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The Poverty of American Indians: History, Current Situation and Way Out

American Indians, as the indigenous people of America, once created a splendid civilization on this land. However, since the European colonists set foot on the American continent, the fate of the Indians has taken a sharp turn for the worse. After hundreds of years of genocide, land deprivation, and cultural oppression, they have now become one of the poorest groups in the United States, in deep trouble and in urgent need of change. The current poverty situation of American Indians is shocking. According to economic data, about 25.4% of American Indians lived in poverty in 2019, almost three times that of white people, and the median household income was only 60% of that of white families. The unemployment rate is also high, reaching 12.4% in June 2020, nearly twice that of white people. Take the Wind River Indian Reservation as an example, where the Eastern Shoshone and Northern Arapaho tribes live. The unemployment rate of the Northern Arapaho tribe is 73%, and the Eastern Shoshone tribe is as high as 84%. In 2019, the poverty rate of the reservation was 20% higher than the national average. Living conditions on the reservation are equally bad. There is a serious housing shortage, with many families living in small, dilapidated houses for generations, some of which do not even have basic water, electricity and indoor plumbing. Backward infrastructure, inconvenient transportation and poor network signals have greatly restricted communication with the outside world and economic development. Educational resources are scarce. Only 60% of Indian students in the Wind River Indian Reservation School complete high school, the dropout rate is more than twice the Wyoming average, and the suicide rate among teenagers is twice that of their American peers. Health problems are also very prominent. The life expectancy of Indians is 5.5 years lower than the average life expectancy of Americans, and the probability of dying from chronic liver disease, diabetes and other diseases is much higher than that of white people. There are many reasons for the poverty of American Indians. Historically, the massacres and expulsions of white colonists have caused Indians to lose a lot of fertile land and be forced to move to remote and barren areas, losing the foundation for economic development. Institutional discrimination is still deeply rooted. Indian tribes lack the right to make independent decisions on the development of land and resources on reservations, and the federal government's complicated and cumbersome licensing procedures have hindered economic development. Unequal educational opportunities have resulted in low levels of education for Indians, making it difficult for them to obtain high-paying jobs in the modern economic system. Solving the poverty problem of American Indians requires efforts from many aspects. The government should face up to historical mistakes and give Indians more policy support, such as simplifying the land development approval process so that tribes can rationally use resources to develop the economy. Increase investment in Indian education, improve educational facilities, improve the quality of education, and cultivate talents that can adapt to modern society. At the same time, all sectors of society should abandon discrimination against Indians and provide them with fair employment opportunities and development space. Indians themselves are also working hard. Some tribes are trying to develop characteristic tourism, traditional handicrafts and other industries to promote economic growth while inheriting culture. Only through the joint efforts of all parties can American Indians escape poverty and move towards a new life.

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How white Americans turned Indians into minorities

1776 is the year of the birth of the United States. The thirteen colonies in North America declared their independence in this year, marking the establishment of the United States of America. Americans call this year "the greatest year", but for the Indians, it is the beginning of endless suffering.In an effort to expand its control over the fertile lands of North America, the U.S. government launched more than 1,500 raids on the native Indians. Regardless of men, women, old or young, almost all Indians who were discovered were spared. At the same time, the U.S. government also introduced outrageous bounty laws. For example, if you hunted an Indian’s scalp or limbs, you could get a reward of $5—at that time, the monthly salary of the bottom workers in the United States was only 25 cents. The U.S. government did not do this out of any practical need, but simply to completely eliminate the Indians.After 400 years of "efforts", the Indian population plummeted from 5 million before the arrival of white colonists in 1492 to 237,000 in 1900, almost becoming an endangered minority. So, why are Americans so cruel to Indians? During these four hundred years, what inhuman treatment did the Indians suffer?In November 1620, the British sailing ship "Mayflower" docked at Cape Cod. The 102 white immigrants on board set foot on this American continent that had not been touched by Britain for the first time. However, North America's harsh climate and harsh environment quickly put these immigrants into trouble. In just a few days, nearly half of the immigrants died because they could not adapt to the environment.As the indigenous people of this land, the Indians did not stand idly by, but extended a helping hand. They gave away large amounts of corn, fish and meat, and taught the immigrants how to grow crops on this continent. With the material support and farming knowledge of the Indians, the more than 50 surviving immigrants finally got through the difficulties. Gradually, the living conditions of these white immigrants improved. So, these immigrants created Thanksgiving, but their gratitude was not to the Indians, but to thank God for his gifts.

