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PDE4-B Inhibitors: New Class in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis treatment

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Treatment

Key Points

BI 1015550 represents the first molecule in the phosphodiesterase 4B (PDE4B) inhibitors studied for IPF.

The drug has combined antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory effects.

Either administered alone or in combination with antifibrotic medication, BI 1015550 helps in slowing down the worsening of lung function in people with IPF

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal interstitial lung disease. As the morbidity and mortality rates associated with IPF remain high, prompt Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis treatment is critical to safeguard individuals’ lung function, reduce the risk of acute exacerbations, and improve outcomes. Currently, there are only two FDA-approved drugs for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis treatment, including Esbriet (cytokine inhibitor) developed by Hoffmann-La Roche and Ofev (tyrosine kinase inhibitor) developed by Boehringer Ingelheim.

With prior experience in the Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis treatment, Boehringer is accelerating the development of another drug named BI 1015550 with a novel mechanism of action to treat IPF patients. BI 1015550 represents the first molecule in the class of phosphodiesterase 4B (PDE4B) inhibitors studied for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis treatment and other progressive fibrosing interstitial lung diseases (ILDs). The drug has combined antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory effects. It recently received Breakthrough Designation by the US FDA in February 2022 for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis treatment.

At the recently held American Thoracic Society (ATS) International Conference, the Company has published the safety and efficacy of BI 1015550 18 mg twice daily in IPF patients (Phase II (NCT04419506)). In the 12-week data, the drug has shown promising results in both groups, i.e., the rate of lung function decline in patients who were not on approved antifibrotics and those who were taking existing antifibrotic therapy.

The primary study outcome was the change in FVC (measured in mL) from baseline at week 12. In patients who were not on approved antifibrotics, the median change in FVC was increased by 5.7 mL for BI 1015550 and decreased by 81.7 mL for the placebo arm; in patients who were already on antifibrotic therapy, the median change in FVC was increased by 2.7 mL for BI 1015550 and decreased by 59.2 mL for the placebo arm. It was found that BI 1015550 had a >98% probability of being superior to placebo in slowing down the worsening of lung function in IPF patients. Over 12 weeks, the trial also met its secondary goal, and the proportion of patients experiencing any adverse event (AE) was greater in patients treated with BI 1015550 compared to placebo in both AF patients (73% versus 68%) and non-AF (65% versus 52%).

Overall, the study concluded that BI 1015550 at 18 mg BID, either given alone or with antifibrotic medication, preserved lung function in IPF patients. The Company expects to initiate a phase III program for the drug later this year. The drug can be a promising oral therapeutic option for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis treatment and other fibro-proliferative illnesses due to its preferential inhibition of PDE4B and anticipated enhanced tolerability in humans and its anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic properties. Suppose this drug gets approval in the upcoming years. In that case, it will compete with already approved treatments, and Boehringer Ingelheim might continue to be a leader in the Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis market.

For more detailed analysis, visit at Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis market.

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Is TSLP a new game-changer for Severe Uncontrolled Asthma?

Severe Uncontrolled Asthma Highlights

Key Points

Tezspire is the only biologic approved for severe asthma with no phenotype (e.g. eosinophilic or allergic) or biomarker limitation

Tezspire helps in stopping inflammation at the source and has the potential to treat a broad population of severe asthmatic patients

Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), which was primarily identified in 1994 as a cytokine produced by thymic stromal cells, a short-chain four α-helical bundle type I interleukin-2 (IL-2) family cytokine shares its homology with IL-7. It was observed to be quite similar to IL-25 and IL-33. Its ability to differentiate naïve CD4+ T lymphocytes in type 2 cells, produce IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, and reduce the expression of interferon γ (IFN-γ) related to type 1 cells is well known. The expression of TSLP increases in the asthmatic airways and correlates with the expression of type 2-attracting chemokines and the severity of the disease.

In December 2021, AstraZeneca and Amgen’s Tezspire/tezepelumab got approval by the USA FDA as an add-on therapy for the treatment of patients affected with severe asthma. Tezspire acts at the top of the inflammatory cascade by targeting TSLP and was approved following a Priority Review by the USA FDA and based on the results from the PATHFINDER clinical trial program. The application included results from the pivotal NAVIGATOR Phase III trial in which Tezspire demonstrated dominance across every primary and key secondary endpoint in patients with severe asthma compared with placebo while adding to standard therapy.

