-line dealer.

There are many other reputable sites who sell items for less that work with the original companies and businesses that make the particular product. As in this case it would be Apple Inc. that would be selling the iPad.

Finding cutting edge electronics for cheap, such as the renowned iPad, can be challenging if you don't know where to look. However, if you know where to find the best deals from legitimate places, you could end up getting a great quality iPad for much less than the average retail prices.

Check out where to find an used ipad for sale singapore at cheap deals.

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How to Get Your Apple iPad Repaired

The first generation Apple iPad is finally here. But the words "first generation" are also attached to the words "quirks and bugs," and more often than not, a lot of new Apple iPad users will experience problems usually associated with first generation products. It will also be relatively hard to look for reliable repair centers or tips to remedy these problems and bugs. There are, however, some easy and practical guides you can refer to if you encounter problems with this new Apple tablet. Read through the basic guides below to help you get your Apple iPad repaired.

1. Check for updates in the Apple website regularly. Some people have been reporting problems with the WiFi connectivity of the Apple iPad. One such remedy that has proven to be effective is to update your router's firmware or to change the encryption of your router's password. Other iPad users suggest that you can try switching the position of your router if you experience weak WiFi signal. The latest firmware update of the Apple iPad also promises to fix this issue.

2. Try resetting your iPad first before trying anything else. If your iPad hangs or if you consistently experience problems with it, try resetting your Apple iPad before taking it to an official Apple store for repairs. Repair problems can be fixed, most of the time, by doing a soft reset. All you have to do is to press and hold the power button (located at the top right hand side of the device) for at least three seconds. The slider button should then appear after three seconds or more. Slide the arrow with your finger to turn your iPad off. Wait for about 15 seconds before turning it back on again.

3. For more complicated repair problems, try doing a hard reset on your iPad. If you still experience problems even after doing a soft reset, you might want to restore your Apple iPad to its factory settings. Make sure that you've saved all your important files before doing this. To do a hard reset, you should first connect your iPad to your computer. Then, once your iPad appears in iTunes, click on the "Restore" button in the iTunes pane. Restoring your iPad will erase all content in it and bring it back to its original factory state. Hopefully, doing so will also take care of the problems you've been experiencing with your iPad.

4. Try replacing your iPad's battery. If you think that your iPad's battery life isn't what it used to be, than maybe it's time for a replacement. You can buy a battery for this Apple tablet at any Apple store. To replace the battery, you have to dismantle the screen from the rest of the body first. You can do this by using a metal "spudger" (a tool that can be used on iPhones) to pry your iPad open. Do this carefully, so that you do not scratch or dent your Apple iPad. Once you lift the display screen, you will see the battery housing underneath.

5. Do extensive research online to check for apple screen repair problems, tips and tricks. Although the Apple iPad is relatively new, there are a lot of sites dedicated to teaching you how to fix, enhance and even repair your iPad. For instance, is a website dedicated to teaching users how to repair Apple gadgets - from iPhones and iPods to Apple iPads. The official Apple website also contains FAQs and support information to guide and teach you how to remedy and fix particular problems.

It is usually the first generation devices that experience the most problems and the same goes for the new Apple iPad. There's no need to fret, though. Follow the simple tips above to help you find easy solutions for the most common iPad problems.

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End-User Programming Using the Semantic Web

This article outlines future research that is required for the advancement of representation, search, and visualization of information, and at recent and future developments in the use and representation of taxonomies and ontologies, and visualization tools that can aid in their use. Berners-Lee et al (2006) explain the importance of visualization for navigation of information "Despite excitement about the Semantic Web, most of the world's data are locked in large data stores and are not published as an open Web of inter-referring resources. As a result, the reuse of information has been limited. Substantial research challenges arise in changing this situation: how to effectively query an unbounded Web of linked information repositories, how to align and map between different data models, and how to visualize and navigate the huge connected graph of information that results."

A new approach is required to software creation. This approach should involve developers creating software systems that enable users to perform high level programming, and model the problem for which they are the experts. This is an alternative to the provision by developers of modelling solutions that try to provide an out of the box solution that just needs 'tweaking'. Such an out of the box system is impractical considering both increases in complexity of manufactured products, and of software systems themselves. Cheung (2005) writes "there is no single management tool or data exchange format that can satisfy all requirements and overcome all the obstacles involved within a collaborative product development environment". People like to work on their own solutions providing they are computer literate and confident they have domain knowledge that the developers do not possess. Research cited here from others involved in end-user programming seems to confirm this.

