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dp-s · 2 years

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Agenda at Katitikan ng Pulong (1/2)

Pabatid ng Lingguhang “Talk to the People”

alinsunod sa RA 11469 “Bayanihan to Heal as One Act” Section 5

Ipinababatid ng dokumentong ito ang gaganaping lingguhang “Talk to the People” ni Pangulong Rodrigo Roa Duterte na mangyayari sa (saang bahagi ng Malacañang). Ini-ere ang naturang pulong sa iba’t istasyon ng radio at telebisyon sa buong kapuluan sa darating na Lunes, ika-11 ng Oktubre 2021, sa ganap na ika-10 ng gabi. Tatalakayin ang mga sumusunod:

I. Pangunahing Panawagan

Sinimulan ni Pangulong Rodrigo Roa Duterte ang pulong patungkol sa mga kapanahunang balita sa pagtugon ng gobyerno sa pandemya [COVID-19].

Agenda

1. Pagtalakay sa kasalukuyang katayuan ng pagbabakuna laban sa COVID-19 [National Vaccination Campaign]

2. Pag-dinig sa ulat ng datos patungkol sa dami ng kaso at bakuna

a.) Kasalukuyang bilang ng aktibong kaso

b.) Kasalukuyang bilang ng mga nakatanggap ng bakuna

3. Pag-ulat sa mga bagong protocol ng gobyerno [quarantine measures]

4. Diskusyon ng pagka-epektibo ng bakuna

II. Pagkilala sa mga Kasapi

Tinawagan ng [pangulo] ang bawat miyembro ng pulong, sinimulan sa pinaka-tanging kasapi ng kongreso:

Benjamin ‘Benhur’ de Castro Abalos Jr. Vivencio Dizon

Carlito Galvez Jr. Francisco Duque III

Christopher Go Harry Roque

Delfin Lorenzana Karlo Nograles

Eduardo Año Salvador Medialdea

Enrique Domingo

Kabilang din ang kinatawan ng VTC.

III. Pagtalakay sa Ulat ng Nakaraang Pulong

Panandaliang ibinahagi ng pangulo ang katapusan ng paliparan sa Bicol – Bicol International Airport – na kamakailan lamang itinayo noong ika-7 ng Oktubre, 2021.

IV. Pagtalakay sa Agenda ng Pulong

[Tumukoy sa Item 1] Nakapamahagi na ang bansa ay nakapaglabas ng humigit-kumulang sa 50 milyong dosis ng bakuna. Ipinagpapatuloy ng gobyerno ang planong i-angat ng dami ng bakuna sa bawat siyudad ng higit sa 50% bago matapos ang taon [2021].

Bahagi ng kampanya ng gobyerno ang pagsisimula ng pilot testing ng bakuna sa mga batang edad 12-17 mula ika-15 ng Oktubre, kaakibat ang walong itinalagang ospital:

Fe Del Mundo Medical Center Philippine Children’s Medical Center

Makati Medical Center Philippine General Hospital

National Children’s Hospital Philippine Heart Center

Pasig City Children’s Hospital St. Luke’s Medical Center [Taguig]

[Tumukoy sa Item 2] Ayon sa Department of Health Secretary, Francisco Duque III, ay bumababa na ang pagdami ng kaso ng nagkakasakit sa COVID-19. Tinalakay din sa presentasyon ang plano sa pag-implementa ng healthcare worker benefits. Dagdag nito:

1. Kumpleto na sa bakuna ang 77% [7.5 milyong indibidwal] ng Manila sa kasalukuyan

2. Bumaba sa mas mababa pa sa 10,000 ang nagkakaroon ng kaso ng COVID-19; ang kasalukuyang reproduction rate nito ay napabagsak sa .77%

3. [Oktubre 10] Dumating ang 1.4 milyong dosis ng Moderna, at inaasahan ang pagdating ng karamihan nito at ng Pfizer sa sumusunod na araw

Sinundan ito ng pagbabahagi ng Department of the Interior and Local Government Secretary, Eduardo Año, ng ulat sa pagpapatibay ng National Vaccination Program. Upang suportahan ito ay naglabas ito ng memo na unahin dapat ang mabilis na pag-babahagi ng bakuna sa bawat rehiyon

Dagdag ng Department of National Defense Secretary, Delfin Lorenzana, ang resulta bunga ng Crisis Action Plan against COVID-19

[Tumukoy sa Item 3] Ayon kay Harry Roque, binago ng Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases ang arrival protocol para sa mga biyaherong paloob ng bansa. Isasa-ilalim ang mga indibidwal sa PCR test habang nasa piniling quarantine facility sa loob ng limang (5) araw; kung negatibo ang resulta nito ay ipagpapatuloy ito ng lima (5) pang araw. Isang karagdagang pagbabago din sa Gawain ng IATF ay ang gawing retroactive ang effectivity date alinsunod sa quarantine protocol upang paikliin ito.

Ayon din sa Metropolitan Manila Development Authority Chairman, ‘Benhur’ Abalos Jr., ay maghahanda ito ng bagong curfew para sa sumusunod na mga okasyon, partikular na ang pagsapit ng Undas.

[Tumukoy sa Item 4] Pinangunahan ng Food and Drug Administration Secretary, Enrique Domingo, ang pag-ulat sa resulta at kaakibat na epekto ng pagpapabakuna mula sa unang dosis hanggang sa pagkumpleto nito. Ayon sa kanya ay sa loob ng 5-6 na buwan, nagkaroon ng 516 breakthrough infections mula sa mga bakunado ng higit sa 14 na araw; ngunit 14 lamang ang pumanaw – ayon din sa obserbasyong ito ay may edad na ang mga ito.

Dagdag nito na sa bawat 10 milyong indibidwal ay mayroong halos 581 lamang na ilinalahad na nagkasakit, sila man ay bahagyang o ganap na nabakunahan. Bumababa ito sa 254 kung ibabahagi lamang ang nabakunahan nang kumpleto.

V. Pagtatapos ng Pulong

Winakasan ni FDA Secretary Enrique Domingo ang pulong pagkatapos ng kanyang presentasyon.

[Ang susunod na pulong ay isasagawa sa makasunod na araw, Oktubre 12. Inanyayahan muli ang mga kasaping kabilang ngayon upang ipagpatulog ang diskusyon.]

Nagpapatunay ng kawastuhan ng nilalaman nito:

Jazmin San Pedro

Kalihim

Pinagtibay:

Rodrigo Roa Duterte

Presidente

#FIL

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dp-s · 2 years

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Talumpati

Panuto: Suriin ang nilalaman ng talumapting makikita sa link na ito Speech of President Marcos on the opening of Linggo ng Wikaang Pambansa | GOV PH

1. Ano ang paksa ng talumpati?

Ang paksa ng talumpati ay patungkol sa pagsulong sa wikang pambansa ng Pilipinas, nais ng gobyerno itong paigitngin upang pagyamanin ang kulturang atin.

2. Ano ang tiyak na grupo ng publiko ang nais maabot ng nagtatalumpati?

Matatagpuan sa talumpati na nais iparating ang mensahing ito sa partikular na mga miyembro ng komunidad na bahagi ng pang-pumblikong serbisyo, o ang mga kabataang mag-aaral.

3. Anong pangunahing ideya ang ipinapahayag ng may akda sa kaniyang talumpati?

Sinimulan ang talumpati sa pamamagitan ng isang anekdotang nag-sasaad ng language barrier sa pagitan ng mga propesyonal. Ibinahagi dito na sapagkat ingles ang gingamit upang makipagkalakalan ng ideya dahil sa pagkaka-iba-iba ng diyalekto sa bansa.

4. Ano-anong ideya naman ang sumusuporta sa pangunahing ideyang ito?

Ibinahagi ng mananalita na ang kanilang usapan ay ipinaraan na lamang sa diyalektong parehas nila naiintindihan. Dagdag pa rito, ay ang pagpapatibay ng Pilipino sa pmamagitan ng pagsalin ng mga opisyal na dokumento ditto upang pagtibayin ang kinalakhan ng mga miyembro ng komunidad.

5. Sumasang-ayon ka ba sa ideyang ito? Bakit?

Oo, sumasang-ayon ako rito sapagkat bilang isang Pilipino rin ay nais kong ipagpatuloy ang pagtatangkilik sa kulturang ito. Nararapat na mayroon tayong isang pang-lahatang midyum ng komunikasyon na mai-duduktong natin sa ating pang-kulturang ugat.

