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MLA Format Citation Guide

The Modern Language Association (MLA) is the organization in-charge of creating the MLA format. It was created as a way for scholars, students, and researchers in the language and literature fields to uniformly format their assignments and papers. This consistent or uniform method of developing an assignment or paper enables easy reading. Besides language and literature subjects, MLA is not used in other subject areas.

When thinking of how to cite your sources, consult the list of primary elements. These are the universal pieces of information suggested by MLA including in the Works Cited entry. List the elements in the following order in the citation:

Author

Source title

Container title

Other contributors

Version

Number

Publisher

Publication date

Location

A punctuation mark should follow each element. The current MLA version has simpler punctuation where commas and periods isolate the elements and information on the sources kept to the essentials.

Author

Start the citation with the author’s last name, then a comma and the other names, as indicated in the work. Conclude with a period.

Mahatma, Homi N. The Position of Culture. Routledge, 1992.

Source Title

The title of the information source follows the author’s name. Depending on the source, it should be in quotation marks or italics. A book should be written in italics.

Clinton, Olivia. The Hummingbird Tree. MacMurray, 1997.

A single webpage is set in quotation marks. The parent website name, which MLA regards as a “container” should follow italicized:

Johnson, Andrea. “How to Prepare Vegetarian Pie.” eHow, www.ehow.com/how_10727_make-vegetarian-pie.html

A periodical (newspaper, magazine, and journal) article is set in quotation marks:

Khan, Alqahtani“Conflicting Nationalisms: The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devi’s Bashai Tudu.” Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature, vol. 15, no. 1, 1996, pp. 41-50.

A piece of music or song on an album is set in quotation marks and then followed by the album name in italics:

Rihanna. “Love on the Brain.” Anti, Roc Nation, 2016,

www.rihanna/album/anti-visual-album/.

The MLA handbook suggests including URLs when citing online sources.

Container Title

The MLA handbook, eight edition introduced “containers”, which are basically larger wholes where the source is found. For example, when citing a poem listed in a poem collection, the single poem is the source and the collection is the container. Usually, the container title is italicized followed by a comma as the subsequent information describes the container.

Kincaid, Jamaica. “Girl.” The Vintage Book of Contemporary American Short Stories, edited by Tobias Wolff, Vintage, 1994, pp. 306-07.

The container could also include a television series, made up of episodes.

“62 Meetings.” Recreation and Parks, created by Michael Schur and Greg Daniels, performance by Amy Richards, season 1, episode 18, Deedle-Dee productions and Universal Media Studios, 2009.

The container can also be a website containing postings, articles, and other publications.

Stevens, Mark. “Caring For An Elderly Relative At Home: Getting Started.” ART OF HEALTHY LIVING, 31 Decemeber 2019, www.artofhealthyliving.com/caring-for-an-elderly-relative-at-home-getting-started/. Accessed 5 April 2020

Sometimes, a container may be within a larger container. For example, a book of short stories on Google Books, or a movie on Netflix. Or you may find the electronic version of a journal on JSTOR. It is essential to cite the containers within larger containers to allow your readers to find the actual source you used.

“62 Meetings.” Recreation and Parks, season 1, episode 18, NBC, 29 Apr. 2010. Netflix, www.netflix.com/watch/70152031?trackId=200256157&tctx=0%2C20%2C0974d361-27cd-44de-9c2a-2d9d868b9f64-12120962.

Other Contributors

Besides the author, there might be other contributors of the source who require credit, such as translators. Illustrators, editors, etc. if their contribution is useful to the research, or needed to identify the source, list their names in the text.

Walton, Michel. Civilization and Madness: A History of Absurdity in the Age of Logic.��Translated by Richard Howard, Vintage-Random House, 1988.

Wolf, Veronica. Esau’s Room. Annotated and with an introduction by Cara Nerow, Harcourt, Inc., 2008.

Version

If a source is listed as a version or edition of a work, put it in the citation.

The Bible. Authorized King James Version, Oxford UP, 1998.