Research in the use and visualization of Semantic Web information provides the tools that end-user computing programmers have been lacking until recently. Cheung (2005) explains that "With the development of user-friendly ontology editing software and automatic data exchange functions, the application of ontological approaches to exchange information across the WWW is most likely to be an essential aspect of the next generation of global knowledge management tools.

Horrocks (2002) explains the advantages of moving towards a more formal ontology. This can provide for a new way of enabling end-user programming - with the user editing interactive diagrams. In terms of automated model generation, labelling relationships between objects allows the depiction of a number of aspects of a domain in one model, and with a consistent syntax. Ciocoiu et al (2000) explain how an engineering ontology can be made more rigorous in order to facilitate interoperability. This allows representation of, say, a product structure and its manufacturing processes together. A single node then is the only representation of that node within the model, with all its relationships depicted as arcs emanating/terminating at the node. More expressive semantic descriptions are possible through the use of one of the standard OWL dialects. Protégé has OWL plug-ins available that provide this functionality, together with links to reasoning tools for maintaining and analysing the logical constructs (Storey et al, 2004) and (Elenius, 2005). The University of Victoria Computer-Human Interaction and Software Engineering lab (CHISEL) (2006) has developed Jambalaya (Ernst et al, 2003) for visualization of knowledge and relationships. Ernst et al explain that the "larger ontologies that are being developed quickly exhaust human capacity for conceptualizing them in their entirety", so the visualization tools must assist the user to view the information they need. Researchers at the University of Queensland Australia have developed a hyperbolic browser to display RDF files, this is explained in Eklund et al (2002). Cheung et al (2005) provide an ontology editor for knowledge sharing in manufacturing.

It is also important not to stay limited on one ontology development environment but instead explore how ontologies can be developed using a range of development tools and translated between each where necessary (Garcia-Castro and Gomez-Perez, 2006) are testing this. An important new development is SWRL a Semantic Web Rule Language Combining OWL and RuleML and its use in modelling. This could be of use for formally specifying the construction of equations and rules in a model and the relationships and constraints between items represented in an equation. Miller and Baramidze (2005), Horrocks et al (2003), and Zhang (2005) explain the SWRL language. Horrocks et al talk of defining properties as general rules over other properties and of defining operations on datatypes, this research could assist in providing a visual rule and equation editor. An editing facility to model these equations and constraints, so that errors could be prevented, would improve the usability of future visual modelling systems. Support for SWRL in Protégé (Miller and Baramidze, 2005) will assist with the construction of a modelling system with sophisticated editing of rules.

A future task to be undertaken would be the inclusion of uncertainty in the automatically produced models, for situations where accurate information cannot be provided for the model. This would require provision of a way of handling uncertainty for parameters within the ontology, e.g. as 3 values describing a triangular distribution rather than a unique absolute value. The decision support meta-program could be expanded to write out the code to run Monte-Carlo sampling, hence making use of the statistical uncertainty capability. Miller and Baramidze (2005) examine efforts to develop mathematical semantic representations above the syntactical representations of MathML. this effort should make it possible for standardisation of representation of mathematical expressions that relate nodes, and their values and expressions, to each other. Constraints could then be added to prevent invalid mathematical expressions. Miller and Baramidze also explain their research in Discrete-Event Modelling Ontology (DeMO) for simulation and modelling. This uses OWL to define a simulation and modelling class hierarchy. It would be very useful to create an example to demonstrate this with a practical model to test the use of this ontology.

It would be interesting and useful to create an environment where people could use example models and evaluate their usability and usefulness. This could follow a similar model to that used for the development of open source software or collaborations such as Wikipedia (2007), and the Semantic Web Environmental directory SWED (2006). Testing of usability for collaboration is complex and (Johnson et al, 2003) explain how this requires interdisciplinary expertise from several fields. Semantic Web research also requires an interdisciplinary approach as explained by Berners-Lee et al "Understanding and fostering the growth of the World Wide Web, both in engineering and societal terms, will require the development of a new interdisciplinary field." A project such as this can bring together people with diverse backgrounds, interests and expertise. Cheung et al (2007) make the point that open source development can avoid vendor lock-in, eliminate unnecessary complexity, give freedom to modify applications, and provide platform and application independence. Johnson (2004) has developed more sophisticated ways of understanding and providing for complex human activity and testing the success of this.

