haydecarino-blog

[haydecarino-blog]

Hayde Carino

Academic writers leave traces of themselves in their writing which may be linked to national as well as disciplinary culture. This paper takes a doubly contrastive approach and investigates writer manifestation in three languages, English, French and Norwegian, and three disciplines, economics, linguistics and medicine, in order to see whether language or discipline is the most important variable governing the pattern of metatext in academic discourse. My corpus consists of 180 refereed research articles within these languages and disciplines. My findings suggest that the language variable is the most important one within economics and linguistics, where English and Norwegian show very similar patterns, using much more metatext than French; within medicine, all three languages display a uniform pattern of little metatext. I conclude that English and Norwegian are both representatives of writer responsible cultures, while French represents a reader responsible culture. As regards discipline, I suggest that since economics and linguistics have a less formalised research article text structure and to some extent create their findings through argumentation in the text, national culture will be more important than it is in medicine, where the IMRD (Introduction–Method–Results–Discussion) structure is globally implemented and the research data to a greater extent are given outside the text. Thesis Statement: This paper takes a doubly contrastive approach and investigates writer manifestation in three languages, English, French and Norwegian, and three disciplines, economics, linguistics and medicine, in order to see whether language or discipline is the most important variable governing the pattern of metatext in academic discourse. Paraphrased Thesis Statement: This paper shows the diversity of language and disciplines by setting three languages(English, French, Norwegian) and three disciplines (Economics, Linguistic, Medicine) to determine either of the two is the most important variable governing the pattern of metatext in academic discourse. This paper discusses some cultural differences in the organization of linguistic and sociological texts written by English and German speakers. Linearity, symmetry, hierarchy and continuity are examined in 52 texts as are the position of definitions and advance organizers and the integration of data. It is suggested that the differences between the English and German texts may be promoted by the education systems and by varying intellectual styles and attitudes to knowledge and content. Thesis Statement: This paper discusses some cultural differences in the organization of linguistic and sociological texts written by English and German speakers. Paraphrased Thesis Statement: This paper talk over some cultural diversities in the organization of linguistic and sociological texts written by English and German speakers. Choosing to publish in Polish may be more straightforward for most academics, but at the same time it limits the accessibility of the research to a much more confined readership. This paper provides some background information on the current situation of academic publishing in Poland. It then reports the results of a survey of academics from the fields of applied linguistics and foreign language studies, psychology and medicine which set out to determine Polish academics' attitude towards and experiences of publishing their research. It looks at the issue of language choice and the perceived advantages and difficulties experienced as a result of selecting one or other language. The findings suggest that although many Polish academics face similar difficulties to those reported elsewhere when writing in English, the decision as to which language to publish in is complex. There appears to be a tension between becoming recognized in the wider academic world which has access to academic literature in English, and the need to publish in Polish, thus making one's work better known locally and resisting the total dominance of English. Thesis Statement: This paper provides some background information on the current situation of academic publishing in Poland. Paraphrased Thesis Statement: This paper supplies some supplementary informations regarding the current issue of academic publishing in Poland. This study examines the viewpoints of Macau and Singapore residents on the development of casino gambling and the social, economic, and environmental impacts that are thought to arise. It also assesses whether differences exist between sociodemographic groupings. The sample comprised 416 respondents from Macau and 409 from Singapore. An analysis using primarily descriptive statistics indicated both subsamples had similar viewpoints although Macau residents tend to have higher scores pertaining to the consequence of gambling. It is suggested that the difference arise due to the greater exposure of Macau residents to the influence of casino development. Thesis Statement: This study examines the viewpoints of Macau and Singapore residents on the development of casino gambling and the social, economic, and environmental impacts that are thought to arise. Paraphrased Thesis Statement: On the progression of casino gambling and its social, economic, and environmental impacts, this study examines multifarious perspectives of Macau and Singapore. Marielle Mesa These 2 studies investigate the extent to which an Embodied Mixed Reality Learning Environment (EMRELE) can enhance science learning compared to regular classroom instruction. Mixed reality means that physical tangible and digital components were present. The content for the EMRELE required students map abstract concepts and relations onto their gestures and movements so that the concepts would become grounded in embodied action. The studies compare an immersive, highly interactive learning platform that uses a motion-capture system to track students’ gestures and locomotion as they kinesthetically learn with a quality classroom experience (teacher and content were held constant). Two science studies are presented: chemistry titration and disease transmission. In the counterbalanced design 1 group received the EMRELE intervention, while the