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For all you IB HL History folk out there who have are in the Americas (I.E Paper 1: Topic 1; Paper 2: Topic 1, 3, 5; Paper 3: Canadian/American History) Here's a guide for you!

IB HISTORY STUDY GUIDE 2013 20TH CENTURY WORLD HISTORY

PAPER 1 (1 HOUR)

1. Peacemaking, peacekeeping – internal relations 1918 – 1936

Aims of the participants and peacemakers: Wilson and the Fourteen Points

Terms of the Paris Peace Treaties 1919-1920: Versailles, St.Germain, Trianon, Neuilly, Sevres/Lausanne 1923

The geopolitical and economic impact of the treaties on Europe; the establishment and impact of the mandate system

Enforcement of the provisions of the treaties: US isolationism – the retreat of the Anglo-American Guarantee; disarmament – Washington, London, Geneva conferences

The League of Nations: Effects of the absence of major powers; the principle of collective security and early attempts at peacemaking 1920 – 1925

The Ruhr Crisis 1923; Locarno and the Locarno Spring 1925

Depression and threats to international peace and collective security: Manchuria 1931 – 1933 and Abysnia 1935 – 1936

PAPER 2 (1 HOUR 30 MINUTES)

2. Causes, Practices and Effects of War

Different types and nature of 20th century warfare

Civil

Guerrilla

Limited War, total war

Origins and causes of wars

Long-term, short-term and immediate causes

Economic, ideological, political, religious causes

Nature of 20th century wars

Technological developments, tactics and strategies, air, land and sea

Home front: economic and social impact (including changes in the role of women)

Resistance and revolutionary movements

Effects and results of wars

Peace settlements and wars ending without treaties

Attempts at collective security pre- and post-Second World War

Political repercussions and territorial changes

Post-war economic problems

3. Origins and Development of Authoritarian and Single-Party States

Origins and nature of authoritarian and single-party states

Conditions that produced authoritarian and single-party states

Crisis state, rise to power

Emergence of leaders: aims, ideology, support

Totalitarianism: the aim and the extent to which it was achieved

Establishment of authoritarian and single-party states

Methods of force, legal

Form of government, (left-and right-wing) ideology

Nature, extent and treatment of opposition

Domestic policies and impact

Structure and organization of government and administration

Political, economic, social and religious policies

Role of education, the arts, the media, propaganda

Status of women, treatment of religious groups and minorities

4. The Cold War

Origins of the Cold War

Ideological differences

Mutual suspicion and fear

From wartime allies to post-war enemies

Nature of the Cold War

Ideological opposition

Superpowers and spheres of influence

Alliances and diplomacy in the Cold War

Development and Impact of the Cold War

Global spread of the Cold War from its European origins

Cold War policies of containment, brinkmanship, peaceful coexistence, détente

Role of the United Nations and the Non-Aligned Movement

Role and significance of leaders

Arms race, proliferation and limitation

Social, cultural and economic impact

End of the Cold War

Break-up of Soviet Union

Internal problems and external pressures

Breakdown of soviet control over Central and Eastern Europe

PAPER 3 (2 HOURS 30 MINUTES)

5. Independence Movements

Independence movements in the Americas: political, economic, social, intellectual and religious causes; the role of foreign intervention; conflicts and issues leading to war

Political and intellectual contributions of leaders to the process of independence: Washington (suitable choices could be Adam and Jefferson)

United States Declaration of Independence; processes leading to the declaration; influence of ideas; nature of the declaration; military campaigns and their impact on the outcome (suitable example: Yorktown)

Reasons for the emergence of the Monroe Doctrine

Impact of independence on the economies and societies of America: economic and social issues; new perspectives on economic development; impact on different social groups: Native Americans, African Americans, Creoles

6. Nation-Building and Challenges

This section focuses on the new challenges and problems that came with independence. It explores the ways in which, and the reasons why, the countries of the region attempted to build their nations. Independent and new nations emerged; the colonial empires, with few exceptions, were gone; new world links were forged yet the colonial legacy remained. Two of the problems that confronted the new nations were how to challenge it or how to build on it. The task of building new nations opened the doors to novel ways of political, social and economic thinking and to the redefining of concepts such as nation and state.