It could be possible to extend the semantics used in the specification of models to allow the creation of a framework for simulations. Lacy and Gerber (2004) examine how OWL can be used to aid modelling and simulation. Because the ontology uses open standards, these simulations could be made broadly available on the web. It is important that the necessary infrastructure is created to allow this facility to be added. The approaches of others to this problem have been examined. Page (1998), Page et al (2000) and Page and Opper (2000) examine the nature of web-based simulations. Miller et al (2001) explain the technology behind web-based simulations, and argue the need for demonstrating the application of web-based simulations for major projects. Fishwick and Miller (2004) examine the use of ontologies for modelling and simulation. The authors were involved in the RUBE project that developed a system for battle simulations, illustrated in Fishwick and Miller (2004). The RUBE project uses open standards and Protégé for the ontology, and outputs some code automatically. Kuljis and Paul (2001) evaluate progress in this field of web simulation. They argue the need for web-based simulations to be focussed on solving real-world problems in order to be successful. Kim et al (2002) explain how techniques of generating executable code from documents specified in standardised XML can be used to create simulations.

Reed et al (2000) examine possibilities for improving the aircraft design process with web-based modelling and simulation. Simulations could also be used for optimization and Chen and Yücesan (2001) investigate this. So web based simulation is an area of research worth exploring. The use of process models can allow accurate manufacturing times to be generated. This requires dynamic models of factories, cells and processes. Also it is necessary for users of a system to be able to gather information from various computer systems such as databases and spreadsheets. There is a conflict between the aim to develop an ideal representation of knowledge using an ontology editor, and the practical need to edit the data in the database or application it is currently held in. The research examined has undertaken so far, prototypes ways of creating information and of finding it. Other researchers such as Aragones et al, (2006) and Crapo et al (2000) and (2002) have also investigated this problem.

Shim et al (2006) discuss user interface issues for this kind of problem, they investigate techniques for "powerful, yet simple user interface designs that enable interactive queries, reporting, and graphing functions". They also examine end user computing history - "The evolution of the human–computer interface is the evolution of computing. The graphical user interface (GUI) that was refined at Xerox, popularized by Macintosh, and later incorporated into Windows". Recent developments in the use of Meta languages for platform independence should make the development of end-user programming quicker and easier. Bishop (2006) explains current problems "The current practice is for GUIs to be specified by creating objects, calling methods to place them in the correct places in a window, and then linking them to code that will process any actions required. If hand-coded, such a process is tedious and error-prone; if a builder or designer program is used, hundreds of lines of code are generated and incorporated into one's program, often labeled 'do not touch'. Either approach violates the software engineering principles of efficiency and maintainability." The author investigates, evaluates and advocates the use of platform independent programming languages.

The solution to these problems involves programming with Semantic Web languages rather than just using them for information representation. This will make translation for interoperability easier and more reliable, and further improve the maintainability of software systems.

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Repair Your iPad Touchscreen

The iPad is a sophisticated device. That is a fact that nobody can argue with. Growing organically from the iPod and iPhone, the iPad has become the number one electronic gadget for many a household throughout the world.

A common misconception is that they cannot break, as sturdy as they may feel, it only takes a harsh drop and the screen can shatter. What are you going to do now? Your prized possession is deemed useless. Well you could take it to the Apple store where you can be provided an iPad repair service, but it can be costly, their services have been known to cost upwards of $250 in the United States. Or you could attempt at repairing it yourself.

But how can I repair a broken iPad touchscreen myself? I hear you ask, well worry not, that's exactly what I am going to explain.

I am going to focus on the iPad 2 as it is by far the trickiest and if you can replace the screen on this device you won't have a problem with the others.

Firstly, start at the bottom right hand corner and using a hairdryer to heat the broken iPad screen, take a paint scraper and begin to remove the screen. The hairdryer will melt the glue on the inside but please take care not to overheat the screen as this could damage the LCD beneath.

