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Trolling, Flaming, Harassment: Understanding the Language of Online Conflict🤣🤔🫨

MDA20009 WEEK 10

I. INTRODUCTION Innocent statements like "YOU ARE AS UGLY AS A PIG" and "YOU ARE AS STUPID AS A COW" are prevalent in social interactions. These statements are just jokes, teasing, and joking, but they leave serious and unnecessary consequences. When these statements are seen on social networks, they are often called trolling, flaming, and harassment. 

Social media has always been a place where people can freely express themselves, but that does not mean it is a place to encourage tense conflicts. There have been many cases of taking advantage of anonymous accounts to be more unrestrained in speech and action, which has led to an increase in negative behavior. Sometimes, seemingly harmless teasing can become personal attacks, creating a toxic environment and affecting the spirit of others.

II. Defining the Key Terms 

A popular slang term on social media where people joke with each other is called trolling. Trolling means intentionally playing aggressive and provocative jokes (March & Marrington, 2019). The common characteristics of trolls are controversial, offensive, or provocative comments to make others angry, sad, or react strongly. Usually, these trolls want to annoy or make the discussion chaotic. This recognizes that trolling jokes like this have the potential to bring conflict by making provocative comments that make the other person lose their temper (BBC, 2019). An example of a troll is, "Exercise does not work; everyone who goes to the gym looks big and muscular." They do not want to discuss the benefits of exercise but want to annoy and cause controversy. 

Flaming, on the other hand, is a form of online harassment that involves hostile and aggressive interactions, often including insults and personal attacks in online discussions. A typical example is, "I like using the iPhone because the operating system is smoother." The others say, "Only brainless people spend money on the iPhone. Android is the real deal!" Through the example, instead of saying that with the intention of teasing, the other person used an insulting word and attacked them back. This makes the debate more tense and efficiently hostile.

In addition, harassment is also often expressed on social networks, especially in teenagers. 35% of victims were harassed through public posts or messages visible to others, while 65% experienced direct harassment (Wolak et al., 2007). Harassment is considered an umbrella term for online harassment and comes in many forms. The most common cases are being called offensive names and insults, spreading false rumors, being humiliated or threatened online, etc. For instance, a person might be repeatedly called derogatory names or have false information about them spread online. Unlike flaming, harassment often leaves more serious and long-lasting consequences because of its severity (Woffindin, 2023). Imagine if someone kept calling you a "pig" instead of your real name for a long time; wouldn't you be hurt and self-conscious? If not, you would have strongly objected so that it would not happen so often.

III. The Impact of These Behaviors

Social media is where everyone can speak their mind, whether good or bad, so it is important to avoid trolling, flaming, and online harassment. The consequences of things that seem like jokes in the eyes of others are always looked down upon and taken lightly. Awareness of this helps you protect yourself and helps create a safe environment.

Your psychology will be affected in many ways when you are treated like that. Online attacks can cause victims to be stressed, anxious, depressed, and lose confidence. Some severe cases lead to long-term psychological damage, even leading to suicidal thoughts or behavior. Not only that, but the psychology of each generation is also different. It is impossible to assume that if one generation can endure it, the other can also endure this damage. Society has more and more problems; applying the same formula to many different problems is impossible. When trolling, flaming, and harassment are rampant, online spaces become toxic, filled with tension and fear. This makes people feel unsafe to express their opinions or engage in online discussions. Women, marginalized groups, and those with different views may leave or limit their participation online for fear of being attacked. This results in digital communities becoming less diverse and losing important voices. When online harassment becomes a barrier to participation for some groups, it undermines the core value of the internet—a place to communicate, learn, and connect.

IV. Motivations Behind Online Harassment

So these things all have to have a motive. Often, these pranks come from a desire to “just have fun.” Some people engage in harassment simply because they feel happy about causing an adverse reaction from others. Anonymity is often a key factor in sustaining this behavior, as it allows the perpetrator to avoid accountability for their actions. Moreover, trolling can provide a sense of "satisfaction," similar to the "sneaky thrills" described in criminology (Rafferty, 2021). They may see it as a joke or a way to entertain themselves without caring about the psychological consequences for the victim.

But on the contrary, in some cases, online harassment is not just fun but has a deeper motive. Some individuals or groups may use online harassment to intimidate, silence, or discredit people with different views. In recent days, Korean actor Kim Soo Hyun has been embroiled in a scandal involving his relationship with the late actress Kim Sae Ron. Notably, his management company sued YouTuber Garo Sero and a person claiming to be Kim Sae Ron's aunt for distributing sensitive images of him without his consent. This behavior can be considered online harassment, as it invades his privacy and damages his reputation.

https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/kim-soo-hyun-s-agency-files-criminal-suit-against-kim-sae-ron-s-family-over-his-alleged-pic-a-grave-matter-that-cant-101742547297722.html ( You can read the story in this link)

Conclusion

Trolling, flaming, and online harassment are prevalent behaviors that contribute to toxic online environments. While some engage in these actions for amusement or social control, others use them to intimidate or silence different voices. Regardless of intent, these behaviors can have serious psychological effects, including stress, anxiety, and long-term emotional harm. As online spaces should be safe and inclusive, raising awareness and fostering respectful interactions are crucial steps toward reducing online conflict and harassment.

References

BBC. (2019, November). Why do people troll and what can you do about it? BBC Bitesize. https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/zfmkrj6

March, E., & Marrington, J. (2019). A qualitative analysis of internet trolling. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 22(3), 192–197. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2018.0210

Rafferty, R. S. (2021). Motvations behind cyber bullying and online aggression: Cyber sanctions, dominance, and trolling online. Ohiolink.edu. https://etd.ohiolink.edu/acprod/odb_etd/etd/r/1501/10?clear=10&p10_accession_num=ohiou1306953934

Woffindin, L. (2023, June 5). All about harassment. CPD Online College. https://cpdonline.co.uk/knowledge-base/safeguarding/all-about-harassment/

Wolak, J., Mitchell, K. J., & Finkelhor, D. (2007). Does online harassment constitute bullying? An exploration of online harassment by known peers and online-only contacts. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41(6), S51–S58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.08.019

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How the Gaming Community is Shaping Modern Culture 🎮🕹️

MDA20009 WEEK 9

In an age where the digital world dominates social interactions, gaming has grown from its humble beginnings as a solitary leisure to become a powerful force affecting modern culture. Gaming has evolved beyond arcade machines and sofa co-op experiences. It's a worldwide phenomenon propelled by interconnected communities, inventiveness, and challenges to traditional norms.

The Evolution of Gaming

Looking back, gaming has always demonstrated adaptation and an increasing social significance. The arcade era of the 1970s saw the introduction of the first communal gaming experiences, in which gamers crowded around machines like Pac-Man to compete and cheer, laying the framework for modern live streaming culture. With consoles such as Nintendo in the 1990s, multiplayer gaming entered the home, encouraging close, in-person relationships among friends and family. However, it wasn't until the 2000s, when online games like World of Warcraft and Counter-Strike emerged, that gaming truly transformed the way people interact.

