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Physics - Lecture Notes, Study Materials and Important questions answers

Physics

- Lecture Notes, Study Materials and Important questions answers

Subject : Physics

Nature of the Physical World and Measurement

Scope of Physics - Answer (click here)

Physics, Technology and Society - Answer (click here)

Forces of nature - Answer (click here)

Measurement - Answer (click here)

Derived quantities and their units - Answer (click here)

SI standards - Answer (click here)

Rules and conventions for writing SI units and their symbols - Answer (click here)

Expressing larger and smaller physical quantities - Answer (click here)

Determination of distance, mass, time - Answer (click here)

Accuracy and precision of measuring instruments - Answer (click here)

Measurement: Significant figures - Answer (click here)

Measurement: Rounding off - Answer (click here)

Classification of Errors in Measurement - Answer (click here)

Dimensional Analysis - Answer (click here)

Uses and Limitations of Dimensional Analysis - Answer (click here)

Kinematics

Kinematics - Rest and Motion - Answer (click here)

Motion in one dimension (rectilinear motion) - Answer (click here)

Equations of motion - Answer (click here)

Graphical representations - displacement, velocity,acceleration with time graph - Answer (click here)

Representation of a vector quantities - Answer (click here)

Different types of vectors - Answer (click here)

Addition of vectors: Triangle and Parallelogram law of vectors - Answer (click here)

Subtraction of vectors - Answer (click here)

Resolution of vectors and rectangular components - Answer (click here)

Multiplication of two vectors - Answer (click here)

Projectile motion - Answer (click here)

Motion of a projectile thrown horizontally - Answer (click here)

Motion of a projectile projected at an angle with the horizontal (oblique projection) - Answer (click here)

Newton's first law of motion - Answer (click here)

Three types of the inertia - Answer (click here)

Examples for Newton's first law of motion - Answer (click here)

Newton's second law of motion - Answer (click here)

Impulsive force and Impulse of a force - Answer (click here)

Newton's third Law of motion - Answer (click here)

Applications of Newton s third law of motion - Answer (click here)

Proof and Applications of Law of conservation of momentum - Answer (click here)

Concurrent forces and Coplanar forces - Answer (click here)

Parallelogram and Triangle law of forces - Answer (click here)

Experimental verification of triangle law, parallelogram law and Lami's theorem - Answer (click here)

Uniform circular motion - Answer (click here)

Relation between linear velocity and angular velocity - Answer (click here)

Centripetal acceleration, Centripetal force and Centripetal reaction - Answer (click here)

Applications of centripetal forces - Answer (click here)

Banking of curved roads and tracks and Condition for skidding - Answer (click here)

Motion in a vertical circle - Answer (click here)

Motion on a level circular road - Answer (click here)

Work : Work done by a constant force and variable force - Answer (click here)

Potential energy and Kinetic energy - Answer (click here)

Principle of work and energy (work - energy theorem) Statement - Answer (click here)

Conservative forces and non-conservative forces - Answer (click here)

Collision: Types - Elastic collision and Inelastic collision - Answer (click here)

Dynamics of Rotational Motion

Centre of mass - Answer (click here)

Centre of gravity - Answer (click here)

Equilibrium of bodies and types of equilibrium - Answer (click here)

Rotational motion of rigid bodies - Answer (click here)

Rotational kinetic energy and moment of inertia of a rigid body - Answer (click here)

Theorems of moment of inertia : Perpendicular and Parallel axes theorem - Answer (click here)

Moment of a force - Answer (click here)

Couple and moment of the couple (Torque) - Answer (click here)

Angular momentum of a rigid body - Answer (click here)

Relation between torque and angular acceleration - Answer (click here)

Conservation of angular momentum with Illustration - Answer (click here)

Gravitation and Space Science

Newton's law of gravitation - Answer (click here)

Acceleration due to gravity - Answer (click here)

Acceleration due to gravity at the surface of the Earth - Answer (click here)

Variation of acceleration due to gravity - Answer (click here)

Gravitational field: potential difference and potential energy - Answer (click here)

Inertial mass and Gravitational mass - Answer (click here)

Escape speed derivation and with the atmosphere of a planet - Answer (click here)

Satellites: Orbital velocity, Time period and Energy - Answer (click here)

Geo-stationary satellites and Polar satellites - Answer (click here)

Uses of satellites - Answer (click here)

Indian space programme: List of Indian satellites and Indian Launch Vehicles (Rockets) - Answer (click here)

Weightlessness, Rockets - principle and Types of fuels - Answer (click here)

The Solar system - Answer (click here)

Kepler's laws of planetary motion: The law of orbits, areas, periods - Answer (click here)

Size, Surface temperatures, Mass, Atmosphere of the planets - Answer (click here)

Conditions for life on any planet - Answer (click here)

Asteroids, Comets, Meteors and Meteorites inthe Solar system - Answer (click here)

Stars, Constellations, Galaxy in the Solar system - Answer (click here)

Milky Way galaxy - Answer (click here)

Origin of the Universe - Answer (click here)

Mechanics of Solids and Fluids

Mechanics of Solids and Fluids - Answer (click here)

Intermolecular or interatomic forces - Answer (click here)

Elasticity: Stress, strain Elastic limit, Hooke's law - Answer (click here)

Experimental verification of Hooke's law - Answer (click here)

