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@msjadia

VLOG

RAYMOND JAMES G. SION AUGUST 01, 2019

JANE AUSTEN

ABE INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS COLLEGE

Vape

I. Introduction

The e-cigarette is a battery-operated device that is considered as a safe alternative to smoking cigarettes. The industry is non-uniformly regulated as the effects of the devices are under review. Large tobacco companies have flourished by introducing these devices through various brands that cater to different requirements, thereby enhancing the quality and level of customisation of the products

Vaping is the act of inhaling and exhaling the aerosol, often referred to as vapour, which is produced by an e-cigarette or similar device. The term is used because e-cigarettes do not produce tobacco smoke, but rather an aerosol, often mistaken for water vapour, that actually consists of fine particles. Many of these particles contain varying amounts of toxic chemicals, which have been linked to cancer, as well as respiratory and heart disease.

The e-liquid in vaporiser products usually contains a propylene glycol or vegetable glycerin-based liquid with nicotine, flavouring and other chemicals and metals, but not tobacco. Some people use these devices to vape THC, the chemical responsible for most of marijuana's mind-altering effects, or even synthetic drugs like flakka, instead of nicotine.

Vaping has grown in popularity with the rise of e-cigarettes, which were introduced to the mass market in the U.S. in 2007. Vaping devices include not just e-cigarettes, but also vape pens and advanced personal vaporisers (also known as ‘MODS’). E-cigarettes, which resemble smoked cigarettes, and vape pens, which resemble large fountain pens, are typically simpler in design and less expensive than devices that have been customised by the user.

Vaping is a modern trend, but even new vapes have their roots in ancient history. Ancient Egypt is known for its vaping techniques, such as using hot stones to vape herbs. Thousands of years ago the first shish-a was introduced to India. All those techniques led to the invention of current vapes as we know them today.

II. Body

The modern history of vaping has its origins in ancient times. The first who came up with the idea of an e-cigarette is Joseph Robinson in 1927. However, it was in 1963 when Herbert Gilbert and his “smokeless non-tobacco cigarette” made vaping popular. The Chinese firm Hon Like made the first modern e-cig in the mid-2000s.

One of the most popular, socially tolerable and favourite drugs of people is nicotine. As such, people have tried different ways to consume it. They tried to smoke it, to vape it, to chew it, or apply it on their skin. It shouldn’t surprise you to hear about people who try to inject nicotine no matters how deadly that could be. You can find nicotine in tobacco. And often they mix and consume tobacco with other substances like marijuana while drinking alcohol.

Many devices have been invented to satisfy people’s obsession with nicotine: hookahs, bongs, etc. However, we live in a tech society. That’s why recently, vaporisers have become a cool trend with their variety of tastes and forms. Vaporising has a long history. Herodotus describes, in Egypt (5th century B.C.) people were heating herbs and oils on hot stones to vape. The orator Cicero gave him the title “The Father of History,”. Therefore, we might have to trust him about the ancient origins of vaping. Then, more than 1500 years ago, Irfan Sheikh invented the first shish-a. This happened in another ancient part of the world in what is now Afghanistan. Later on, his dynasty introduced this way of smoking in India. If oriental smoking devices were cool years ago, now it’s all about the e-fashion.

When did the trend of e-cigs, electronic pipes, e-liquids start?

Unknown to many, in 1927 Joseph Robinson came up with the idea of an electronic cigarette. Herbert A. GilbertHowever, it’s another name we relate to vaping. It was Herbert A. Gilbert who in 1963, historical data says, came with the idea of vaping. And in 1965 he patented this invention.

Could it have changed history and saved lives? Well, we can’t tell because, unfortunately, nobody knew of his “smokeless non-tobacco cigarette” back then. In the 80s Phil Ray and Normal Jacobson worked more towards commercialising the idea of e-cigarettes. However, in the 90s FDA didn’t allow tobacco companies to introduce e-cigarettes to the market.

Generally a vaping device consists of a mouthpiece, a battery, a cartridge for containing the e-liquid or e-juice, and a heating component for the device that is powered by a battery. When the device is used, the battery heats up the heating component, which turns the contents of the e-liquid into an aerosol that is inhaled into the lungs and then exhaled.