This transition parallels broader trends of globalization and increased digital connectedness. Today, platforms such as Twitch and YouTube Gaming not only provide the tools required to support gaming communities but also drive industry growth, transforming gaming into a worldwide esport phenomenon with millions of followers, discussions, and collaborative content creation (Mahbub, 2024).

Blockbuster games such as Dota, Genshin Impact, and Zenless Zone Zero have received tens of millions of downloads, demonstrating gaming's growing popularity. The propagation of gaming information on social media has grown more potent than ever, thanks to two fundamental factors: electronic word of mouth (eWOM) and observational learning (Lee et al., 2025).

Beyond just playing, watching others play has long been a fundamental part of gaming culture. Livestreaming has not only elevated this experience but has also cemented it as a core pillar of the modern gaming community.

The Heartbeat of the Gaming Community

At its foundation, gaming's cultural impact is determined by the common habits that communities establish. From competitions and broadcasting to modding and knowledge-sharing, gaming is no more about passive consumption; instead, players actively shape their gaming environments. This is consistent with Jenkins' (2006) definition of a "participatory culture," in which individuals interact, collaborate, and contribute to a wider knowledge network (Baoill, 2007).

For example, esports is more than just competitions; it is a global cultural phenomenon that attracts millions of people and supports a multibillion-dollar industry. Events such as the League of Legends World Championship and Dota 2's The International demonstrate how gaming has progressed from a personal hobby to a mainstream industry, impacting everything from daily lingo (such as "GG") to an entire generation's professional goals.

Streaming and Modding: The Democratization of Gaming

Streaming has fundamentally increased access to games. Simply put, it has made games more accessible—not just for those who play, but also for those who want to watch and participate. In the past, experiencing a game required purchasing and playing it yourself. Streaming allows anyone to watch others play without purchasing the game.

Platforms such as Twitch have elevated streamers like Ninja and Pokimane to cultural icons. Every day, millions of people go live to chat, interact, and create entertainment together, blurring the distinction between creators and audiences. This transformation has resulted in a highly engaged culture in which gaming is more than just playing; it is also about watching, talking, and participating in a communal experience.

Meanwhile, modding (modification) and knowledge sharing demonstrate the inventiveness of gaming communities. Take Skyrim, for example; its modding community has extended the game's lifespan by more than a decade through modified quests, visual updates, and expanded gameplay features (Skyrim: Extended Cut, 2023). Similarly, resources such as the Stardew Valley Wiki demonstrate how gamers work together to accumulate knowledge and help each other improve their gaming experiences. Dedicated communities on Facebook, Discord, and Reddit bolster these efforts, making gaming a collaborative and dynamic experience rather than a solitary one.

These activities not only enrich the virtual world but also create cultural legacies with far-reaching influences on other creative industries.

Breaking the "Gamer" Stereotype

Despite its many positive impacts, gaming culture still faces challenges, particularly in breaking the traditional "gamer" stereotype—often depicted as young, male, white or East Asian, and middle-class. This long-standing image has contributed to a male-dominated environment, unintentionally marginalizing groups such as women, older players, and the LGBTQ+ community (Kowert & Oldmeadow, 2012).

However, the landscape is gradually changing. A more diverse range of streamers is emerging, games are embracing more inclusive narratives—such as The Last of Us Part II—and gaming has become more accessible across multiple platforms, especially mobile gaming. Today, many female streamers have risen to prominence, securing a strong presence in the community and challenging old stereotypes. This shift proves that gaming is no longer an exclusive space for a single demographic but a diverse and inclusive cultural phenomenon.

Social games like Farmville and Candy Crush have also helped democratize gaming by integrating it into everyday life and leveraging existing social networks. While these games are often dismissed by "hardcore" players, they have expanded the gaming audience, proving that gaming is not an exclusive community but a universal language that anyone can take part in.

Gaming: A New Cultural Force

Gaming is no longer just a personal hobby or a simple form of entertainment—it has become an integral part of modern culture, and more importantly, gamers themselves are shaping it in their own way. In the past, gaming might have been a solitary experience, but today, with the rise of platforms like consoles, PCs, and mobile devices, players can easily connect, engage in their preferred ways, and even create new trends that redefine the gaming landscape.

Gaming is more than simply fun; it also has a significant economic and societal influence. Today, esports events draw millions of viewers, top streamers earn incredible sums of money, and modding communities give fresh life to games that would otherwise be forgotten. Players now have more impact than ever before. They are no longer passive consumers; instead, they actively shape the industry and influence game producers' decisions.

Conclusion

The gaming community has evolved far beyond the controller, creating a modern, creative, and innovative culture. Gaming has evolved from the early days of arcades to today's worldwide streaming platforms, with shared behaviors like as esports, streaming, modding, and information sharing altering how people connect and create.

Looking ahead, the question is not whether gaming will continue to affect culture, but how far it will go. In a world where millions eagerly band together to overcome "unnecessary obstacles" (Kawatani & Yamada, 2019), the gaming community illustrates the connected power of play—an unstoppable cultural force shaping the future.

References

Baoill, A. Ó. (2007). Jenkins, H. (2006). convergence culture: Where old and new media collide. new york: New york university press. 336 pp. $29.95 (hardbound). Social Science Computer Review, 26(2), 252–254. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439307306088

Kawatani, S., & Yamada, T. (2019). On the japanese translation of bernard suits, the grasshopper: Games, life and utopia. Sport, Ethics and Philosophy, 13(3-4), 471–476. https://doi.org/10.1080/17511321.2019.1614974

Kowert, R., & Oldmeadow, J. (2012). The stereotype of online gamers: New characterization or recycled prototype? Nordic DiGRA 2012. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259693712_The_Stereotype_of_Online_Gamers_New_Characterization_or_Recycled_Prototype

Lee, S., Lee, S., & Baek, H. (2025). How does live streaming impact media content consumption? The effect of game live streaming on game players. Entertainment Computing, 52, 100802. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.entcom.2024.100802

Mahbub. (2024, February 15). Twitch vs youtube: Where should you stream? Castr’s Blog. https://castr.com/blog/twitch-vs-youtube/

Skyrim: Extended Cut. (2023). Skyrim: Extended cut. Skyrimec.com. https://skyrimec.com/?utm_source=chatgpt.com

THE IMPACT OF GAME STREAMING PLATFORMS ON THE VIDEO GAME INDUSTRY. (n.d.). Www.levelupgaming.io. https://www.levelupgaming.io/blog/2023/05/the-impact-of-game-streaming-platforms-on-the-video-game-industry?source=google.com

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The Evolution of AR Filters: From Novelty to Necessity 😮

MDA20009 WEEK 8

I. Introduction: AR Filters – A Ubiquitous Technology

Let’s imagine this: you're scrolling through Instagram and come across a friend's Story. She has sparkling stars twirling around her head, wide, bright eyes, and flawless, radiant skin—like she just stepped out of a spa. You smile, switch to your camera, and pick a filter to join in the fun. By now, this has become your natural habit, hasn’t it? Augmented reality (AR) filters have seamlessly blended into our digital lives, transforming the real world into a vibrant virtual playground with just a tap.