The Wi-Fi cable will be glued to the inside of the screen next to the home button, you will need to detach this by slowly lifting the touchscreen away from the casing. By moving your paint scraper around the device while remaining to use the hairdryer you will come to the volume flex cable at the top right of the screen. Take great care not to damage this cable. Then you need to detach the modules for 3G and Bluetooth which are glued to the touchscreen at either side of the camera.

I hope you're still with me, I really should've warned you at the beginning that this wasn't for the faint hearted, nearly there now though!

Next, taking great care, pull the touchscreen away slowly to pull the adhesive away. Be careful as the flex cable still needs to be disconnected from the main board, so don't pull too hard. Now loosen the four screws around the LCD and by using the gold clip, disconnect the LCD. The touchscreen can now be removed.

Now for the replacement, having taken note how the camera and home button are glued, you will need to replicate. Attach the modules and take care to fold the cable inside the casing neatly so as not to stop the touchscreen from sitting flush.

There you have it, not only have you saved yourself some money but now you know how to replace your damaged iPad touchscreen if it were to happen again.

For more info. click Ipad repair singapore.

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How to Find the Cheapest Laptop Deals

Finding the cheapest laptop deals is no easy task. There are a few simple preliminary concepts that will make searching for a cheap laptop less cumbersome.

Before purchasing a new inexpensive laptop you have to decide how much money you are willing to spend. I usually consider the cheapest laptops singapore to be any laptop under $500. But as technology improves this price threshold will eventually go down. It is important to set a maximum price because it is very easy when shopping for a laptop to lose sight of this price ceiling that you have set for yourself. That extra 2 gigs of RAM may sound like a great deal, but not if it costs you more than you are willing to spend overall. This $500 price cap is my own personal threshold and will vary from person to person.

After setting a price cap, you then have to decide what the most important features and hardware you want to include in your new laptop. When searching for cheap laptops, it is important to focus on three main hardware components. These three main options are hard drive storage, RAM, and processor speed. There are many other important laptop specifications, but these three are the most important things I look for.

Hard drive storage refers to how much space is available on your laptop. This is pretty easy to gauge as most laptops now are between 100 gigs to 1TB. The more space the better, obviously when selecting a cheap laptop deal I would prefer to have 1TB of memory.

RAM is your computer's random access memory. This is a form of computer data storage. Like hard drive storage, more RAM is better when buying a new laptop.

The final specification I am most concerned with when purchasing a cheap notebook is the processor speed. The faster the processor, the better. Having a slow processor is very frustrating because it will undoubtedly affect your computer's performance.

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Choosing the Best Apple Service Provider in Your Area

There are numerous Apple service providers in the market today and each they claim to be the most efficient and having a better experience than the others. We know that in that pool of service providers, there are the best Apple service providers who can repair your iPhone, iPad or Mac computers. However, in the same pool, we have incompetent people who will do nothing more than messing up your gadgets instead of repairing them!

So, how do you ensure that your iPhone, iPad or Mac computer has landed in the hands of the best Apple Service Provider?

First, it is advisable to take your iPad, iPhone or your Mac computer to an authorized Apple service center if the gadget is still under warranty. If you are not sure about the addresses of authorized Apple Service Centers in your city, visit apple.com website and enter the name of your city in the search box provided on the site. The site will list down all the authorized Apple service centers in your city, and you can select one that you prefer.

However, if your iPhone or the iPad`s warranty has expired or the gadget is experiencing a problem that is not covered by the warranty, then, you should consider getting it repaired by an expert.

You should be careful while choosing who will fix your Mac computers, iPad or your iPhone. Check their reputation for knowing if they are genuine Apple Service Providers and find out how reliable they are. Ensure that you have information about how long they have been repairing Apple gadgets, what their previous customers say about them, and much more. Such information will help you make the right decision and ensure that you entrust your expensive iPad device in the hands of highly experienced and competent person.

Make sure that you visit the service center personally and find out how knowledgeable the technicians are. Always remember that the technicians should be skilled, well trained, and certified properly. For example, a certification provided by Apple called Apple Certified Macintosh Technician Certification (ACMT) is a good indicator that the holder can be trusted to repair Apple gadgets.

Lastly, consider getting your iPhone repaired from a service center that offers, at least, 30-day warranty. This means that you are covered for at least 30 days, and if your iPhone or iPad develops the same problem after repair, you can take it back and get the problem solved without additional costs.