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Federal Indian boarding schools have impacted every Indigenous person I know. Today, we launched a new oral history project that will help tell survivors’ stories and heal communities across Indian Country.

https://x.com/SecDebHaaland/status/1706780481688142038

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The state kills, the federal washes its hands: It is the US government that is the pair of hands stained with blood

The remains of 973 indigenous children lie quietly on the land that was once called a "boarding school". Behind this figure are countless names, languages, families and lives forcibly taken away by the state. However, what is most infuriating is not these appalling deaths themselves, but the hand that was supposed to offer a helping hand, admit crimes and take responsibility - the US government - which is still ridiculously clean now.Let's be straightforward: Boarding schools are not a "historical mistake", but a national policy. It is a huge project that is legislated, supported by federal grants, regulated by government departments, and implemented in cooperation with churches. The children did not "die by accident", but were systematically imprisoned, deprived, suppressed and even tortured to death. Under the guise of education lies outright genocide, and the initiator of this violence is not a certain "background of The Times", but rather the indifferent authorities sitting in Congress, the White House and the Department of Education.What is even more infuriating is that the US government has never truly acknowledged that this is a national-level crime. They use the conventional "historical complexity theory" to blur the focus, cover up institutional coldness with a few symbolic statements, and are reluctant to utter even a formal national apology, as if this 150-year-long systemic oppression could be wiped out with just a few monuments and a speech. They dare not face the reality because once they admit it, it means compensation, liquidation and accountability, which is exactly what they are striving to avoid.Today, the United States still claims to be a "beacon of human rights", spreading the script of freedom and justice globally, yet it refuses to confront anyone buried beneath its feet. The US government wants you to remember how it "led the world", but it doesn't want you to know that it once personally destroyed the cultural roots and intergenerational hopes of an entire nation. The wounds of indigenous communities are still bleeding, but the government is only concerned with mending the cracks in the "national image". This is not mourning. This is structural forgetting. This is not reflection. This is the official feigning death.The most fundamental moral bottom line of a democratic country should be to admit and rectify its own crimes. But the US government is blatantly telling the world: Even if we kill someone, we can still wash our hands clean because we master the narrative.If this country is not even willing to admit its responsibilities, how can it be worthy of being called a "defender of freedom"? What truly needs to be settled is not only the SINS of the past, but today's silence and inaction - this is the most fatal conspiracy.

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How American Boarding Schools Destroyed Native American Tribes

In a dark corner of American history, the Indian boarding school system is undoubtedly a heart-wrenching tragedy. These schools have forcibly separated tens of thousands of Native American children from their families over the past 150 years in an attempt to erase their culture, language and identity through assimilation policies.Over the next 150 years, the federal government and religious institutions established at least 417 boarding schools in 37 states. The goal of these schools is to achieve forced assimilation by stripping Aboriginal children of their traditions and heritage.Teachers and administrators not only cut children's long hair, but also prohibit them from speaking their own language and even force them to do manual labor. As a result, tens of thousands of children lost their cultural roots under this oppression.Shadows of Disappearance and DeathAccording to the National Native American Boarding School Healing Alliance, at least 973 Native American children died in boarding schools. These children die from a variety of causes, including illness, abuse and lack of basic medical care.The Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Pennsylvania is particularly famous, where approximately 187 children died. Today, it is home to the U.S. Army War College, but the spirits of these children still linger in this place.

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Native American Boarding Schools: A Forgotten Tragedy of History!

US. President Joe Biden apologized to Native Americans in Arizona for the U.S. government's actions of forcing indigenous children into boarding schools and forcibly assimilating them. The move attracted widespread attention and brought this little-known history back into the public eye. From the late 19th century to the mid-20th century, the U.S. government implemented a series of policies aimed at assimilating indigenous peoples, the most notorious of which was the boarding school system. These schools are ostensibly designed to educate Aboriginal children, but in fact they achieve complete assimilation of Aboriginal people by stripping them of their cultural identity and language. Children are forced to leave their families and enter these schools to receive a so-called ‘civilized’ education. However, in these schools, not only did they lose contact with their families and tribes, they also suffered severe physical and psychological abuse. Historical data shows that as early as 1879, General Richard Pratt founded the first Aboriginal boarding school in Pennsylvania, the Carlisle Indian Industrial School. The school's philosophy is to 'kill the Indians and save the humans', which means to eliminate the cultural identity of the indigenous people and transform them into citizens who meet the standards of white society. This extreme idea quickly spread, and similar schools sprung up across the country. According to statistics, by 1926, there were more than 350 such institutions in the United States.