But what exactly is AR? According to Ronald Azuma (1997), AR is a technology that "allows users to see the real world, with virtual objects superimposed or combined with it" (Azuma, 1997). It enhances visual experiences by seamlessly merging reality and digital elements.

Since it is an experimental glimpse into the future, AR filters have evolved from a technological curiosity into an essential tool for how we connect, create, and express ourselves online. This article traces that journey—from a concept in research labs to an indispensable part of the digital age—and explores how AR has not only adapted to our world but is actively reshaping it.

II. Origins: From the Lab to Potential (1960s)

The story of AR began in the 1960s, an era when computers occupied entire rooms and the Internet was still a distant concept. During this time, visionary pioneer Ivan Sutherland created the first head-mounted display, known as the "Sword of Damocles" (Liu, n.d.). Though bulky and impractical, it was a groundbreaking experiment—one of the first devices capable of overlaying virtual images onto the real world.

At that time, AR was nothing more than a technological novelty, a marvel of computer science confined to research labs, far removed from everyday life. However, like a seed planted in fertile ground, it was only waiting for a technological revolution to take root and flourish.

III. The Mobile Revolution: AR Steps into the World (2000s)

Fast forward to the 2000s, when a quiet technological revolution was unfolding in the palm of our hands—the rise of the smartphone. Equipped with cameras, touchscreens, and powerful processors, smartphones became the perfect gateway for AR to reach the masses. Researchers believed that a mobile AR system could assist users directly in various real-world scenarios, making it a natural extension of mobile computing (Wagner & Schmalstieg, n.d.).

Early AR applications were still simple—such as scanning QR codes or overlaying basic graphics onto a camera view. But even in their rudimentary form, these innovations opened the door to a future where AR was no longer confined to research labs. The technology was poised for a breakthrough, waiting for the right spark to ignite its full potential.

IV. The Big Bang: Snapchat, Pokémon Go, and the AR Breakthrough (2016)

As time passed, the long-awaited spark finally ignited in 2016, marking a turning point that propelled AR into the heart of popular culture. Snapchat emerged as a pioneer, introducing a wave of iconic filters—wobbly dog ears, dazzling flower crowns, and instantly smooth skin with just a tap. These playful AR features quickly made Snapchat a social media sensation, drawing in millions of daily users (The Brief History of Social Media Augmented Reality Filters, n.d.). Studies indicate that users who apply AR filters tend to feel more satisfied with their appearance after taking selfies. However, over time, they become so accustomed to their filtered looks that they may begin to dislike their natural appearance (Burnell et al., 2021). This suggests that AR filters are more than just a source of entertainment—they actively shape how people perceive and feel about their appearance in the digital age.

That same year, Pokémon Go took the world by storm, transforming the real world into an interactive playground. By integrating AR and GPS, the game offered an immersive experience where players felt as if they were stepping into a living, augmented world. The game’s core mechanic encouraged players to explore their surroundings to catch Pokémon and collect items at real-world locations called "PokéStops" (Thompson & Jenny, 2016). For the first time, a game combined digital fantasy with real-world exploration on such a massive scale, sending millions of players into the streets, parks, and public spaces in search of Pikachu. Suddenly, AR was no longer a futuristic gimmick—it had become an essential and engaging bridge between reality and the digital realm.

V. AR Today: Advanced Technology and Expanding Applications

Today, AR filters have evolved far beyond simple, playful effects. No longer just for fun, they have become smarter, more interactive, and deeply integrated into the digital ecosystem. Modern filters can recognize faces with incredible precision, adjust lighting in real-time, and even transform entire environments around users.

However, AR is no longer confined to social media. In China, payment giant AliPay has incorporated beauty filters into its facial recognition payment system, allowing users to "shine" even while making transactions (News, 2019). Beyond personal use, AR has also revolutionized creative industries. Adobe Aero, for instance, enables designers to easily create AR experiences by simply importing 2D and 3D digital assets and placing them in real-world environments—all without needing to write a single line of code (Adobe, 2022).

This demonstrates that AR is no longer just an entertainment tool; it is actively shaping how we interact with technology in everyday life, making digital experiences more immersive and accessible than ever before.

VI. From Trend to Necessity: Why Has AR Become Essential?

AR technology has gradually evolved from a mere entertainment feature to an indispensable part of the digital world. This shift is evident as more consumer brands embrace AR-driven advertising strategies (Johnson, 2024).

For instance:

Pizza Hut x Pac-Man AR: A nostalgic yet innovative campaign blending classic gaming with interactive AR.

Circle K & Niantic – Pokémon Go Rewarded AR: Leveraging AR to enhance customer engagement.

Heineken Silver Campaign: A creative use of AR to elevate brand experience.

According to a Markets and Markets report (2023), the AR and VR display market is projected to grow from $1.8 billion in 2023 to $8.2 billion by 2028, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 35.6% (Zeng et al., 2023).

Several key factors have driven AR’s transition from a secondary technology to an essential digital tool:

Simplicity and Accessibility: Anyone can use AR filters with just a swipe. This ease of use has made AR an integral part of our digital lives.

Social Media Dominance: Instagram has 2 billion users, with 46% having used AR filters (Dixon, 2024). More than 500 million people use Instagram Stories daily, and across Meta’s platforms, 800 million people engage with AR monthly (PHONG VÂN, 2017). These figures confirm that AR filters are not just a fleeting trend but a core aspect of online interaction.

Impact on Social Perception: In an era where personal image is paramount, AR filters help users feel more confident in their online presence. A filter-free photo can sometimes be more surprising than one with a filter—an indication that AR has become a new standard in digital communication.

VII. Conclusion: AR – The Technology of Today and the Future

From Ivan Sutherland’s rudimentary headset in the 1960s to the seamless filters of Instagram and TikTok today, AR has undergone a remarkable journey.

Once a technological novelty, AR has now become an essential part of how we entertain ourselves, connect with others, and express our identities. As technology continues to evolve, who knows where AR will take us next? Perhaps filters that understand emotions or fully immersive virtual worlds.

But one thing is certain: AR has moved beyond being just a feature—it has become an integral part of our digital lives.

