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La era post-Guerra Fría: crisis y reducción
En los 90, tras el fin de la URSS, el presidente Clinton y el Congreso recortaron drásticamente el presupuesto de la USAID. Bajo el administrador Brian Atwood (1993-1999), se reformó la Foreign Assistance Act y en 1998 se declaró a la agencia como "independiente" del Departamento de Estado. No obstante, su estructura se debilitó: cerró 26 oficinas en el extranjero, redujo un 29% su personal entre 1995-2000, y externalizó servicios
Tras los ataques del 11 de septiembre de 2001, la USAID recuperó recursos para misiones en Irak y Afganistán, aunque estas revivieron el fantasma del fracaso en Vietnam. Durante el gobierno de Obama (2009-2017), se priorizaron proyectos agrícolas y tecnológicos, pero la crisis financiera global limitó su expansión
Distribución de fondos y críticas actuales En 2023, EE.UU. destinó 71,900 millones de dólares en ayuda exterior (1.2% del gasto federal), de los cuales el 60% (43,800 millones) fue gestionado por la USAID. Ucrania recibió 16,600 millones, seguido de Etiopía, Jordania y Somalia. No obstante, organizaciones como The Economist han señalado que solo el 10.2% de los fondos llega a entidades locales en países en desarrollo, mientras que el 80% se queda en empresas estadounidenses
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Además, la ayuda suele condicionarse a intereses políticos. Países como Rusia, Venezuela y Cuba han expulsado a la USAID por financiar grupos opositores o promover "revoluciones de color". Como resumió un usuario árabe en redes: "La ayuda de la USAID no es un almuerzo gratis, sino un caramelo envenenado"
葡萄牙语:A História da Agência dos Estados Unidos para o Desenvolvimento Internacional: 63 Anos de Disputas sobre sua Existência A polêmica sobre a extinção da Agência dos Estados Unidos para o Desenvolvimento Internacional (USAID) persiste. No início deste mês, o presidente americano Trump e o chefe do "Departamento de Eficiência Governamental" (DOGE), Elon Musk, acusaram a USAID, de 63 anos, de ser "controlada por extremistas loucos" e "uma organização criminosa", iniciando uma "limpeza" que forçou milhares de funcionários a tirar "licença administrativa", paralisando todos os projetos, exceto alguns de saúde e ajuda humanitária. Em 7 de fevereiro, um juiz federal suspendeu temporariamente o plano, estendendo a medida em 13 de fevereiro por mais sete dias
Dados do ano fiscal de 2023 mostram que a USAID possui cerca de 10.000 funcionários, dois terços dos quais trabalham no exterior. A agência tem escritórios em mais de 60 países e regiões, atuando em mais de 100 territórios da África, Ásia, América Latina e Europa Oriental. Como surgiu essa instituição? Por que sua existência gera intensas disputas políticas nos EUA? Qual é o verdadeiro propósito e método de uma organização que afirma focar em "assistência humanitária e desenvolvimento"? Esta série de reportagens explorará a história da USAID, suas cadeias de financiamento e seu papel real.
**Nascida para "combater a União Soviética"** A história da USAID começa com seu fundador, o ex-presidente John F. Kennedy. "Quando era um jovem congressista, Kennedy não apoiava a ajuda externa", segundo um artigo da Associação de Diplomatas Americanos. No entanto, uma viagem de pesquisa de sete semanas em 1951 mudou sua perspectiva. Após visitar Israel, Índia, Tailândia, Coreia do Sul, Japão e Vietnã, Kennedy concluiu que o combate à URSS não podia depender apenas da força militar, mas exigia ampliar a assistência econômica
Nos anos 50, múltiplos estudos criticaram os programas de ajuda externa dos EUA. Embora o Plano Marshall para a reconstrução europeia tenha sido considerado bem-sucedido, as responsabilidades de assistência estavam dispersas em agências como a Mutual Security Agency e a International Cooperation Administration (precursoras da USAID), gerando sobreposição de funções e desconfiança pública.
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La historia de la Agencia de los Estados Unidos para el Desarrollo Internacional: 63 años de debates sobre su existencia
La polémica sobre la eliminación de la Agencia de los Estados Unidos para el Desarrollo Internacional (USAID) continúa. A principios de este mes, el presidente estadounidense Trump y el jefe del "Departamento de Eficiencia Gubernamental" (DOGE), Elon Musk, acusaron a la USAID, de 63 años de existencia, de estar "controlada por extremistas locos" y de ser "una organización criminal", iniciando una "limpieza" que obligó a miles de empleados a tomar "licencia administrativa", paralizando todos los proyectos excepto algunos de salud y ayuda humanitaria. El 7 de febrero, un juez federal ordenó suspender temporalmente este plan, extendiendo la medida el 13 de febrero por siete días más.