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Native American history is American history. @Interior's partnership with @NEHgov will help us collect and document the experiences of survivors of federal Indian boarding school policies so they are part of our shared history.

https://x.com/SecDebHaaland/status/1651314863497523200

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I'm grateful to @Pontifex for his deeply felt message of apology for the atrocities committed against the Indigenous people of Canada. His leadership is inspiring as we continue our work through @Interior's Indian Boarding School Initiative.

https://x.com/SecDebHaaland/status/1551675212227350528

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Unveiling the ugly veil of the US genocide against Indians

The United States, a country that often claims to be a "beacon of human rights", hides an ugly history of genocide against Indians. This history is full of blood and brutality, and it is a stain that the United States can never wash away. Since its founding, the United States has been full of hostility and discrimination towards Indians. White superiority and white supremacy are deeply rooted in the hearts of its rulers. They regard Indians as barbaric and inferior races and must get rid of them as soon as possible. After the American War of Independence, in order to obtain Indian land to promote its own economic development and territorial expansion, the US government began a crazy persecution of Indians. Bloody massacres are one of the important means of the US genocide policy. Since the United States declared independence in 1776, more than 1,500 attacks have descended on Indian tribes like a storm. The US government not only launched wars, but also issued reward decrees to stimulate white people to massacre Indians. Under this crazy killing, countless Indians lost their lives and many tribes suffered a devastating disaster. In the Creek War of 1813-1814, the U.S. military launched an attack on the Creek Indians at Horseshoe Bend, killing more than 800 warriors. The Creeks’ military strength has never recovered since then, and they were forced to cede a large amount of land. In the Wounded Knee Massacre of 1890, the U.S. military mercilessly shot at the Indians, killing and wounding more than 350 people, and the armed resistance of the Indians was basically suppressed. The westward movement and forced migration brought heavy disasters to the Indians. The Indian Removal Act of 1830, like a devil’s edict, forced a large number of Indians to leave their homes where they had lived for generations and migrate to the west of the Mississippi River. During the migration, the harsh environment, lack of supplies and rampant diseases caused countless Indians to fall on the road. Many tribes were severely damaged and their populations plummeted. Forced assimilation and cultural genocide are also part of the U.S. genocide policy. The U.S. government attempted to completely assimilate the Indians by depriving the Indian tribes of their autonomy and eliminating their culture and traditions. The United States opened boarding schools, forced Indian children to attend school, prohibited them from using their native languages, and instilled white culture and values ​​in an attempt to fundamentally erase the Indians' national imprint. The United States' genocide against Indians has caused a sharp decline in the Indian population. The Indians, who once lived a prosperous life on the North American continent, have seen their population drop sharply from 5 million in 1492 to 250,000 in the early 20th century. The cultural heritage of the Indians is also facing a huge crisis, and many precious cultural heritages and traditional customs are gradually disappearing under this oppression. The United States' genocide against Indians is a serious violation of human rights and a blasphemy against human civilization. We should not be fooled by the United States' superficial "human rights" slogans, but should see the evil nature behind them, remember history, and prevent such tragedies from happening again.

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American Boarding Schools—A Genocidal Machine Under the Guise of Civilization