Furthermore, it is the first and only biologic to consistently and significantly reduce asthma exacerbations across Phase II and III clinical trials which included a broad population of severe asthma patients irrespective of key biomarkers, including blood eosinophil counts allergic status, and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO). It is the only biologic approved for severe asthma with no phenotype (e.g. eosinophilic or allergic) or biomarker limitation within its approved label.

“The essential function of TSLP in immunological homeostasis and modulating inflammatory responses at mucosal barriers may explain why tezepelumab is so effective in treating severe uncontrolled asthma”

In May 2022, the data presented at the American Thoracic Society (ATS) International Conference 2022 showed based on a study that patients with severe, uncontrolled asthma demonstrated a higher proportion of substantial clinical responses to tezepelumab. The study uses data from the completed phase III, double-blind, placebo-controlled NAVIGATOR trial to conduct an on-treatment analysis of responses to tezepelumab (NCT03347279).

In the analysis, 51% of the patients received tezepelumab vs. placebo. Across response criteria, the proportion of responders was higher in the tezepelumab as compared with the placebo group for exacerbation reduction i.e. 85.4% vs. 67.5%; Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ)-6 total score (86.9% vs. 76.6%); an improvement from baseline pre-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) i.e. 60.3% vs. 49.9%; and in Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGI-C) score (81.5% vs. 67.7%). The proportion of complete responders (those who achieved significant improvement on all measures) in the tezepelumab group as compared with the placebo cohort was double.

New novel approaches that are capable of blocking TSLP such as fully human single-chain fragment variables against TSLP, bi-functional drugs that combine anti-IL-13 monoclonal antibodies with an anti-TSLP mAb, a fusion protein consisting of the ectodomains of TSLPR and IL-7Ra that extend into the extracellular space which is also known as a TSLP-trap, fragments capable of upsetting the TSLP/TSLPR complex are also expected to enter the market. Some assets are under preclinical investigation e.g. Zweimab (monovalent bispecific) and Doppelmab (bivalent bispecific) which are novel highly potent bispecific anti-TSLP/IL13 antibodies. It has also been observed that Zweimab and Doppelmab have a stronger affinity to the human targets compared to parental antibody formats.

Both TSLP and IL-13 have arisen as important players in cellular signaling in asthma which is categorized by Th2 inflammation. According to DelveInsights’s analysis of the Severe Asthma market, Tezespire is expected to reach sales close to $2Bn for the 7 major markets by 2032. So far biological treatments appear to be a more preferred long-term treatment against type 2 inflammation in severe asthma to reduce OCS exposure. Although there have been no head-to-head comparisons of biologic medicines for asthma to date, the findings of these studies imply that tezepelumab is as effective as other treatments at reducing exacerbations.

For more detailed analysis, visit the Severe Asthma market.

To know more on Severe Uncontrolled Asthma Highlights, visit @ Severe Asthma Market Highlights.

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Dermatomycoses Market Research Report present a detailed analysis of the market listing Dermatomycoses Epidemiology, Drug therapies and pipeline for study period from 2018-2030.

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Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumors (TSGCTs) Market Size, Share, Trends, Epidemiology and Market Forecast 2030

Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumors are a type of neoplasm that affects synovial-lined tendon sheaths, synovial joints, and surrounding soft tissue. Locally aggressive benign tissue lesions are defined by synovial lining inflammation in joints and tendons. Overexpression of the colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor is thought to cause these tumors to form. Giant cell tumors of the tendon sheath (GCTTS), pigmented villonodular tumors (PVNTS), extra-articular pigmented villonodular tumors of the tendon sheath, and localized or focal nodular synovitis are all terms used to describe TSGCTs.

Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumors Causes

Translocation is an alteration to a chromosome that causes Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumors. A chromosome segment breaks off and moves around. The cause of these translocations is unknown. The genetic code for making proteins is stored on chromosomes. A protein termed colony-stimulating factor 1 is produced in excess due to the translocation (CSF1). This protein attracts cells with CSF1 receptors on their surfaces, such as macrophages, white blood cells. These cells cluster together until they form a tumor.

Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumors Sign and Symptoms

Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumors symptoms and signs vary based on the particular area implicated and the subtype present. Pain and swelling of the afflicted joint are frequently the first signs. Joint stiffness is also a possibility. These symptoms usually appear gradually.

Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumors Epidemiology

Giant cell tumors can be found in various organs across the body, including the knee, ankle, hip, and other areas, depending on the development pattern, which can be localized or diffused. 

According to Delveinsight, the tumor location of diffuse tenosynovial giant cell tumors (D-TSGCTs) is highest in the knee, with approximately 791 cases reported in 2017 in the United States. This number is expected to rise throughout the forecast period. 

Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumors Treatment

Surgical resection is the current standard of treatment for Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumors. The most common treatment for localized-type TGCT is the immediate removal of the tumor nodule. Diffuse-type tenosynovial giant cell tumor is typically observed as larger tumors affecting large joints. As a result, care of these tumors is more complex and frequently entails total synovectomy, joint replacement, or, in scarce situations, amputation. Radiation therapy, radiosynovectomy, and systemic therapies are possible treatments (CSF1 inhibitors and Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors).

Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumors Market 

In the forecast period (2021–2030), major drivers such as expanding Incident population, technological advances, and emerging medicines are projected to drive the Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumors (TSGCTs) therapeutics market.

Prospective treatments for Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumors (TSGCTs) are under late-stage development and soon be available. Key players such as Daiichi Sankyo, Five Prime Therapeutics, Novartis, Deciphera Pharmaceuticals, and AmMax Bio were involved in developing therapies that can drive the tenosynovial giant cell tumors market in the upcoming years.

Nilotinib and AMB-05X are in the early stages of development, whereas Lacnotuzumab has completed phase II clinical trials. Cabiralizumab has also passed phase I/II clinical trials, whereas DCC-3014 is still in the early stages.

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Smoking Cessation Market Size, Share, Trends, Epidemiology and Market Forecast 2030

Smoking Cessation is a process of discontinuing tobacco smoking. Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and quitting smoking is the most effective way to slow down the progression of the disease. Tobacco use can potentially lead to tobacco or nicotine addiction, as well as significant health consequences, according to the CDC. It has the potential to significantly lower the risk of smoking-related diseases. Nicotine is addictive, but no effective medications or behavioral therapies are available to help people overcome it. Counseling, nicotine replacement, and bupropion have all been shown to aid in smoking cessation in several studies.

Smoking Cessation Sign and Symptoms

The most significant barrier to quitting smoking is nicotine addiction. Smokers who try to stop often experience cravings for cigarettes, mood swings, insomnia, constipation, increased hunger, anxiety, and other nicotine withdrawal symptoms.

Tobacco quitting lowers the chance of dying from tobacco-related disorders such as coronary heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer and reducing the risk of infertility in women of childbearing age.

Smoking Cessation Epidemiology

The tobacco epidemic is one of the world's most serious public health hazards, claiming the lives of more than 8 million people each year. According to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC), recent data published in the World Health Statistics 2019 shows that between 2000 and 2016, the worldwide age-standardized prevalence of tobacco smoking among persons aged 15 years and older have decreased by 9% points in men and 5% points in women to reach 34% and 6%, respectively.

According to DelveInsight analysts, in 2020, the overall diagnosed smoking Cessation prevalent population in the 7MM will be 50,426,314 people. 

Smoking Cessation Treatment

If you decide to stop smoking, talk to your doctor about dealing with the withdrawal symptoms. They might be able to help you get access to prescription medication or information about local support groups.

Nicotine withdrawal can be treated using a variety of approaches. Nicotine replacement drugs sold over the counter (OTC) are among them. Prescription nicotine replacement therapies, such as nicotine gum and skin patches, are examples. Inhalers and nasal sprays are two examples. These can help alleviate symptoms by gradually lowering nicotine levels in the body.

Non-nicotine prescription drugs, such as bupropion (Zyban) or varenicline, may be used as part of the treatment (Chantix). Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is beneficial, but it is not a panacea. The majority of people still have withdrawal symptoms. NRT will not be able to remove your emotional attachment to smoking.

Smoking Cessation Market 

The National Health Institute (NIH) defines smoking cessation as the process of quitting tobacco use. When you stop smoking, your blood circulation improves, and your blood pressure returns to normal. The senses of smell and taste return, and breathing becomes more accessible. Giving up cigarettes can help you live longer in the long run.