The newest and most popular vaping product is the JUUL, which is a small, sleek device that resembles a computer USB flash drive. Its subtle design makes it easy to hide, which helps explain why it has become so popular among middle and high school students. It now accounts for about 72 percent of the market share of vaping products in the United States. It comes in several enticing flavours like crème brûlée, mango and fruit medley. Every JUUL product contains a high dose of nicotine, with one Plod or flavour cartridge containing about the same amount of nicotine as a whole pack of cigarettes

Vaping, also known as JUULing, is becoming more popular with youth in middle school and high school. Vaping means using an electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) or other vaping device. It is referred to as vaping because tiny puffs or clouds of vapour are produced when using the devices. E-cigarettes are battery powered and deliver nicotine through a liquid (called e-juice), which turns into a vapour when using the devices. The liquid comes in flavours, such as mint, fruit, and bubble gum, which appeal to kids. Youth often believe that the liquid used in vaping only contains water and flavouring and are unaware that it contains nicotine. Therefore, they may think vaping is less dangerous than using other tobacco products, such as cigarettes. The amount of nicotine in the liquid can be the same or even more than the amount found in cigarettes.

Vaping without nicotine is likely safer than vaping with nicotine. Nicotine dependence is one of the major risks of vaping with nicotine. A 2015 study suggests that people who vape with nicotine are more likely to become dependent on nicotine than people who vape without nicotine. Vaping with nicotine is especially risky for young people. Young people who vape with nicotine are more likely to start smoking cigarettes in the future. However, e-cigarettes still pose health risks, even without nicotine.

Nicotine-free e-juice contains a number of potentially toxic chemicals, such as base liquids and flavouring agents.Studies suggest that nicotine-free vaping can irritate the respiratory system, cause cell death, trigger inflammation, and harm blood vessels.

The fluid flavour does matter. A 2016 report indicated that many vape fluids contain flavouring agents at concentrations that may pose risks to users.

Another study from 2016 tested more than 50 e-juice flavours. The researchers found that 92 percent of the flavours tested for one of three potentially harmful chemicals: diacetyl, acetylpropionyl, or acetoin.

Researchers in a 2018 study found that cinnamaldehyde (found in cinnamon), o-vanillin (found in vanilla), and pentanedione (found in honey) all had toxic effects on cells.It’s difficult to know for sure which flavours contain respiratory irritants, as ingredients tend to differ from one brand to the next.More research needs to be done in order to understand the side effects of nicotine-free vaping.

Many types of e-cigarettes are available, but one popular brand is JUUL. JUUL is becoming more prevalent with youth in middle and high school because of its small size, and it looks like a USB device. When using a JUUL it is often referred to as JUULing.

III. Conclusion

Effects of vape in our body

Most e-cigarettes contain nicotine, and no amount of nicotine is safe. Nicotine is very addictive and can harm children and teens’ developing brains. Using nicotine can cause problems with learning and attention and can lead to addiction. Even being around others who use e-cigarettes and breathing the cloud they exhale can expose youth to nicotine and chemicals that can be dangerous to their health. Studies have also shown that kids who vape are more likely to use cigarettes or other tobacco products later in life.

A growing body of evidence indicates that vaping products may be dangerous. Despite early optimism when these products first came on the market in the late 2000’s, health advocates now recommend caution in using them in light of growing evidence suggesting that their risks, especially to young people, outweigh their benefits.

Preliminary research suggests vaping poses risks to heart health.

The authors of a 2019 review point out that e-liquid aerosols contain particulates, oxidising agents, aldehydes, and nicotine. When inhaled, these aerosols most likely affect the heart and circulatory system.

A 2018 report from the National Academies Press (NAP) found significant evidence that taking a puff from a nicotine e-cigarette triggers an increase in heart rate.The authors also described moderate evidence suggesting that taking a puff from an e-cigarette increases blood pressure. Both could affect heart health over the long term.

A 2019 study assessed data from a nationwide survey of nearly 450,000 participants and found no significant association between e-cigarette use and heart disease. However, they did find that people who smoked both conventional cigarettes and e-cigarettes were more likely to have heart disease.

Another 2019 study based on the same nationwide survey found that e-cigarette use was associated with an increased risk of a stroke, heart attack, angina, and heart disease.

The authors of 2018 study used data from a different national health survey to come to a similar conclusion: Daily vaping is associated with an increased risk of heart attack, even when other lifestyle factors are taken into consideration.

Finally, a 2017 reviewTrusted Source of the cardiovascular effects of vaping indicates that e-cigarettes may pose certain risks to the heart and circulatory system, notably for people who already have some form of heart disease.

However, the researchers concluded that, overall, vaping is thought to be less harmful to the heart than smoking cigarettes.

How does vaping affect your lungs?

Some studies suggest that vaping may have negative effects on the lungs, but more research is needed.