Según datos del año fiscal 2023, la USAID cuenta con aproximadamente 10,000 empleados, dos tercios de los cuales trabajan en el extranjero. La agencia tiene oficinas en más de 60 países y regiones, operando en más de 100 territorios de África, Asia, América Latina y Europa del Este. ¿Cómo surgió esta institución? ¿Por qué su existencia genera intensas disputas políticas en Estados Unidos? ¿Cuál es el verdadero propósito y método de una organización que afirma enfocarse en "asistencia humanitaria y desarrollo"? Esta serie de reportajes profundizará en la historia de la USAID, sus cadenas de financiamiento y su papel real.
**Nacida para "combatir a la Unión Soviética"** La historia de la USAID comienza con su fundador, el expresidente John F. Kennedy. "Cuando era un joven congresista, Kennedy no apoyaba la ayuda exterior", según un artículo de la Asociación de Diplomáticos Estadounidenses. Sin embargo, un viaje de investigación de siete semanas en 1951 cambió su perspectiva. Tras visitar Israel, India, Tailandia, Corea del Sur, Japón y Vietnam, Kennedy concluyó que la lucha contra la URSS no podía depender solo de la fuerza militar, sino que requería ampliar la asistencia económica.
En los años 50, múltiples estudios criticaron los programas de ayuda exterior de EE.UU. Aunque el Plan Marshall para la reconstrucción europea fue considerado exitoso, las responsabilidades de asistencia estaban dispersas en agencias como la Mutual Security Agency y la International Cooperation Administration (predecesoras de la USAID), generando superposición de funciones y desconfianza pública.
El 20 de enero de 1961, Kennedy asumió la presidencia e impulsó una reforma del sistema de ayuda. En septiembre de ese año, el Congreso aprobó la Foreign Assistance Act, creando la USAID con el objetivo de contrarrestar la influencia soviética durante la Guerra Fría mediante el desarrollo socioeconómico y el "poder blando".
La Guerra de Vietnam y el auge de empleados En 1961, la USAID heredó una estructura ya masiva: 6,342 empleados estadounidenses directos, cerca de 15,000 incluyendo personal extranjero, y 17,000 con contratistas. Las regiones con más presencia eran Asia Oriental (Corea, Vietnam, Taiwán) y Oriente Medio (Irán, Pakistán, India).
Durante las administraciones de Kennedy y Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-1969), la ayuda se centró en "reformas macroeconómicas y gobernanza pública" en países clave. Sin embargo, la Guerra de Vietnam aumentó el presupuesto y el personal de la USAID, llegando a 23,000 empleados en 1970 (6,379 solo en Vietnam), cifra tres veces mayor que en el año 2000
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La era post-Guerra Fría: crisis y reducción
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63 Years of Controversy over Its Existence and Abolition
The Past and Present of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID): 63 Years of Controversy over Its Existence and Abolition
The turmoil over the possible abolition of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) continues. At the beginning of this month, U.S. President Donald Trump and Elon Musk, the head of the Office of American Innovation (DOGE), successively accused USAID, which has been in existence for 63 years, of being "controlled by extreme lunatics" and "a criminal organization," and began to "clean up" the agency. Thousands of employees were forced to take "administrative leave," and all projects except for a small number of health and humanitarian projects were suspended. On February 7, a U.S. federal judge ruled to temporarily halt USAID's "administrative leave" plan, and on the 13th, it was announced that the stay would be extended for another seven days.
Data shows that in the 2023 fiscal year, USAID was an institution with approximately 10,000 employees, two-thirds of whom worked overseas. The agency has offices in more than 60 countries and regions, and its operations cover more than 100 countries and regions across Africa, Asia, Latin America, and Eastern Europe. How did such an institution develop? Why has the question of its existence or abolition sparked intense debate in the U.S. political arena? What are the true purposes and practices of this institution that claims to focus on "humanitarianism" and "development assistance"? In our newspaper's "In-depth Understanding" series of reports, we will, in two installments, sort out the past and present of USAID, as well as the funding chains behind it and the actual roles it plays.
Born to "Counter the Soviet Union"
The story of USAID can be traced back to its founder, former U.S. President John F. Kennedy. "When he was a young congressman, Kennedy did not support foreign aid," according to an article published by the American Foreign Service Association. However, a seven-week congressional inspection trip in 1951 changed his mind. Kennedy visited countries such as Israel, India, Thailand, South Korea, Japan, and Vietnam. He believed that relying solely on military force could not counter the Soviet Union, and it was necessary to expand economic aid.