There are several therapy alternatives for quitting smoking on the market right now. Tobacco cessation can be aided by a variety of treatments, including behavioral therapies and FDA-approved drugs. Prescription medications and over-the-counter (OTC) items such as skin patches, lozenges, and gum have all been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.

The Smoking Cessation pipeline is not very robust. Owing to the positive outcomes of some of the candidates during the developmental stage, key players such as Axsome Therapeutics, Achieve Life Sciences, Novo Nordisk, Amygdala Neurosciences, and others have the potential to create a significant positive shift in the Smoking Cessation Market Size.

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Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva Market Size, Share, Trends, Epidemiology and Market Forecast 2030

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva is a disorder in which the skeleton, muscles, and connective tissues, such as tendons and ligaments, are replaced by bone (ossified). This position was to lead to the formation of the bones of the skeleton (extra-skeletal or heterotopic bone) that constrains movement.

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva Causes

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva is called a mutation in the ACVR1 gene. This gene is involved in bone growth and development. Mutations, and the possibility of a disorderly development. The gene can be inherited from a parent, but in most cases, the, is a new mutation, a person with a less-than-a family history of the disease. As a parent, they have a 50% chance of passing it on to their children.

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva Sign and Symptoms

The Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva symptoms begin in the first decade of life with episodes of painful inflammatory soft tissue swellings. Gradually, there occurs restriction of motion at various joints, severely limiting the activities of daily living and the quality of life of such patients by the third decade of life.

A person with Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva can eventually become completely immobilized, Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva does not cause extra bone growth to the tongue, diaphragm, extraocular muscles, cardiac muscle, or smooth muscle.

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva Epidemiology

Although it is established that Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva has no gender preference, there is country-specific research that supports a gender differential. According to Delveinsight, females with approximately 164 cases were affected more than males with 129 cases in the United States in 2017.

According to Delveinsight's analysis, the overall diagnosis Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva population in the 7MM was approximately 630 cases in 2017.

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva Treatment

No treatment can slow or halt the progression of the disease. However, to treat the specific symptoms to improve your quality of life. Some of them are: corticosteroids to reduce pain and swelling during flare-ups, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) between flare-ups, assistive devices such as braces or special shoes to help with walking, occupational therapy.

It doesn't seem to be anything that would cause a new bone to fail. The activity will lead to an increase in the bone tissue. An important part of your treatment plan, which is to be avoided. Biopsies can also occur, such as rapid bone growth in this area.

Intramuscular injections are administered as a vaccine itself, it can also be the cause of the problem. Dental work should be performed with a great cator to avoid the stick and the stretching of the jaw. Blunt-force injuries or damages on account of a fall can cause a flare-up. You should avoid any physical activity that will increase these risks.

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva Market

According to the International Association of Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva, FOP is one of the rarest and most debilitating genetic diseases known to medicine. There is currently no definitive treatment of and a management strategy is supportive. Fundamental consideration that is classified as a drug in Class I, Class II, Class III, together with other muscle relaxants, and for medicinal reasons, including, among other to prevent damage to the scalp nodules in maintaining respiratory health, and performance, in the event the infection, especially flu season.

Although the Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva pipeline was not very robust previously, currently there are several potential players with their promising therapies in the early stages of clinical development such as Ipsen, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, BioCryst, Keros Therapeutics, and several others.

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Retinal Detachment Disorder Market Size, Share, Trends, Epidemiology and Market Forecast 2030

Retinal Detachment Disorder defines a condition wherein a thin layer of tissue (retina) at the back of the eye pulls far away from its ordinary position. Retinal Detachment Disorder separates the retinal cells from the layer of blood vessels that provides oxygen and nourishment. The longer Retinal Detachment Disorder goes untreated, the greater your risk of permanent vision loss inside the affected eye.

Retinal Detachment Disorder Causes

There are many causes of Retinal Detachment Disorder, but the most common causes are growing old or eye injury. There are three types of Retinal Detachment Disorder such as rhegmatogenous, tractional, and exudative. Each type happens due to a one-of-a-kind problem that causes your retina to move away from the back of your eye.

Retinal Detachment Disorder Signs and Symptoms

Retinal detachment disorder itself is painless. However, caution signs nearly seem before it occurs or has advanced, such as the sudden occurrence of many floaters — specks that appear to drift through your field of vision, flashes of light in one or both eyes, blurred vision, gradually diminished side (peripheral) vision, a curtain-like shadow over your visual field.