other group received regular instruction; after 3 days and a midtest, the interventions switched. Each study lasted for 6 days total, with 3 test points: pretest, midtest, and posttest. Analyses revealed that placement in the embodied EMRELE condition consistently led to greater learning gains (effect sizes ranged from 0.53 to 1.93), compared to regular instruction (effect sizes ranged from 0.09 to 0.37). Order of intervention did not affect the final outcomes at posttest. These results are discussed in relation to a new taxonomy of embodiment in educational settings. We hypothesize that the positive results are due to the embodiment designed into the lessons and the high degree of collaboration engendered by the co-located EMRELE. Thesis Statement: These 2 studies investigate the extent to which an Embodied Mixed Reality Learning Environment (EMRELE) can enhance science learning compared to regular classroom instruction. Mixed reality means that physical tangible and digital components were present. Paraphrased Thesis Statement: The study examines on how to enhance Science learning compared to regular classroom instruction. Embodied Mixed Reality Learning Environment (EMRELE) that physical tangible and digital components were present. It requires the students map abstaract concept and relations in their gestures and movements so that it will be done through action. This study is highly interactive learning platform that uses a motion to capture and to track student's geature. There are two science studies presented in the text which are chemistry titration and disease transmission. Other group received EMRELE intervention while the other is regular instruction, after 3 days, the intervention switched. Each study lasted for 6days, with 3 test points. EMRELE led to greater learning gains than regular instruction. These result are discussed in relation to a new taxonomy of embodiment in educational settings. When people perceive themselves as similar to others, greater liking and closer relationships typically result. In the first randomized field experiment that leverages actual similarities to improve real-world relationships, we examined the affiliations between 315 9th grade students and their 25 teachers. Students in the treatment condition received feedback on 5 similarities that they shared with their teachers; each teacher received parallel feedback regarding about half of his or her 9th grade students. Five weeks after our intervention, those in the treatment conditions perceived greater similarity with their counterparts. Furthermore, when teachers received feedback about their similarities with specific students, they perceived better relationships with those students, and those students earned higher course grades. Exploratory analyses suggest that these effects are concentrated within relationships between teachers and their “underserved” students. This brief intervention appears to close the achievement gap at this school by over 60%. Thesis Statement: In the first randomized field experiment that leverages actual similarities to improve real-world relationships, we examined the affiliations between 315 9th grade students and their 25 teachers. Paraphrased Thesis Statement : This study explained that it is better to have a similarities between students and teachers to have greater relationship with each other and those who had better relationship usually students earned higher course grades. When people perceived themselves as a similar to others, greater liking and closer relationship results in positive ways. This paper suggests the art of active listening as the main pedagogical tool for teaching the elements of music in the high school. Aside from using the traditional audio recordings as educational media materials, the researcher augments the listening materials with video footages of actual concerts as well as live musical performances in the classroom. The researcher emphasizes on the importance of active-listening on the part of the students, and the utilization of proper listening materials on the part of the music teacher. This study is conceived from the various works and researches from different music educators, pedagogues and scholars, which stressed the importance of developing the listening skill of the students. The methodologies presented in this action research are applied and executed by the researcher in his music literature classes in a laboratory school of a state university. Thesis Statement: This paper suggests the art of active listening as the main pedagogical tool for teaching the elements of music in the high school. Paraphrased Thesis Statement: In this study active listening is the main tool for teaching the elements of music. The researchers emphasizes the importance of active listening on the part of the students and utilization of proper listening material on the part of the music teacher. It also emphasizes the importance of developing the listening skill of the students. The study presented in the text are applied and executed by the researcher in his music classes. Using a discourse analysis of texts produced and consumed within globalization, this paper examines globalization as a gendered territory in which feminine and masculine spaces are carved out and invested with particular values. Specifically, the paper shows how these spaces are gendered through the use of stereotypical representations of femininity and masculinity. In the end, the paper argues that a discourse analytical framework is critical in revealing how the gendering process works, shedding light on the material construction of gender within globalization. Thesis Statement: Using a discourse analysis of texts produced and consumed within globalization, this paper examines globalization as a gendered territory in which feminine and masculine spaces are carved out and invested with particular values. Paraphrased Thesis Statement: This study examines about gendered globalization issues when it comes to man and woman. This paper shows the spaces of gender within the society and how gender affect on the society and in the people. This paper argues in revealing how the gendering process works, shedding light on the material construction of gender within globalization.