Study of stress - strain relationship - Answer (click here)

Three moduli of elasticity - Answer (click here)

Relation between the three moduli of elasticity - Answer (click here)

Determination of Young's modulusby Searle's method - Answer (click here)

Applications of modulus of elasticity - Answer (click here)

Pressure due to a liquid column - Answer (click here)

Pascal's law and effect of gravity - Answer (click here)

Applications of Pascal's law: Hydraulic lift and brake - Answer (click here)

Co-efficient of viscosity - Answer (click here)

Viscosity: Streamline flow and Turbulent flow - Answer (click here)

Stoke's law (for highly viscous liquids) - Answer (click here)

Determination of coefficient of viscosity of water by Poiseuille's flow method - Answer (click here)

Surface tension: Intermolecular, Cohesive, Adhesive force - Answer (click here)

Experiments to demonstrate surface tension - Answer (click here)

Molecular theory of surface tension - Answer (click here)

Fluid Surface energy and surface tension - Answer (click here)

Pressure difference and pressure inside a liquid drop and a soap bubble - Answer (click here)

Capillarity and Illustrations of capillarity - Answer (click here)

Experimental determination of surface tension of water by capillary rise method - Answer (click here)

Factors affecting and Applications surface tension - Answer (click here)

Total energy of a liquid: Pressure, Kineti, Potential energy - Answer (click here)

Fluid Equation of continuity - Answer (click here)

Bernoulli's theorem - Answer (click here)

Application of Bernoulli's theorem - Answer (click here)

Oscillations

The projection of uniform circular motion on a diameter is SHM - Answer (click here)

Important terms in simple harmonic motion - Answer (click here)

Dynamics of harmonic oscillations - Answer (click here)

Angular harmonic oscillator - Answer (click here)

Horizontal and Vertical oscillations of spring - Answer (click here)

Oscillation of liquid column in a U - tube - Answer (click here)

Oscillations of a simple pendulum - Answer (click here)

Laws of pendulum - Answer (click here)

Kinetic and Potential in simple harmonic motion - Answer (click here)

Types of oscillations - Answer (click here)

Wave Motion

Characteristics of wave motion - Answer (click here)

Mechanical wave motion - Transverse and Longitudinal wave motion - Answer (click here)

Relationship between velocity, frequency and wavelength of a wave - Answer (click here)

Velocity of wave in different media - Answer (click here)

Laplace?s correction - Answer (click here)

Factors affecting velocity of sound in gases - Answer (click here)

Equation of a plane progressive wave - Answer (click here)

Characteristics of progressive wave - Answer (click here)

Progressive wave : Intensity and sound level - Answer (click here)

Applications of reflection of sound waves - Answer (click here)

Applications of refraction of sound - Answer (click here)

Superposition principle of waves - Answer (click here)

Interference of waves - Answer (click here)

Experimental demonstration of interference of sound - Answer (click here)

Beats - Analytical method and Uses of beats - Answer (click here)

Analytical method and Characteristics of stationary waves - Answer (click here)

Standing waves in strings - Sonometer - Answer (click here)

Vibrations of air column in Organ pipes - Answer (click here)

Resonance air column apparatus - Answer (click here)

Doppler effect : Different cases and Applications - Answer (click here)

Heat and Thermodynamics

Heat and Thermodynamics - Introduction - Answer (click here)

Postulates of Kinetic theory of gases - Answer (click here)

Pressure exerted by a gas - Answer (click here)

Degrees of freedom of molecule - Answer (click here)

Law of equipartition of energy - Answer (click here)

Thermal equilibrium - Answer (click here)

Molar specific heat capacity of a gas - Answer (click here)

First law of thermodynamics - Answer (click here)

Relation between Cp and Cv (Meyer's relation) - Answer (click here)

Indicator diagram (P-V diagram) - Answer (click here)

Isothermal process and Workdone in an isothermal expansion - Answer (click here)

Adiabatic process and Work done in an adiabatic expansion - Answer (click here)

Thermodynamic : Reversible and irreversible processes - Answer (click here)

Second law of thermodynamics- Kelvin's, Clausius, Kelvin - Planck's statement - Answer (click here)

Carnot engine - Essential parts, Working, four stages of operations - Answer (click here)

Refrigerator : Coefficient of performance and Inferences - Answer (click here)

Transfer of heat - Conduction, Convection, Radiation - Answer (click here)

Perfect black body - Answer (click here)

Experimental verification of Newton's law of cooling - Answer (click here)

Surface temperature of the Sun - Answer (click here)

Angstrom pyrheliometer - Answer (click here)

Ray Optics

Reflection of light - Answer (click here)

Image in a plane mirror - Answer (click here)

Reflection at curved surfaces - Answer (click here)

Total internal reflection - Answer (click here)

Applications of Total internal reflection - Answer (click here)

Michelson's method - Answer (click here)

Importance of velocity of light - Answer (click here)

Refraction of light - Answer (click here)

Refraction at a spherical surface - Answer (click here)

Lens maker's formula and lens formula and Magnification - Answer (click here)

Combination of thin lenses in contact - Answer (click here)

Refraction of light through a prism - Answer (click here)

Dispersion of light and Dispersive power - Answer (click here)

Spectrometer - Answer (click here)

Basic Parts and Adjustments of the spectrometer - Answer (click here)

Determination of the refractive index of the material of the prism - Answer (click here)