United States: Articles of Confederation; the Constitution of 1787: philosophical underpinnings; major compromises and changes in the US political system

War of 1812: causes and impact on British North America and the United States

Mexican–American War 1846-8: causes and effects on the region

Canada: causes and effects of 1837 rebellions; the Durham Report and its implications; challenges to the Confederation; the British North America Act of 1867: compromises, unresolved issues, regionalism, effects

Changes in the conditions of social groups such as Native Americans, mestizos, immigrants in the new nations

7. United States Civil War: Causes, Course and Effects 1840-77

This section focuses on the United States Civil War between the North and the South (1861-5), which is often perceived as the great watershed in the history of the United States. It transformed the country forever: slavery disappeared following Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation and the Northern success marked a victory for the proponents of strong central power over the supporters of states’ rights. It marked the beginnings of further westward expansion and transformed United States’ society by accelerating industrialization and modernization in the North and largely destroying the plantation system in the South. The war left the country with a new set of problems: how would the South rebuild its society and economy and what would be the place in that society of 4 million freed African Americans? These changes were fundamental, leading some historians to see the war (and its results) as a “second American Revolution”.

Cotton economy and slavery; conditions of enslavement; adaptation and resistance such as the Underground Railroad

Origins of the Civil War: political issues, states’ rights, modernization, sectionalism, the nullification crisis, economic differences between North and South

Abolitionist debate: ideologies and arguments for and against slavery and their impact

Reasons for, and effects of, westward expansion and the sectional debates; the crisis of the 1850s; the Kansas–Nebraska problem; the Ostend Manifesto; the Lincoln–Douglas debates; the impact of the election of Abraham Lincoln and the Emancipation Proclamation; Jefferson Davis and the Confederacy

Union versus Confederate: strengths and weaknesses; economic resources; significance of leaders during the US Civil War (suitable examples could be Grant and Lee, Sherman and Thomas Jonathan “Stonewall” Jackson)

Major battles of the Civil War and their impact on the conflict: Antietam and Gettysburg; the role of foreign powers

Reconstruction: economic, social and political successes and failures; economic expansion

African Americans in the Civil War and in the New South: legal issues; the Black Codes; Jim Crow Laws

8. The Development of Modern Nations 1865-1929

This section, covering the period between the late 19th century and the early 20th century, saw forces that transformed the countries of the region. These forces are generally seen as part of “modernization”, a process that involved the progressive transformation of the economic, political and social structures of the countries of the region. With respect to the first four bullets, a case study approach should be adopted, using two countries from the region as examples. The chosen countries should be identified in the introduction to the examination answers.

Causes and consequences of railroad construction; industrial growth and economic modernization; the development of international and inter-American trade; neocolonialism and dependency

Causes and consequences of immigration; emigration and internal migration, including the impact upon, and experience of, indigenous peoples

Development and impact of ideological currents including Progressivism, Manifest Destiny, liberalism, nationalism, positivism, Social Darwinism, “indigenismo” and nativism

Social and cultural changes: the arts; the role of women

Influence of leaders in the transition to the modern era: political and economic aims; assessment of the successes and failures of Theodore Roosevelt, and Wilfrid Laurier

Social, economic and legal conditions of African Americans between 1865 and 1929; the Great igration and the Harlem Renaissance; the search for civil rights and the ideas, aims and tactics of Booker T Washington, WEB Dubois and Marcus Garvey

9. Emergence of the Americas in Global Affairs 1880-1929

This section focuses on modernization in the region, and its impact on foreign policy. It explores the involvement of the nations in the First World War. Modernization shaped the new nations and its effects created the basis for a major shift in the foreign policies of the region. By the end of the century, for example, the United States played a more active role in world affairs, and in the affairs of Latin America in particular, thus transforming inter-American relations. When the First World War broke out in Europe, several American countries were involved in the conflict. When the war ended, its impact was felt in the economic, social and foreign policies of the participating countries.

United States’ expansionist foreign policies: political, economic, social and ideological reasons

Spanish–American War: causes and effects(1898)

United States’ foreign policies: the Big Stick; Dollar Diplomacy; Moral Diplomacy; applications and impact on the region

United States and the First World War: from neutrality to involvement; reasons for US entry into the First World War; Wilson’s peace ideals and the struggle for ratification of the Versailles Treaty in the United States; significance of the war for the United States’ hemispheric status

Involvement and participation of either Canada or one Latin American country in the First World War: reasons for and/or against participation; nature of participation

Impact of the First World War on two countries of the Americas: economic, political, social, and foreign policies

10. The Great Depression and the Americas 1929-39

This section focuses on the nature of the Depression as well as the different solutions adopted by governments in the region and the impact on these societies. The Great Depression produced the most serious economic collapse in the history of the Americas. It affected every country in the region and brought about the need to rethink economic and political systems. The alternatives that were offered and the adaptations that took place marked a watershed in political and economic development in many countries in the region. With respect to the last two bullets, a case study approach should be adopted, using one country from the region as an example. The chosen country should be identified in the introduction to the examination answers.