In particular, a 2015 study examined the effects of flavoured e-juices on both human lung cells and lung cells in mice.The researchers reported a number of adverse effects on both types of cells, including toxicity, oxidation, and inflammation. However, these results aren’t necessarily generalisable to vaping in real life.

A 2018 study assessed the lung function of 10 people who had never smoked cigarettes immediately after vaping fluids either with or without nicotine.The researchers concluded that vaping both with and without nicotine disrupts normal lung function in otherwise healthy people.

However, this study had a small sample size, which means the results may not apply to everyone. In contrast, a study from 2017 tracked the respiratory health of people who vaped but never smoked and people who never vaped or smoked over a period of 3.5 years. The researchers didn’t find any significant difference in lung health and symptoms between the two groups. This study also had a small sample size.

The same 2018 report from NAP found that there’s some evidence that e-cigarette exposure has adverse effects on the respiratory system, but that additional studies are required to understand whether vaping contributes to respiratory diseases.

How does vaping affect your teeth and gums?

Vaping appears to have a number of negative effects on oral health.For instance, a 2018 study reported that exposure to e-cigarette aerosol makes teeth surfaces more prone to developing bacteria. The authors concluded that vaping may increase the risk of cavities.

Another study from 2016 suggests that vaping is associated with gum inflammation, a known factor in the development of periodontal diseases.Similarly, a 2014 review reported that vaping may trigger irritation in the gums, mouth, and throat.

Finally, the same NAP report from 2018 concluded there’s some evidence that both nicotine and nicotine-free e-cigarettes can damage oral cells and tissues in people who don’t smoke cigarettes.

Are there other physical effects to consider?

The 2018 report from NAP found substantial evidence that vaping causes cell dysfunction, oxidative stress, and damage to DNA. Some of these cellular changes have been linked to the development of cancer over the long term, though there’s currently no evidence to suggest that vaping causes cancer.

Vaping may also have specific adverse effects on certain groups, particularly young people.

The Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)Trusted Source report that vaping with nicotine can permanently affect brain development in people under the age of 25. It’s possible that we don’t yet know all the physical effects of vaping.

Secondhand exposure to e-cigarette vapour is less toxic than secondhand exposure to cigarette smoke. However, secondhand vapour is still a form of air pollution that probably poses health risks. According to the 2018 NAP report, secondhand vapour contains nicotine, particulate matter, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at concentrations that are above recommended levels. More research needs to be done to understand the long-term health effects of secondhand exposure to e-cigarette vapour.

What can parents do?

It is important to talk with kids about the dangers of vaping. Youth see e-cigarette advertisements from many sources, including retail stores, the internet, TV, movies, magazines, and newspapers. They can also see posts or photos about vaping on social media. Parents should monitor screen time use and talk to their youth about what they may have seen or heard about vaping. Parents can also be role models and set a positive example by being tobacco free.

Ask for a list of ingredients. Contact the manufacturer to ask for a list of ingredients in your vape fluid. If the manufacturer can’t provide a list of ingredients, it might be a sign of a not-so-safe product.

Avoid flavoured vape juices. Unflavoured vape juices are less likely to contain potentially toxic flavouring agents.

Taper nicotine if you’re using vaping to quit smoking, you should gradually reduce your dose of nicotine. Transitioning to nicotine-free vaping can help you minimize side effects.

Drink water right after you vape to prevent symptoms such as dry mouth and dehydration.

To reduce oral side effects after vaping, brush to clean the surface of your teeth.

It can’t hurt to talk to a doctor or other healthcare professional about the risks of vaping, especially if you already have a chronic health condition, such as asthma.

You may also want to make an appointment with a doctor if you think vaping is behind new symptoms, such as coughing, difficulty breathing, or increased heart rate.

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jexxa11-blog · 5 years

Text

@msjadia

VLOG

RAYMOND JAMES G. SION AUGUST 1, 2019

JANE AUSTEN

ABE INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SCHOOL

I. Introduction

Extra Judicial Killing is the killing of a person by governmental authorities without the sanction of any judicial proceeding or any legal process. Extrajudicial Punishments are unlawful by nature, because they break the process of legal jurisdiction in which they occur. Most of the times Extra Judicial Killing targets the leading politicians, religious figures, trade unions leaders and sometimes socially popular figures. Extra Judicial killings are carried out by the state government or other state authorities like the armed forces and police.