References

Adobe. (2022). What is augmented reality. Adobe.com. https://helpx.adobe.com/vn_vi/aero/using/what-is-augmented-reality.html

Azuma, R. T. (1997). A survey of augmented reality. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 6(4), 355–385. https://doi.org/10.1162/pres.1997.6.4.355

Burnell, K., Kurup, A. R., & Underwood, M. K. (2021). Snapchat lenses and body image concerns. New Media & Society, 24(9), 146144482199303. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444821993038

Dixon, S. J. (2024, April 24). Instagram - statistics & facts. Statista. https://www.statista.com/topics/1882/instagram/#topicOverview

Johnson, P. (2024, March 11). Using augmented reality in social media to improve customer engagement. Rock Paper Reality. https://rockpaperreality.com/insights/ar-use-cases/using-augmented-reality-in-social-media-to-improve-customer-engagement/

Liu, J. (n.d.). History exhibit. Courses.cs.washington.edu. https://courses.cs.washington.edu/courses/cse490h1/19wi/exhibit/ar-tech.html

News, V. (2019). Ám ảnh về bề ngoài phải ưa nhìn, trung quốc đưa cả hiệu ứng làm đẹp vào ứng dụng thanh toán. VietNamNet News; Vietnamnet.vn. https://vietnamnet.vn/am-anh-ve-be-ngoai-phai-ua-nhin-trung-quoc-dua-ca-hieu-ung-lam-dep-vao-ung-dung-thanh-toan-i33775.html

PHONG VÂN. (2017, April 19). ​Ứng dụng facebook có công nghệ tăng cường-thực tế AR. TUOI TRE ONLINE; tuoitre.vn. https://tuoitre.vn/nhip-song-so/ung-dung-facebook-co-cong-nghe-tang-cuongthuc-te-ar-1300632.htm

The brief history of social media augmented reality filters. (n.d.). INDE - the World Leader in Augmented Reality. https://www.indestry.com/blog/the-brief-history-of-social-media-ar-filters

Thompson, R. M., & Jenny, S. E. (2016). Pokémon go: Encouraging recreation through augmented reality gaming. 12(2), 112–122. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359706480_Pokemon_Go_Encouraging_recreation_through_augmented_reality_gaming

Wagner, D., & Schmalstieg, D. (n.d.). First steps towards handheld augmented reality. Seventh IEEE International Symposium on Wearable Computers, 2003. Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.1109/iswc.2003.1241402

Zeng, J.-Y., Xing, Y., & Jin, C.-H. (2023). The impact of vr/ar-based consumers’ brand experience on consumer–brand relationships. Sustainability, 15(9), 7278. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097278

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When Beauty Takes Priority Over Health😢

MDA20009 WEEK 7

In today's digital age, social media is not just a way to connect with others—it also sets beauty standards. Many popular influencers and celebrities appear online with perfect looks, making these images common and familiar. Seeing these ideal faces so often can shape how people see themselves and others. But while chasing beauty standards, are we paying enough attention to our health?

1. Aesthetic Templates🫨

Social media not only reflects but also shapes beauty standards that many people consciously or unconsciously strive to achieve. These standards significantly influence online beauty trends by promoting popular styles, poses, and body edits that social media users often imitate (Duffy & Meisner, 2022). Many people follow beauty trends because they seek more engagement on social platforms, want to earn money through their appearance, or are influenced by celebrities and influencers.

2. Microcelebrity😎

It is easy to see that celebrities like Kylie Jenner and Hailey Bieber each have their own distinct style, which is a key aspect of being a microcelebrity. They turn themselves into personal brands on social media by curating their fashion sense, makeup looks, and content to attract attention and stay on trend.

For example, on Hailey Bieber's TikTok, most of her content focuses on short videos related to makeup, beauty, and tutorials. Each video garners a massive number of views, proving that her beauty-related content influences a large audience. Social media algorithms also prioritize visually appealing and attention-grabbing content to maximize engagement, ultimately generating more profit for the platform (Khalid & Yasmeen, 2019). When a highly influential microcelebrity promotes a specific makeup style, fashion trend, or beauty product, followers can easily get drawn in and feel the need to adopt these trends to align with the prevailing beauty standards on social media (Tariq, 2024).

3. Aesthetic Labor😫

Beauty labor is the constant effort to maintain an attractive appearance, especially among influencers and those highly active on social media. To uphold their image, they often:

Over-exercise to achieve an ideal body.

Follow extreme diets to maintain a physique that fits social media standards.

This pursuit is not only financially costly but can also negatively impact both physical and mental health, increasing anxiety, and stress, and even leading to eating disorders. When individuals feel deeply connected to an online community, they are more likely to be influenced by group norms, including beauty standards (Senuri Wijenayake et al., 2020). If appearance-related feedback is public and widely discussed, individuals may feel pressured to change their looks to meet societal expectations.

Moreover, celebrities also face intense public pressure, which can lead to severe consequences. A striking example is Chinese actress Zhao Lusi (Le, 2024).

Her appearance changed drastically due to constant pressure from netizens urging her to lose weight.

Even though she was already very beautiful, she was repeatedly told to slim down for a sharper facial structure. As a result, she dropped to just 37kg despite being 1.61m tall and eventually suffered a stroke due to overwork, depression, and mental health disorders, causing severe damage to her well-being.

She had to go through a long recovery process to regain her health.

4. How to Balance Beauty and Health?🤷‍♀️

Pursuing beauty is not wrong, but without proper control, it can have serious negative effects on both mental and physical health. To maintain a balance between beauty and well-being, we should:

Recognize Unrealistic Beauty Standards Most images on social media are digitally altered and do not reflect reality. Edited photos, good lighting, and face filters have become the norm, creating unrealistic body and facial ideals that many people use as a benchmark (Dove, 2023). Instead of comparing yourself to influencers, remember that beauty cannot be confined to rigid standards.

Media Literacy Education We need to develop the ability to analyze and critically evaluate social media content. Beauty comes in many different forms and is not limited to a single standard. More importantly, good health is the foundation for feeling beautiful and confident.

Regulating Influencer Content Social media platforms should implement stricter policies on beauty-related content, particularly when it comes to unsafe weight-loss products or cosmetic procedures. There have been many cases where misleading promotions were driven purely by profit, disregarding the potential harm to consumers.

Promote Self-Acceptance Instead of chasing beauty standards set by social media, learn to appreciate and love yourself. A positive online community where people can share without judgment will foster self-confidence and a healthier perception of beauty.

Beauty should never come at the cost of health. Rather than following unrealistic social media trends, prioritize your mental and physical well-being to live a balanced and happier life.