[haydecarino-blog]

Name: Hayde T. Carino Word Count: 516 Title of the text: Set-fit Effects in Choice Author/s of the text: Ellen R. K. Evers, Yoel Inbar, and Marcel Zeelenberg Title of the journal/ publication: American Psychological Association URL or Web address: https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/features/xge-a033343.pdf Main Idea: In 4 experiments, we investigate how the "fit" of an item with a set of similar items affects choice. Evidence that supports the main idea: People have a notion of a set that fits together- one where all items are the same, or all items differ, on salient attributes. One consequence of this notion is that in addition to preferences over the set's individual items, choice reflects self- fit. Thisleads to predictable shifts in preferences, sometimes even resulting in people choosing normatively inferior options over superior ones. TEXT INFORMATION In 4 experiments, they investigate whether the "fit" of an item with a set of similar items affects choice. In experiment 1, it talks about the choice between superior and an inferior pen. In the text individual-choice condition, participants chose between a superior metal-accented pen and an inferior all-plastic pen. While in the set-choice condition, they also chose between these 2 pens, but with the same 3 all-plastic pen added to each option. In the individual-choice condition, higher percentage of the participants chose the superior pen. While in the set-choice condition, they chose which includes the inferior pen since it fits to the additional pens. In experiment 2, they considered different conditions such as the color and metal condition. In the color condition, they chose between a set of 4 plastic-covered paper clips with different colors and a set of 3 colored clips plus an ordinary metal clip. While in the metal condition, they chose between the set of ordinary metal clip plus 3 metal animal-shaped clips and the same set of animal-shaped clips plus a yellow clip. In the metal condition, ordinary metal clip and yellow clip were mere considered. As a result, the set which includes the ordinary metal clip was preferred by the higher percentage of participants. But in the color condition, having an ordinary clip was less preferred because it doesn't fit with the other colored paper clips. In experiment 3, they conducted the experiment with young children using set of marbles. In the individual-choice condition, they have chosen between a blue marble with white stripes and a monochrome red marble.While in the set-choice condition, they also chose between these marbles but with the same 3 monochrome marbles added to each option. Of course in the individual-choice condition, larger percentage of the participants preferred the blue marble with white stripes. But in the set that includes this marble was only preferred by more or less 30% of the participants. In experiment 4, it tested whether making an item fit better or worse with a set of already provided goods. Conditions are divided into two which are all-similar condition and all-diffetent condition. Participants were told that they have already chosen three beers and have to choose from the assortment of four. In all-similar condition, it is composed of Rochefort beer where the assortment of four includes this kind of beer. As a result, all -similar condition chose Rochefort beer with the average of 79.7%. SYNTHESIS In our choices, there are lots of conditions that we need to consider. In this academic text, I inferred that people are attracted to sets that fit well together which is commonly done and observed in our daily lives. In the individual-choice condition, we tend to choose superior one rather than the inferior one. Of course, who would have choose things having low quality? If we will be choosing between a metal pen and a plastic pen, of course, we will choose metal pen because it has high quality while the plastic pen can easily be broken. While in the set-choice condition, it depends if these items fit with each other. Usually, we used to pair up and group things having similar identities. It is actually done in our daily lives. Even me, I absolutely agree with this statement. When I used to group things, I come up with a set of similar items because they fit well together. Other conditions may also be considered such as color condition, metal