Formation of rainbows - Answer (click here)

Magnetism

Earth?s magnetic field and magnetic elements - Answer (click here)

Basic properties of magnets - Answer (click here)

Force between two magnetic poles - Answer (click here)

Magnetic induction at a point along the axial line due to a magnetic dipole (Bar magnet) - Answer (click here)

Magnetic induction at a point along the equatorial line of a bar magnet - Answer (click here)

Mapping of magnetic field due to a bar magnet - Answer (click here)

Torque on a bar magnet placed in a uniform magnetic field - Answer (click here)

Tangent law - Answer (click here)

End-on (or) Tan A position- Deflection magnetometer - Answer (click here)

Broad?side on (or) Tan B position - Deflection magnetometer - Answer (click here)

Magnetic properties of materials - Answer (click here)

Properties of diamagnetic, paramagnetic, ferromagnetic substances - Answer (click here)

Hysteresis and Hysteresis loss - Answer (click here)

Uses of ferromagnetic materials - Answer (click here)

Electrostatics

Electrostatics - frictional electricity - Answer (click here)

Basic properties of electric charge - Answer (click here)

Definition of Coulomb's law , Principle of Superposition, Electric Field, Electric Field Intensity (E) - Answer (click here)

Electric Field: Definition of Electric lines of force and Properties of lines of forces - Answer (click here)

Electric potential: Definition of Electric potential and Relation between electric field and potential - Answer (click here)

Gauss's law and its applications - Answer (click here)

Electrostatic induction - Answer (click here)

Principle of a capacitor and Energy stored in a capacitor - Answer (click here)

Lightning conductor -Van de Graaff Generator- working principle and construction - Answer (click here)

Current Electricity

Definition of Electric current and discription of Current Electricity - Answer (click here)

Combination of resistors: Resistors in series and parallel - Answer (click here)

Kirchoff's law and Potentiometer - Answer (click here)

Superconductivity Defination and Applications of superconductors - Answer (click here)

Carbon resistors and Colour code for carbon resistors - Answer (click here)

Temperature dependence of resistance and Internal resistance of a cell - Answer (click here)

Electric energy and electric power - Answer (click here)

Faraday's laws of electrolysis | Chemical effect of current | Verification of Faraday's laws of electrolysis - Answer (click here)

Electric cells and Voltaic cell - Answer (click here)

Primary Cell - Daniel cell, Leclanche cell - Answer (click here)

Secondary Cells - Lead - Acid accumulator - Applications of secondary cells - Answer (click here)

Effects of Electric Current

Applications of Joule heating - Answer (click here)

Seebeck effect - Answer (click here)

Neutral and Inversion temperature - Answer (click here)

Peltier effect and Peltier Co-efficient (π) - Answer (click here)

Thomson effect and Thomson coefficient (σ) - Answer (click here)

Thermopile - Answer (click here)

Biot - Savart Law - Answer (click here)

Tangent galvanometer : Theory and Construction of Tangent galvanometer - Answer (click here)

Solenoid and Right hand palm rule - Answer (click here)

Magnetic Lorentz force - Answer (click here)

Cyclotron- Principle, Construction, Working and Limitations of Cyclotron - Answer (click here)

Moving coil galvanometer : Principle, Construction, Pointer type moving coil galvanometer, Current sensitivity of a galvanometer - Answer (click here)

Heating effect : Joule's law - Answer (click here)

Verification of Joule's law - Answer (click here)

Magnetic effect of current - Answer (click here)

Magnetic field around a straight conductor carrying current - Answer (click here)

Magnetic field due to a circular loop carrying current - Answer (click here)

Biot Savart Law and Magnetic induction - Answer (click here)

Ampere's Circuital Law - Answer (click here)

Magnetic induction due to a long solenoid carrying current - Answer (click here)

Magnetic Lorentz force and Cyclotron - Answer (click here)

Motion of a charged particle in a uniform magnetic field - Answer (click here)

Force on a current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field - Answer (click here)

Force between two long parallel current-carrying conductors - Answer (click here)

Torque experienced by a current loop in a uniform magnetic field - Answer (click here)

Conversion of galvanometer into an ammeter - Answer (click here)

Conversion of galvanometer into a voltmeter - Answer (click here)

Current loop as a magnetic dipole - Answer (click here)

The magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron - Answer (click here)

Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Current

AC generator (Dynamo) - Single phase and AC generator (Alternator) - Three phase - Answer (click here)

Eddy currents and Applications of Eddy current - Answer (click here)

Transformer Principle - Efficiency of a transformer - Energy losses in a transformer - Answer (click here)

Electromagnetic induction - Answer (click here)

Magnetic flux - Answer (click here)

Induced emf and current - Electromagnetic induction - Answer (click here)

Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction - Answer (click here)

Lenz's law - Answer (click here)

Self Induction - Answer (click here)

Coefficient of self induction - Answer (click here)

Self inductance of a long solenoid - Answer (click here)

Mutual induction and Coefficient of mutual induction - Answer (click here)

Methods of producing induced emf - Answer (click here)

AC generator (Dynamo) - Single phase - Answer (click here)

Eddy currents - Answer (click here)

Transformer - Answer (click here)

Long distance power transmission - Answer (click here)

Alternating current - Answer (click here)

AC Circuit with resistor, inductor and capacitor - Answer (click here)