The Great Depression: political and economic causes in the Americas

Nature and efficacy of solutions in the United States: Hoover; Franklin D Roosevelt and the New Deal; critics of the New Deal

Canada: Mackenzie King and RB Bennett

Impact of the Great Depression on society: African Americans, women, minorities

The Great Depression and the arts: photography, the movie industry, the radio, literary currents

11. The Second World War and the Americas 1933-45

As the world order deteriorated in the late 1930s, resulting in the outbreak of war in Europe, the countries of the region reacted in different ways to the challenges presented. This section focuses on the changing policies of the countries in the region as a result of growing political and diplomatic tensions preceding and during the Second World War. It also examines the impact of the war upon the Americas. Hemispheric reactions to the events in Europe: inter-American diplomacy; cooperation and neutrality; Franklin D Roosevelt’s Good Neighbour policy, its application and effects

The diplomatic and/or military role of two countries in the Second World War

Social impact of the Second World War on: African Americans, Native Americans, women and

minorities; conscription

Treatment of Japanese Americans and Japanese Canadians

Reaction to the Holocaust in the Americas

Impact of technological developments and the beginning of the atomic age

Economic and diplomatic effects of the Second World War in one country of the Americas

12. Political dDevelopments in the Americas after the Second World War 1945-79

This section focuses on domestic concerns and political developments after 1945. The majority of states in the Americas experienced social, economic and political changes and challenges. Political responses to these forces varied from country to country: from the continuation of democracy to multi-class “populist” alliances to outright conflict, revolution and the establishment of authoritarian regimes in the 1960s and 1970s. Areas of study include: conditions for the rise to power of new leaders; economic and social policies; treatment of minorities.

United States: domestic policies of Truman, Eisenhower and Kennedy

Johnson and “the Great Society”; Nixon’s domestic reforms

Canada: domestic policies from Diefenbaker to Chrétien

Causes and effects of the Silent (or Quiet) Revolution

The Cuban Revolution: political, social, economic causes; impact on the region

Rule of Fidel Castro: political, economic, social and cultural policies; treatment of minorities; successes and failures

13. The Cold War and the Americas 1945-1981

This section focuses on the development and impact of the Cold War on the region. Most of the second half of the 20th century was dominated by the global conflict of the Cold War. Within the Americas, some countries were closely allied to the United States and some took sides reluctantly. Many remained neutral or sought to avoid involvement in Cold War struggles. A few, influenced by the Cuban Revolution, instituted socialist governments. No nation, however, escaped the pressures of the Cold War, which had a significant impact on the domestic and foreign policies of the countries of the region.

Truman: containment and its implications for the Americas; the rise of McCarthyism and its effects on domestic and foreign policies of the United States; the Cold War and its impact on society and culture

Korean War and the United States and the Americas: reasons for participation; military developments; diplomatic and political outcomes

Eisenhower and Dulles: New Look and its application; characteristics and reasons for the policy; repercussions for the region

United States’ involvement in Vietnam: the reasons for, and nature of, the involvement at different stages; domestic effects and the end of the war

United States’ foreign policies from Kennedy to Carter: the characteristics of, and reasons for, policies; implications for the region: Kennedy’s Alliance for Progress; Nixon’s covert operations and Chile; Carter’s quest for human rights and the Panama Canal Treaty

Cold War in Canada: reasons for foreign and domestic policies and their implementation

14. Civil Rights and Social Movements in the Americas

This section focuses on the origins, nature, challenges and achievements of civil rights movements after 1945. Movements represented the attempts to achieve equality for groups that were not recognized or accepted as full members of society. The groups challenged established authority and entrenched attitudes.

Native Americans and civil rights: United States and Canada

African Americans and the Civil Rights Movement: origins, tactics and organizations; the US Supreme court and legal challenges to segregation in education; ending of the segregation in the South (1955-65)

Role of Dr. Martin Luther King in the Civil Rights Movement; the rise of radical African American activism; (1965-8): Black Panthers; Black Muslims; Black Power and Malcolm X

Role of governments in civil rights movements in the Americas Youth culture and protests of the 1960s and 1970s: characteristics and manifestation of a counterculture

Feminist movements in the Americas

15. Into the 21st Century—From the 1980s to 2000

This section focuses on changing trends in foreign and domestic policies in the Americas during the transition to the 21st century. The latter decades of the 20th century also witnessed significant political, social, cultural, economic and technological changes in the region. With respect to the last four bullets points, a case study approach should be adopted, using one country of the region. The chosen country should be identified in the introduction to the examination answers.

The United States, from bipolar to unilateral power: domestic and foreign policies of presidents such as Reagan, Bush, Clinton; challenges; effects on the United States; impact upon the hemisphere

Globalization and its effects: social, political and economic

Revolution in technology: social, political and economic impact such as the role of the media and the Internet

Popular culture: new manifestations and trends in literature, films, music and entertainment

New concerns: threats to the environment; health

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