condition, composition condition etc.. In this academic text, it proves that the superiority of an item is not the basis in the set-choice condition, but it's up to the sets of choices where these items fit with each other. This statement has been proven in the experiment 1 and 3. In the experiment 1, even if these inferior items were less chosen by the participants in the individual-choice condition, when these items were added with its same identity, then, the set which includes this inferior one was preferred by higher percentage of the participants rather than the set which includes the superior one. While the experiment 3 showed the same point but used children as the participants. Indeed, same with experiment 1, inferior one was not chosen in the individual-choice condition, but when it has been grouped with the same items, the set which includes this has been preferred by larger percentage of participants who are children. Experiment 2 showed other conditions which could serve as other supplement in proving this study. It uses the color and metal condition in which if the additional items fit to each of these, then, the set which fit well together will be preferred by higher percentage of the participants. While in the experiment 4, similar items have already chosen, but they still need to choose other item. Of course, as what this academic text emphasizes, the item which which could fit well to set of items that have already chosen will be preferred by the people who will be choosing from the assortment that has been given in the experiment 4. Out of these experiments, these have proven that set-fit of an item affects our choice especially if we are choosing similar items. We are easily get attracted to the items which are composed of similar items without observing the quality of the items. I therefore conclude that no matter how beautiful or expensive the item is as long it fits well to the other items where it is being grouped, it will be chosen by higher percentage of people that surround. References Galak, J., Kruger, J., & Loewenstein, G. (2011). Is variety the spice of life? It all depends on the rate of consumption. Judgment and Decision Making, 6, 230 –238. Garner, W. R. (1970). Good patterns have few alternatives. American Scientist, 58, 34 – 42. Garner, W. R., & Clement, D. E. (1963). Goodness of pattern and pattern uncertainty. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior, 2, 446 – 452. doi:10.1016/S0022-5371(63)80046-8 Glanzer, M., & Clark, W. H. (1963). Accuracy of perceptual recall: An analysis of organization. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior, 1, 289 –299. doi:10.1016/S0022-5371(63)80008-0 Hsee, C. K. (1996). The evaluability hypothesis: An explanation for preference reversals between joint and separate evaluations of alternatives. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 67, 247–257. doi:10.1006/obhd.1996.0077 Hsee, C. K., & Zhang, J. A. (2010). General evaluability theory. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5, 343–355. doi:10.1177/ 1745691610374586 Kimchi, R., & Palmer, S. E. (1982). Form and texture in hierarchically constructed patterns. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 8, 521–535. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.8.4.521 Kintsch, W. (2012). Musings about beauty. Cognitive Science, 36, 635– 654. doi:10.1111/j.1551-6709.2011.01229.x Koffka, K. (1922). Perception: An introduction to the gestalt-theorie. Psychological Bulletin, 19, 531–585. doi:10.1037/h0072422 Lichtenstein, S., & Slovic, P. (1971). Reversals of preference between bids and choices in gambling situations. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 89, 46 –55. doi:10.1037/h0031207 McAlister, L. (1982). A dynamic attribute satiation model of varietyseeking behavior. Journal of Consumer Research, 9, 141–150. doi: 10.1086/208907 McGraw, A. P., Shafir, E., & Todorov, A. (2010). Valuing money and things: Why a $20 item can be worth more and less than $20. Management Science, 56, 816 – 830. doi:10.1287/mnsc.1100.1147 Ratner, R. K., Kahn, B. E., & Kahneman, D. (1999). Choosing lesspreferred experiences for the sake of variety. Journal of Consumer Research, 26, 1–15. doi:10.1086/209547 Read, D., & Loewenstein, G. (1995). Diversification bias: Explaining the discrepancy in variety seeking between combined and separate choices. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 1, 34 – 49. doi:10.1037/ 1076-898X.1.1.34 Schmidhuber, J. (1997). Low-complexity art. Leonardo, Journal of the International Society for the Arts, Sciences, and Technology, 30, 97– 103. Simonson, I. (1989). Choice based on reasons: The case of attraction and compromise effects. Journal of Consumer Research, 16, 158 –174. doi: 10.1086/209205 Simonson, I. (1990). The effect of purchase quantity and timing on varietyseeking behavior. Journal of Marketing Research, 27, 150 –162. doi: 10.2307/3172842 Simonson, I., & Tversky, A. (1992). Choice in context: Tradeoff contrast and extremeness aversion. Journal of Marketing Research, 29, 281–295. doi:10.2307/3172740 Wagemans, J., Elder, J. H., Kubovy, M., Palmer, S. E., Peterson, M. A., Singh, M., & von der Heydt, R. (2012). A century of gestalt psychology in visual perception: I. Perceptual grouping and figure-ground organization. Psychological Bulletin, 138, 1172–1217. doi:10.1037/a0029333 Wänke, M., Bless, H., & Schwarz, N. (1999). Assimilation and contrast in brand and product evaluations: Implications for marketing. Advances in Consumer Research, 26, 95–98. Wertheimer, M. (1923). Untersuchungen zur Lehre von der Gestalt II [Investigation on gestalt principles: II]. Psychologische Forschung, 4, 301–350. doi:10.1007/BF00410640 Winkielman, P., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2001). Mind at ease puts a smile on the face: Psychophysiological evidence that processing facilitation elicits positive affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 989 – 1000. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.81.6.989 Name: Marielle T. Mesa Word Count: 267 Title the text: The Gendered Spaces Of Globalization Author/s of the text: Aileen O. Salonga Title of the journal/ publication: UP Diliman Journals Online URL or Web address: https://journals.upd.edu.ph/ Main Idea: Using a discourse analysis of texts produced and consumed within globalization, this paper examines globalization as a gendered territory in which feminine and masculine spaces are carved out and invested with particular values. Evidence that supports the main idea: In this paper, I argue that globalization is a gendered process, and that discourse is a site in which this gendering takes place. This means that while gendering takes place materially—interms of the actual genderedness of globalization as seen in the feminization and masculinization of certain spheres of the new globalized world—it also takes place discursively—in terms of how certain representations in discourse feminize or masculinize particular areas of globalization. Specifically, this means that women and men are often equated with particular fields within globalization, which seems to draw on stereotypical notions of femininity and masculinity. For instance, the notion of jobs as being feminine or masculine seems to draw on stereotypical assumptions about women and their role as nurturers, caregivers, and service providers, and men as creators, decision-makers, and managers. The result is that women tend and are often represented to occupy positions traditionally believed to be feminine like customer care and service, and men masculine ones like finance and technical administration. TEXT INFORMATION This paper examines that globalization is a gendered process, and that discourse is a site in which this gendering takes place. This means that while gendering takes place materially, in terms of the actual gender of globalization as seen in the feminization and masculinization spheres of the new globalized world, it also takes place discursively, in terms of how certain representations and views in discourse feminize or masculinize particular areas of globalization. Specifically, this means that women and men are often equated with particular fields in a society within globalization, which seems to draw on stereotypical notions of femininity and masculinity. For instance, the notion of jobs as feminine or masculine seems to draw on stereotypical assumptions about women and their role as nurturers, caregivers, and service providers, and men as creators, decision makers, and managers. The result is that women tend and are often represented to occupy positions traditionally believed to be feminine like customer care and service, and men masculine