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India–Pakistan Relations Why There is No Peace

Relations between India and Pakistan have been complex and largely hostile due to a number of historical and political events. Relations between the two states have been defined by the violent partition of British India in 1947, the Kashmir conflict and the numerous military conflicts fought between the two nations. Consequently, their relationship has been plagued by hostility and suspicion. Northern India and Pakistan somewhat overlap in areas of certain demographics, shared lingua francas (mainly Punjabi and Hindustani) and shared cuisines inherited from the Mughal Empire.

After the dissolution of the British Raj in 1947, two new sovereign nations were formed — the Dominion of India and the Dominion of Pakistan. The subsequent partition of the former British India displaced up to 12.5 million people, with estimates of loss of life varying from several hundred thousand to 1 million. India emerged as a secular nation with a Hindu majority population and a large Muslim minority, while Pakistan emerged also as a secular nation with an overwhelming Muslim majority population; later becoming an Islamic republic although its constitution guarantees freedom of religion to people of all faiths.

Soon after their independence, India and Pakistan established diplomatic relations but the violent partition and numerous territorial claims would overshadow their relationship. Since their Independence, the two countries have fought three major wars, one undeclared war and have been involved in numerous armed skirmishes and military standoffs. The Kashmir conflict is the main centre-point of all of these conflicts with the exception of the Indo-Pakistan War of 1971 and Bangladesh Liberation War, which resulted in the secession of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh).

There have been numerous attempts to improve the relationship — notably, the Shimla summit, the Agra summit and the Lahore summit. Since the early 1980s, relations between the two nations soured particularly after the Siachen conflict, the intensification of Kashmir insurgency in 1989, Indian and Pakistani nuclear tests in 1998 and the 1999 Kargil war. Certain confidence-building measures — such as the 2003 ceasefire agreement and the Delhi–Lahore Bus service — were successful in de-escalating tensions. However, these efforts have been impeded by periodic terrorist attacks. The 2001 Indian Parliament attack almost brought the two nations to the brink of a nuclear war. The 2007 Samjhauta Express bombings, which killed 68 civilians (most of whom were Pakistani), was also a crucial point in relations. Additionally, the 2008 Mumbai attacks carried out by Pakistani militants resulted in a severe blow to the ongoing India-Pakistan peace talks.

After a brief thaw following the election of new governments in both nations, bilateral discussions again stalled after the 2016 Pathankot attack. In September 2016, a terrorist attack on an Indian military base in Indian-administered Kashmir, the deadliest such attack in years, killed 19 Indian Army soldiers. India’s claim that the attack had been orchestrated by a Pakistan-supported jihadist group was denied by Pakistan, which claimed the attack had been a local reaction to unrest in the region due to excessive force by Indian security personnel. The attack sparked a military confrontation across the Line of Control, with an escalation in ceasefire violations and further militant attacks on Indian security forces. As of December 2016, the ongoing confrontation and an increase in nationalist rhetoric on both sides has resulted in the collapse of bilateral relations, with little expectation they will recover.

Since the election of new governments in both India and Pakistan in the early 2010s, some steps have been taken to improve relations, in particular developing a consensus on the agreement of Non-Discriminatory Market Access on Reciprocal Basis (NDMARB) status for each other, which will liberalize trade. In November 2015, the new Indian Prime Minister, Narendra Modi and Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif agreed to the resumption of bilateral talks; the following month, Prime Minister Modi made a brief, unscheduled visit to Pakistan while en route to India, becoming the first Indian Prime Minister to visit Pakistan since 2004. Despite those efforts, relations between the countries have remained frigid, following repeated acts of cross-border terrorism. According to a 2017 BBC World Service poll, only 5% of Indians view Pakistan’s influence positively, with 85% expressing a negative view, while 11% of Pakistanis view India’s influence positively, with 62% expressing a negative view.

Seeds of conflict during independence

About half a million Muslims and Hindus were killed in communal riots following the partition of British India. Millions of Muslims living in India and Hindus and Sikhs living in Pakistan emigrated in one of the most colossal transfers of population in the modern era. Both countries accused each other of not providing adequate security to the minorities emigrating through their territory. This served to increase tensions between the newly-born countries.

According to the British plan for the partition of British India, all the 680 princely states were allowed to decide which of the two countries to join. With the exception of a few, most of the Muslim-majority princely-states acceded to Pakistan while most of the Hindu-majority princely states joined India. However, the decisions of some of the princely-states would shape the Pakistan-India relationship considerably in the years to come.