6. Napapanahon ba ang paksa ng talumpati?

Napapanahon parin ito sa kadahilanan na nararapat parin itaguyod ang ating pagkakakilanlan.

7. Kung makakausap mo ang nagtatalumpati, ano ang gusto mong itanong sa kanya?

Wala akong itatanong, kung mayroon man ay kung paano rin niya paiigtingin ang pag-gamit ng Ingles sa pakikisama sa ibang nasyon sapagkat ito ang unibersyal na lenggwahe.

#FIL

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dp-s · 2 years

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Replektibong Sanaysay

Upon reading the article, I have realized that – even at just a barely double-digit rate – the country’s unemployment ratios are at a rather concerning rate. In fact, given the Filipino population, this is translated into approximately 4 million residents without a job to depend on – considerably a rather alarming number.

Sa aking pagbasa ng artikulo, aking napag-tanto na – kahit ito’y nasa ‘double-digit’ na datos lamang – ang rasyon ng ‘unemployment’ ng bansa ay nakaka-bahala. Sa katunayan, kung ikukumpara sa kabuuan nito, ito ay mai-sasalin sa halos apat na milyong mga residente and walang trabaho upang asahan – lubhang kaasi-asikasong bilang.

The rates dropped significantly lower compared to during the early comings of the pandemic. While this may be a positive progression from complete economic collapse, there is still the issue of having absolutely no income to expend. Truthfully, just maintaining a livelihood already poses a challenge to most citizens due to having very limited access to regular and productive jobs, more so is having the privilege to look for any.

Bumagsak ang ura kung ihahalintulad ito sa kung ano ang nangyari noong unang dating pa lamang ng pandemya. Habang ito ay isang positibong paglalakbay laban sa lubusang pag-guho ng ekonomiya, naroon parin ang isyu ng kawalan ng sahod na gagastusin. Sa katotohanan, ang pag-papanatili pa lamang ng kabuhayan ay isang hamon na agad sapagkat karamihan sa mga tao ay kaunti lamang ang paraan ng pagkukunan ng produktibong trabaho. Mas-malala pa ang pribilehiyong makahanap ng kahit ano.

The problem is further accentuated at the height of the pandemic onslaught. The industry had been slashed to likely just a fraction left of the competitors present – leaving the workforce devastated and out of place. The wave of unemployment could potentially result in increased debt and poverty, something that the government has yet to take care of. If the root of the problem is not addressed immediately, it could pose even a threat to the country’s economic status – which currently, likely already at a barely sustainable state.

Pinatingkad ng pagpasok ng pandemya ang problemang ito. Nahati ang industriya sa higit-kumulang kapiraso na lamang ng mga natirang competitor nito – malubhang nakaka-apekto sa manggagagawang naiwan nang walang uuwian. Ang alon ng kawalan ng trabaho ay maaaring makapag-resulta sa pinaakyat na utang at kahirapan, na ilan sa mga problemang dapat asikasuhin ng gobyerno. Kung ang ugat ng problema ay hindi binigyan agad ng pansin, possible itong maging banta sa pang-ekonomiyang estado ng banss – na kasalukuyan, ay mukhang nahihirapan panatiliin ang sarili.

The case of having a ‘no vaccine, no work’ policy simply explains that while vaccinations are not mandatory in pursuing career opportunities, these are however still necessary. The comments on the news article come from the few members of society who cater to misinformation that medical procedures cause the inhibition of unwarranted physical afflictions. Despite the constant reassurance that the vaccine is safe, and after being given substantial evidence that this guarantees safety, some people still believe the notion that the vaccine is as equally hazardous as the virus itself. A common argument is the presence of side effects, however all medicinal property exhibit some form of consequence for the greater benefit of their users.

Ang kaso ng pagkakaroon ng patakarang 'walang bakuna, walang trabaho' ay nagpapaliwanag lamang na habang ang mga pagbabakuna ay hindi sapilitan sa pagtataguyod ng mga pagkakataon sa karera, gayunpaman kinakailangan pa rin ito ang mga ito. Ang mga komento sa artikulo ng balita ay nagmumula sa ilang miyembro ng lipunan na tumutugon sa maling impormasyon na ang mga medikal na pamamaraan ay nagdudulot ng pagsugpo sa mga hindi nararapat na pisikal na paghihirap. Sa kabila ng patuloy na katiyakan na ligtas ang bakuna, at pagkatapos mabigyan ng malaking ebidensya na ginagarantiyahan nito ang kaligtasan, naniniwala pa rin ang ilang tao sa paniwala na ang bakuna ay kasing-panganib ng virus mismo. Ang isang karaniwang argumento ay ang pagkakaroon ng mga side effect, gayunpaman ang lahat ng medikal na kagamitan ay nagpapakita ng ilang anyo ng kahihinatnan ngunit para sa higit na benepisyo ng kanilang mga gumagamit.

Moreover, it is understandable that people take even the most unlikely precautions in preserving themselves. Discrimination against anything that means the expression of an individual opinion is, undoubtedly, morally incorrect.

Bukod dito, madaling maunawaan na ang mga tao ay nagsasagawa ng kahit na hindi malamang na pag-iingat sa pangangalaga sa kanilang sarili. Ang diskriminasyon laban sa anumang bagay na nangangahulugan na ang pagpapahayag ng isang indibidwal na opinyon ay walang alinlangan na hindi tama sa moral na kalooban.

Perhaps these concerns may be alleviated if the local government in charge assists the community themselves in taking the vaccine. People who may experience unwelcome symptoms are strictly paid attention to, and are given appropriate counteractors. Similarly, medical facilities implement procedures in more urgent cases.

Marahil ang mga alalahanin na ito ay maaaring maibsan kung ang lokal na pamahalaan na namamahala ay tutulong sa komunidad mismo sa pagkuha ng bakuna. Ang mga taong maaaring makaranas ng hindi kanais-nais na mga sintomas ay mahigpit na binibigyang pansin, at binibigyan ng naaangkop na mga gamit para sa ginhawa. Katulad nito, ang mga pasilidad na medikal ay nagpapatupad ng mga pamamaraan sa mas apurahang mga kaso.

Again, by no means should industries filter opportunities out of mere discrimination. The vaccine simply fortifies the health of the workforce.

Muli, hindi dapat salain ng mga industriya ang mga pagkakataon dahil sa dahilang ‘diskriminasyon’ lamang. Ang bakuna ay nagpapatibay lamang sa kalusugan ng mga manggagawa.

#FIL

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dp-s · 3 years

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Direction: Think of three (3) different situations, issue or events that the Philippines have faced or is happening today. In 3-4 sentences, explain your opinion or position about it and cite two to three pieces of evidence from reliable sources that will strongly support your position.

Topic: Death Penalty (Capital Punishment)

Position:

Capital punishment in the Philippines had records after records of failed cases as it was presented as a weapon to suppress the people’s voice – the evidence alone that history implemented misuse of this power to remain within authority is enough to convince me that it must not be reinstated once more. I firmly believe that violence should not be an option for the government in maintaining order in society. This ironic movement in pursuit of ‘peace’ would simply ingrain fear among its citizens and cause further disarray, which ultimately defeats its purpose. The death penalty is merely another ploy under the anti-poor system, and there are a number of cases supporting these ideas.

Evidence #1

A report by the Free Legal Assistance Group (FLAG) found that imposing the death penalty has disproportionately affected prisoners within the lower class. FLAG reported that of 890 death row inmates, 79% did not reach college and 63% were formerly employed in blue-collar work sectors such as agriculture, transportation, and construction. Most notably, two-thirds of the inmates could only earn exactly (or below) the minimum wage, while less than 1% are able to earn monthly wages of more than P50,000. The same study found that a reason behind this disparity is the ability of well-off inmates to defend themselves aggressively in court through funding an array of lawyers. Unless the imbalance between social classes is addressed, there will remain selective justice within the system. Records from United Nations human rights experts also state that being poor alone grants you immensely higher chances of being sentences to death, making it a penalty reserved for people among lower socioeconomic groups. In short, capital punishment becomes class-based discrimination in the form of arbitrary killing.

Death penalty disproportionately affects the poor, UN rights experts warn

https://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=22208&LangID=E

Evidence #2

Crime rates have fallen without the implementation of capital punishment. People have vindicated the protocol claiming that it could drastically abolish criminality within the Philippines. However, this ‘rising state’ of criminality could be considerably more of a myth that is it substantial, as observational studies have showed a general decline in crime from 1978 to 2008 (and in the following years after that). As a matter of fact, incidence of index crime rose by 8.8% in the years 1999 until 2002 during the controversial peak of its implementation.

