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Fables

The word “fable” comes from the Latin “fabula,” or “story.” Most Western fables come from the famous fabulist Aesop, who wrote in ancient Greece. In ancient Greek education, students were taught fables and encouraged to make up and recite their own. Some of Aesop’s fables originate from India during the first millennium BCE.

A fable is a short story that illustrates a moral lesson. The plot of a fable includes a simple conflict and a resolution, followed by a maxim. Fables feature anthropomorphized animals and natural elements as main characters.

Traditionally, fables are written to teach children their culture’s appropriate behavior and values, but there are some exceptions.

References:

https://www.britannica.com/art/fable

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Historical Fiction

Historical Fiction is set in a real place, during a culturally recognizable time. The details and the action in the story can be a mix of actual events and ones from the author's imagination as they fill in the gaps. Characters can be pure fiction or based on real people (often, it's both).

Historical fiction seems to be the most significant of these genres, however, as it teaches people of the past to educate them for a better future. Men learn from their past mistakes, and when man’s mistakes are told as tales, one is more inclined to listen if the story entertains him. This is why historical fiction contributes the most to the combined literary effort of the twentieth century.

There are those characteristics of historical friction ,first is authenticity conveys the flavor of the period,its sights, sounds, smells.

Sensitivity. writers of historical fiction must be sensitive to and balance the various .And lastly,Unobtrusive history. depends on a believable and reasonably accurate setting often includes. actual historical personages.

References:

https://celadonbooks.com/what-is-historical-fiction/#:~:text=Historical%20Fiction%20is%20set%20in,(often%2C%20it's%20both).

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Poetry

Poetry is literature that is written in verse and emphasizes the rhythmic use of words to create imagery. Works of poetry are called poems. A person who writes poetry is called a poet. Poetry is a major form of literature.

And according to wikipedia,poetry, also called verse, is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and often rhythmic qualities of language − such as phonaesthetics, sound symbolism, and metre − to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, a prosaic ostensible meaning.

As a student, I don’t really have experiences in writing a poems.I have experience in writing but not in poetry. My writing experiences are always about informative speech, like news writing, sport writing, and feature writing. There is some scenario in which I was obliged to write poems, like activities in school. Poetry from me is kinda challenging for me because you will going to express your thoughts and feelings about the subject you want to make a poem on it with syllabic rhythm. That’s why I am really amazed to people who can make beautiful poems. I love reading beautiful poems, and soon, i will try to be good at writing this type of literature.

References:

https://www.masterclass.com/articles/poetry-101-learn-about-poetry-different-types-of-poems-and-poetic-devices-with-examples

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Mythology

Mythology (from the Greek mythos for story-of-the-people, and logos for word or speech, so the spoken story of a people) is the study and interpretation of often sacred tales or fables of a culture known as myths or the collection of such stories which deal with various aspects of the human condition: good and evil; the meaning of suffering; human origins; the origin of place-names, animals, cultural values, and traditions; the meaning of life and death; the afterlife; and celestial stories of the gods or a god. Myths express the beliefs and values about these subjects held by a certain culture.

Myths are a part of every culture in the world and are used to explain natural phenomena, where a people came from and how their civilization developed, and why things happen as they do. At their most basic level, myths comfort by giving a sense of order and meaning to what can sometimes seem a chaotic world.

Myths tell the stories of ancestors and the origin of humans and the world, the gods, supernatural beings (satyrs, nymphs, mermaids) and heroes with super-human, usually god-given, powers (as in the case of the Greek myth of Heracles or Perseus). Myths also describe origins or nuances of long-held customs or explain natural events such as the sunrise and sunset, the cycle of the moon and the seasons, or thunder and lightning storms. Scholars Maria Leach and Jerome Fried define mythology along these lines:

Mythology has played an integral part in every civilization throughout the world. Pre-historic cave paintings, etchings in stone, tombs, and monuments all suggest that, long before human beings set down their myths in words, they had already developed a belief structure corresponding to the definition of `myth' provided by Leach and Fried. According to twentieth century psychiatrist Carl Jung, myth is a necessary aspect of the human psyche which needs to find meaning and order in a world which often presents itself as chaotic and meaningless.