ones like finance and technical.Feminization or masculinization of both globalization and discourse points to the unequal distribution of resources and opportunities among particular groups of people, in this case, women and men, and the differential value assigned to the kinds of things in which they are engaged.This is so because positions that are considered feminine, thereforealigned with and assigned to women, are generally regarded as inferior or subordinate to masculine positions that are usually associated with and held by men. SYNTHESIS This paper argue about the status of women and man within globalization specifically the particular fields of works or notions of jobs in the society. As you can see from the past generation women are considered to be weak where there’s inequalities when it comes to the right and how they treat women. As the time goes by, there’s a change about the views in women when it comes to their capabilities and especially the knowledge that they have, but if we have closer view, there are people doubting what women can do and also in analysis would show that they are in fact, gendered, in that try make use of representation that either feminize or masculinize particular spheres of globalization. The gender segregation is still happening within this generation in which top level jobs are usually occupied by men and bottom level ones by women positions that are considered feminine, therefore aligned with and assigned to women, are generally regarded as inferior or subordinate to masculine positions that are usually associated with and held by men. Overall, this paper attempts to share how gender figures within globalization itself, how it is configured in discourse, produced and consumed within it, and how these configurations are part of other unequal arrangements within globalization. As women, we can do the things that man can do don’t underestimate the power and the things that we can do because women has a lot of talent and abilities that they can use in order to prove that we belong and we are fit in this world. If man can do, why can’t women? References Blommaert, Jan. 2005. Discourse: A Critical Introduction. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ---. 2003. “Commentary: A Sociolinguistics of Globalization.” Journal of Sociolinguistics 7(4): 6-7-623. Cameron, Deborah. 2000a. Good to Talk?: Living and Working in a Communication Culture. London, Thousand Oaks, New Delhi: Sage Publications. ---. 2000b. “Styling the Worker: Gender and the Commodification of Language in the Globalized Service Economy.” Journal of Sociolinguistics (4)3: 323-347. ---.1992. Feminism and Linguistic Theory. London: Macmillan. Chang, Kimberly A. and L.H.M. Ling. 2000. “Globalization and its Intimate Other.” In Gender and Global Restructuring: Sightings, Sites and Resistances, eds. Marianne H. Marchand and Anne Sisson Runyan, 49-74. London and New York: Routledge. Fairclough, Norman. 1993. “Critical Discourse Analysis and the Marketization of Public Discourse: The Universities.” Discourse & Society (4)2: 133-168. Featherstone, Mike and Scott Lash. 1995. “An Introduction.” In Global Modernities, eds. Mike Featherstone, Scott Lash, and Roland Robertson, 1-24. London, California, and New Delhi: Sage Publications. Gill, Rosalind and Keith Grint, eds. 1995. “Introduction: The Gender Technology Relation.” In The Gender and Technology Relation: Contemporary Theory and Research, 1-28. London: Taylor and Francis. Held, David and Anthony McGrew, eds. 2000. “The Great Globalization Debate: An Introduction.” In The Global Transformations Reader: An Introduction to the Globalization Debate, 1-45. Great Britain: Polity Press. Heller, Monica. 2003. “Globalization, the New Economy, and the Commodification of Language and Identity.” Journal of Sociolinguistics (7)4, 473-492. Hooper, Charlotte. 2000. “Masculinities in Transition: The Case of Globalization.” In Gender and Global Restructuring: Sightings, Sites and Resistances, eds. Marianne H. Marchand and Anne Sisson Runyan, 49-74. London and New York: Routledge. Kellner, Douglas. 1997. Globalization and the Postmodern Turn, (15 October 1994). Kofman, Eleonore and Gillian Youngs, eds. 1996. Introduction: Globalization— The Second wave. Globalization: Theory and Practice, 1-8. London: Pinter. Krause, Jill. 1996. “Gender Inequalities and Feminist Politics in a Global Perspective.” In Globalization: Theory and Practice, eds. Eleonore Kofman and Gillian Youngs, 225-237. London: Pinter. Machin, David and Theo van Leeuwen. 