Junagadh issue

Junagadh was a state on the south-western end of Gujarat, with the principalities of Manavadar, Mangrol and Babriawad. It was not contiguous to Pakistan and other states physically separated it from Pakistan. The state had an overwhelming Hindu population which constituted more than 80% of its citizens, while its ruler, Nawab Mahabat Khan, was a Muslim. Mahabat Khan acceded to Pakistan on 15 August 1947. Pakistan confirmed the acceptance of the accession on 15 September 1947.

India did not accept the accession as legitimate. The Indian point of view was that Junagadh was not contiguous to Pakistan, that the Hindu majority of Junagadh wanted it to be a part of India, and that the state was surrounded by Indian territory on three sides.

The Pakistani point of view was that since Junagadh had a ruler and governing body who chose to accede to Pakistan, it should be allowed to do so. Also, because Junagadh had a coastline, it could have maintained maritime links with Pakistan even as an enclave within India.

Neither of the states was able to resolve this issue amicably and it only added fuel to an already charged environment. Sardar Patel, India’s Home Minister, felt that if Junagadh was permitted to go to Pakistan, it would create communal unrest across Gujarat. The government of India gave Pakistan time to void the accession and hold a plebiscite in Junagadh to pre-empt any violence in Gujarat. Samaldas Gandhi formed a government-in-exile, the Arzi Hukumat (in Urdu: Arzi: Transitional, Hukumat: Government) of the people of Junagadh. Patel ordered the annexation of Junagadh’s three principalities.

India cut off supplies of fuel and coal to Junagadh, severed air and postal links, sent troops to the frontier, and occupied the principalities of Mangrol and Babariawad that had acceded to India. On 26 October, Nawab of Junagadh and his family fled to Pakistan following clashes with Indian troops. On 7 November, Junagadh’s court, facing collapse, invited the Government of India to take over the State’s administration. The Dewan of Junagadh, Sir Shah Nawaz Bhutto, the father of the more famous Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, decided to invite the Government of India to intervene and wrote a letter to Mr. Buch, the Regional Commissioner of Saurashtra in the Government of India to this effect. The Government of Pakistan protested. The Government of India rejected the protests of Pakistan and accepted the invitation of the Dewan to intervene. Indian troops occupied Junagadh on 9 November 1947. In February 1948, a plebiscite held almost unanimously voted for accession to India.

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It was a religious reform movement during medieval times which emphasized single-minded intense devotion to God. BHAKTI AND SUFI MOVEMENT

Bhakti movement was based on the doctrine that the relationship between god and man is through.

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IAS Exam 2024 Dates, Eligibility, Exam Pattern And Syllabus

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UPSC Topper’s Strategy By Srushti Jayant Deshmukh

UPSC TOPPER’S STRATEGY: Strategy Srushti Jayant Deshmukh – Rank 5 UPSC CSE 2018, Ethics Marks 124, Total 470 Marks in GS Papers!

The evening of 5th April was the longest, happiest, and greatest evening that I ever experienced. That moment of seeing my name in the coveted list among the top ranks changed a lot of things in my life. My past life was rewritten, my opinions suddenly gained weight, and my efforts were appreciated. I saw 101 missed calls on my phone in 4 hrs, and I got a chance to see myself on YouTube. Strategy Srushti Jayant Deshmukh

The day before the result, I was reading the answer to that question on Quora: “How did you spend the first 24hrs after the result?” Many had written that they could sleep peacefully that night. To me, it was absolutely the opposite. The talkative mind of this introvert had an ocean of happiness, waves of questions, and a breeze of satisfaction. No matter how much you read about it, your experience is going to be different and unique.

Moving away from these recollections, the beauty of the UPSC exam is that it transforms you into a much better person. More aware, more responsible, more concerned, more sensitive, more disciplined, more tolerant, and more curious. All in all, a better you, where all your capacities are utilized to the fullest.

I am not following the usual format of Pre, Mains, and Interviews. I am sharing with you an integrated view of your entire preparation. For me, especially the mental preparation and proper management did half the work.

Now, I am from Madhya Pradesh (though native to Maharashtra) and we aspirants are fond of Mnemonics, so I will divide my 2 bits of strategy into 2 Ms and 2 Ps. I hope that it adds some little things to your preparation.