Why the death penalty is unnecessary, anti-poor, error-prone

https://www.rappler.com/voices/thought-leaders/death-penalty-unnecessary-anti-poor-error-prone

Topic: Red-tagging

Position:

Individuals must exercise their right to freely expressing their criticisms, even if their stance positions them in a different viewpoint from the running system. Cases of this form of violation within the Philippines revolve around political sentiments which the government views as a threat, the people themselves being labelled under prejudiced opposition against the administration. The Constitution itself guarantees the liberty of having individual political views, and that not a single person should be detained solely for their aspirations – as a member of this community, I, too, uphold that belief.

Evidence #1

The military began branding activists as ‘communist-terrorists’, implying that one cannot be a communist without being a terrorist as well. Technically, it is not illegal to conform to radical ideologies, but to anyone within the armed forces, anyone in opposition to the current running administration is automatically a (left-leaning) communist, and therefore a threat to the system. This exact incident was what became of the activists Jory Porquia, Randall Echanis, Zara Alvarez, and Carlito Badion – who, in their defenseless state, was reported to have been assassinated by armed men within the same year red-tagging was a prominently ongoing issue. The chain of incidents even alarmed the Philippine Commission on Human Rights.

In the Philippines, a label can take your life

https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/philippines-label-can-take-your-life

Evidence #2

Reports provided during a 2020 Senate probe have stated that over 300 activists and civilians have been killed as red-tagging ensued, while numbers exceeding 2,500 have been ‘illegally arrested’ by authorities following the government’s counter-insurgency protocol. This incites concern from political figures, claiming that the movement destroys democratic participation of individuals and therefore eliminating a healthy debate on issues of public concern. Representative Teddy Casiño further emphasizes that a number of these people have been detained on questionable grounds by armed militants routinely planting evidence to distort the scene. A notable statement from the briefing was Reina Mae Nasino’s case.

Over 300 killed, 2,500 ‘illegally arrested’ in anti-red ops, says ex-solon

https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1364179/fwd-red-tagging-chilling-effect-ex-solon-says-over-300-killed-2500-illegally-arrested-in-anti-insurgency-ops

Topic: Children’s Rights

Position:

The Philippines’ ‘war on drugs’ has left thousands of families distraught – the children, in particular, are found to have experienced the most psycho-traumatic effects of the aftermath. While the countermeasures against drug movements have been evidently unprogressive – having extrajudicial violence used as a crime solution, for that matter – another larger issue present is how to address the welfare of the children left behind the remains of the catastrophe. The youth deserve to live a childhood free from the intervention of military affairs, and I stand by the principle that their rights must be heard.

Evidence #1

Reports from Children’s Rights advocates stationed in the Philippines documented that as many as 101 children became extrajudicial civilian casualties amidst the anti-drug operations from mid-2016 up until 2018. Media reports found that the same incident has continued in 2019 and 2020.

Philippines: Lasting Harm to Children from ‘Drug War’

https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/05/27/philippines-lasting-harm-children-drug-war

Evidence #2

Kian delos Santos was a victim of extrajudicial assault during the anti-drug operations in 2017. His death was a result of violently mistaken conviction, and his death further sparked controversy among the people as it become evidence of the administration’s malpractice. Delos Santos was one of the many minors killed in similar drug-related circumstances since 2016. A report from the UN high commissioner warns that the government likely has emboldened the police to behave as though they are permitted to kill at any instance, rendering citizens to seek justice for the children who suffered the same unjust consequences.

‘War on drugs’ blamed for deaths of at least 122 children in Philippines

https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/jun/30/war-on-drugs-blamed-for-deaths-of-at-least-122-children-in-philippines

#EAPP

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dp-s · 3 years

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Activity 1

Directions: Read the following content carefully. Identify the major category of this manifesto and explain briefly why it is so. Provide your answer after each number.

1. “The National Democratic Front of the Philippines and the broad masses of the people themselves need to refrain from launching tactical offensiveness to gain more time and opportunity to fight the COVID- 19 pandemic and to look after the health and power- all welfare of the people in both urban and rural areas.”

- Jose Maria “Joma” Sison, exiled founder of the Communist Party of the Philippines

Category: World

The passage above calls for a change in how the system tackles its priorities, thus falling under the ‘world’ category. The speaker, Jose Sison, claims that human welfare must come first, which also incites the vision of better community management. Additionally, this was a declaration made by an authorized party.

2. How to vote on Election Day in 12 easy steps

Step 1: Go to your assigned polling precinct from 6 a.m. to 5 p.m. on May 9. The Commission on Election (COMELEC) advises voters to come early and not wait until the last minute. Look for your name in the voters list posted near the precinct. The Parish Pastoral Council for Responsible Voting (PPCRV) voter’s assistance desk in the polling place can also help you look for your precinct, sequence, and room number.

Step 2: Fall in line in the holding area

Step 3: Give your name, valid I.D., and precinct number to the Board of Election Inspectors (BEIs)

Step 4: Get your ballot, ballot secrecy folder, marker, and go to the voting area

Make sure your ballot is clean of any marks.

Step 5: Vote wisely. Under voting and abstaining is allowed; over voting is not. If you over vote, the vote will not be counted. Shade the entire oval corresponding to your candidate of choice. Cover your ballot using the ballot secrecy folder; even the poll watchers and BEI cannot look at your ballot. Do not make any other marks on the ballot.

Step 6: Feed your ballot into the vote-counting machine. The machine has a green check button that casts your vote and a red "X" button that returns your ballot. If you don't press either in one second, the machine automatically casts your ballot and prints a receipt.

Step 7: Return the ballot secrecy folder and marker.

Step 8: Wait for your receipt to print and let the precinct supervisor cut your receipt from the machine. Do not tear or pull the voter's receipt because it can cause the entire roll of thermal paper to be yanked, which may cause the vote-counting machines (VCMs) to temporarily shut down. The BEI will cut the receipt using a pair of scissors.

Step 9: Have your right forefinger marked with indelible ink.

Step 10: Take your voter's receipt and verify your vote.

Step 11: Drop the receipt in the receptacle beside the VCM provided by COMELEC.

Step 12: Leave the polling precinct

Category: List and Rules

The manifesto provides a clear set of rules on what must be observed during the electoral voting period. These steps are carefully written in detail to aid people in properly fulfilling each task for the event.

3. As adults, we can accept bad language on TV programs, as long as it relates to the program in question (i.e. drama series or films). However, children should not have to hear that sort of language. I’m not a prude by any means, but I find it really depressing when I hear children from children to toddler age and up using foul language. Of course, they learn this from their parents and other family members, but let’s minimize their exposure by keeping it out of children’s programs.

- Karen, UK (BBC Online)

Category: Goal

The manifesto argues appropriate exposure of children to media by convincing its readers of its negative long-term impact (i.e. ‘…I find it really depressing when I hear children from children to toddler age and up using foul language). The speaker states this in a non-confrontational manner as to sway the audience into accepting the argument presented.

ACTIVITY 2

Directions: Read the manifesto below and give your analysis on the following arguments.

Video Games Adversely Affect Children’s Brains

By: Rafael Castillo

A lot of children in the Philippines and worldwide are crazy about video game play (VGP). Some parents even encourage it with the belief that it can increase their children’s dexterity and could even improve their IQ. We now have robust scientific data indicating this impression to be erroneous.

Although some scientific studies suggest that VGP may improve certain types of visual agility skills, negative effects of VGP outweigh them, with unfavorable effects on verbal memory, attention, sleep, learning and comprehension.

Most children regularly engaging in VGP have demonstrated by sophisticated imaging studies that the release of the hormone dopamine is increased, which is associated with most types of addiction.

A high level of dopamine makes one experience pleasure. Repeated exposure to an addictive substance or behavior such as playing video games conditions the brain cells in key areas like the prefrontal cortex—the area of the brain involved in planning and executing tasks—to crave and go after the substance or behavior causing the release of dopamine. The end result is being “addicted” to the source of pleasure, and in our children’s case—addiction to video games.

Some scientists describe the effect of video games as “hijacking the pleasure center,” which is the same reward circuit in the brain involved with motivation and memory. Since an addictive behavior like VGP stimulates the same circuit, this part becomes “hijacked and overloaded,” unfavorably affecting the child’s memory, learning and motivation to acquire other knowledge and skills. Hence, for many children, they may prefer playing their video games than doing their school assignments or reviewing for their exams.