References

Bảo Phương. (2024, December 26). Bút tiêm giảm cân bán tràn lan: Con dao hai lưỡi - báo công an nhân dân điện tử. Báo Công an Nhân Dân Điện Tử. https://cand.com.vn/Phong-su/but-tiem-giam-can-ban-tran-lan-con-dao-hai-luoi-i754534/

Dove. (2023, December 15). Unrealistic beauty standards on social media | dove US. Www.dove.com. https://www.dove.com/us/en/dove-self-esteem-project/how-unrealistic-beauty-standards-on-social-media-can-impact-self-esteem.html

Duffy, B. E., & Meisner, C. (2022). Platform governance at the margins: Social media creators’ experiences with algorithmic (in)visibility. Media, Culture & Society, 45(2), 016344372211119. https://doi.org/10.1177/01634437221111923

Khalid, R., & Yasmeen, T. (2019). Celebrity physical attractiveness effect on consumer buying behavior. JEMA: Jurnal Ilmiah Bidang Akuntansi Dan Manajemen, 16(2), 173. https://doi.org/10.31106/jema.v16i2.2708

Le, L. (2024, December 31). Actress zhao lusi has reportedly recovered after having to halt all work due to hospitalization. VnExpress International – Latest News, Business, Travel and Analysis from Vietnam; VnExpress International. https://e.vnexpress.net/news/life/celebrities/actress-zhao-lusi-has-reportedly-recovered-after-having-to-halt-all-work-due-to-hospitalization-4834120.html

Senuri Wijenayake, Niels van Berkel, Vassilis Kostakos, & Goncalves, J. (2020, May 28). Quantifying the effect of social presence on online social conformity. ResearchGate; Association for Computing Machinery. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341750153_Quantifying_the_Effect_of_Social_Presence_on_Online_Social_Conformity

Tariq, W. M. (2024, July 16). Why do we follow trends? - ILLUMINATION - medium. Medium; ILLUMINATION. https://medium.com/illumination/why-do-we-follow-trends-9e03c7bd01bc

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The Impact of Digital Citizens on Branding: Lessons from Elasten and Changee 🤔

MDA20009-WEEK 6

Social media is no longer just a tool for connecting; it has evolved into a potent weapon, a two-edged sword capable of swaying public opinion and transforming a brand's reputation in just hours. In this era of technological explosion, individuals are not just internet users but digital citizens—people who can influence society through online platforms. The key issue is not just the right to speak but also the responsibility for what is shared and disseminated.

Digital Citizenship: When Responsibility Comes with Power

Being a digital citizen is not merely about using social media but also about using technology responsibly, ethically, and effectively (Öztürk, 2021).

 In 2023, 79% of teenagers actively used social media (UNESCO, 2024), highlighting the increasing presence of digital citizens worldwide. 

They harness the internet to create positive impacts, spread valuable ideas, and promote societal transparency. This includes online behavior, critical thinking, and digital rights and responsibilities awareness.

However, social media can also become a platform for - Spreading misinformation and- Inciting negative public sentiment. This underscores the importance of fact-checking, respecting differences, and maintaining a responsible attitude when engaging in online discussions.

Social Media: A Tool for Shaping Perception and Social Norms

Social media has changed the way people interact with social and political issues, enabling rapid information exchange and considerably impacting public perception. Studies suggest that social media has a significant impact on how young people develop their values (Tang et al., 2024).

AR beauty filters can influence how people perceive themselves.

Unverified bogus news can readily influence public opinion.

When a business or public figure makes a controversial statement, social media immediately provides a forum for digital citizens to express their views, holding brands accountable in the public eye.

Elasten: When Digital Citizens Create a Positive Impact

Elasten, a German collagen brand, launched a smart marketing campaign featuring an out-of-home (OOH) advertisement with the slogan: "Germany is my homeland, Vietnam is my home."

The image shows the campaign's imagery was widely praised, leaving a strong and positive impression on the Vietnamese audience.

The comments overwhelmingly praised the campaign, with many highlighting its brilliance—while also subtly mocking Chagee.

At a time when debates about territorial sovereignty were trending on Vietnamese social media, Elasten’s message showed respect for the Vietnamese market and tapped into national pride. However, the success of this campaign was driven by the power of digital citizens rather than the advertisement itself.

With the tremendous support of social media users, we can observe how digital citizens serve as a link between brands and communities. They do more than just receive information; they also share, spread, and influence how messages are interpreted. Elasten's campaign went viral because people actively shared and commented on it, even though the business did not invest substantially in traditional advertising.

Elasten not only achieved tremendous media effect but also created a loyal community around its brand as the commercial attracted attention and connected emotionally with Vietnamese netizens.Thanks to the influence of digital citizens, the campaign helped to enhance trust and credibility, transforming a simple ad into a symbol of connection between the company and its customers.

Changee: A Digital Age Cautionary Lesson.

Unlike Elasten, Changee, a Chinese bubble tea company, received strong criticism from Vietnamese digital users for contentious words and acts against Vietnam's territorial sovereignty. Given the brand's Chinese roots, Vietnamese netizens were already sensitive to geopolitical problems, particularly territorial maps. When Changee joined the Vietnamese market, same issues resurfaced.

Things became worse when Changee made offensive statements about the Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum, causing considerable uproar. This triggered a large boycott movement on social media. Many Vietnamese users urged people to quit supporting Changee, submitted bad reviews on online platforms, and even protested in stores.

The boycott from consumers was overwhelming!

The case of Changee demonstrates that internet citizens are more than just consumers; they are "gatekeepers" of cultural, political, and social values. When Changee invaded Vietnam with sensitive territorial concerns, netizens noticed and spoke out. They started sharing information and investigating the brand's inception, history, and operations both online and offline. Changee quickly became the target of social media criticism. Digital citizens were also the primary force behind the boycott, leading the charge by submitting unfavorable reviews and refusing to buy the brand's items. Changee's controversy illustrates a critical lesson: in the internet era, honoring a country's cultural, political, and social norms is not optional—it is a basic need for any brand to exist.

Brief video about this case.

Digital Citizens – Shaping the Future of Brands

The contrast between Elasten and Changee is the clearest example of how digital citizens impact businesses and society. Their behavior plays a crucial role in shaping brand reputation (Sharif & Sidi Lemine, 2021). A brand with a well-thought-out strategy can build trust and customer loyalty, while a single misstep can quickly escalate into a PR crisis, severely damaging its image and credibility.

More importantly, digital citizens do not just react—they set new standards for corporate responsibility. They are no longer passive consumers but active voices demanding transparency, fairness, and ethical business practices from brands.

Conclusion

In the digital age, digital citizens can shape public opinion, monitor brands, and drive change. However, with this power comes great responsibility. Social media can be a tool for transparency and positive impact, but it can also become a dangerous weapon if used to spread misinformation or fuel extreme public outrage.

The stories of Elasten and Changee serve as clear lessons on how a brand can either thrive or fail in the digital era. As social media continues to be a battleground for social and political discussions, every digital citizen must reflect: Are we using social media to spread positivity, or are we unintentionally turning it into a tool for harm?