Choke coil: Construction and Working - Answer (click here)

Electromagnetic Waves and Wave Optics

Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman(C.V.Raman) Life - Answer (click here)

Uses of electromagnetic spectrum - Answer (click here)

Types of spectra - Emission spectra, Line spectrum, Band Spectrum, Absorption Spectra - Answer (click here)

Fraunhofer lines - Fluorescence - Phosphorescence - Answer (click here)

Theories of light : Corpuscular theory, Wave theory, Electromagnetic theory, Quantum theory - Answer (click here)

Scattering of light : Tyndal scattering, Raman effect - Answer (click here)

Wave front : Huygen's principle - Answer (click here)

Condition for sustained interference and Young's double slit experiment - Answer (click here)

Newton's rings : Experiment, Theory - Answer (click here)

Fresnel and Fraunhofer diffraction - Answer (click here)

Diffraction grating explanation with Theory - Answer (click here)

Polarisation of transverse waves - Answer (click here)

Double refraction - Answer (click here)

Polaroids explanation and Uses of Polaroid - Answer (click here)

Nicol prism and Types of crystals - Answer (click here)

Optical activity - Answer (click here)

Specific rotation - Answer (click here)

Electromagnetic Waves and Wave optics - Answer (click here)

Characteristics of electromagnetic waves - Answer (click here)

Hertz experiment - Answer (click here)

Types of spectra - Answer (click here)

Theories of light - Answer (click here)

Scattering of light - Answer (click here)

Wave front - Answer (click here)

Superposition principle - Answer (click here)

Diffraction - Answer (click here)

Polarisation - Answer (click here)

Atomic Physics

Discharge of electricity through gases at low pressure - Discovery of electrons - Answer (click here)

Properties of Cathode rays - Answer (click here)

Canal rays and Properties of Positive rays (or) Canal rays - Answer (click here)

Thomson's method - Determination of specific charge (e/m) of an electron - Answer (click here)

Millikan's oil drop experiment - Determination of charge of an electron - Answer (click here)

Thomson atom model and its Drawbacks - Answer (click here)

Rutherford's α - particle scattering experiment - Answer (click here)

Rutherford atom model and its Drawbacks - Answer (click here)

Bohr atom model - Answer (click here)

Spectral series of hydrogen atom and Energy level diagram - Answer (click here)

Excitation and ionization potential of an atom - Answer (click here)

Shortcomings of Bohr's theory - Answer (click here)

Sommerfeld atom model and its Drawbacks - Answer (click here)

Production of X-rays - Modern Coolidge tube - Answer (click here)

Types of X-rays: Soft and Hard X-rays - Answer (click here)

Properties of X-rays - Answer (click here)

Detection, Diffraction and Absorption of X-rays - Answer (click here)

Laue experiment - Answer (click here)

Bragg's law for X-ray diffraction - Answer (click here)

Bragg's X-ray spectrometer - Answer (click here)

X-ray spectra - continuous and characteristic X-ray spectra - Answer (click here)

Moseley's law and Applications of Moseley's law - Answer (click here)

Medical, Industrial and Scientific Applications of X-rays - Answer (click here)

Spontaneous and stimulated emission of Laser - Answer (click here)

Ruby laser - Generation Process and Energy Level - Answer (click here)

Helium neon laser - Generation Process and Energy Level - Answer (click here)

Medical, Industrial and Scientific Applications of laser - Answer (click here)

Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter and Relativity

Photoelectric effect - Dual Nature of Radiation - Answer (click here)

Hallwachs Experiment - photo electric effect - Answer (click here)

Effect of potential difference on the photoelectric current - Answer (click here)

Effect of frequency of incident radiation on stopping potential - Answer (click here)

Laws of photoelectric emission - Answer (click here)

Einstein's photoelectric equation - Answer (click here)

Photoelectric cells and their types, applications - Answer (click here)

de Broglie wavelength of matter waves and an electron - Answer (click here)

Electron microscope: Construction, working, Uses, Limitations - Answer (click here)

Relativity: Concept of Space and Frame of reference - Answer (click here)

Special theory of relativity - Answer (click here)

Einstein's mass-energy equivalence - Answer (click here)

Nuclear Physics

Classification of nuclei and Properties of nucleus Nuclear size - Answer (click here)

Explanation of Nuclear binding energy curve - Answer (click here)

Bainbridge mass spectrometer - Determination of isotopic masses of nuclei - Answer (click here)

Nuclear force and Radioactivity - Answer (click here)

Properties of Alpha α, beta β and gamma γ rays - Answer (click here)

Radioactive displacement law - Answer (click here)

Neutron - Discovery and Properties of neutrons - Answer (click here)

Artificial radioactivity - Answer (click here)

Applications of radio-isotopes - Answer (click here)

Biological hazards of nuclear radiations - Answer (click here)

Artificial radioactivity transmutation and Particle accelerators - Answer (click here)

Geiger - Muller counter: Construction and Operation - Answer (click here)

Energy released in Nuclear fission - Answer (click here)

Radioactive Chain reaction - Answer (click here)

Atom bomb - Principle and construction - Answer (click here)

Nuclear reactor: Design and Function of parts, Uses - Answer (click here)

Nuclear power programme in India - Answer (click here)

Nuclear fusion: Hydrogen bomb and Stellar energy - Answer (click here)