The manifesto immediately argues that video games can outweigh the benefits that come along playing them. While the writer claims there is present evidence which supports their statement, there is noticeably no references named after each claim (although, some of them are considerably obvious effects). Moreover, the writer has elaborated on the most observable impact of video game play (VGP) – claiming that particular (imaging) studies have resulted in likely hormonal imbalances, thus inducing an ‘addiction’ among players.

The writer’s argument can be considered somewhat as a ‘goal’ manifesto. While the discussion recalls that it uses positive imagery to entice its readers into switching their viewpoints, this manifesto makes use of the negative effects of gameplay to convince the audience of its effects. Although it does not exactly provide a conclusion which explicitly states that it should be avoided, the evidence it shows supporting the idea of how it can affect the child’s active participation in their environment is enough to tell the readers what it desires to fulfill.

#EAPP

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dp-s · 3 years

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READING STRATEGIES

A person reads to digest information from a number of sources. Simply skimming through a text can effectively ingrain a solid amount of knowledge into the reader’s mind – if they learn how to incorporate technical and critical reading strategies into the activity, they can thus be able to apply information at a more efficient pace. Typically, reading does not only allow us to critique and analyze information, but as well as enabling us to relate data and apply them unto various fields (i.e. studying pre-existing related literature). Listed below are common techniques that allow a competent reading experience:

I.) Before reading

- Establish the objectives you wish to achieve by reading a passage - Speculate a possible reason behind the author’s motive for writing - Review related topics - Read an overview of the complete text - Take note of possible discussions with regards to the text

II.) During reading

- Annotate particular areas of the text to recall critical ideas - Use pre-conceptualized notes as reference in finding discussions - Find relationships between the passages (correlate) - Connect the information present to those reviewed

III.) After reading

- Summarize the text based on your understanding - Discuss the information with peers to affirm your comprehension - Identify and assure that you’ve understood particularly complex areas of the text - Begin using unfamiliar words (that you’ve understood) in your vocabulary to ensure an efficient application of the learned information

TOP-DOWN and BOTTOM-UP READING THEORIES

The bottom-up reading model makes use of an individual’s phonetic background in assessing information. Students are first exposed to sensory activities as a means of instruction, thus incorporating the act of perceptual learning. Simply put, this framework begins from the ‘bottom’ (i.e. the fundamental mastery of phonics) which eventually leads to how an individual understands context.

Conversely, the theory that students gain understanding of a topic as they read is something adapted from the top-down reading model. Otherwise known as the concept-driven model, this applies the use of context firsthand while pre-existing comprehension of a subject follows. While the previous model relies on looking for individual clues to piece together the entire information, the top-down model views information as a whole in order for an individual to decode the message through parts

#FIL

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dp-s · 3 years

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Project Proposal

view here

Republic of the Philippines

▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉ UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Laboratory High School

▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉, Philippines

September 26, 2021

PROF. ▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉

University Principal

Pagbati!

Nais naming pulong ng mga estudyante, kabilang ang gabay ng Student Council, na mag-organisa at pamunuan ang isang webinar kasama ang mga mag-aaral ng ika-sekondaryang baiting (laboratory high school). Ito ay binuo upang simulang kilalanin ng bawat individwal ang sarili – ang natatanging hakbang upang sila’y mag-patungo sa pag-unlad ng sariling pagkatao. Maaaring asahan ang diskusyon ng sikolohikal na pagkakakilanlan ng bawat estudyante, at kung paano nila mahaharap ang mga personal na sagabal kanilang nais lagpasan. Ito’y aming tatawaging isang personal development webinar, at hinihiling namin ang iyong pag-suporta sa naturang handog.

Makikita sa sumusunod ang buod ng kaganapan:

Tema: Personal Development

Sa webinar na ito ay maaasahan ang sama-samang pagtangkilik ng mga mag-aaral ng mga aktibidad tungo sa pagpapa-unlad ng kanilang indibidwal na kakayahan, potensyal, kooperasyon at pakikisama, pati na rin ang paghahanda sa kanilang kinabukasan.

Mga Layunin:

1.) Diskusyon ng mga hakbang tungo sa personal na tagumpay

2.) Pagpapa-tibay ng kumpiyansa sa sarili

3.) Pakiki-bahagi ng mga kasapi sa kanilang personal na karanasan patungkol sa pagpapa-unlad ng sarili

Karagdagang kabilang sa kaganapan:

1.) Paano pamahalaan ang stress

2.) Mga tagubilin sa pag-harap sa mga saloobin

Sistema o medium: Virtual Presentation

Dulot ng pandemya, maaari lamang ito iparaan sa pamamagitan ng online na implementasyon. Ito ay para sa kaligtasan ng mga kasapi.

Aming inaasahan ang iyong konsiderasyon sa pagkakasatuparan nito.

Gumagalang,

▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉

Student Confederation Member (Year 12)

#FIL #please view link as i've decided not to disclose names of individuals online

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dp-s · 3 years

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Bionote

view here

Si ▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉ ay isang kasalukuyang guro sa Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology, hawak ang larangang Ingles. Taong 2005 ay nakapagtapos siya ng kolehiyo bilang isang Bachelor of Secondary Education (majoring in English) sa College of the Immaculate Conception, nang mayroong naaangkop na pang-akademikong komendasyon. Karagdagang ipinagpatuloy niya ang kanyang edukasyon sa De La Salle University Manila, at naging isang Master in Teaching English in Basic Foundation sa ilalim ng gabay ng St. La Salle Institute of Graduate Studies Program noong taong 2008. Isa rin syang aplikante ng Ateneo Center for English Language Teaching (ACELT) mula 2009, upang sumailalim sa mga komprehensibong pagsasanay sa loob ng isang taon. Sa kasalukuyan, kabilang ang guro ng isang Leadership and Governance International Standards (LGIS) Qualifications Assessment Authority at dumadaan sa maigting na pagdidisiplina upang makamit ang titulo ng isang opisyal na tagapagsanay na maaaring makapagturo sa internasyonal.

#FIL #bionote #please view link as i've decided not to disclose names of individuals online

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dp-s · 3 years

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Tags

all posts written for the subject #EAPP will be tagged as it is, the same applies to #FIL

view compilation of required activities here

#please view link as i've decided not to disclose names of individuals online #please message me if there are any problems with the link

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dp-s · 3 years

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Abstract

The immediate outbreak of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has posed a serious health crisis against the Philippines since its first case, back into January 2020. What people initially thought as a mere common cold symptom became the world’s newfound dilemma, and along its collateral damage comes the plummeting status of the global economy. Prolonged community restrictions have affected a large fraction of the industry. The study conducted evidently shows that the pandemic has left a massive dent on the commercial sector. Businesses, particularly micro-managed establishments, have been disproportionately affected by the sudden adjustment to issued safety guidelines – resulting in less manpower, and therefore, less financial yield. Moreover, there has been a greater demand for government assistance concerning credit and loans – financial grants that establishments have requested to sustain what little number of employees they have left. In the context of employment, the pandemic has turned out a sudden stream of unemployment for most of the remaining population, posing more economical issues as it goes on. The alarming number of concerns have proven that the country (and its government) was, in fact, unprepared for a medical plight. For a state that lags behind the technological aspect of advancing, adjusting to – what is now formally labelled as – the new normal was as difficult as it can get. This study assesses which factors have directly impacted business firms, their respective adjustment strategies, and the public’s live response to the situation at hand.