References

Öztürk, G. (2021). Digital citizenship and its teaching: A literature review. Journal of Educational Technology and Online Learning, 4(1), 31–45. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/jetol/issue/60134/857904

Sharif, K., & Sidi Lemine, M. (2021). Customer service quality, emotional brand attachment and customer citizenship behaviors: Findings from an emerging higher education market. Journal of Marketing for Higher Education, 34(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/08841241.2021.1949659

Tang, R., Shi, R., Zhao, Y., Chen, Y., & Hua, B. (2024). Social Media Use Effects on Self-Cognition and Behavior Patterns under the Network Environment. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 12(3), 360–381. https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2024.123025

Unesco. (2024). Q&A: Why digital global citizenship education is essential. Unesco.org. https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/qa-why-digital-global-citizenship-education-essential

[helpnemo]

The Algorithm Trap: How Social Media Shapes What You See, Think, and Believe

MDA20009- WEEK 5

Have you ever noticed that after a pair of shoes has been searched for on Google, ads for shoes start appearing on Facebook, Instagram, and YouTube?Or does your feed suddenly swell with stuff that confirms your political beliefs when you post something on Twitter? All of this is a result of social media algorithms.

Information is not presented fairly on social media. Rather, algorithms select information according to your actions, routines, tastes, and feelings. In essence, they influence the things you read, see, and share on a daily basis. Although you may believe that you are using the internet at your leisure, algorithms have already planned your path.

What is an algorithm?

According to Cormen:

"Informally, an algorithm is any well-defined computational procedure that takes some value, or set of values, as input and produces some value, or set of values, as output in a finite amount of time."

In short, an algorithm is similar to a recipe. Gathering ingredients (input) is the first step in baking a cake; mixing and baking them (process); and then the result is a tasty cake (output). In a similar way, Facebook's algorithm makes recommendations for "People You May Know" when you establish an account and look for friends based on variables like mutual friends, geography, interests, groups, school, or place of employment. To maximize recommendations, the algorithm computes relationship scores, examines social connections, and takes other aspects into account.

This picture also shows all of these strangers have mutual friends with me.

2️⃣ How Do Social Media Algorithms Work?

Algorithms influence how people interact with the outside environment in addition to organizing information. Through personal preferences and behavior-based content optimization, platforms produce information bubbles where users interact mostly with opinions that are similar to their own. By limiting exposure to different viewpoints and strengthening preexisting opinions, this feeds echo chambers and information bubbles.

Algorithms have the power to affect users' thoughts and attitudes in addition to personalizing experiences. For instance, social media algorithms influenced the way movements were organized and information was disseminated during the 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests. To coordinate their tactics and evade government monitoring, protesters turned to decentralized platforms such as LIHKG and Telegram (Frosina, 2021).

However, there are drawbacks to algorithmic control over data as well. Information access becomes unbalanced when governments or organizations use algorithms to sway public opinion, which distorts the facts and makes censorship possible. In order to maintain an equitable and diversified information environment, this highlights the pressing necessity for community participation in content distribution monitoring and openness in algorithmic operations.

3️⃣ "Echo Chambers" – When You Only Hear What You Want to Hear

What happens if algorithms influence how you think as well as how you get information? The "Echo Chamber" effect, which occurs when consumers interact primarily with content and individuals who share their opinions, eventually impairs their capacity to see problems from an unbiased perspective.

According to Terren & Borge-Bravo:

"The underlying assumption behind the idea of echo chambers is that social media users selectively engage with like-minded others and ideologically aligned content, thus rarely being exposed to conflicting ideas."

Cinelli et al. (2021) add:

"An echo chamber can act as a mechanism to reinforce an existing opinion within a group and, as a result, move the entire group toward more extreme positions."

Research shows that YouTube users often get trapped in specific content types, especially on political or conspiracy-related topics. According to Terren and Borge-Bravo (2021), the majority of Twitter users refrain from participating in arguments and instead retweet only posts that support their opinions.

Echo chambers are an unseen trap that tricked people into thinking that what they saw was the whole truth. This influences our long-term viewpoints as well as how we interpret information. The first step to liberation is realizing this. To prevent being limited to a limited perspective, maintain your curiosity, pose inquiries, and actively seek out different points of view.

4️⃣ Hashtag Publics – When Algorithms Decide Which Trends Go Viral

Have you ever wondered why some hashtags go viral while others fade into obscurity? Trends like #SquidGame, #HandwashingDance during COVID, or the #BlindBox craze—are they truly organic, or are they manipulated by algorithms?

The truth is: Not all trends are natural—algorithms can manipulate them to steer public discourse.

Behind every viral hashtag is a platform’s algorithm, deciding which content gets wide exposure and which remains invisible. Hashtags help users categorize content and engage with larger conversations (Bruns & Burgess, 2011). They function as branding tools, message repositories, and connectors for like-minded individuals (Saxton, 2024).

However, not all hashtags get a chance to "trend." Algorithms prioritize high-engagement content that keeps users on the platform longer, sometimes reflecting platform interests or political influences.

Studies show that community education hashtags have the highest engagement (Saxton, 2024), as they focus on awareness-building—an ideal fit for social media. Examples include #LearnonTikTok, where platforms promote educational content to maintain a positive image.

On the right is the hashtag usage count. It can be seen that #LearnonTikTok has been used 42.8 million times.

Conversely, many hashtags fail to trend due to low initial engagement. If a hashtag lacks early adopters or immediate interaction, algorithms deprioritize it. Moreover, hashtags that don’t align with trending issues, don’t evoke strong emotions, or lack influencer support struggle to gain traction.

Conclusion

Social media algorithms do more than personalize experiences—they shape perceptions, behaviors, and even public discourse. From echo chambers to viral hashtags, what we see online isn’t random but curated through complex mechanisms. Understanding how these algorithms work is the first step toward breaking free from their invisible influence. Stay informed, diversify your information sources, and always question the content you consume. 

References

Bruns, A., & Burgess, J. (2011). The use of twitter hashtags in the formation of ad hoc publics. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/46515/1/The_Use_of_Twitter_Hashtags_in_the_Formation_of_Ad_Hoc_Publics_(final).pdf

Choi, M., & Cristol, D. (2021). Digital citizenship with intersectionality lens: Towards participatory democracy driven digital citizenship education. Theory into Practice, 60(4). https://doi.org/10.1080/00405841.2021.1987094

Cinelli, M., Morales, G. D. F., Galeazzi, A., Quattrociocchi, W., & Starnini, M. (2021). The Echo Chamber Effect on Social Media. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(9), 1–8. PNAS. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2023301118

Cormen, T. H. (n.d.). Introduction to algorithms. EBoooksWorld; The MIT Press. https://dl.ebooksworld.ir/books/Introduction.to.Algorithms.4th.Leiserson.Stein.Rivest.Cormen.MIT.Press.9780262046305.EBooksWorld.ir.pdf

Frosina, S. (2021, June 8). Digital revolution: How social media shaped the 2019 hong kong protests. ISPI. https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/digital-revolution-how-social-media-shaped-2019-hong-kong-protests-30756

Saxton , G. D. (2024). View of #advocatingforchange: The strategic use of hashtags in social media advocacy. Iu.edu. https://advancesinsocialwork.indianapolis.iu.edu/index.php/advancesinsocialwork/article/view/17952/19928

Terren, L. T. L., & Borge-Bravo, R. B.-B. R. (2021). Echo chambers on social media: A systematic review of the literature. Review of Communication Research, 9(2255-4165). https://www.rcommunicationr.org/index.php/rcr/article/view/16/16

[helpnemo]

Anh Trai Say Hi: Entertainment Phenomenon or Staged Drama?