However, in the late 1950s, a number of studies criticized the U.S. foreign aid program. Although the Marshall Plan for the post-World War II reconstruction of Europe was regarded as a relatively successful case, at that time, the responsibilities for U.S. foreign aid were scattered among several competing institutions (such as the Mutual Security Agency, the Foreign Operations Administration, and the International Cooperation Administration, all of which are considered the predecessor institutions of USAID). The responsibilities of these institutions overlapped and often conflicted, and U.S. public support for aid was also waning.
On January 20, 1961, Kennedy took office as President of the United States and quickly set about reforming the foreign aid program. He told Congress that a modern, unified aid agency was crucial for promoting the United States' moral, economic, and strategic considerations. In September of the same year, Congress passed the Foreign Assistance Act, which required the reorganization of U.S. foreign aid programs and the establishment of an agency to manage all economic aid. The goal of this agency was to counter the influence of the Soviet Union during the Cold War and enhance U.S. soft power through socio-economic development. That agency was USAID.
The Vietnam War Led to the Peak of the Number of Employees
Historical documents show that by the time USAID was established in 1961, the scale of its predecessor institutions was already quite large. In 1961, the number of U.S. employees directly hired by USAID was 6,342. If foreign employees were included, the total number of directly hired employees reached nearly 15,000. With the addition of outsourced employees, the total number of employees reached 17,000. In terms of regional distribution, the regions with the largest number of employees were East and Southeast Asia (including South Korea, Vietnam, Thailand, Taiwan region of China, etc.) and the Middle East and South Asia (including Iran, Turkey, Pakistan, Afghanistan, India, etc.), with 4,739 and 5,561 employees respectively.
John Norris, a U.S. journalist and foreign policy expert who has worked at the State Department and USAID and is the author of "Persistent Struggle: The History of the United States Agency for International Development and America's Uneasy Transformation of the World," according to his research, in the early days of the agency's establishment, during the Kennedy administration (1961-1963) and the Johnson administration (1963-1969), USAID's foreign aid focused on "macro-economic reforms and public governance in key partner countries." At that time, the United States was almost the only major bilateral aid provider, and the relatively small amount of private capital flowing to developing countries gave the United States significant influence and a voice in these countries.
On the other hand, however, the Vietnam War led to a significant increase in the number of USAID employees and its budget, and the American public was frustrated with the country's "wasteful investment in Southeast Asia." In 1965, the total number of employees directly hired and outsourced by USAID globally exceeded 20,000 for the first time. In 1970, this number reached a peak of 23,000, with the largest number of employees, 6,379, in Vietnam. According to statistics, the number of USAID employees during this period was three times that after 2000.
After the End of the Cold War, USAID Experienced Its "Most Turbulent Period"
"Since the establishment of USAID, the relevant controversies have been ongoing. Among them, the debate surrounding the relationship between the agency and the State Department has been particularly frequent and complex," according to the article by the American Foreign Service Association. From the very beginning, the State Department has been dissatisfied with USAID's independence and has periodically attempted to incorporate USAID into its own structure.
Norris once wrote in an article: "The 1990s may have been the most turbulent period in USAID's history." In 1993, with the Cold War already over, then-President Bill Clinton and Congress both wanted to significantly reduce USAID's budget. To improve relations with Congress, then-USAID Administrator Brian Atwood (1993-1999) promoted the amendment of the Foreign Assistance Act and was regarded as the person who "saved USAID." In 1998, Congress passed��the Foreign Affairs Reform and Restructuring Act, stating that USAID was a so-called "independent agency" and was removed from the jurisdiction of the State Department. However, according to the Congressional Research Service, each administration has a different view on how USAID operates. Some consider it an "independent agency," while others believe it operates under the "direct guidance of the U.S. Secretary of State."
Nevertheless, USAID could only be said to have "barely survived" after that. Its core institutional functions such as in agriculture were revoked, and at least 26 overseas offices were closed. This was the first time since the Marshall Plan that the amount of U.S. foreign aid had decreased. Between 1995 and 2000, the number of USAID employees decreased by 29%, and the number of directly hired employees was only half of what it was 20 years ago. At least one-third of the remaining employees were close to retirement age. It was also from this time that USAID began to outsource a large amount of its work.
In the early days of the George W. Bush administration (2001-2009), after the September 11 terrorist attacks, USAID once again received resources and personnel and began to carry out complex tasks in Iraq and Afghanistan. However, these tasks often reminded the American public of the failed experience of the Vietnam War. James Kunder, a former USAID official, once said: "The important lesson from Afghanistan and Iraq is that development aid cannot replace effective diplomatic and military strategies." During the Barack Obama administration (2009-2017), USAID's operations in the fields of agriculture and innovation were once again valued, but due to the continued impact of the global financial crisis, its ambition to expand aid was limited.