References:

https://www.worldhistory.org/mythology/

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Fiction

Fiction is a literary genre that refers to imaginative or creative works of prose or poetry that are not based on real events or people, but rather on the author's imagination. Fiction can be further classified into various subgenres, such as romance, mystery, science fiction, horror, and historical fiction, among others.

According to The Cambridge Companion to Fiction, "fiction is a particular way of imagining, of making sense of the world, of exploring and testing human values, of challenging or reinforcing established beliefs, of encountering the otherness of others, of speculating on possible worlds, of finding or creating meaning" (Hutcheon & O'Flynn, 2012, p. 1). In other words, fiction is a means of exploring the human experience and the world around us through the use of imagination and storytelling.

Fiction has a long history, dating back to ancient times, with examples of early fiction including Homer's epic poems The Iliad and The Odyssey, and the ancient Indian epic, the Mahabharata. However, the modern novel as we know it today emerged in the 18th century, with the publication of works such as Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe and Samuel Richardson's Pamela.

Fiction has remained a popular genre throughout the centuries, with numerous acclaimed authors and works, including Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice, F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby, Toni Morrison's Beloved, and J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter series, to name just a few.

References:

Hutcheon, L., & O'Flynn, M. (Eds.). (2012). The Cambridge companion to fiction. Cambridge University Press.

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Short Story

A short story is a piece of prose fiction that can typically be read in a single sitting and focuses on a self-contained incident or series of linked incidents, with the intent of evoking a single effect or mood. The short story is one of the oldest types of literature and has existed in the form of legends, mythic tales, folk tales, fairy tales, tall tales, fables and anecdotes in various ancient communities around the world. The modern short story developed in the early 19th century.

The short story is a crafted form in its own right. Short stories make use of plot, resonance, and other dynamic components as in a novel, but typically to a lesser degree. While the short story is largely distinct from the novel or novella/short novel, authors generally draw from a common pool of literary techniques. The short story is sometimes referred to as a genre.

In terms of length, word count is typically anywhere from 1,000 to 4,000 for short stories; however, some have 15,000 words and are still classed as short stories. Stories of fewer than 1,000 words are sometimes referred to as "short short stories", or "flash fiction".

Short stories have no set length. In terms of word count, there is no official demarcation between an anecdote, a short story, and a novel. Rather, the form's parameters are given by the rhetorical and practical context in which a given story is produced and considered so that what constitutes a short story may differ between genres, countries, eras, and commentators. Like the novel, the short story's predominant shape reflects the demands of the available markets for publication, and the evolution of the form seems closely tied to the evolution of the publishing industry and the submission guidelines of its constituent houses.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_story

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SCI-FI

Science fiction (sometimes shortened to sf or sci-fi) is a genre of speculative fiction, which typically deals with imaginative and futuristic concepts such as advanced science and technology, space exploration, time travel, parallel universes, and extraterrestrial life. Science fiction can trace its roots to ancient mythology. It is related to fantasy, horror, and superhero fiction and contains many subgenres. Its exact definition has long been disputed among authors, critics, scholars, and readers.

Although examples of science fiction can be found as far back as the Middle Ages, its presence in literature was not particularly significant until the late 1800s. Its true popularity for both writers and audiences came with the rise of technology over the past 150 years, with developments such as electricity, space exploration, medical advances, industrial growth, and so on. As science and technology progress, so does the genre of science fiction.

Types of Science Fiction:

It is distinguished as either "Hard" and "Soft".

Hard Fiction

Hard science fiction strictly follows scientific facts and principles. It is strongly focused on natural sciences like physics, astronomy, chemistry, astrophysics, etc. Interestingly, hard science fiction is often written by real scientists, and has been known for making both accurate and inaccurate predictions of future events. For example, the recent film Gravity, the story of an astronaut whose spacecraft is damaged while she repairs a satellite, was renowned for its scientific accuracy in terms of what would actually happen in space.

Soft Fiction

Soft science fiction is characterized by a focus on social sciences, like anthropology, sociology, psychology, politics in other words, sciences involving human behavior. So, soft sci-fi stories mainly address the possible scientific consequences of human behavior. For example, the Disney animated film Wall-E is an apocalyptic science fiction story about the end of life on Earth as a result of man’s disregard for nature.