Cosmic Rays: Latitude effect, Altitude effect, Cosmic ray showers - Answer (click here)

Elementary particles of atom - new nuclear particles - Answer (click here)

Semiconductor Devices and their Applications

Semiconductors: Energy band in solids - Answer (click here)

Semiconductors: Valence band, conduction band and forbidden energy gap - Answer (click here)

Insulators, semiconductors and conductors - forbidden energy gap - Answer (click here)

Electrons and holes in semiconductors - Answer (click here)

Intrinsic semiconductor - Answer (click here)

Extrinsic semiconductor: N and P -type semiconductor - Answer (click here)

PN Junction diode: Forward and Reverse bias characteristics - Answer (click here)

PN junction diode as Half wave and Bridge wave rectifier - Answer (click here)

Avalanche and zener Breakdown mechanisms - Answer (click here)

Zener diode and Zener diode as voltage regulator - Answer (click here)

Light Emitting Diode (LED) - Answer (click here)

Junction transistor - Answer (click here)

Working of a PNP transistor - Answer (click here)

Transistor circuit configurations - Answer (click here)

Characteristics of an NPN transistor in common emitter configuration - Answer (click here)

Transistor as a switch - Answer (click here)

Transistor amplifier - Operating point, Working - Answer (click here)

Transistor biasing - Voltage divider bias - Answer (click here)

Single stage CE amplifier - Answer (click here)

Multistage amplifiers - Answer (click here)

Feedback in amplifiers- Principle of feedback and - Answer (click here)

Transistor oscillators - Barkhausen condition for oscillation - Answer (click here)

Generation of sinusoidal waves by a tuned LC circuit - Answer (click here)

Essentials of LC oscillator - Answer (click here)

Colpitt's oscillator - Answer (click here)

Integrated circuit (IC) - Answer (click here)

Digital electronics - Analog signal, Digital signal and logic levels - Answer (click here)

Basic logic gates using discrete components - Answer (click here)

Operational amplifier (OP - AMP) - Answer (click here)

Circuit symbol and Pin-out configuration of an OP-AMP - Answer (click here)

Basic OP-AMP circuits: Inverting, Non-inverting, Summing, Difference amplifier - Answer (click here)

Cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO) - Answer (click here)

Multimeter - Answer (click here)

Communication Systems

Propagation of electromagnetic waves - Answer (click here)

Amplitude modulation (AM): Modulation factor, Analysis, Advantages, Limitations - Answer (click here)

Frequency modulation (FM): Advantages and Disadvantages - Answer (click here)

Phase modulation (PM) - Answer (click here)

Radio transmission - AM, FM transmitter and AF, RF section - Answer (click here)

Radio reception: simple, AM and FM receiver - Answer (click here)

Television: Construction and Working of Vidicon camera tube - Answer (click here)

Television: Scanning and synchronising - Answer (click here)

Monochrome picture tube - Answer (click here)

Monochrome TV transmission - Answer (click here)

Monochrome TV receiver - Answer (click here)

RADAR: Principle, Applications, Transmission and reception of radar - Answer (click here)

Analog communication and digital communication - Answer (click here)

Modem and Fax (or) Facsimile - Answer (click here)

Wire and Cable - Answer (click here)

Fiber optical communication: Advantages, Applications - Answer (click here)

Satellite Communication: Merits and Demerits - Answer (click here)

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brainkartindia-blog · 7 years ago

Text

Botany - Lecture Notes, Study Materials and Important questions answers

Botany

- Lecture Notes, Study Materials and Important questions answers

Subject : Botany

BIODIVERSITY

Taxonomy and Phylogeny - Answer (click here)

Two Kingdom System of Classification - Answer (click here)

The Five Kingdom System of Classification - Answer (click here)

Viruses - Introduction And General characteristics - Answer (click here)

Viruses : Size, Shape And Structure of a Virus - Answer (click here)

Classification of virus - Answer (click here)

Lytic and Lysogenic Life cycle of a phage - Answer (click here)

Plant viral disease : Bunchy top of banana, HIV, cancer, SARS Virion - Answer (click here)

A new disease called SARS Virion - Answer (click here)

Bacteria : Introduction, Occurrence, Size - Answer (click here)

Classification of bacteria based on the shape and arrangement - Answer (click here)

Flagellation in Bacteria - Answer (click here)

Nutrition in Plant Bacteria - Answer (click here)

Respiration in Plant Bacteria - Answer (click here)

Reproduction of Bacteria - Answer (click here)

Harmful activities of Bacteria in Plants, Animal, Human beings - Answer (click here)

Beneficial Activities of Bacteria - Answer (click here)

Fungi : Salient and Distinguishing Features, Structure, Nutrition, Saprotrophs - Answer (click here)

Fungai : Saprotrophs and Parasites - Answer (click here)

Fungi Symbiosis - Answer (click here)

Classification of Fungi - Answer (click here)

Economic importance of Fungi : Useful and Harmful aspects of fungi - Answer (click here)

Mucor : Occurrence, Reproduction, Somatic structure - Answer (click here)

Algae : Salient Features, Occurrence and Distribution, Thallus organization - Answer (click here)

Algae : Cell Structure & Pigmentation - Answer (click here)

Algea : Arranagement of Flagella - Answer (click here)

Algea Reproduction : 1. Vegetative 2. Asexual 3. Sexual - Answer (click here)