Extrajudicial can be written like this ex·tra·ju·di·cial , that means-

Outside the authority of the court. Outside of the usual judicial proceeding.If any killing occurs by the law reinforcement battalion of the country outside the authority of the court will be known as extrajudicial killing .It’s a violation in democracy. Cause Democracy is based on the right of human. And thus it also termed with rules and regulation. Civil court has the authority to give order on execution and it’s the highest state of the land.

Extrajudicial killings and forced disappearances in the Philippines are illegal executions – unlawful or felonious killings – and forced disappearances in the Philippines. These are forms of extrajudicial punishment, and include extrajudicial executions, summary executions, arbitrary arrest and detentions, and failed prosecutions due to political activities of leading political, trade union members, dissident and/or social figures, left-wing political parties, non-governmental organizations, political journalists, outspoken clergy, anti-mining activists, agricultural reform activists, members of organizations that are allied or legal fronts of the communist movement like "Bayan group" or suspected supporters of the NPA and its political wing, the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP)

Extrajudicial killings are most commonly referred to as "salvaging" in Philippine English. The word is believed to be a direct Anglicization of Tagalog salbahe ("cruel", "barbaric"), from Spanish salvaje ("wild", "savage").

Extrajudicial killings (EJKs) is also synonymous with the term "extralegal killings" (ELKs). Extrajudicial/ extralegal killings (EJKs/ ELKs) and enforced disappearances (EDs) are unique in the Philippines in as much as it is publicly and commonly known to be committed also by non-state armed groups (NAGs) such as the New Peoples Army (NPA) and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF). Although cases have been well documented with conservative estimates of EJKs/ ELKs and EDs committed by the NPAs numbering to about 900-1,000 victims based on the discovery of numerous mass grave sites all over country, legal mechanisms for accountability of non-state actors have been weak if not wholly non-existent.

Since taking office on June 30, 2016, Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte has carried out a “war on drugs” that has led to the deaths of over 12,000 Filipinos to date, mostly urban poor. At least 2,555 of the killings have been attributed to the Philippine National Police. Duterte and other senior officials have instigated and incited the killings in a campaign that could amount to crimes against humanity.

II. Body

Human Rights Watch research has found that police are falsifying evidence to justify the unlawful killings. Despite growing calls for an investigation, Duterte has vowed to continue the campaign.

Large-scale extrajudicial violence as a crime solution was a marker of Duterte’s 22-year tenure as mayor of Davao City and the cornerstone of his presidential campaign. On the eve of his May 9, 2016 election victory, Duterte told a crowd of more than 300,000: “If I make it to the presidential palace I will do just what I did as mayor. You drug pushers, holdup men, and do-nothings, you better get out because I'll kill you.”

House Bill 1617, which is currently under consideration before the House of Representatives and aims at strengthening the protection of human rights defenders, could help improve the situation for defenders. The draft legislation reaffirms the rights of human rights defenders when carrying out their peaceful and legitimate activities. It also imposes an obligation on the Government to take all precautionary measures to ensure the protection of human rights defenders against any violence, threats, retaliation, de facto or de jure adverse discrimination, pressure or any other arbitrary action as a consequence of their legitimate activities.

President Rodrigo Duterte on Thursday gave contradicting answers to the question as he continued to defend his brutal campaign against illegal drugs that had been criticized by human rights groups and foreign governments. Speaking to business groups, Duterte said foreigners could not impose the term “extrajudicial killings” on the Philippines because it had its own Constitution.

'No death penalty means no EJK'

He claimed that Philippine laws were “pretty mixed up” since the Revised Penal Code used Spanish words but the procedures were American. “That is what we got from the colonizers. That is why we do not even know how to define extrajudicial killing. There is no such animal here. And other countries cannot force that term on us because we are a sovereign nation, we have a Constitution,” Duterte said.

Duterte explained that based on the foreign countries' definition of extrajudicial killings no incident in the Philippines could be considered as such. “Now, extrajudicial killing is simply homicide or murder. Period. There is no such thing as extrajudicial killing in this country because if you use this definition, there will be less conviction and more acquittal,” he added.

However, Duterte admitted later that there may be extrajudicial killings in the country when he was talking about the death of 17-year old teenager Kian Delos Santos, who was killed in Caloocan in August.

Policemen claimed that Delos Santos was shot dead after violently resisting arrest, but witnesses said the teenager was killed even if he was already begging for his life. “Now are there extrajudicial killings? Yes, that is why on the day I saw (it on) TV, I ordered the police to detain the three policemen,” Duterte said.

President Rodrigo Duterte has admitted for the first time to authorising extrajudicial killings as part of his war on drugs in the Philippines.