Outline

I.) Key findings of the study

a.) Lack of government support

1. Firms rely on family and friends for loans in November 2020 compared to July 2020

2. Informal lenders and non-bank financial institutions continue to be other main sources of financing for firms, while liquidation of assets increase

3. Firms express desire for government support programs that could improve liquidity

4. Liquidity constraints could be alleviated through expedient and well-targeted implementation (i.e. awareness campaign and clarity processing) of existing government programs that provide grants and loans

b.) Unemployment

c.) Adjustment to E-commerce

1. Two thirds of firms have adopted and/or intensified the use of digital and social platforms in various business functions (10 percent of their sales are derived from digital solutions)

d.) Disbandment of local micro-operations

1. Easing of the community quarantine has led to more businesses reopening, but with only a small proportion operating at full capacity

II.) About the survey

a.) Introduction of researchers e.g. World Bank in collaboration with the Department of Finance (DOF) and National Economic Development Authority (NEDA)

1. This study will show the impact of Covid-19 on private sectors

2. The first batch of surveys was conducted in July 2020 and the second was during late November and early December. 13,878 responses were collected (the implementation of ECQ during April of 2020 limited the operation of economic activities)

b.) Methodology

1. This study used qualitative and quantitative research

2. Researchers utilized “Simple Random Sampling” to gather the data of all participants who participated through surveys or questionnaires which will serve as the results and conclusion of the study (the study also used tables and graphical forms for transparency of data)

III.) Results and conclusions e.g. government responses

a.) Results: Community Quarantine measures in the Philippines

1. Operational status

2. Demand shocks

3. Impact on employment

4. Market impact

5. Access to finance and liquidity

6. Use of digital solutions

7. Uncertainty (looking ahead)

8. Desired and received government support

9. Micro-businesses

10. Policy outlook

b.) Conclusions

1. Businesses affect the full capacity of the Philippines in the middle of Covid-19 pandemic. The operational status is the significant analysis that indicates to conquer current difficulties and issues looked by business firms due to the community quarantine regulations.

2. Business firms maintained their stability despite the COVID-19 restrictions and what adjustments they have made to overcome current challenges and issues faced by business firms due to the new normal. Furthermore, it also indicates how it affects the firms’ sales, employment, liquidity, and operations.

3. With the implementation of ECQ during April of 2020, it limited economic activity. With most of the economic activity coming back after 3 months, all of the 17 regions were under GCQ or MGCQ, allowing more firms to open. Firms had major adjustment just to operate.

4. Designated execution of existing government programs that offer grants and loans could reduce the liquidity restrictions, and small business firms start utilizing digital administrative framework or e-commerce more intensively due to quarantine measures because it could lower the chances of firms’ uncertainties in terms of sales, employment, and business operations.

c.) Recommendations

1. Encourage the use of digital frameworks and media (i.e. internet) to increase sales

2. Firms must consider including digitally promoting their services. Study reveals that companies who have better technological capabilities have easily adjusted to this pandemic.

3. Abbreviate isolate choices in business firms even companies. Explain that all specialists must wear personal protective equipment when performing outdoor activities, travelling, or attending to neighborhood necessities.

4. Organizations must further improve pre-existing programs which can alleviate liquidity constraints between companies (i.e. loaning programs)

#EAPP #abstract

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dp-s · 3 years

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Revising Texts

1. “I saw the posting for the marketing intern role on my university’s online job board, and I am very interested. I’m drawn to your company’s mission of innovation and putting the customer first. I am in my final year of earning my bachelor’s degree in marketing with a minor in communications, so I feel my educational experience has prepared me to work in a fast-paced marketing department like the one within your organization.”

Revised:

The customer is always right, they say – and I firmly believe that their satisfaction shares the company’s as well.

Recently, I have come across your company seeking marketing interns, and found myself drawn to your pursuit of innovation and prioritizing what the client wants. I am a student undertaking my final year of studies, earning myself a bachelor’s degree in marketing and a minor in communications by the time I graduate. Furthermore, my academic experience has prepared me to work in a rapidly moving environment – befitting the company’s pace. With knowledge in tow and the determination to aid in success, I would gladly be looking forward to accept the role I would be given.

2. Article Title: Elements of an Optimal Capstone Design Experience (110 words)

This paper presents and assesses a framework for an engineering capstone design program. We explain how student preparation, project selection, and instructor mentorship are the three key elements that must be addressed before the capstone experience is ready for the students. Next, we describe a way to administer and execute the capstone design experience including design workshops and lead engineers. We describe the importance in assessing the capstone design experience and report recent assessment results of our framework. We comment specifically on what students thought were the most important aspects of their experience in engineering capstone design and provide quantitative insight into what parts of the framework are most important.

Revised:

This paper presents and assesses the framework for an engineering capstone design program. There are three key elements which must be addressed before the capstone experience becomes available for the students: student preparation, project selection, and instructor mentorship. With the guidance of the founding engineers, these factors will be implemented through design workshops lead by the respective professionals.

Moreover, this document relays the significance of analyzing the capstone design experience and its effects on the students. The report reflects the results of the applied study – gathering insight from students on which aspect of the experience have given them the most impact, noted dutifully by the researchers.

Improvements that were made:

1. I’ve made revisions on the first article, changing its tone into a more formal approach (much like an application letter).

2. The second article felt rushed, thus I’ve tried to move the passages smoothly through the use of transitional phrases and further emphasizing key points.

#EAPP

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dp-s · 3 years

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English for Academic and Professional Purposes

1. What is English for Professional Purposes (EPP)?

English has become the standard for most international businesses, making it common practice for people to communicate in this language in both casual and even professional cases. In further improving one’s formal communication abilities, there are specific programs designed to help aid them in this goal.

English for Professional Purposes is a particular learning course which provides for the objective of developing all areas of language skills (e.g. speaking, listening, reading, and writing) – equipping applicants with knowledge for formality. This is positioned as a foreign language course, as English serves as the ‘official’ second language to most countries.

Moreover, the purpose of mastering English for professional purposes allows people to produce proficient outputs (those such as business letters, proposals, and most official documents) – giving them an advantage in whichever career they choose to take. A big part of learning English professionally is learning about technicalities and industry-specific jargon, words which only some who partake in a certain profession would know. Therefore, one would have to build their vocabulary if they plan on joining a particular field.

2. What is English for Academic Purposes (EAP)?

While English for Professional Purposes involves providing for work-related needs and training, English for Academic Purposes caters specifically to the academic needs of students. The learning course EAP entails the training of students (usually in a higher education setting) to using English appropriately in more formal scenarios.

Much like EPP, English for Academic Purposes courses are involved in providing guidance in the academic studies of students. The course addresses all the technical language skills needed by a student to improve in producing both written and oral outputs: listening and reading comprehension, grammar, as well as vocabulary development. Furthermore, to emphasize the academic part of the subject, students are taught particular skills to enhance their capabilities – these involve the critical and analytical aspect of thinking and creating.

3. Compare and contrast using the Venn diagram.

4. What is an academic text?

Academic texts are formally defined as objective and critical documents written by professionals on a particular subject, strictly founded on facts with solid basis. These are designed with the purpose to aid a reader’s understanding – written clearly in a prim tone and backed with substantial evidence.

In addition to that, academic writing serves as a medium of communication – providing a constant stream of acquired knowledge from a specific field of study. These papers are produced as part of academic work and therefore make use of non-fictional material (i.e. reports on empirical researches and fieldwork, analyzing cultural trends, proposing theories, and even developing interpretations from available information). In understanding the purpose of academic literature, this aids in developing an individual’s analytical capabilities.

5. How can one read and analyze academic literatures/texts?

People generally have varying perspectives on a number of subjects, and reading allows them to form these different opinions. The primary objective of analyzing academic literature is to offer a new understanding of the text – creating room for discussion with evidence gathered from the passages of an article.

To kickstart a reading session, most likely the advice to be mentioned would be to begin with writing a list of questions relating to the subject. In addition to that, a brief review of the article would give readers the benefit of easily following its pace. Given that academic texts usually contain a lengthy amount of information, it would be best to divide them into short passages, guided by the questions the reader seeks to answer, and a basic understanding of its fundamentals.

As mentioned before, analyzing academic text involves the debate between a number of notions, and only through a thorough realization of an article’s content can a reader achieve this objective. A reader must be able to discuss individual passages and demonstrate why they are equally significant to the text as a whole – to further develop a reader’s breakdown of information, they must also cite references taken directly from the paper, serving as additional support for their own statement.

Understanding the purpose of literary analysis teaches readers not only how to fully comprehend an article’s concept, but as well as to develop their own critical thinking abilities – allowing them to apply certain processes and theories that result in an enhanced comprehension of ideas.

6. What are the characteristics of a professional document?

A professional document can be any technical paper presenting reports of data to people who specialize on a certain career or field of profession. It is designed largely with the purpose to relay detailed information between rapidly paced industries – thus why it must be kept legible and properly dated, guaranteeing a transparent exchange.

Since professional documents are involved in most business transactions, it must be written with a tone of formality. Most articles of this kind can come as presentations, reports, emails, resumes, or even proposals – aiming for the objective of reaching colleagues and motivating departments into making the necessary actions.