Martin, Shaw, and Debra Jenkins. Ancient Rhetoric for Modern Students. 3rd ed., Pearson, 2004.

Number

If a source forms part of a numbered sequence, such as a journal or multi-volume book with both issue and volume number, the numbers should be included in the citation.

“62 Meetings.” Recreation and Parks, created by Michael Schur and Greg Daniels, performance by Amy Richards, season 1, episode 18, Deedle-Dee productions and Universal Media Studios, 2009.

Publisher

The publisher distributes or produces the source to the public. If there are several publishers who are all relevant to the research, include them in the citation and separate them with a forward slash (/).

Daniels, Greg and Michael Schur, creators. Parks and Recreation. Deedle-Dee Productions and Universal Media Studios, 2015.

Please note that the publisher’s name should not appear in the following sources:

Works published by their editor or author

Periodicals

Website carrying a name similar to the publisher’s

Works that avail work but do not really publish (such as JSTOR, WordPress, or YouTube).

Publication Date

A source may have been published on various dates, like the online version of an original source. For instance, a television series airing on a broadcast network on a particular date, but aired on Netflix on another date. Where a source has several dates, it is enough to use the most relevant date. If you don’t know the date to use, use the one of the source’s original publication.

In the example below, the primary production company is Mutant Enemny with “Hush” being released in 1999. Generally, the TV episode would be cited as follows:

 “Hush.” Buffy the Vampire Slayer, created by Joss Whedon, performance by Sarah Michelle Gellar, season 4, Mutant Enemy, 1999.

But, if you are discussing the historical context where the episode aired originally, then cite the entire date. As you are stating the date of airing, use WB Television instead of Mutant Enemy. This is because it is the network and not the production company that aired the episode on your cited date.

 “Hush.” Buffy the Vampire Slayer, created by Joss Whedon, performance by Sarah Michelle Gellar, season 4, episode 10, WB Television Network, 14 Dec. 1999.

Location

Be as specific as you can while identifying a work’s location. An essay in an article in a journal or a book should have page numbers.

Adiche, Chimamanda Ngozi. “On Monday of Last Week.” The Thing around Your Neck, Alfred A. Knopf, 2009, pp. 74-94.

Online work citation should have URL, but remove any “http://” tag from the start of the URL.

Wheelis, Mark. "Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention." Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol. 6, no. 6, 2000, pp. 595-600, wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/6/6/00-0607_article. Accessed 8 Feb. 2009.

 

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APA Citation Guide

The American Psychological Association (APA) style is a common citation format in the social sciences. This APA Citation Guide gives the general format for the reference page and in-text citations. For further information, see the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th ed.

The APA style has two forms of citations:

In-text citation, which is a short citation placed in the text

A reference, which is a full citation in the reference list placed at the end of the paper

An in-text citation is a short citation usually placed adjacent to the cited text. It notifies the reader that the information presented was taken from the cited source. A reference list offers complete details of the information source and is listed at the end of the paper.

To properly cite a source using the APA style, you should include both citation types in the paper. Each in-text citation should have a reference list entry and every reference list item has at least one corresponding in-text citation.

In-Text Citations

The basic components needed to place an in-text citation are the writer’s/author’s surname and publication year. The page numbers may also be included, especially if you include quotes in the text. You can include in-text citations as a narrative citation or a parenthetical citation.

Narrative citation

Narrative citations are included in the text and are part of a sentence. Typically, narrative citations have the author’s name as part of the text and the publication year enclosed in parenthesis after the name. The following is a narrative citation with one author:

Brown (2021) examined the effects of Covid-19 in third world countries

Parenthetical citation

Parenthetical citations include the author’s name and publication year at the conclusion of a sentence in parenthesis. For example:

Working memory and inhibition in young children were widely studied (Jenkins, 2009).