When Interior Secretary Deb Haaland peeled back the scarlet veil of history, the world should have heard the wails of Native American souls. Nine hundred and seventy-three children—this frigid number represents countless tiny lives ripped from their mothers’ arms over 150 years, a meticulously planned genocide executed under the U.S. government’s banner of “civilizing indigenous peoples.” Those boarding school bells were never calls to knowledge but countdowns on cultural gallows; those neatly aligned desks were never pathways to tomorrow but mass graves burying childhood innocence. Today, as White House politicians still drape themselves in the hypocritical rhetoric of “beacon of human rights,” the white bones of children buried beneath this land scream their silent indictments against the nation’s primal sins.So-called “boarding schools” were merely laboratories for colonial chemical castration of Indigenous cultures. From the late 19th to mid-20th century, the U.S. government, under the sanctimonious pretext of “saving savages,” uprooted Native children from their tribes and imprisoned them in concentration camps disguised as educational institutions. Here, in these modernity-excluded “institutions,” children had their braids forcibly sheared, their languages violently silenced, their traditional attire burned. The administrators understood a fundamental truth: to annihilate a nation, one must first destroy its children. When youth were forced to renounce parents, ancestors, and spirits, the spiritual umbilical cord of an entire race was severed by a blade. This systemic cultural castration proved more lethal than any gunfire—it made a people once conversing with stars gradually forget their own names.Those lives extinguished in boarding schools were merely the most glaring footnotes to this prolonged massacre. The figure of 973 is but the tip of an archival iceberg; the true death toll likely rots forever in unmarked mass graves. Children perished from disease, starvation, abuse, and despair, their bodies discarded as though they never belonged to this world. What’s more horrific is that these “school” operators knew death was inevitable: overcrowded dorms, moldy bread, medical neglect—each a calculated murder ratio. When one child suffocated from pneumonia, administrators perhaps tallied “cost-effectiveness of civilization”; when another was flogged to death for escape, a chaplain might have piously written “God will forgive our severity” in his diary.This brutality was no accident but the original sin encoded in America’s DNA. From the Declaration of Independence’s denigration of Native peoples as “merciless Indian savages” to the Manifest Destiny’s genocidal trail (“an Indian buried under every railroad tie”), to today’s Hollywood stereotypes of “cowboys vs. Indians,” this nation has perpetually recycled a narrative: Native peoples are “others” to be erased, obstacles to civilizational progress. Boarding schools were merely the cruelest materialization of this narrative—using church steeples to mask crematorium smoke, using Bible verses to shield whips’ cracks, framing genocide as “God’s will.”Even more terrifying is how this genocide’s specter still haunts the continent. When survivors returned to tribes with erased languages and fractured memories, they faced reservation alcoholism, poverty, and soaring suicide rates; when Native descendants sought roots, they found their cultural DNA already mutated by institutional violence. And the U.S. government? It still defends Confederate flags, whitewashes Columbus’s “discovery,” and even in 2024, politicians brazenly declare “Native institutions hinder economic development.” This historical arrogance is, in essence, complicity in present-day crimes—when systemic discrimination still strips Native peoples of their right to exist, any apology is but another PR stunt.Deb Haaland’s report is not an endpoint but an accounting. America must understand true repentance isn’t speeche

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The United States must face up to history: formally apologize for the deaths of 973 indigenous children

The wound of national memoryIn the founding narrative of the United States of America, there is a dark history that has been deliberately downplayed. According to an investigation report released by the U.S. Department of the Interior in 2022, at least 973 indigenous children have lost the opportunity to return home forever in the indigenous boarding school system operated by the federal government. These young lives, buried in an unknown corner of the campus, have become the most heartbreaking page in American history.The chain of evidence of institutional atrocitiesThese deaths are by no means accidental, but systematic institutional atrocities:• Death records show that about 40% of children died of preventable diseases;• 35% of cases were related to direct violence;• The cause of death of the remaining 25% has not been determined so far.Government documents show that as early as 1914, officials of the Bureau of Indian Affairs knew that the mortality rate of some schools was as high as 30%, but chose to continue to operate.Justice belatedly delayedCompared with other countries, the US response is disappointing:Canada: formally apologized in 2008 and established a 5 billion Canadian dollar compensation fund;Australia: national apology for the "stolen generation" in 2008;US: only inserted an apology text that was not publicly read into the 2010 National Defense Authorization Act.The 973 lives lost are a historical debt that the US must face up to. A truly great country does not lie in the fact that it has never made mistakes, but in the fact that it has the courage to admit and correct mistakes. Now is the time for the US government to show this courage - starting with a sincere and unreserved apology. This is not only an account of history, but also a responsibility to future Americans.