2003. “Global Schemas and Local Discourses in Cosmopolitan.” Journal of Sociolinguistics (7)4: 493-512. Marchand, Marianne H. 2000. “Gendered Representations of the ‘Global’: Reading/Writing Globalization.” In Political Economy and the Changing Global Order, eds. Richard Stubbs and Geoffrey R.D. Underhill, 218-228. Canada: Oxford University Press. Marchand, Marianne H. and Anne Sisson Runyan, eds. 2000. Feminist Sightings of Global Restructuring: Conceptualizations and Reconceptualizations. Gender and Global Restructuring: Sightings, Sites and Resistances, 1-22. London and New York: Routledge. Omrod, Susan. 1995. “Feminist Sociology and Methodology: Leaky Black Boxes in Gender/Technology Relations.” In The Gender and Technology Relation: Contemporary Theory and Research, eds. Rosalind Gill and Keith Grint, 31-47. London: Taylor and Francis. Patricio, Melissa V. 2004. “Call centers optimistic that industry boom will last.” Computerworld, July 26. Perrons, Diane. 2004. Globalization and Social change: People and Places in a Divided World. London and New York: Routledge. Pettman, Jan Jindy. 1996. “An International Political Economy of Sex?” In Globalization: Theory and Practice, eds. Eleonore Kofman and Gillian Youngs, 225-237. London: Pinter. Ritzer, George. 1998. The McDonaldization Thesis: Explorations and Extensions. London: Sage. Russell Hochschild, Arlie. 2000. “Global Care chains and Emotional Surplus Value.” In On the Edge: Living with Global Capitalism, eds. Will Hutton and Anthony Giddens, 130-146. London: Jonathan Cape. Salonga, Aileen. 2010. “Language and Situated Agency: An Exploration of the Dominant Linguistic and Communication Practices in the Philippine Offshore Call Centers.” PhD diss., National University of Singapore. ---. 2007. “The Perfect Woman: Gendered Texts and High Technology in the Philippines.” In (Re)making Society: The Politics of Language, Discourse, and Identity in the Philippines, ed. T. Ruanni Tupas, 141-168. Diliman, Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press. Scholte, Jan Aart. 1997. Global Trade and Finance. In The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations, eds. John Baylis and Steve Smith, 429-447. New York: Oxford University Press. Spurr, David. 1993. The Rhetoric of Empire: Colonial Discourse in Journalism, Travel Writing, and Imperial administration. Durham and London: Duke University Press. Tickner, J. Ann. 2001. Gendering World Politics. New York, Chichester, West Sussex: Columbia University Press. Valdez, Melba Jean M. 2004. “RP marking its mark on the outsourcing map.” Computerworld, July 26. Webster, Juliet. 1996. Shaping Women’s Work: Gender, Employment and Information Technology. London and New York: Longman Ideology Series. Wee, Lionel. 2006. Discourse and Globalization Lectures for EL 6882, a module on Discourse and Globalization, Department of English Language and Literature, National University of Singapore, January-May REFLECTION: Usually, we are attracted to sets having similar items. In the set-choice condition, even if that set of is composed of inferior items, once these items fit well together, this set will be chosen by higher percentage of people. While in the individual-choice condition, of course, the superior ones will be chosen instead of the inferior ones. Just like in our society, when it comes to the perceptions between men and women, they say that men are dominant rather than women. During the time of our ancestors, men were given more attention rather than women. Because they say that women are weak. Their role were just giving birth and stay at home to do the household chores. But, as the years passed by, those perceptions have been vanished. Nowadays, the abilities of women are being recognized. As people observed that women can do what men can. Indeed, the rights of women have been observed in our society. We can't change the fact that there are still inequalities between man and women within this generation and their doubt when it comes to the talent that women posses and the things that they can do.Many women prove that we belong and we have a spot in this world because we are all equal, it has only been society that skewed gender roles.