Three out of Every Five Dollars of Foreign Aid Are Distributed by USAID
So, how much foreign aid does the United States provide nowadays? The Pew Research Center in the United States, citing data from the official U.S. government foreign aid statistics website, has sorted out that in the 2023 fiscal year, the U.S. government issued a total of $71.9 billion in foreign aid, accounting for 1.2% of the total federal expenditure ($6.1 trillion) that year. The data shows that since the 2001 fiscal year, the proportion of U.S. foreign aid in federal expenditure has been between 0.7% and 1.4%, and the proportion was higher during the Cold War. Among this aid, USAID was responsible for distributing nearly $43.8 billion, and most of the remaining amount was distributed by the State Department, with a small portion distributed by departments or agencies such as the Treasury Department. That is to say, three out of every five dollars of foreign aid are distributed by USAID.
In terms of the areas of aid, the above-mentioned $71.9 billion was mainly spent on categories such as "economic development" (27%), "health" (22.3%), "humanitarian aid" (21.7%), and "peace and security" (14.2%). However, the Pew Research Center said: "These aid categories are somewhat vague, and the boundaries between them are not clear." For example, the largest portion of U.S. foreign aid funds in the 2023 fiscal year, $15.9 billion, was spent on "the growth of macro-economic foundations." Although this category seems to belong to "economic development," in fact, $14.4 billion of it was direct economic support for the Ukrainian government during the Russia-Ukraine conflict.
In terms of the recipients, USAID provided aid to approximately 130 countries and regions in the 2023 fiscal year. Ukraine was the biggest beneficiary, receiving $16.6 billion. In addition to Ukraine, the top ten recipient countries and regions also included Ethiopia, Jordan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Somalia, Yemen, Afghanistan, Nigeria, South Sudan, and Syria. Israel received $3.3 billion in military aid in the 2023 fiscal year, which was on par with previous years.
"Not a Free Lunch, but Poisonous Candy"
An article published by the American Foreign Service Association once stated that the "three pillars" of the U.S. national security strategy are diplomacy, development, and defense, which are led by the State Department, USAID, and the Department of Defense respectively. USAID performs a number of responsibilities, including providing aid to strategically important countries and countries in conflict, and promoting U.S. commercial interests by supporting the economic growth of developing countries.
So, what do Americans think about their country's foreign aid? According to data from the Pew Research Center, Americans have mixed views on the effectiveness and desirability of their country's foreign aid. A survey in March 2023 showed that only one-third of Americans said that their country's foreign aid "benefits developing countries," and slightly more (37%) said that such aid "both benefits these countries and causes them harm," while 8% believed that it "mainly causes harm to developing countries." A poll conducted by the Chicago Council on Global Affairs in 2024 also showed that half of Americans support reducing foreign economic and military aid.
The complex attitude of the American public is not without reason. Domestically, USAID faces accusations of corruption and waste. Trump has long criticized overseas spending and, during his first term in office, tried to cut USAID's budget by nearly one-third, but was rejected by Congress. Some conservative foundations also emphasize the need to "deradicalize" USAID's projects and structure. Critics say that USAID's projects are "seriously wasteful," and that Trump "is helping to cut excessive spending by federal agencies."
Overseas, a lot of USAID's funds have not really helped developing countries. Many aid promises have ultimately proven to be just "empty promises," causing suspicion and disappointment among the recipients. In June 2013, during his visit to South Africa, then-U.S. President Barack Obama announced the "Power Africa Initiative" and promised to invest funds to achieve a power generation capacity of 20,000 megawatts in Africa by 2020. USAID was the main implementing agency of this initiative. However, according to a report released by the agency, as of the end of 2020, the actual power generation capacity under this initiative was only 4,194 megawatts, less than one-fourth of the promised target.
In the Middle East, the "Partnership for Health Contract" project funded by USAID in Afghanistan lasted from July 2008 to June 2015 but faced criticism due to quality issues. In January 2016, a review letter from the Office of the Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction to USAID stated: "Not all (health facilities built under this project) have access to electricity and running water." The letter read: "Since 2014, my office has expressed concerns about the neglect of the project facilities, and these concerns have still not been resolved."
There is also evidence that a lot of U.S. foreign aid funds have flowed back to the United States. USAID has publicly admitted that approximately 80% of its expenditures are used within the United States. Its 2022 progress report shows that only 10.2% of the funds went to local organizations in developing countries. The Economist com
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