Duterte made the admission during a speech at the presidential palace on Thursday, where he directly challenged anyone who criticised how he ran the country. “I told the military, what is my fault? Did I steal even one peso?” said Duterte. “My only sin is the extrajudicial killings.”

Duterte has previously addressed the existence of extra-judicial killings but has always denied they were state-sponsored. This direct acknowledgment of his role in the deaths could give further weight to the ongoing preliminary investigation by the international criminal court (ICC) into the thousands of extrajudicial killings carried out as part of Duterte’s “war on drugs”.

III. Conclusion

Each time a person is killed by the police, the government, in effect, casts a vote of no confidence in the judiciary. Each time a person is denied trail, the legal system of the country is undermined. Each time the law enforcing agencies are allowed to randomly “kill” a suspect, the government creates a Frankenstein. Each time police take a person’s life without the due process of law, the government itself becomes a lawbreaker and reduces itself, in a sense to the level of those that it is trying to punish. An inevitable consequence of this process is that the legally constituted greatly loses its moral authority to government.

The core feature that distinguishes a cilized society from an uncivilized society from an uncivilized one that the former is governed by law and the latter is not. A vital portion of that feature is the principle that “no one is above the law”., from the highest office holder to the most disadvantaged individual. The modern state, through the organ of the judiciary, has been given the power to put someone to death. We underscore the fact that the judiciary is the only organ of the state, not the executive or legislative that enjoys this exceptional power. The judiciary has been allowed this power under very special circumstances and that also after a thorough and lengthy process of law has been completed. Why has so many preconditions been imposed on the judiciary before it can exercise its power of sentencing to death? Simply because life is the Creator’s greatest gift to Humankind and the “Right to Life” is the most fundamental of University recognized human rights, and once taken it can never been restored.

The “crossfire” phenomenon has demolished our claim to be a society under law. Today we have a special force that has been empowered to kill. Not only can it kill at will, it can literally pick up anybody with significant, insignificant or no criminal record and put him(so far there has not been any woman) to the so-called crossfire and kill him. We have also learnt that people who have been otherwise killed in custody is shown to have died in a “crossfire” , it can be called a murder, because this is not a section of the law enforcement machinery that has gone astray and is on a killing spree on its own without the knowledge of the authority. No, this is a specially constituted and trained body that has been given the ‘go ahead’ authority by a democratically (!!!)elected government to kill people with a high record of criminal activity. Well Democracy basically does not hold that to kill people without any authority from the judiciary or court. So if the name, Democratic Republic of Bangladesh wants to exist without any argue, these murderous executions should have to be stopped.

INTERNATIONAL LEGAL OBLIGATIONS

The Philippine authorities are bound by international and domestic obligations, which among other things protect the right to life of all persons as well as their right to fair trial and the right to enjoy the highest attainable standard of health.

The Philippines is a state party to several human rights treaties, among them the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), which prohibits the arbitrary deprivation of life and guarantees the right to a fair trial. It is also a party to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), which protects the right to enjoy the highest attainable standard of health.

In accordance with international law, the Philippine authorities are obligated to:

• Respect and protect the right to life at all times;

• End incitement to violence against people suspected of using or selling drugs immediately;

• Investigate all killings which may be unlawful, including suspected extrajudicial executions, and provide adequate protection from harassment and reprisals for witnesses and complainants;

• Bring to justice those responsible for unlawful killings; and

• Provide remedy and redress to victims.

Under the ICCPR, the right to life is non-derogable, that is, cannot be restricted even “in time of public emergency which threatens the life of a nation.”40 The right to life must be protected by law, and no one should be arbitrarily deprived of his or her life.41 The UN Human Rights Committee speaks of the right to life as the “supreme right” and has called on states parties to “take measures not only to prevent and punish deprivation of life by criminal acts, but also to prevent arbitrary killing by their own security forces. The law must strictly control and limit the circumstances in which a person may be deprived of his life.”

For anyone charged with a criminal offence, the ICCPR also enshrines the right “to a fair and public hearing by a competent, independent and impartial tribunal established by law,” with the presumption of innocence.

In addition, states parties must “ensure that any person whose rights or freedoms ... are violated shall have an effective remedy, notwithstanding that the violation has been committed by persons acting in official capacity.”

Article 12 of the ICESCR recognizes “the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health,” and enumerates specific steps for states to take, including the “prevention, treatment and control” of diseases and the “creation of conditions which would assure to all medical service and medical attention in the event of sickness.”