Classification of Algea - Answer (click here)

Economic Importance of Algae - Food, Agriculture, Industry, space travel, Single cell protein, Sewage Disposal - Answer (click here)

Harmful effects of Algae - Answer (click here)

Spirogyra : Detail, Occurrence, Structure - Answer (click here)

Algea : Reproduction - Answer (click here)

Bryophytes : Salient and Distinguishing features of Bryophytes - Answer (click here)

Bryophytes : Alternation of Generations - Answer (click here)

Classification of Bryophyta - Answer (click here)

Riccia And The structure of mature gametophyte - Answer (click here)

Reproduction of Riccia - Answer (click here)

Riccia - Fertilization, Sporophyte Generation - Answer (click here)

Life cycle of Riccia - Answer (click here)

Pteridophytes : Salient features and Salient features - Answer (click here)

Characteristics of Pteridophytes and Economic importance - Answer (click here)

Morphology of sporophyte - Answer (click here)

Anatomy of Nephrolepsis - Answer (click here)

Reproduction of Nephrolepsis - Answer (click here)

Nephrolepsis : Fertilization - Answer (click here)

Classification and Characteristic of Spermatophytes(Gymnosperms) - Answer (click here)

Salient features and Distinguishing features of Gymnosperms - Answer (click here)

Cycas - Morphology of sporophyte - Answer (click here)

Anatomy of Cycas - Answer (click here)

Cycas - Reproduction - Answer (click here)

CELL BIOLOGY

A brief history about the discovery of cells - Answer (click here)

Dynamic nature of cell , Difference Between Plant Cell And Animal cell - Answer (click here)

Development of Cell Theory And Exception to cell Theory - Answer (click here)

prokaryotic cell And Ultra structure of a prokaryotic cell - Answer (click here)

Eukaryotes - Answer (click here)

Different Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell (Plant Cells) - Answer (click here)

Light Microscope and Electron Microscope (TEM - Transmission Electron Microscopy & SEM - Scanning Electron Microscope ) - Answer (click here)

Formation of the cell wall - Answer (click here)

Structure of the cell wall - Answer (click here)

Plasmodesmata, pits and Functions of cell wall - Answer (click here)

Ultra structure of the cell membrane - Fluid mosaic Model, Lipids, Proteins - Answer (click here)

Functions of plasma membrane - Answer (click here)

Cell Membrane Transport - Answer (click here)

List of Plant Cell Organelles - Answer (click here)

Plant Cell Nucleus And Functions of Plant Cell Nucleus - Answer (click here)

Plant Cell Mitochondria - Power house of the cell - Answer (click here)

Plant Cell Plastids - chloroplasts, chromoplasts and leucoplasts - Answer (click here)

Plant Cell : Ribosomes - Answer (click here)

Plant Cell Division - Cell Cycle 1.Amitosis 2.Mitosis 3. Meiosis - Answer (click here)

Cell Division : Mitotic cell cycle : 1.Prophase 2. Metaphase 3.Anaphase 4. Telophase - Answer (click here)

Cell Division - Meiosis Cell Cycle : Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase - Answer (click here)

PLANT MORPHOLOGY

Morphology of flowering plants or Angiosperms - short notes - Answer (click here)

Plant - Root System : Regions of a typical root and General Characteristic features of the root - Answer (click here)

Types of Root System And Functions of roots - Answer (click here)

Root Modifications for Taproot, adventitious roots - Answer (click here)

Characteristic features and Functions of the stem - Answer (click here)

Modifications of stem : 1. Aerial modifications 2. Sub aerial modifications 3. Under ground modifications - Answer (click here)

Parts of a Leaf : 1. Leaf base 2. Petiole 3. Lamina - Answer (click here)

Leaf Venation : Reticulate, Parallel : Pinnately, Palmately - Answer (click here)

Leaf Modification - Answer (click here)

Inflorescence : Racemose, Cymose, Mixed and Special types - Answer (click here)

FLOWER - A Metamorphosed Shoot : Evidences to support that flower is a modified shoot - Answer (click here)

Description of a flower - Answer (click here)

Types of Placentation : Axile,Marginal, Parietal, Basal, Superficial Placentation - Answer (click here)

Androecium And Gynoecium - Answer (click here)

Plant Aestivation And Types of Aestivation - Answer (click here)

Corolla : Shape of the petals in the corolla and Forms of Corolla - Answer (click here)

Calyx : Variations and Duration of calyx - Answer (click here)

The receptacle (thalamus) : Variation of the Receptacle, Insertion of floral leaves on the thalamus - Answer (click here)

Parts of a flower - Answer (click here)

Fruit : Types and Structure of fruit - Answer (click here)

Simple fleshy fruits : baccate,drupaceous - Berry, Drupe, Hesperidium, Pepo, Pomo - Answer (click here)

Simple Dry Fruits - .1. Dehiscent 2. Schizocarpic 3. Indehiscent - Answer (click here)

aggregate and multiple or composite fruits - Answer (click here)

Structure and Types of Seed - Answer (click here)

Structure of gram seed - Answer (click here)

Structure of Maize Grain - Answer (click here)

GENETICS

GENETICS : Concept of Heredity and Variation - Answer (click here)

Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance - Answer (click here)

Intermediate Inheritance (Incomplete Dominance) - Answer (click here)