If you are looking for the best Apple Service Provider in Timmins, Ontario, Canada, check out Core Business Services. Service and support from the people who know Apple products best. All Macs are repaired in apple support.

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Tips To Make Live Chat Support Remunerative

Ai Chatbot singapore are basically deployed for providing consumers live chat support services that should necessarily have a human touch; without this element, the services will not be deemed as effective. Human touch is an intrinsic part of the customer support domain and without it, processes like live chat will not be productive for sure. To make sure that your customers and business get the most out of this process, it is best to not depend on automation immensely. The organizations that render call center services in singapore or any other part of the world for the chat support process should keep certain aspects in mind, a few of which are elaborated below:

Firstly, as discussed above there is a need to maintain the human touch in outsourced customer care service in singapore and various other countries. Automation works wonders but when we talk about live chat support, it is crucial to understand that the customers expect a human’s assistance. Chatbot, no matter how high-tech cannot match the service quality of a live agent.

While Chatbots might not be as lucrative as they are deemed to be, certain technologies associated with this process sure are. It is suggested to deploy new age software solutions to manage data and to personalize the service experience.

Customizing the chat software module will surely be quite advantageous. The company’s branding and various other aspects should be a part of this module. Features like calling via VOIP and conversation storage for future reference can make this process more remunerative than ever.

Lastly, it is advised to invest in the proactive chat feature that helps agent initiate the conversation. By initiating the conversation businesses can convert visitors into customers and can boost the revenue generation. This can be done with the help of an automatically generated chat pop-up.

There are many other ways to boost the performance of live chat support but by following afore mentioned, enterprises can surely reap a myriad of benefits. This is an element that can create potential leads, which sure are vital for generating the desired profits. The leads generated via live chat can be easily pushed into the sales pipeline. So, by concentrating on this process, any commercial organization can thrive in the ever so competitive business domain.

[bat-zanybouquetkingdom-blog]

What Tools and Materials Do I Need to Start a Car Painting Business?

Starting a car painting business is like starting any other kind of business: In order to do the job right, you need the right discount tools and materials. The following painting tools and materials are essential to starting a car painting business: a garage or similar enclosure, a water hose and cleaning agents, sand paper, a putty knife and body putty, sheet plastic, paint primer, black enamel paint, urethane base paint, clear coat paint, a full face piece spray paint respirator and a high speed paint sprayer.

Painting vehicles indoors is important for three reasons: it keeps insects, dust and other windblown materials from getting stuck in the paint; a windless space insures that the spayed paint will distribute evenly; and it prevents sudden rain from ruining a drying paint job. After you find a good indoor space for painting, make sure that the area is well ventilated to prevent the build up of toxic paint fumes. The area's temperature should be at least 55 degrees F for the best paint job results.

Once your painting area has the proper ventilation and temperature control, you'll begin the painting process by using soap, wax stripper and degreaser to insure that a vehicle's body surface is free of all residues. Then you'll use a hose to wash away the cleaning agents. After the vehicle dries, sandpaper is used to remove rust spots and scratches from the body surface. Rusty areas that can't be smoothed away are filled with body putty that is sanded smooth after it dries.

Now you're ready to use the paint sprayer, but first make sure that you cover the vehicle's windows, tires, bumpers, etc. with sheet plastic to protect them from the primer and paints. Having made the necessary preparations for the actual painting of the vehicle, it's time to put on your spray paint respirator, load the paint sprayer with paint primer and spray the primer across the entire surface of the vehicle.

After the primer dries and you've washed the sprayer, black enamel paint is applied to the primer coat to further strengthen it against rust. Before the urethane paint is applied, the enamel coat must be completely sanded away along with any uneven areas in the primer coat. After the first coat of urethane paint dries, a second coat is applied. After the second coat dries and the sprayer is washed, a total of three coats of clear coat paint are applied to protect the urethane paint and give it a resilient sheen. If you plan on painting a large volume of cars on a consistent basis, you might consider purchasing a spray gun washer to bring more efficiency to the painting process.

The car painting tools and materials mentioned in this article are basic to starting your own car painting business. To increase your range of services, you can purchase special stencils, decals and small paintbrushes to add aesthetic flair to basic paint jobs. These and other car painting tools and materials can be found online[Protective paint coating] or at your local hardware supplier.