MDA20009 Week4

If you're a fan of survival shows that train idol groups, Anh Trai Say Hi is probably on your radar. This reality competition brings together 30 young male contestants, or "anh trai," who battle through multiple rounds to sharpen their skills and secure a debut spot in the winning group.

With thrilling challenges, emotional behind-the-scenes moments, and high audience engagement, the show quickly gained massive attention. However, like many reality shows, its authenticity remains a topic of debate. While marketed as "real," the final product is often shaped by editing, selective storytelling, and dramatic twists designed to keep viewers hooked.

So, how much of Anh Trai Say Hi is genuine competition, and how much is crafted entertainment? That’s the question fans keep asking.

Anh Trai Say Hi and the Definition of Reality TV

Reality television thrives on liveness, drawing viewers in by making them feel directly involved in the action. According to Deller (2019):

“Firstly, reality is a genre that privileges ‘liveness’, especially in shows that are broadcast live and implement some form of voting. ‘Liveness’ helps the media emphasize its role as something that can unite society; liveness—that is, live transmission—guarantees a potential connection to our shared social realities as they are happening.” 

This means that this genre places a strong emphasis on real-time engagement, especially in shows that feature audience voting. By allowing viewers to participate and influence outcomes, reality TV creates a sense of social connection, making audiences feel like an integral part of the experience rather than just passive spectators.

Based on this definition, Anh Trai Say Hi possesses many key characteristics of a reality TV show:

Liveness and audience interaction: The show features a voting system, allowing viewers to influence the competition’s outcome and feel more connected to the contestants.

Drama and community engagement: Behind-the-scenes stories, emotional moments, and controversies spark widespread discussions on social media.

Strong viral effect: recaps, highlight videos, and audience reactions help amplify the show’s reach and influence.

By blending real-time engagement, audience participation, reality TV drama, and viral appeal, Anh Trai Say Hi delivers an entertaining and widely impactful experience. However, like many reality shows, its authenticity remains a topic of debate, as editing and production choices often shape the final narrative presented to viewers.

Anh Trai Say Hi—Real or Staged?

Although reality television is often perceived as "unscripted," many shows have been found to incorporate staged elements to enhance their appeal. According to Lauf, reality TV is a genre in which non-professional actors are filmed in pre-arranged environments. This means that while these programs may not follow a detailed script like fictional films, producers can still influence the narrative by shaping situations, editing footage, or even staging certain moments for dramatic effect. As a result, reality shows capture audience interest but also spark debates about their authenticity.

In Anh Trai Say Hi, some moments have made viewers question whether everything happens naturally. One example is a challenge where two contestants had to use their mouths to grab a floating ball. At first, it seemed like a fun game, but the repeated “accidental” lip contact between contestants started to feel suspicious. Many viewers wondered if these moments were set up on purpose to grab attention and create drama. While some found it entertaining, others felt it was too staged, making them question how real the show actually is. (HOÀNG LÊ, 2024)

Video’s link:  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cp02r4mvw5A&list=WL&index=4

From this episode onward, fan-edited videos began to appear, showing that many viewers were highly entertained by these moments.

Edit’s video link: https://www.tiktok.com/@stwzc/video/7405486853714873608?is_from_webapp=1&sender_device=pc&web_id=7464486198598485520

Dragging Out Screen Time: Episode 3 of Anh Trai Say Hi ran for over two hours, with most of the time spent watching 30 contestants play games and tease each other. While some viewers enjoyed the lighthearted moments, others couldn’t help but wonder—was this really necessary? Instead of focusing on the competition, the show seemed to stretch out these interactions, making it feel more like a strategy to keep audiences watching rather than meaningful content. Was it just harmless fun, or was it a calculated move by the producers to hold onto viewers for as long as possible?

No Warning for Sensitive Content: Some performances in Anh Trai Say Hi featured suggestive dance moves, but there was no 18+ warning (Thanh, 2024). This led to mixed reactions—was it an oversight or a tactic to stir controversy and go viral? While some believe it was a simple mistake, others think it was a deliberate move to attract more attention. Either way, it raised concerns about the show's responsibility toward its audience.

Meme Effect: When a Show Becomes a Cultural Phenomenon

Despite the controversies, Anh Trai Say Hi has gone viral, especially through fan-made memes and parody videos. Some of the show’s funniest moments have become popular memes on TikTok and Facebook, often used to describe everyday situations. This organic spread not only keeps the show relevant but also turns it into a shared cultural experience beyond just its original audience.

Link: https://www.tiktok.com/@weangemquanapkieuxinhiu/video/7408553812270615815?is_from_webapp=1&sender_device=pc&web_id=7464486198598485520

Fan-made parody videos of famous scenes have helped Anh Trai Say Hi reach more people. 

Viewers love creating content about the show, making it a trending topic and a true internet phenomenon. https://www.tiktok.com/@jaanchuis/video/7402628343960489217?is_from_webapp=1&sender_device=pc&web_id=7464486198598485520

Images show that memes not only capture funny moments from the show but also inspire fans to create even more hilarious versions, adding their own twist to the trend.

This shows that whether the show is scripted or not, it still has a big influence. Viewers don’t just watch—they join in, create content, and keep the show popular.

Conclusion

Even though Anh Trai Say Hi ended in late December, the buzz around it hasn’t faded. Many viewers are still debating whether the dramatic moments were real or staged, keeping the show at the center of online discussions.

Whether people love it or doubt it, Anh Trai Say Hi has clearly made a big impact. The show kept viewers engaged, started many discussions, and showed how powerful reality TV can be—whether fully real or partly scripted.

References

HOÀNG LÊ. (2024, August 18). Nụ hôn trong anh trai say hi: Vui vẻ hay khó coi? TUOI TRE ONLINE; tuoitre.vn. https://tuoitre.vn/nu-hon-trong-anh-trai-say-hi-vui-ve-hay-kho-coi-20240817194252447.htm

Lauf, D. (n.d.). Historical origins of reality television programming dominique lauf CC8863 media history. Www.academia.edu. https://www.academia.edu/22347186/Historical_Origins_of_Reality_Television_Programming_Dominique_Lauf_CC8863_Media_History

Thanh, Y. (2024, July 11). Màn trình diễn trong “Anh trai say hi” bị tố phản cảm, gợi dục. Danviet.vn; https://danviet.vn. https://danviet.vn/man-trinh-dien-trong-anh-trai-say-hi-bi-to-phan-cam-goi-duc-20240711154805883.htm

Deller, R. A. (2019). Reality television : The tv phenomenon that changed the world. Emerald Publishing Limited.