Epistasis - Gene Interaction - Answer (click here)

Inheritance Laws of Mendel - Answer (click here)

Biography of Mendel And Mendel's Experiments on Mendel's Laws of Inheritance - Answer (click here)

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

Cell as a Physiological Unit - Answer (click here)

Properties of Protoplasm : The Physical and Chemical Nature - Answer (click here)

Cell - Water Relations - Answer (click here)

Cells : Absorption and Movement - Imbibition, Diffusion - Answer (click here)

Demonstration of Osmosis - Potato Osmoscope - Answer (click here)

Plasmolysis and Significance of Plasmolysis - Answer (click here)

Plant Cells : Permeability and Water Potential - Answer (click here)

Water Transport in Plant - Answer (click here)

Transpiration Pull Theory in plant water transport - Answer (click here)

Factors Affecting Rate of Transpiration in Plant - Answer (click here)

Structure of Stoma and Mechanism of Stomatal Opening and Closing - Answer (click here)

Factors Affecting Stomatal Movement - Answer (click here)

Functions of Minerals Nutrition - Answer (click here)

Hydroponics : Advantages and Disavantagges of Hydroponics - Answer (click here)

Essential Major Elements and Trace Elements for Plant - Answer (click here)

Plant Physiological Role and Deficiency Symptoms of Mineral Elements - Answer (click here)

Theories of Translocation for Plant : Passive absorption and Active Absorption - Answer (click here)

Plant Physiology : Translocation of Solutes - Answer (click here)

Plant Physiology : Nitrogen Metabolism - Answer (click here)

Plant Movements : Movements of locomotion and curvature - Answer (click here)

Geotropism - Answer (click here)

Phototropism And Turgor Growth Movements - Answer (click here)

REPRODUCTION BIOLOGY

Reproduction in Angiosperms : Vegetative Propagation - Answer (click here)

Natural Methods of Vegetative Propagation : Root, Stem, Leaves - Answer (click here)

Advantages of Vegetative propagation - Answer (click here)

Artificial Method of Vegetative Propagation : Cuttings, Grafting - Answer (click here)

Reproduction in Angiosperm : Micropropagation - Answer (click here)

Self Pollination - Sexual Reproduction : 1. autogamy 2. geitonogamy - Answer (click here)

Cross Pollination (Xenogamy, Allogamy) - Sexual Reproduction - Answer (click here)

Development of male and female gametophyte - Answer (click here)

Development of female gametophyte : Megasporophyll, Megasporangium or ovule, Megasporogenesis - Answer (click here)

Types of Plant Ovule - Answer (click here)

Plant Reproduction : Double fertilization - Answer (click here)

Development of dicot embryo - Answer (click here)

Parthenogenesis and parthenocarpy - Answer (click here)

Germination of Seed : Parts of Seed - Answer (click here)

Process of seed germination - Answer (click here)

Types of seed germination : Epigeal, Hypogeal germination, Vivipary - Answer (click here)

Factors necessary for seed gamination - Answer (click here)

Abscission and Importance of Abscission - Answer (click here)

senescence : Types, Physiology , Importance of senescence - Answer (click here)

ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY

Organisms and their Environment - Answer (click here)

Organisms : Environmental Climatic Factors - Answer (click here)

Organisms : Environment : Edaphic Factors - Answer (click here)

Organisms : Environmental factors - Climatic, Edaphic, Biotic - Answer (click here)

Relationships among Organisms : Positive and Negative Interactions - Answer (click here)

Hydrophytes And Classification of Hydrophytes - Answer (click here)

Morphological and Anatomical adaptations of Hydrophytes - Answer (click here)

Xerophytes and Classification of Xerophytes - Answer (click here)

Morphological, Anatomical and Physiological Adaptations of Xerophytes - Answer (click here)

Mesophytes - Answer (click here)

natural resources and Types of natural resources - Answer (click here)

Sources of Energy resources - Answer (click here)

Conservation of Energy - Answer (click here)

Forest Resources - Answer (click here)

Social Forestry and Conservation of Forests - Answer (click here)

Conservation of Water and Types of Harvesting Rainwater - Answer (click here)

TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS

TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS : Types of classification - Answer (click here)

Biosystematics nomenclature - Answer (click here)

Binomial nomenclature - Answer (click here)

Herbaria and uses, Importance of Herbaria - Answer (click here)

Bentham and Hooker's classification of plants : Dicotyledonae, Gymnospermae and Monocotyledonae - Answer (click here)

Merits and Demerits of Bentham and Hooker's classification of plants - Answer (click here)

DICOT FAMILIES : MALVACEAE - the cotton family - Answer (click here)

Botanical description of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis - Answer (click here)

FABACEAE - the bean family - Answer (click here)

Botanical description and Economical of Clitoria ternatea - Answer (click here)

RUBIACEAE - the coffee family - Answer (click here)

Botanical description and Economic Importance of Ixora coccinea - Answer (click here)

ASTERACEAE - the sunflower family - Answer (click here)

Botanical description and Economic importance of Tridax procumbens - Answer (click here)

SOLANACEAE - the potato family - Answer (click here)

Botanical description and Economic importance of Datura metal - Answer (click here)

EUPHORBIACEAE - the castor family - Answer (click here)

Botanical description and Economic importance of Ricinus communis - Answer (click here)