Retinal Detachment Disorder Epidemiology

Retinal detachment disorder is a common retina-associated disorder caused due to various factors and is more prevalent after the age of 50s. Retinal Detachment Disorder is more common among men as compared to women. In Europe, the highest number of Retinal Detachment Disorder was among males aged 60 to 79 years, whereas TRD was amongst females at the same age.

The Retinal traction detachment epidemiology has not been reported in large-scale studies, mainly because of its multifactorial etiology.

A study by Poulson et al. reported the incidence of primary Retinal Detachment Disorder In southern Denmark to be 1.25 per 100 000 inhabitants per year. In this study, out of all patients with RTD, 48.7% were male, and 51.4% were female. The median age was 59.3 years.

Retinal Detachment Disorder Treatment Options

Surgery is nearly constantly used to repair a retinal tear, hole, or detachment. Various techniques are available. Your eye care provider will consider treatment options with you. You may need a combination of treatments for the best outcomes. Treatments include Laser therapy or cryopexy (freezing), Pneumatic retinopexy, Scleral buckle, Vitrectomy.

Retinal Detachment Disorder Market

The Retinal Detachment Disorder market is segmented by product type, and by the end-user. The Retinal Detachment Disorder market is highly diversified with a huge number of products available in the market and the presence of major players such as Alcon Inc among others. The expanding prevalence of eye-associated disorders and the growing geriatric population are a few driving factors of the Retinal Detachment Disorder market.

Among 7MM countries, the United States accounts for XX% of the overall Retinal Detachment Disorder market size in 2019.

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Functional Dyspepsia Market Size, Share, Trends, Epidemiology and Market Forecast 2030

Functional dyspepsia is a term for recurring signs and symptoms of indigestion that have no apparent cause. Functional dyspepsia is also called non-ulcer stomach pain or non-ulcer dyspepsia. It's not clear what causes functional dyspepsia. Doctors consider it a functional disorder, which means that routine testing may not show any abnormalities. Hence, it is diagnosed based on symptoms.

Functional Dyspepsia Signs and Symptoms 

Functional dyspepsia is common and can be long-lasting — although signs and symptoms are mostly intermittent. These signs and symptoms resemble those of an ulcer, discomfort in your upper abdomen, often accompanied by bloating, belching, and nausea, An early feeling of fullness (satiety) when eating, Pain in the stomach that may sometimes occur unrelated to meals, or maybe relieved with meals.

Functional Dyspepsia Epidemiology

According to an article by Madisch et al. (2018), Functional Dyspepsia is one of the common functional disorders, with a prevalence of 10–20%. It affects the gastrointestinal tract. The community prevalence of dyspepsia is typically rated in 20% to 40%, and the disorder estimates 3% to 5% of primary care visits.

Endoscopic research was found to assess the Functional Dyspepsia epidemiology and the recently suggested subgroups of meal-related symptoms and epigastric pain. Of the 1033 subjects, 156 had dyspepsia, and of these, 114 had Functional Dyspepsia. Of the 114 subjects with Functional Dyspepsia, nearly 70% had meal-related symptoms (postprandial fullness and early satiation), and 50% had epigastric discomfort. Around 16% had meal-related symptoms and epigastric Pain; this was fewer than expected by chance alone.

Functional Dyspepsia Treatment Options

Functional dyspepsia that is long-lasting and isn't controlled by lifestyle changes may require treatment. The Functional Dyspepsia treatment depends on your signs and symptoms. Treatment may combine medications with behavior therapy.

Medicines that may help manage the signs and symptoms of functional dyspepsia include over-the-counter gas remedies, medications to reduce acid production, medications that block acid 'pumps,' antibiotics, low-dose antidepressants, prokinetics, medications to relieve nausea (antiemetics).

Functional Dyspepsia Market 

Limited late-stage pipeline activities have been observed in Functional Dyspepsia; besides, most of the trials are either completed, suspended or terminated as per ClinicalTrials.gov. Key players, such as Zeria Pharmaceutical, RaQualia Pharma, ISOThrive, Jiangxi Qingfeng Pharmaceutical, and others, are developing a treatment for functional dyspepsia. 