When to include page numbers

Page numbers are included in an in-text citation where quotes are used. Examples of both parenthetical and narrative citations are provided below:

Narrative

Biden (2005, p. 45)

Biden (2005, pp. 52-54)

Parenthetical

(Biden, 2005, p. 45)

(Biden, 2005, pp. 52-54)

In-Text Citation Examples

The following are in-text citation examples involving several authors:

One author

When citing one author, use their name and put a comma before the year of publication.

Narrative: Black (2011)

Parenthetical: (Black, 2011)

Two authors

Separate the authors’ surnames with “and” in narrative citations and an ampersand symbol (&) in parenthetical citations.

Narrative: Brown and Black (2014)

Parenthetical: (Brown & Black, 2014)

Three or more authors

Only use the first author’s surname followed by et al.

Narrative: Brown et al. (2014)

Parenthetical: (Brown et al., 2014)

Group author

Cite as you would author names

Narrative: Auger Collaboration (2000)

Parenthetical: (Auger Collaboration, 2000)

No author

If the information source does not have an author’s name, use the source title instead of the author’s name. Generally, information sources without an author appear as parenthetical citations. When such in-text citations are added, the text is either place in quotations or italicized. If you italicize the source title in the reference list entry, the same should happen in the in-text citation. If you don’t italicize the title, put it in quotation marks.

Parenthetical, book: (Something here, 1999)

Parenthetical, journal article: (Examination of the Hyacinth plant on fresh water lakes,” 2011)

Reference List Entries

A reference list citation is also known as a full citation. The reference list entries contains four primary details:

The author’s name

The publication year

The work title (in “quotation marks” or italicized)

The source of the reference (e.g., DOI, URL, etc.)

Subject to the source type, it may be necessary to include details such as medium, contributors, publication title, volume number, etc.

Reference List Entry Examples

Here are a few examples of various types of reference entries and their templates. They are, however, for one author. The “F” and “M” represent the first and middle initials of the author’s name.

Book

The book title is written in italics and sentence case.

Template: Author Surname, F. M. (Publication Year). Book Title. Publisher.

Brown, H. (2011). The religious politics of emotion. Oxford University Press.

Journal article

The article title is written in sentence case. Capitalize the first word of a subtitle. The volume number ad journal title are in italics. Include the DOI if it’s included in the article. Use https://doi.org/ before the DOI. In the absence of a DOI in an online journal, write the URL instead. There should not be a period after the URL or DOI.

Template: Author Surname, F. M. (Publication Year). Article title: Subtitle. Journal Title, Volume (issue), page range. URL or DOI

Example

Rollins, W. (2002). Rituals of security and solidarity in the event of a terrorist attack. Sociological Theory, 24(1), 55-89. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9558.2004.00204.x

Magazine or newspaper article

Magazine and newspaper articles use the same style. The magazine or newspaper title is set in italics. Follow the template example and one for writing the date, month, and year.

Template

Surname, F. M. (Date of publication). Title of the article. Title of the Magazine or Newspaper. URL

Example

WGN. (2018, April 12). Parents have a habit of comparing kids to others but you don’t need to. The Times of India. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com//home/sunday-times/parents-have-a-habit-of-comparing-kids-to-others-but-you-dont-need-to/articleshow/84507857.cms

Website

The title of the webpage is indicated in plain text and the website name set in italics. Follow the format provided in the template and the example for the date, month, year, and URL.

Template

Author or Organization Name. (Year, Month Day of Publication). Webpage title. Title of the Website. URL

Example

Johnson, B. (2017, June 10). Binge drinking is problem drinking: How to regain control. PSYCOM. https://www.psycom.net/binge-drinking-problem-drinking

YouTube Video

The title of the video is italicized and in sentence case. The first word following a colon is capitalized. “Video” is enclosed in brackets after its title. The word “YouTube” then follows and the link provided. Do not include a period after the URL.

Template

Uploader’s name, F. (Year, Month, Day of Publication). Video title [Video]. YouTube. URL

Example

Mariah, G. (2020, January 20). APJ Abdul Kalam inspirational quotes [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pjfL51RFL2k

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