MUSACEAE - the banana family Systematic position - Answer (click here)

Botanical description and Economical importance of Musa paradisiaca - Answer (click here)

ARECACEAE - the palm family - Answer (click here)

Botanical description and Economic importance of Cocos nucifera - Answer (click here)

PLANT ANATOMY

Classification and Characteristics of meristematic cells - Answer (click here)

Classification of permanent tissue : Simple and Complex tissue - Answer (click here)

Permanent Simple tissue Types : parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma - Answer (click here)

Permanent Complex tissue and Types : Xylem, Phloem - Answer (click here)

Phloem : Sieve elements, Companion cells, Phloem parenchyma, Phloem fibres - Answer (click here)

Epidermal tissue system and its functions - Answer (click here)

Vascular tissue system - Answer (click here)

Ground or fundamental tissue system - Answer (click here)

Primary structure of monocotyledonous root - Maize root - Answer (click here)

Primary structure of dicotyledonous root - Bean root - Answer (click here)

Primary structure of monocot stem - Maize stem - Answer (click here)

Primary structure of dicotyledonous stem - Sunflower stem - Answer (click here)

Anatomy of a dicot leaf - Sunflower leaf - Answer (click here)

Anatomy of a monocot leaf - Grass leaf - Answer (click here)

Secondary growth in dicot stem - Answer (click here)

CELL BIOLOGY AND GENETICS

Structure of chromosome - Answer (click here)

Types of chromosomes - Answer (click here)

Special types of chromosomes - Answer (click here)

Gene and genome - Answer (click here)

Linkage and crossing over - Answer (click here)

Significance of crossing over and Uses of gene mapping - Answer (click here)

Recombination of chromosome - Answer (click here)

Gene mutation : Significance, Classification, Mutagenic agents - Answer (click here)

Numerical and Structural chromosomal aberrations - Answer (click here)

Hereditary role of DNA - Bacterial transformation - Answer (click here)

Structure of DNA - Answer (click here)

Function and Replication of DNA - Answer (click here)

Structure of RNA and its types - Answer (click here)

Characteristics of genetic code and Central dogma of molecular biology - Answer (click here)

BIOTECHNOLOGY

Recombinant DNA technology - Answer (click here)

Gene transfer in plants - Answer (click here)

How DNA is cut? - Answer (click here)

Transgenic plants : foreign gene, Transgenic (modified) plants - Answer (click here)

Practical application of genetic transformation - Answer (click here)

Use of genetically engineered bacterial strain - Answer (click here)

Concept of Plant tissue culture - Answer (click here)

Applications of plant tissue culture - Answer (click here)

Basic techniques of plant tissue culture - Answer (click here)

Protoplast fusion : Isolation of protoplast - Mechanical and Enzymatic method - Answer (click here)

Single cell protein (SCP) - Answer (click here)

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

Enzymes : Classification, Properties of Enzymes - Answer (click here)

Theories explaining the mechanism of enzyme action - Answer (click here)

Significance of photosynthesis - Answer (click here)

Site of photosynthesis - Answer (click here)

Photochemical and biosynthetic phases, Mechanism of photosynthesis - Answer (click here)

EXPERIMENTS ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS : 1.Ganong's light screen 2.Test tube and funnel experiment - Answer (click here)

Plant Mode of nutrition - Answer (click here)

Chemosynthesis - Chemosynthetic autotrophs and heterotrophs - Answer (click here)

Plant Respiration and structure of ATP - Answer (click here)

Plant Respiration : Glycolysis - Answer (click here)

Plant Respiration : Krebs cycle and Significance of Krebs cycle - Answer (click here)

Plant Respiration : Electron transport chain - Answer (click here)

Plant Respiration : Pentose phosphate pathway - Answer (click here)

Kuhne's fermentation tube experiment - Answer (click here)

Plant growth and Measurement of plant growth - Answer (click here)

auxins and Physiological effects of auxin - Answer (click here)

Gibberellins and Physiological effects of gibberellin - Answer (click here)

Physiological effects of cytokinin, ethylene, abscisic acid - Answer (click here)

Photoperiodism and vernalization - Answer (click here)

BIOLOGY IN HUMAN WELFARE

BIOLOGY IN HUMAN WELFARE : Food production - Answer (click here)

Plant breeding : Aims, Major Aspects of plant breeding - Answer (click here)

Plant Breeding : Selection - Answer (click here)

Plant Breeding : Hybridization, Mutation breeding - Answer (click here)

Plant breeding : Genetic engineering - Answer (click here)

Role of biofertilizers and Benefits from biofertilizers - Answer (click here)

Plant Disease in Rice - Oryza sativa - Answer (click here)

Plant Tikka disease in Groundnut or peanut - Arachis hypogea - Answer (click here)

Citrus canker and Tungro disease of rice - Answer (click here)

Biopesticides and Biocontrol of insect pests - Answer (click here)

Genetically modified food : Edible, Edible, Edible antibodies - Answer (click here)

Bio-war - Answer (click here)

Bio-piracy - Answer (click here)

Bio-patent - Answer (click here)

Sustained agriculture - Answer (click here)

Medicinal plants including microbes - Answer (click here)

Commonly available medicinal plants and microbes - Answer (click here)

Economic importance Plants : Food, Rice, Oil, Fibre, Timber yielding plant - Answer (click here)

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