Topper’s Strategy First P – PRODUCTIVITY

In this day and age of the internet, time flies away. Productivity was an issue for me, especially because I prepared along with my college. So to take out the maximum output from my efforts, I did everything to squeeze out time and utilize it.

The first step is to find out where your time goes. I used the SAVE MY TIME APP to have a record of what all activities eat up my time. Every time I unlocked my phone, it asked me whether I ate, was doing chores, studying, sleeping, or traveling. You could use it to track your time spent among subjects.

The next step is to utilize your time correctly. I used to read THE HINDU while commuting back and forth from my college. Devise your own timetable to suit your personal needs.

Apart from time, your energy too needs to be conserved and channeled in the right direction. I avoided major fatigue while out in college as I knew I had to go back and learn. Some BIG sacrifices we make (as they appear to us at that time) like not attending friend’s parties, social gatherings, wedding functions, etc., really help in the long run.

Because it’s not about those 2 hours or 3 days that we spend, but about the planning we do before and the videos that keep playing in our minds after that.

Topper’s Strategy Second P – PREPARATION

It is the gist of the technical part and knowledge we gain for taking the exam. I kept a copy of the syllabus on my table all the time and prepared notes on different sections. I tried to arrange them properly. This helps us to correctly track how much we know and provides a sense of completion.

CURRENT AFFAIRS was the first pillar of my preparation.

Newspapers helped me to learn about things and understand issues deeply as they developed. It allows us to build our own opinions as we screen through contradicting viewpoints on editorial pages on different days. I preferred making my own notes as I could categorize things based on pre-mains related etc. Mains-oriented notes were divided into social, polity, economic, international relations, environment, etc. The monthly magazine of Vision added the final touches to my prep.

I subscribed to the PIB feed where schemes, data on performance, and briefings are covered well. You need not read every news but expertise in deciding will come with time.

RSTV and its programs like the BIG PICTURE, INDIA’S WORLD, etc., really helped me to know issues well. I also listened sometimes to the Program News Analysis on News on AIR. This too is really helpful.

Becoming a little curious while you read current affairs will help you to cover major static portions along with it. Part of learning national parks, environment section, geography, economic concepts of budget-trade, great personalities, etc., can be covered by doing a little research side by side.

I read articles mentioned in the SECURE INITIATIVE, and that helped me to cover good thoughts from different sources.

ANSWER WRITING and TESTS were the second pillar of my preparation.

I wrote answers to questions given in Knowledgekart Success Package. Around 3-4 daily, and uploaded them here for comparison with fellow aspirants. Incidentally, we are unable to make mistakes in our answers but do it pretty well in others. Utilize this tendency to learn as much as you can and get as many upvotes as you can.

Add some salt to your answers apart from the usual framework of intro, body, and conclusion. You can use Data, Indices, International reports, Diagrams, Flowcharts, etc., to add authenticity and variety. Try and experiment with the structure of your answers. Closely follow the KEYWORDS mentioned and the Tail words like analyze, Examine, etc. This thing will come with practice so keep writing and learning. Tests help you to judge yourself, manage your preparation, and simulate the real exam. I used to attempt daily tests MCQs on KNOWLEDGEKART and other websites for practice. Getting close to the exam, I solved tests in different subjects and worked on my weaknesses. I also focused on analyzing my mistakes, whether it was a knowledge gap or over-risk or inappropriate application. Every institute or coaching has its flavor of questions. So add variety and take help from everywhere you can. Coming to Mains, initially don’t press yourself for timing. It will eventually come. I bought a stopwatch to tackle the timing thing. Work on the structure of your answers and then fill the gaps with salt. Focus on the feedback that you get for your answers. I found that the more organized my notes were and the more answers I wrote, the better my answers got.

First M – MOTIVATION

You can be your critic while you check your answers, but when you get up in the morning, be your Best Friend. Tell yourself that you can make it under all circumstances – Come Hell or High Water. Surround yourself with positive people that motivate you, tell you why you can make it, and are with you regardless of your results. For me, it was my parents, the family I lived with, and a couple of very close friends. The power of Music, The YouTube channel FEARLESS MOTIVATION was my one-stop source for getting motivated. Those audio clips really gave me a boost. Motivational songs like Whatever It Takes by Imagine Dragons or songs from Dangal and Lakshya were there in my playlist. The best thing about UPSC prep is that we can get motivated by the very facts that we learn. Try and internalize the things you study in your mind. When

you do this, you wake up every morning not just to clear this exam, but also to do something for that ‘child’, the ‘girl’, the ‘environment’, etc. Be moved by what you study and the impact you can make on society. That will be your best source of motivation.