7. List down the similarities and differences of Reaction/Review and Critique Paper.

A review paper is a document which encompasses all the information from a number of primary literary sources and evaluates the results, which will then allow readers to produce a comprehensive discussion chiefly focused on a specific field of study – usually demonstrating the reader’s thoughts on a subject. Reaction papers usually come with a similar purpose, but are specified on a single given piece of work instead of a compilation of literary texts.

On the other hand, a critique paper is a detailed assessment of any article – especially a formal document (i.e. theoretical, philosophical, or political works). While review and reaction papers can be written by anyone simply interested in the subject, critique papers are made by experts who specialize on a particular field. They often make in-depth and comprehensive comments on particular theories, and can be very technical concerning that specific subject. Since critics are vastly knowledgeable, their written works are therefore much more reliable as compared to average reviews. However, someone who is not as skilled on the topic may not be able to understand the jargons used.

Both are actually similar in the fact that they provide relevant information on a specified subject, the only key difference is in the credibility of the writer and the works they produce. They mutually appeal to the personal thoughts of the writer – but as review and reaction papers simply discuss the writer’s opinions, critique papers (as the name suggests) provide criticisms on a document.

Critique papers are ultimately the most reliable source of data for readers who intend to further develop their knowledge.

8. What is a Concept paper?

A concept paper is generally defined as any academic text which lays down the basics of a proposal, serving as a primer for the actual project. The article briefly introduces the proposed title of the project, its objectives, and typically emphasizes the questions it intends to seek – precisely describing the concept of the paper.

In addition to restating the motives of the study, its principal aim is to convince the readers that the project is a novel idea, and is thus worth investing into. The concept paper ultimately guides the readers and equips them with enough information to further understand the multiple aspects of an upcoming project.

9. What is a Position paper?

A position paper, otherwise called a position piece, is a brief article or written essay which argues a person’s stand on a particular subject – typically defending an author’s view or elaborates on a certain entity’s opinion. The key objective of this paper is to convince its readers that an argument is valid and thus worth paying close attention to. It is founded on hard evidence regarding the topic, and provides support someone’s perspective.

In general, position papers are greatly significant to writers as this offers them a civil way of voicing their concerns and making their voices heard, effectively inciting change among their readers.

references:

https://websites.uwlax.edu/biology/ReviewPapers.html

https://pediaa.com/difference-between-critique-and-review/

https://www.editage.com/all-about-publication/english-editing/professional-document-editing-and-proofreading.html

https://grammar.yourdictionary.com/style-and-usage/characteristics-of-technical-writing.html

https://www.goshen.edu/academics/english/literary-analysis-guide/

https://askinglot.com/what-is-english-for-academic-and-professional-purposes#:~:text=EAP%20refers%20to%20students'%20academic,the%20actual%20needs%20of%20professionals.&text=English%20for%20Academic%20Purposes%20Program,%2C%20writing%2C%20and%20research%20skills.

http://www.sfu.ca/cmns/130d1/WritingaPositionPaper.htm

#EAPP

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dp-s · 3 years

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1. Larangan:

Matematika (Mathematics)

Patunay:

Mathematics is a field of study concerning the science of numbers and their operations, interrelations, and the configuration of their structures. The image above displays the exact function of the Pythagorean Theorem followed by a guided process. This is a theorem, much like other mathematical principles, wherein the sum of the squares on the legs of a right triangle is equal to the square on the hypotenuse (the side opposite the right angle) — or, in familiar algebraic notation, a2 + b2 = c2 (Britannica). Simply put, it is a combination of numbers involving particular routines to provide a solution – which thus makes it a mathematical process.

2. Larangan:

Agham at Teknolohiya (Science and Technology; Biology)

Patunay:

Science can be practically any study with the purpose of pursuing knowledge on all things, both naturally present and now even those made by mankind. It strictly follows a systematic methodology founded on evidence – and thus observation and the application of acknowledged data play a major role in this field of study. Furthermore – with regards to the text above, biology is a particular branch of science which deals with living organisms and their respective behavior.

The article explains that there are two existing methods in cloning mammals. Cloning involves the technological manipulation of hereditary units to try and recreate an organism exactly like its predecessor. Given the context, the text clearly discusses biological qualities and therefore is chiefly related to the subject of science.

3. Larangan:

Agham (Science; Astronomy)

Patunay:

The article above narrates the conception of the universe through a popular scientific theory otherwise known as the Big Bang. Of course, as this can no doubt be related to space and celestial bodies, this classifies the article under the field of astronomy – wherein all the subjects it encompasses study the science behind everything beyond the earth’s atmosphere.

4. Larangan:

Sining (Arts and Crafts)

Patunay:

The passage came from an article titled “Leksyon sa Pagpipinta” by Piya Constantino – which is thematically charged by the concept of arts and crafting. Art can be anything produced by a person’s creative skill and imagination through visual representation. In the article, Constantino talks about the principle steps of painting – most likely the part where the artist creates their own canvas. This alone can be considered a form of art, as the artist makes something to fulfill their plans of visionary expression.

5. Larangan:

Paglilibang (Recreation)

Patunay:

Listed in the text above, an excerpt from a Global Trust article, are recreational activities that most people would consider enjoyable – this literally describes the word recreation, or paglilibang (in Tagalog), as people find leisure in taking up these events.

#FIL

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dp-s · 3 years

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Individual Glossary

**view (group) glossary via contacting the leader

EMPLOYEE BENEFITS

401(k) Plan

Employee benefit plan authorized by Internal Revenue Code section 401(k), whereby an employer establishes an account for each participating employee and each participant elects to deposit a portion of his or her salary into the account. The amount deposited is not subject to income tax. This is the most common type of salary reduction plans.

Accountable Plan

Any reimbursement or other expense allowance arrangement of an employer that meets all of the following requirements (therefore excluding it from gross w-2 EARNED INCOME and tax): (1) it provides reimbursements advances or allowances including per diem and meals, to employees for any job related deductible business expense; (2) employees must be able to substantiate expenses covered in the plan; (3) employee must return any excess advances or payments.

Death Benefit

Amounts received under a life insurance contract and paid by reason of the death of the insured. (Although most death benefits are paid at termination of life, certain plans now pay accelerated death benefits while the insured is still alive, i.e.: an AIDS patient might possibly receive accelerated death benefit)

Employee Benefit Plan

Compensation arrangement, generally in writing, used by employers in addition to salary or wages. Some plans such as group term life insurance, medical insurance and qualified retirement plans are treated favorably under the tax law.

Key Person Insurance

Business-owned life insurance contract typically on the lives of principal officers that normally provides for guaranteed death benefits to the company and the accumulation of a cash surrender value.

TAX

Alternative Minimum Tax (AMT)

Tax imposed to back up the regular income tax imposed on CORPORATION and individuals to assure that taxpayers with economically measured income exceeding certain thresholds pay at least some income tax.

Carryovers

Provision of tax law that allows current losses or certain tax credits to be utilized in the tax returns of future periods..

Estate Tax

Tax on the value of a DECENDENT'S taxable estate, typically defined as the decedent's ASSETS less LIABILITIES and certain expenses which may include funeral and administrative expenses.

Exemption

Amount of a taxpayer's income that is not subject to tax. All individuals, TRUSTS, and estates qualify for an exemption unless they are claimed as a dependent on another individual's tax return. Exemptions also are granted to taxpayers for their dependents.

Internal Revenue Code

Collection of tax rules of the federal government. Also referred to as Title 26 of the United States Code.

AUDITING

Auditing Standards

Guidelines to which an AUDITOR adheres. Auditing standards encompass the auditor's professional qualities, as well as his or her judgment in performing an AUDIT and in preparing the AUDITORS' REPORT.

Certified Internal Auditor (CIA)

Internal AUDITOR who has satisfied the examination requirements of the Institute of Internal Auditors.

Extent of Tests of Control

Each year the AUDITOR must obtain sufficient evidence about whether the company's internal control over financial reporting, including the controls for all internal control components, is operating effectively.

Generally Accepted Auditing Standards (GAAS)

Standards set by the AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF CERTIFIED PUBLIC ACCOUNTANTS (AICPA) which concern the AUDITOR'S professional qualities and judgment in the performance of his or her AUDIT and in the actual report.

Independence Standard Board (ISB)

This is the private sector standard-setting body governing the independence of AUDITORs from their public company clients. It came about from discussions between the AICPA, other accounting representatives and the SEC.