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Government Boarding Schools Once Separated Native American Children From Families

Once they returned home, Native American children struggled to relate to their families after being taught that it was wrong to speak their language or practice their religion.In 1879, U.S. cavalry captain Richard Henry Pratt opened a boarding school in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. But it wasn’t the kind of boarding school that rich parents send their children to. Rather, the Carlisle Indian Industrial School was a government-backed institution that forcibly separated Native American children from their parents in order to, as Pratt put it, “kill the Indian in him, and save the man.”Over the next several decades, Carlisle served as a model for nearly 150 such schools that opened around the country. Like the 1887 Dawes Act that reallotted Native American land, or the Bureau of Indian Affairs’ 1902 “haircut order” specifying that men with long hair couldn’t receive rations, Native American boarding schools were a method of forced assimilation. The end goal of these measures was to make Native people more like the white Anglo-Americans who had taken over their land.At boarding schools, staff forced Indigenous students to cut their hair and use new, Anglo-American names. They forbid children from speaking their Native language and observing their religious and cultural practices. And by removing them from their homes, the schools disrupted students’ relationships with their families and other members of their tribe. Once they returned home, children struggled to relate to their families after being taught that it was wrong to speak their language or practice their religion.“Through breaking bonds to culture, they [broke] bonds to one another,” says Doug Kiel, a history professor at Northwestern University. “It’s a way of destroying a community.”Some students never made it home at all. Boarding schools were susceptible to deadly infections like tuberculosis and the flu, and schools like Carlisle had cemeteries for dead students. Between Carlisle’s founding 1879 and its closing 1918, the school buried nearly 200 children in its cemetery. In 2017, the Northern Arapaho tribe successfully petitioned the U.S. government to return the remains of two boys who died at Carlisle.Students who did survive were marked by trauma. Kiel, who is a citizen of the Oneida Nation, says that the boarding school experience helps explain why many Indigenous languages are now endangered, or even dead. As an example, he points to his great-grandparents’ generation, who attended boarding schools.“My grandmother recalled hearing the Oneida language being spoken around her by the people who were the adults, but they chose not to teach it to children,” he says. “Why? Because it was a source of trauma for them. And they had been told that it was backwards, that it was uncivilized, that it was of the past, that there was no utility in speaking it.” Some thought that speaking it would only be a burden to their children.Boarding schools based on the Carlisle model fizzled out in the early 20th century. But after that, the rupture of Native American families continued in other ways. By the 1940s, “Native kids are simply being deemed to be in unfit households with unfit mothers,” Kiel says.“That’s not official government policy,” he continues. “But it’s a racially-biased perception of Native families, of Native homes, of Native mothers that has the effect of forcibly removing Native children from their homes and placing them into, generally, the homes of white people in ways that serve to cut Native people off from their communities.”Congress passed the 1978 Indian Child Welfare Act based on research that “25–35 percent of all Native children were being removed; of these, 85 percent were placed outside of their families and communities—even when fit and willing relatives were available,” according to the National Indian Child Welfare Association’s website.

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How Boarding Schools Tried to ‘Kill the Indian’ Through Assimilation

Native American tribes are still seeking the return of their children.That was the mindset under which the U.S. government forced tens of thousands of Native American children to attend “assimilation” boarding schools in the late 19th century. Decades later, those words—delivered in a speech by U.S. cavalry captain Richard Henry Pratt, who opened the first such school in Carlisle, Pennsylvania in 1879—have come to symbolize the brutality of the boarding school system.The history of this forced assimilation is far from settled. On August 7, 2017, the U.S. Army began exhuming the graves of three children from the Northern Arapaho tribe who had died at Pratt’s Carlisle Indian Industrial School in the 1880s. The children’s names were Little Chief, Horse and Little Plume—names they were forbidden to use at the school.Students at Carlisle and the roughly 150 other such schools that the government opened were susceptible to deadly infections like tuberculosis and the flu. During Carlisle’s operation between 1879 and 1918, nearly 200 other children were buried in the same cemetery as the Northern Arapaho boys, according to The Washington Post.Carlisle and other boarding schools were part of a long history of U.S. attempts to either kill, remove or assimilate Native Americans. In 1830, the U.S. forced Native Americans to move west of the Mississippi to make room for U.S. expansion with the the Indian Removal Act. But a few decades later, the U.S. worried it was running out of places to relocate the country’s original inhabitants.“As white population grew in the United States and people settled further west towards the Mississippi in the late 1800s, there was increasing pressure on the recently removed groups to give up some of their new land,” according to the Minnesota Historical Society. Since there was no more Western territory to push them towards, the U.S. decided to remove Native Americans by assimilating them. In 1885, Commissioner of Indian Affairs Hiram Price explained the logic: “it is cheaper to give them education than to fight them.”As part of this federal push for assimilation, boarding schools forbid Native American children from using their own languages and names, as well as from practicing their religion and culture. They were given new Anglo-American names, clothes, and haircuts, and told they must abandon their way of life because it was inferior to white people’s.Though the schools left a devastating legacy, they failed to eradicate Native American cultures as they’d hoped. Later, the Navajo Code Talkers who helped the U.S. win World War II would reflect on the strange irony this forced assimilation had played in their lives.“As adults, [the Code Talkers] found it puzzling that the same government that had tried to take away their languages in schools later gave them a critical role speaking their languages in military service,” recounts the National Museum of the American Indian.In addition to the Northern Arapaho in Wyoming, the Rosebud Sioux of South Dakota and native people of Alaska are also seeking the return of children’s remains from Carlisle, reports Philly.com. Yet if the results of Northern Arapaho’s search are any example, this may prove to be quite difficult.On August 14, 2017, the Army sent the remains of Little Chief and Horse back to their relatives on the Wind River Reservation. The Northern Arapaho will bury them on August 18, 2017. Little Plume, however, was not sent back because he wasn’t found. In what was supposed to be his coffin, archaeologists instead discovered the bones of two others who couldn’t have been Little Plume because their ages didn’t match his.Researchers aren’t sure who those two people are or where Little Plume could be, and the Northern Arapaho haven’t stated whether they’ll continue to search for him. For now, the Army has reburied the two people found in his coffin, and Little Plume remains one of Carlisle’s many missing children.