Second M – MINDSET

The journey is no doubt grueling, but it’s POSSIBLE. This one thing has to be kept in mind throughout your Preparation.

There will be times when you feel you can’t make it, but you have to be stubborn enough to continue being a strong contender. And that is where you should remember that… ” There’s nothing more powerful than a Human being with a Purpose.”

In the 21st century, this is a war we can fight for our purpose, ambition, and society. These lines by SUN TZU can be helpful. ” Victorious warriors win first and then go to war, Defeated warriors go to war first and then seek to win…”

So take enough mock tests, simulate the exam environment, and sharpen your weapons.

Finally, this one thought of Swami Vivekananda was with me all throughout…

” Take up one idea. Make that idea your life. Think of it, Dream of it, Live on that idea. Let your brain, your muscles, and every part of your body, be full of that idea and leave every other idea alone… That is the way to success”

I believe single-minded Focus, Consistent efforts, the Right strategy, and Firm Belief in Yourself can help you sail through.

P.S. I apologize for taking more than a month to share my views. But I was drowned in wishes and took time to comprehend my journey.

I scored 105 in PRELIMS, where I made it, but was in doubt. I never felt really confident in Prelims and scored around 90-110 in tests. I feel the most important is your presence of mind during the exam. In the heat of June, I almost felt my head would burn up. So keep yourself hydrated and tell your heart all is well. It is those 3-4 questions, which might determine your selection.

I am attaching my Mains Mark sheet. I scored poorly in the Essay. But it was General studies that brought me where I came. Sociology optional played a good supporting role. In GS 4, I was never really confident, but it was there that I scored the highest. That is the beauty of the UPSC exam.

#UPSC #IAS #IPS #knowledgekart #topper

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Ministry Of Home Affairs Recruitment 2024 Notification Out, Check Details Result

Ministry of home affairs recruitment 2024 notification, Ministry of home affairs recruitment 2024 apply online, ministry of home affairs departments, mha.gov.in login, www.mha.gov.in registration, ib recruitment apply online, intelligence bureau recruitment, mha ib recruitment, Ministry Of Home Affairs Recruitment 2024 Apply online date and time. Ministry Of Home Affairs syllabus & exam pattern download in pdf Ministry Of Home Affairs Bharti online link Ministry Of Home Affairs vacancy 2024 salary details, Ministry Of Home Affairs written exam date and admit card news, Eligibility criteria, application fees, how to check official notification in pdf in Hindi

The Ministry of Home Affairs has recently released the recruitment notification for various positions in the year 2024. This notification brings a significant opportunity for individuals looking to contribute to the nation's security and administration. Let's dive into the details of this notification.

Overview of the Notification

The Ministry of Home Affairs Recruitment 2024 has announced a number of vacancies across different categories. These vacancies encompass a range of positions, including administrative, clerical, and security roles.

Ministry Of Home Affairs Notification 2024 Apply Online Date

All the candidates are informed that the Ministry of Home Affairs has issued a notification for 1 post, the official notification of which has been issued. Those candidates who want to apply should apply before the last date of application. The date is 13 May 2024 and applications will start from 15 April 2024. For more information check the official notification or visit the official website.

Ministry Of Home Affairs Recruitment 2024 Link

Post details

Age Limit

Salary

Ministry Of Home Affairs Bharti 2024 Education Qualification

Ministry Of Home Affairs 2024 Selection Process

Application fees

How to Apply Ministry Of Home Affairs Recruitment 2024

Ministry Of Home Affairs Recruitment 2024 Notification FAQs

Who comes under Ministry of Home Affairs?

Home Secretary and other senior officials and Union Territory Police Force

How to apply for IB ACIO 2024?