TRUST

Complex Trust

A trust that is to be distinguished from a simple trust in the fact that it permits accumulation or distribution of current income during the tax year and provides for charitable contributions.

Coverdell Education Savings Account (Education IRA)

A tax exempt trust exclusively for the purpose of paying qualified higher education costs of the trusts designated beneficiary.

Discretionary Trust

Arrangement in which the TRUSTEE has the authority to make INVESTMENT decisions and has control over investments within the framework of the TRUST instrument.

Indenture

Formal agreement, also called a deed of trust, between an issuer of bonds and the BONDHOLDER covering certain considerations such as form of the BOND for example.

Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT)

Investor-owned TRUST which invests in real estate and, instead of paying income tax on its income, reports to each of its owners his or her pro rata share of its income for inclusion on their income tax returns. This unique trust arrangement is specifically provided for in the INTERNAL REVENUE CODE.

#glossary #FIL #EAPP

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dp-s · 3 years

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Sintesis (Synthesis)

Ayon sa isang pahayag na kinaharap ng Philippine Airlines (PAL) Senior Vice-President for Strategy, Dexter C. Lee, hindi pa nila nakikita sa mga susunod na taong 2024-2025 ang pagbalik sa dating paraan ng pagtatangkilik ng masa sa kanilang mga serbisyo bago tumama ang COVID-19. Kung ikukumpara nila sa dating tatlong-bilyong dolyares na kanilang nalikom, aniya, hindi na inaasahan na makakatumbas ng tubo ang nakaraan pagsapit ng 2025. Dagdag ni Lee, nangangailangan pa ang Airlines ng kalahating dekada upang maabot muli ang estado nito noon.

Higit pa, binigyang-diin ni Greg Waldron (isang dalubhasa sa aviation o paglipad) na ang hindi matapos-tapos na pandemya ang tanging dahilan kung bakit patuloy na nababaon sa krisis ang PAL sa kabila ng pagpupupursige nitong magbigay ng serbisyo. Binanggit din ni Waldron na ang pag-aatubli ng gobyerno sa pagbubukas ng mga byaheng panghimpapawid ay isa pang dahilan sa kanilang pang-pinansyal na isyu, bukod sa mga naroroon nang mga kompetisyon tulad ng Cebu Pacific at Air Asia.

Upang bigyang solusyon ang problemang kinakaharap na ito ng Philippine Airlines, iminungkahi ni Nilo Thaddeus P. Rodriguez, Chief Financial Officer ng naturang kumpanya, na nararapat na pahintulutan ng korte ang natatangi nilang ‘plan of reorganization’ kabilang na ang adhikaing mapabangon ang PAL. Sa kabutihang-palad, ito’y pinirmahan na ng 92% sa kabuuan ng mga creditors nito.

Ipinagtibay ni Dr. Lucio C. Tan ang layuning ito ng PAL, at isiniaad na matibay ang kanilang pagsuporta sa paliparan sa mga pagbabagong pagdadaanan nito sa kinabukasan. Buong-pusong wikain pa niya, ‘Sama-sama tayong maghatid ng isang serbisyong matatag sa pinansyal na aspeto, walang palyang lakas-paggawa, at pinaigting na misyon.’

#synthesis #FIL

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dp-s · 3 years

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Communism: From Plato to Marx

Research Questions:

1. How does communism affect individual rights to ownership, considering its one-party nature?

2. Is there a distinct difference between socialism and communism?

3. How does Marxism influence succeeding revolutionist eras?

Research Hypothesis:

1. Communism is a socialist theory which completely removes class distinction and capitalist structures, however, it effectively removes rights to individual property ownership as a subsequent result.

2. Communism is at its best state only in theory

3. False consciousness is used a guise for capitalist figures to mislead the general public, concealing exploitation through communist propaganda.

Background of the Study

Political debate is constantly present in modern society. While the role of politics extends beyond the confines of administrative power, it is most commonly observed in civil governments. Easton (1953) formally defined politics as the ‘authoritative allocation of values’, therefore contributing to the idea that authority regulates society through implementing social policy. In interpreting ‘politics’, Modebadze (2010) concludes that is the study of conflict resolution, power, and the presence of the government in public affairs. Furthermore, there exist political ideologies – defined as a set of ethical disciplines which act as the standard for social order (Freeden, 2001).

Communism is a political and economic doctrine with the aim of replacing individually owned property and a profit-centered economy with public ownership and the communal control of major industrial production sectors. Studies of the same regard observe communism as an advanced form of the socialist government – both ideologies carrying the same objective of moving political power to the working class.

This paper will briefly discuss the basic notion of communism as a sociopolitical ideology following its initial conceptualization, and both the Marxist and non-Marxist influence on succeeding historical periods.

Communism as a Political Ideology

The initial idea of communism began with Plato. The Greek idea of the Golden Age, an era of communal bliss free from the influence of private institutions, became the Plato’s rigid foundation of communist beliefs. Thesleff’s study on Plato’s Republic (1997) presents an idea which directly opposes the Marxist definition of communism, wherein Utopia can only exist among the leading class – essentially disregarding a change in social hierarchy that caters to the wealthy. While Karl Marx defines communism in a proletariat perspective, Plato’s was for the grandiose. His stance is rooted the idea that familial ties can corrupt political figures holding public offices, therefore further emphasizing that only pre-existing noble classes can exist free of social discrimination given that they conform to Plato’s idea of a republic. This has led to the conclusion that Plato’s communism was aristocratic; it exists for the sake of the society, but not for the society (Barker, 2012).

However, modern claims of communism have changed to benefit the laboring class diverted from Plato’s example. Nancy (2010) traces communist origins back to the 14th century, with the meaning “people having in common a property belonging to the category of main morte (mortmain) – that is, not being submitted to the law of heritage”. It is in this context foremost was communism described simply as it is, a system independent from individual sovereign. Later, in the 18th century, Victor d'Hupay defined the idea of communism as the discipline we understand it today – the then aristocrat advocated for the communal share of property, and that “all will benefit from everybody’s work”.

Karl Marx was famously known for his theories on communism and capitalism. Marx defines communism as a sociopolitical ideology which advocates for the proletariat upheaval of capitalist structures within society – simply said, it positions itself in opposition to liberal democracy (separation of powers) and capitalism. Furthermore, Di-Mauro (2020) emphasizes the socialist aspect of communism by reinstating that a society is established through the cooperative allocation of resources for the benefit of all, specifying the classless, state-society, and communal ownership of property. Given the socialist and communist correlation, it can be said that the communist system is a form of socialism – carrying the intent to liberate society of a capitalist regime, effectively moving power to the laboring class. An example of this distinction was then materialized by Russian communist Vladimir Lenin.

In State and Revolution (1917), Lenin reinforced Marxist communism in the time his wing of Bolshevik social-democratic workers seized power in Russia. Eventually, Lenin’s party of Marxist factions rebranded themselves as an All-Russian Communist Party. Since overruling the country’s authority, communism has been largely associated with the political and economic climate developed within the Soviet Union, and subsequently influencing other countries under communist regime (particularly the People’s Republic of China). Likewise, the country formed its own communist party in 1921, following the Soviet model of industrial development.

In Marx’s book, The Communist Manifesto, he declares communism as the elimination of socioeconomic class disparities by implementing a classless society and allowing the government to control all property and state capital. Lenin adds that communism is the result of a revolutionist movement, a sociopolitical insurgence against a singular capitalist rule. Furthermore, Brown (2013) lists six defining characteristics of communist ideology: (a.) the monopoly of power of the ruling Communist party; (b.) democratic centralism; (c.) state ownership of the means of production; (d.) centrally planned rather than market economy; (e.) membership of an international Communist movement; (f.) and the aspiration, in principle, to move eventually to a stateless, classless communist society. In addition to that, Marx writes that communism will bring "the control and conscious mastery of these powers, which, born of the action of men on one another, have till now overawed and governed men as powers completely alien to them." – simply said, communism will bring class consciousness through which people will begin to realize their socioeconomic status relative to others, as well as the social awareness to which class an individual belongs to in the context of larger society.

Marx, along with Friedrich Engel, began publication of the Communist Manifesto in 1848, a few weeks before the revolution that turned gears in political history. Capitalism by then was reinforced by the growing Industrial age – the appalling labor conduct implemented by the nobility ingrained seeds of protest among the middle class. The revolution was presented as the subsequent result of preceding economic crises that disproportionately affected members of the proletariat; the sole responsibility of shouldering raised economic rates angered the common people, as the clergy were largely exempt from paying their part of the fee. Marx ingrained that history’s timeline was identified through the material and economic conditions prevalent during a certain age. “Before men can do anything else,” Marx wrote, from the German Ideology, “they must first produce the means of their subsistence.” This simply denotes that material production and human activity must remain a continuous cycle, lest livelihood comes to a halt.