IMPACT ON CHILDREN

• The violent campaign against drugs has had a devastating impact on children, who have been killed and otherwise harmed during operations.

• Proposed changes to the Philippine Penal Code, including the lowering of the age of criminal responsibility, threaten to worsen the situation.

• On a much wider scale, many children are experiencing severe trauma as a result of losing a parent or sibling and often even witnessing the killing; they also face deeper poverty after a breadwinner’s death.

RECOMMENDATIONS

TO PRESIDENT DUTERTE

• Immediately order an end to all police operations involving unnecessary or excessive use of force, in particular the use of lethal force during the arrest of suspected drug offenders.

• Immediately order an end to all police involvement in killings by paid killers and a crackdown on such killings, restricted to measures which are in accordance with international human rights law.

• Order police to suspend from active duty, pending an investigation, any police officer suspected of involvement in an unlawful killing during a police operation, in murders by paid killers, in planting “evidence”, in stealing from raided homes or in receiving bribes from funeral homes.

• End the use of any language that calls for or excuses violence against alleged drug offenders, as well as their lawyers or Philippine human rights defenders, and recant previous use of such language.

• Publicly call on the police to respect the rights to life and due process provided in international human rights treaties binding on the Philippines and in Philippine law.

• Appoint an independent head to lead the police’s Internal Affairs Service, with a view to this body recommending criminal investigations into suspected extrajudicial executions.

TO THE DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, INCLUDING THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION AND THE OFFICE OF THE PROSECUTOR

• Urgently form a special taskforce within the National Bureau of Investigation to specifically investigate killings of alleged drug offenders during police operations.

• Prioritise, with close oversight of relevant police bodies, prompt, impartial and effective investigations into all drug-related killings that implicate law enforcement officials, including murders by paid killers in which the police are involved, and provide investigators with sufficient resources to carry out actions such as interviews of all potential witnesses, crime scene investigations and forensic examinations.

• Press criminal charges in any case where investigations uncover sufficient, admissible evidence of responsibility for offences involving human rights violations, including unlawful police killings, involvement in murders by paid killers, planting of “evidence” or stealing from raided homes or victims. Ensure that such investigations and prosecutions include persons with command or superior responsibility, irrespective of rank or status, including the highest echelons of the police and politicians with superior responsibility over the police.

• In investigating and prosecuting extrajudicial executions carried out by the police or by paid killers with police involvement, explore the possibility that these may amount to crimes under international law, including crimes against humanity. Such investigations and prosecutions must include whoever

TO THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH

• Promote a clear understanding of the complexity of drug dependence and advocate for a drug policy based on the protection of health and human rights. Work with the Dangerous Drugs Board to formulate a public health approach in lieu of the current emphasis on prohibition and punishment.

• Ensure that individuals involved in carrying out initial screenings of people who use drugs that “surrender” at the barangay level have the relevant medical training, as such training is critical in identifying the needs of each person and offering the appropriate treatment and rehabilitation programme, if needed. Recruit additional doctors to handle the secondary, or advanced, screening of those labelled “high-risk” users.

• Closely monitor community-based programmes, particularly at the barangay level, to ensure that all drug treatment and rehabilitation programmes are voluntary, based on evidence and best practices, and safeguarded by a free and informed consent. Promote a holistic approach to drug dependence, as current reliance on programmes based on abstinence, like fitness programmes or skills training, tend to ignore its complexity.

• Encourage and promote outreach programmes to ensure that people who use drugs are not driven away from health services and that people living with HIV and hepatitis C feel comfortable accessing testing and treatment. Maintain confidentiality of all records. Laws and policies that inhibit the access of people who use drugs to essential health services, including law enforcement initiatives, should be repealed or amended.

• Develop and implement a public campaign to confront and reduce stigma and discrimination against people who use drugs.

• Ensure that drug-related treatment is not compulsory nor undertaken without free and informed consent. Develop specific guidelines and training for health care professionals and administrators on

Pray his soul and don’t to fight back because that his fault drugs is bad health in our life! Drugs can make life shorter! And follow the rules of what president says but its hard to lose someone on your family and in bible say you shall not kill but theres nothing we can do but God is in control to our life and It’s if they will not kill because it’s hurts that some of your brother sister killed because of drugs. And it is very scary in our nation, some people was not involve but they are killing innocent people. Our government is involve in drugs and our other government helping narcos to move it in our country but some drug-lord will stay here to sell drugs those drugs. Help those who our in need keep them close to God, because God is everything.

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