Candidates who want to apply must first visit its official website which is given above. After that the candidate has to click on the option of Latest Job or New Job and search Ministry of Home Affairs Agreement 2024. After searching the recruitment the candidate has to go to the Apply Online link and click on it so that he can apply. You have to fill all the information here and click on the Next button. Upload your photo and thumb impression as per size

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SGPGI Lucknow Recruitment 2024 Notification (Out) 1426 Group B, C Nursing officer Vacancy

SGPGI Notification 2024 PDF download link Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute, Lucknow is issuing a latest notice In which applications are invited for the posts of Stenographer,Senior Administrative Assistant, Technician (Radiology), Medical Lab Technologist, Technical Assistant (Neuro-Otology), Sanitary Inspector, Store Keeper and other various post. We will know all the information about these posts like selection process, syllabus for exam pattern, education qualification, limit, last date etc. in the paragraph below. SGPGI Lucknow Recruitment 2024

The Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGI) in Lucknow has recently released a notification for the recruitment of various Group B and C positions, including Nursing Officers, in the year 2024. This recruitment drive presents a lucrative opportunity for individuals looking to pursue a career in the medical field. Let's delve deeper into the details of this notification.

Overview of the Notification

The SGPGI Lucknow Recruitment 2024 has announced a total of 1426 vacancies across different categories. These vacancies are primarily for Group B and C positions, with Nursing Officer vacancies being a significant part of the recruitment drive.

SGPGI Lucknow Notification 2024 PDF Various post details

Short notice has been issued by Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduation Medical Institute Lucknow which contains details of many posts. The main post among these is Junior Engineer (Telecom), Receptionist, O.T Assistant, Technician (Radiotherapy), Junior Physiotherapist, Nuclear Medicine Technologist & CSSB Assistant that online applications for all these posts will start soon. The process of reservation on all these posts will be under the control of Uttar Pradesh government. Posts can be increased or decreased

SGPGI Lucknow Recruitment 2024 Apply Online Date and Link

SGPGI Age Limit

SGPGI Nursing Officer Salary

SGPGI Lucknow Education Qualification

SGPGI Bharti 2024 Selection Process

Application fees

How to Apply SGPGI Lucknow Recruitment 2024

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oin the Indian Army: TGC 140 Recruitment 2024

Join the Indian Army: TGC 140 Recruitment 2024

Are you ready to take the next step in your career and serve your country with pride? The Indian Army is inviting bright, young engineers to join its prestigious Technical Graduate Course (TGC) 140. This is an incredible opportunity for engineering graduates who aspire to make a difference and contribute to the nation's defense.

What is TGC 140?

TGC is a technical entry scheme of the Indian Army, specially designed for engineering graduates. It offers an opportunity for qualified engineers to join the Army as commissioned officers in various technical branches. TGC 140 is the 140th course of this esteemed program.

Eligibility Criteria:

To be eligible for TGC 140, candidates must meet the following criteria:

Nationality: Candidates must be Indian citizens.

Age: Candidates must be between 20 to 27 years old.

Education: Candidates must have an engineering degree or be in the final year of their engineering course.

Branches: The recruitment is for various technical branches including Civil, Mechanical, Electrical/Electrical & Electronics, Computer Science & Engineering/Computer Technology/Computer Science/Information Technology, Electronics & Telecommunication/Telecommunication/Electronics & Communication/Satellite Communication.

Selection Process:

The selection process for TGC 140 includes the following stages:

Shortlisting: Candidates are shortlisted based on their academic performance.

SSB Interview: Shortlisted candidates undergo a rigorous five-day selection process at one of the Selection Centers. The interview assesses the candidate's personality, intelligence, and suitability for a career in the Army.

Medical Examination: Candidates who pass the SSB interview undergo a thorough medical examination.

How to Apply:

The application process for TGC 140 is conducted online. Interested candidates can visit the official Indian Army website to apply. The application window typically opens for a limited period, so it's essential to keep an eye on the official notifications.

Benefits of Joining TGC 140:

Joining TGC 140 offers numerous benefits, including:

Prestigious Career: Serving as an officer in the Indian Army is a matter of great pride and honor.

Leadership Opportunities: TGC officers get to lead and manage teams, honing their leadership skills.

Career Growth: The Army provides ample opportunities for career advancement and professional development.

Excellent Pay and Allowances: TGC officers receive competitive pay and allowances along with various perks and benefits.

Conclusion:

Joining TGC 140 is not just a job; it's a calling to serve the nation with valor and dedication. If you have the passion and the qualifications, seize this opportunity to embark on an extraordinary journey with the Indian Army. Apply for TGC 140 and be a part of the elite force that protects and defends our country with pride.

For more information and updates, visit the official Indian Army website.

JoinIndianArmy #TGC140 #IndianArmyRecruitment2024 #ServeWithPride