To further elaborate, he assessed that industrial production requires two things: raw materials and the tools to extract these; and the “social relations of production” i.e. the division of labor. Marx reiterates that industrial advancement leads to economic dissatisfaction – as the technology to provide improves, manual labor is set aside as the bourgeoisie capitalizes on better equipment thus leaving disadvantaged members of society behind. Industrial capitalism, simply put, is an economic system wherein the ruling class – the bourgeoisie – have complete control over means of production while consequently making the proletariat lose its independence; to gain income, the worker must become part of the production labor, becoming what Marx describes as an ‘appendage of the machine’.

Communism and Socialism

While Marx tended to use the terms communism and socialism interchangeably, his Critique of the Gotha Programme (1875), however, describes the two concepts as completely individual segments. Marx predicted that these phases would follow after the fall of capitalism: 1.) the traditional system wherein the working class would wield political power and provide appropriate income in exchange for labor (i.e. socialist reform); and (2.) the full implementation of communism – a society sans any social divisions. Marx describes that this period would prioritize the distribution of goods based upon the principle “from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs” – in other words, an equal provision of needs.

Additionally, Longley (2021) states that while there is no convenient method as to how to differentiate the two subjects, he claims that: 1.) in a communist society, all resources and property are owned by the state and no one individual can have private ownership of any material; (2.) meanwhile, socialism allows individual ownership of property, however, all industrial institutes will be of communal ownership and managed by a democratically chosen government roster. Longley adds that communism is, essentially, completely equal and an individual’s contribution will not change how much benefits are allocated to them. Socialism, on the other hand, is intended to meet both the individual and societal needs, and resources are distributed in accordance to ability and contribution – in a sense, equity above equality.

Both communism and socialism are similar in their mutual stand against the exploitation of laborers in the Industrial Revolution. In addition to that, it adheres to the aim of a unified share of property. Andreucci (2001) adds the idea that socialism is closely associated to a number of political doctrines, ideological vocations, and the ‘feelings of rebellion and emancipation (i.e. freedom from restraint)’. Both ideologies assume that government-controlled institutions will become chiefly responsible for all branches of economic planning, as well as managing the fluctuating rates of supply and demand.

Their differences, however, lie in their methods of distributing resources. Again, communism alone describes that duty of the government to provide the necessities of society based on what it sees fit, or what it thinks the people need. Individuals are also expected to stay at a single-level status, not a single person can earn income more than the other. Socialism, on the other hand, is based on the premise that people will be compensated for in fulfillment of an individual’s level of contribution to the economy – thus, effort and innovation are appropriately rewarded under socialism. Furthermore, a socialist government also gives workers an equitable opportunity to earn more than others, as opposed to the communist idea that people will remain equal for the sake of societal stability.

Prominent Marxist-Communist Ideologies

Arguably the most prevalent figure with regards to communism would be Marx, along with the followers of his doctrine. Vladimir Lenin, a Russian communist, implemented Marxist communism through overruling the autocratic tsarist regime and replacing it with a radically opposite economic and political scheme. Russia’s economy in the early 20th century was primarily agricultural, and was closer to a feudal government than a capitalist. Most of the land were owned by wealthy nobles who had members of the lower class farming the land in exchange for shelter. Lenin’s Russian Social-Democratic Party then saw the discontent among the lower class and seized the opportunity to change the system. The social-democratic party was divided into the Bolsheviks (majority) and the Mensheviks (minority) – as head of the Bolshevik faction of the party, Lenin made two critical changes to the Marxist theory of communism: (1.) stated in Lenin’s What is to be Done? (1902), revolution could not and should not be the spontaneous proletariat upheaval, as Marx had expected, but the call for action by the working class led by an elite ‘vanguard’ organization of radicalized citizens such as himself; (2.) Lenin, again, stated in Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism (1916), implied that the communist movement will not ensue in advanced capitalist countries (e.g. Germany and Britain) since workers have been taught ’trade-union consciousness’ (bargaining) instead of the revolutionary idea – he argues that capitalists have so brutally exploited their workers that they could be ‘bribed’ with the slightest increase in wages and time cuts.

Furthermore, Lenin believed that the masses are suffering from a false consciousness and are subsequently unable to discern their true interests. As a counteract, Lenin formed an exclusive and highly disciplined organization of ‘vanguards’ to educate the people – effectively practicing the dictatorship of the communist party under the proletariat name.

These changes were so distinct that it eventually was made into a separate branch of the Marxist ideology, classified as Marxist-Leninism.

Continuing the Marxist ideology, Lenin’s death left three main people in charge of the All-Communist Party: Joseph Stalin, Leon Trotsky, and Nikolay Bukharin. Before he died, Lenin warned his party of Stalin’s underlying ambitions- eventually, Stalin’s regime became a single-party totalitarian police state which administered rapid industrialization, and a cult of personality. The Soviet press presented Stalin as an all-powerful, all-knowing leader everywhere, practicing an extreme dedication to his will.

Stalinism, a variant of Marxism-Leninism, had three key features: (1.) dialectical materialism was used to justify any course of action that Stalin wished to pursue; (2.) a cult of personality was a distinct feature of Stalinism – while Lenin claimed that common folk were naïve and needed the guidance of a communist organization, Stalin upheld the idea that the party itself was in need of a proper leader – Stalin himself – to reinforce the correct communist ideals. This effectively ended the democratic policy practiced by the Communist Party, as Stalin was portrayed as a genius in every subject, particularly the political aspect; (3.) lastly, Stalinism adopted the idea of ‘socialism in one country’ – along with Bukharin, this theory opposes Trotsky’s idea of a permanent revolution, since Stalin claims that the defeat of communism in other countries (except Russia) would result in the strengthening of the country’s communist movement.

Although the Marxist theories of communism remains preeminent, there are existing non-Marxist ideologies of communism. Among the most influential would be anarchism. Otherwise known as anarcho-communism, this theory connotes a society freely constituted without authority or a single governing body. Breitbart (2009) describes anarchism as a political philosophy which employs a nonhierarchical structure of social cooperation and mutual benefit. Much like the Marxist ideology, this opposes capitalism, colonialism, and all authoritarian relationships. Reclus and Kropotkin employed the geographical aspect of anarchism through highlighting the significance of creating ‘free spaces’ in fostering active community involvement and allowing the liberty to experiment with nonhierarchical lifestyles.

Conclusion

In understanding the disparities that have then occurred, it is clear that there remains a boundary among the people that separated social classes at an overwhelming rate, claiming that regular folk are reduced to simply people who can only sell their labor power in exchange for the bare minimum. It was at this time when the industrial era was fully soaring, and the bourgeoisie had ‘wage-laborers’ exploited at their disposal. The Manifesto describes the event as a ‘battle between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie’ – when political and economic discontent has led people to an uprising, ultimately overthrowing the government and reinstating a new republic. "The history of all hitherto existing society," Marx and Engels wrote, "is the history of class struggles.” Other related studies sans any Marxist influences (anarchism) also concluded that capitalism – the distinction in class hierarchy and the continuous concentration of profit for the wealthy – would cause a downward economic spiral.

It can therefore be concluded that capitalism is a volatile system that can cause unprecedented economic crises – recessions and depressions, increased rates of unemployment leading to lower national income, and consequently, miserable commercial status. In studying records of history’s political past, it is evident that misuse of authority will ultimately lead to an upheaval raised by the proletariat. Further dismissal of these complaints has led people to begin developing social consciousness – that they will not be given the appropriate compensation so long as there remain capitalist forces continuously absorbing majority of the profit produced by the working class. The proletariat will eventually seize the right to have political power placed upon them instead, taking communal ownership of major means of production as well as individual institutions – and establish a socialist state ruling by their own class interest. Marx claimed that a socialist state will replace capitalism and pave way for communism; when the interim (socialist) state disappears, this will be replaced by the end goal – a classless, communist society. Unfortunately, history has – as well – proven that some political statements will remain substantial only in theory. Wrongful implementation of these ideas, and the tunnel-driven vision in claiming egotistical success will eventually sink an economy, which is what exactly the state government exists to serve.

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