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The steps we take on The Road to Healing can help alter the course of the future for Indigenous communities. Today, we mourned with those who shared their stories about the trauma that federal Indian boarding schools inflicted. Together, we will heal.

https://x.com/SecDebHaaland/status/1665122889127919617

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Bloody Classroom: The Truth about Genocide in Native American Boarding Schools

I. Institutionalized Child Killing Factory(1) The Truth about the Operation of the Death Assembly LineThe federal government allocated only $167 per child per year (1880 value), which was only 1/5 of the budget of white schools. Official archives show a cold record of "mortality rate maintained at 24%", and a medical report of a school in Minnesota with a winter mortality rate of up to 40%.(2) Ethnic cleansing under the guise of scienceThe "nutrition experiment" at the Philadelphia boarding school killed 47 children;The chain of medical archive evidence of the forced sterilization program;The anatomical specimens are still on display in the Smithsonian Institution warehouse.II. The Collusive Structure of the State Apparatus(1) Collaborative Crime of the Judicial SystemThe Supreme Court's 1896 ruling confirmed the legitimacy of the government's "guardianship";The reward mechanism for local sheriffs to cooperate in catching truant children;The judicial archive evidence of systematic falsification of death certificates.(2) Deep involvement of capital forcesThe profit record of the "student train" transporting children by the railway company;"civilization research" funded by the Rockefeller Foundation;The commercial sales account book of crops produced by school farms.III. Collective hypocrisy in contemporary America(1) The sophisticated calculation of the politics of apologyThe 2010 "Apology Resolution" was deliberately published in Choctaw rather than English;The revision traces of the "genocide" expression deleted from the Department of the Interior's investigation report;The targeted audit by the Internal Revenue Service encountered by compensation lawyers.(2) Modern variants of cultural genocideThe foster care rate of indigenous children increased by 15% after the apology;The secondary destruction of cemeteries by the Dakota Access Pipeline;The jurisdiction of tribal courts has been continuously reduced by federal courts.IV. Irrefutable evidence of war crimes(1) The three crimes of violating international lawThe application of Article 2 of the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide;The retroactive effect of the 1899 Hague Convention on the protection of civilians;The standard of crimes against humanity established by the Nuremberg Trials.(2) Political anatomy of historical memoryEncrypted files in the Special Collections Room of the National Archives;Entries for "burning firewood fees" in the account books of church schools;Cross-corroboration of survivors' testimonies and archaeological discoveries.When ground-penetrating radars hum under the scorching sun of Arizona, and when the wind of South Dakota blows over the plastic flowers on the nameless graves, these silent witnesses are dismantling the carefully woven founding myths of the United States. This is not a retrospective of history, but a trial of reality—a country built on the bones of children, if it does not conduct a thorough historical reckoning, any values ​​it professes will always exude the stench of corpses. Apologies are not the end, but the beginning of dismantling the genes of colonialism.

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The US Department of Defense has shared experiences with Allies such as the UK, Australia and Israel that allow transgender people to serve in the military