[helpnemo]

🌿 The #BodyPositive Movement on Tumblr: A Free Space or Still Limited?

MDA20009 Digital Communities

On Tumblr, #BodyPositive is more than just a hashtag—it is a community where people challenge traditional beauty standards, seek self-acceptance, and spread messages of body love. While this movement has helped many individuals gain confidence, it still faces certain limitations.

📖 The Origin and Development of #BodyPositive 

The #BodyPositive movement did not emerge randomly; it originated from the Fat Acceptance Movement in the late 1960s in the U.S. (Body Positivity, 2022), a time when Western beauty standards favored thinness and marginalized larger bodies.

With the rise of social media, the movement expanded rapidly, particularly on Tumblr—a platform known for its anonymity and engagement-driven features like hashtags and reblogging (Osborn, 2022). Here, a #BodyPositive post can easily be shared across different communities, such as #transisbeautiful (supporting transgender individuals) or #mentalhealthawareness, broadening awareness of body diversity.

🔍 Tumblr’s Role in the #BodyPositive Movement

Tumblr plays a significant role in the #BodyPositive movement, offering an open space for sharing and promoting self-acceptance. However, it still struggles against deep-rooted societal biases.

Key factors include: 

✔️ Anonymity, allowing users to share body images without fear of judgment.

✔️ Reblogging mechanisms, facilitating the spread of #BodyPositive messages across communities. 

✔️ An open environment where marginalized groups can find support and solidarity.

Most comments on #BodyPositive posts are encouraging and supportive, reflecting Tumblr’s role as a space for social critique and personal storytelling. 

Blog’s link: https://www.tumblr.com/perel/712327847937703936/check-out-my-body?source=share

However, research suggests that some content remains sexualized. Instead of focusing on self-acceptance, certain comments primarily evaluate women's appearances, highlighting the persistent societal bias within the movement.

⚖️ Is Tumblr Truly a Public Sphere? 

Although Tumblr fosters a space for the #BodyPositive movement, it falls short of being a true public sphere, as described by Jürgen Habermas. According to his theory, an ideal public sphere is a space where individuals can discuss social issues freely and equally. However, social media does not fully align with this concept. A study on digital media suggests:

Similar limitations apply to the #BodyPositive movement on Tumblr: algorithmic restrictions and content moderation can reduce diversity, users often interact within echo chambers, and the movement continues to emphasize physical appearance rather than fundamentally shifting perspectives on body image.

⚖️ The Lack of Diversity in #BodyPositive 

Although the #BodyPositive movement aims for inclusivity, studies reveal certain limitations. A study analyzing 300 images in the #BodyPositive movement found:

82.3% featured white women, → reflecting a lack of racial diversity.

50% included makeup, → suggesting that natural beauty is not fully embraced.

Only 17% showcased 'imperfections' such as scars, stretch marks, or acne (Griffin et al., 2022).

Rather than completely dismantling beauty norms, the movement sometimes expands existing standards—making them more flexible but not entirely transforming them.

🎭 When the Movement Still Focuses on Appearance

 While #BodyPositive broadens the definition of beauty, it continues to focus on physical appearance (West, 2022). Research by Cohen et al. (2020) found:

32% of images featured revealing or highly revealing clothing.

34% contained elements of body objectification.

Additionally, on other platforms like Instagram, the majority of people who openly share their journey of body acceptance are still white, heterosexual, young, and have body types that align with conventional beauty standards (Griffin et al., 2022)

View this post on Instagram

A post shared by Danielle🌻💕 (@kale.themwith.kindness)

This has led many to question whether the movement genuinely helps everyone feel accepted or if it still operates within certain limitations.

🚨 Tumblr’s 2018 Content Moderation Policy and Its Impact on #BodyPositive

In 2018, Tumblr implemented a content moderation policy banning NSFW (Not Safe for Work) content, significantly impacting the #BodyPositive movement. The policy aimed to reduce child exploitation and extremist content (Sands, n.d.), but it also restricted body-positive content.

According to Habermas’s public sphere theory, Tumblr was considered an open space where individuals could discuss freely. However, the 2018 policy reduced this freedom, leading to:

 ❌ The removal of many body-related and sex-positive posts. 

❌ A decline in diversity within the #BodyPositive movement. 

❌ A migration of users to other platforms with stricter commercialized algorithms (Sands, n.d.).

As a result, while the policy aimed to regulate harmful content, it inadvertently restricted self-expression within the #BodyPositive community, limiting diversity and reducing Tumblr’s role as an open and inclusive space for body acceptance.

🔮 Conclusion 

Tumblr has been a crucial platform for the growth of the #BodyPositive movement, fostering a space for self-expression and community building. However, research shows that even in an open environment, traditional beauty standards still exert a strong influence.

To achieve the movement’s true objectives, further steps are necessary: 

✔️ Enhancing content diversity, especially by encouraging participation from underrepresented groups. 

✔️ Shifting from Body Positivity to Body Neutrality, recognizing bodies as natural aspects of human existence rather than assigning value based on appearance. 

✔️ Improving Tumblr’s algorithms, ensuring fair visibility of non-commercialized or less conventional body-positive content.

Ultimately, Tumblr must continue to serve as an open platform where the #BodyPositive movement can thrive—not just as a fleeting trend but as a meaningful shift in how society perceives bodies and self-worth.

References

Body positivity. (2022). Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/basics/body-positivity

Cohen, R., Newton-John, T., & Slater, A. (2020). The case for body positivity on social media: Perspectives on current advances and future directions. Journal of Health Psychology, 26(13), 2365–2373. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105320912450

Griffin, M., Bailey, K. A., & Lopez, K. J. (2022). #BodyPositive? A critical exploration of the body positive movement within physical cultures taking an intersectionality approach. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 4(908580). https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2022.908580

Kruse, L. M., Norris, D. R., & Flinchum, J. R. (2018). Social media as a public sphere? Politics on social media. The Sociological Quarterly, 59(1), 62–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380253.2017.1383143

Osborn, T. (2022). From New York to Instagram: The history of the body positivity movement. BBC Bitesize. https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/z2w7dp3

Sands, M. (n.d.). Tumblocalypse: Where tumblr and its users are headed after the ban. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/masonsands/2018/12/20/tumblocalypse-where-tumblr-and-its-users-are-headed-after-the-ban/

West, M. (2022, April 29). Body positivity movement: Benefits, drawbacks, vs. body neutrality. Www.medicalnewstoday.com. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/body-positivity#in-popular-culture