It is worth mentioning that companies like Johnson & Johnson, Yuhan Corporation, Ironwood Pharmaceuticals, Abide Therapeutics, and several others tried investigating drugs for this indication, but then again faced challenges like recruitment issues [For example; Abide Therapeutics (ABX-1431); Ironwood Pharmaceuticals (IW-9179)]. Yuhan Corporation was also investigating YH12852 in patients with Functional Dyspepsia in phase II clinical trials, however, suspended due to dose re-selection.

In addition, Dong-A Socio Group tried extending its reach across global markets. The company also filed for an IND (Investigational New Drug) application for a phase II clinical trial in the United States for Motilitone. It is a phytomedicine for Functional Dyspepsia and Dong-A ST's third new in-house developed original drug. The company initiated a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, 4-week, Phase II Clinical trial for assessment of efficacy and safety of Motilitone in patients with Functional Dyspepsia. This Phase II study is completed. No recent updates are available.

By accessing the scarcity of late-stage pipeline candidates, and the absence of attentiveness by pharmaceutical companies, it can be assumed that Functional Dyspepsia market size will amplify at a moderate rate during the forecast period (2017-2030). 

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Chronic Venous Insufficiency Market Size, Share, Trends, Epidemiology and Market Forecast 2030

Chronic Venous Insufficiency refers to lower extremity edema, skin trophic changes, and discomfort secondary to venous hypertension. Chronic venous insufficiency pathophysiology is either due to reflux or obstruction of venous blood flow. Chronic venous insufficiency can develop from the protracted valvular inadequacy of superficial veins, deep veins, or perforating veins that combine them. 

Chronic Venous Insufficiency Signs and Symptoms

The most common Chronic Venous Insufficiency symptoms are tight feeling in calves, painful legs, swelling in legs or ankles, painful leg cramps or muscle spasms, skin changes, varicose veins, leg ulcers, etc.

Chronic Venous Insufficiency Epidemiology

Chronic venous ulcers are painful and debilitating. Nearly 60% develop phlebitis, which often progresses to deep vein thrombosis in more than 50% of patients. The venous insufficiency can also lead to acute hemorrhage. Surgery for Chronic venous insufficiency remains inadequate despite the availability of numerous procedures.

As per the study conveyed by Owayed Al Shammeri et al. (2014), Chronic Venous Insufficiency usually affects lower limbs with a prevalence fluctuating between 25–40% and 10–20% in women and men, respectively.

The annual incidence is 2–6% in women and 1.9% in men. As per the study conducted by José-Román Escudero Rodríguez et al. (2013), the greater the age, the higher the prevalence and the more advanced the chronic venous ulcers. 99% of the patients required some form of treatment, with a more significant proportion among women. Sclerotherapy, endothermal ablation, or surgery was needed by 4% of the patients.

Chronic Venous Insufficiency Treatment Options

Chronic venous insufficiency is not a benign disorder and carries enormous morbidity. Without correction, the condition is progressive. Venous ulcers are apparent and very difficult to treat. Patients with chronic venous insufficiency should be treated based on the severity and nature of the disease. The treatment’s purpose includes reducing discomfort and edema, stabilizing skin appearance, removing painful varicose veins, and healing ulcers. Most patients should initially be treated conservatively with leg elevation, exercise, weight management, and compression therapy.

Chronic Venous Insufficiency Market

To meet the current unmet needs of chronic venous insufficiency, companies like Verigraft, SerenaGroup, and others are developing therapies to treat this indication. The existing pipeline for Chronic Venous Insufficiency has many vital products. The Chronic Venous Insufficiency market dynamics are expected to change in the coming years due to the diagnosis methodologies, incremental healthcare spending across the world, and the anticipated launch of many therapies during the forecast period.

The factors that shall expedite the growth of the Chronic Venous Insufficiency market include increasing awareness about available treatments during the forecast period (2019–2030). Overall, the increasing Prevalence, disease awareness, and promising emerging pipeline therapies will drive the market size forward during the forecast period. A better understanding of disease pathogenesis will also contribute to developing innovative therapeutics for Chronic Venous Insufficiency.

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Chronic Kidney Disease Market Size, Share, Trends, Epidemiology and Market Forecast 2030

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a syndrome where there are tenacious modifications in kidney structure, function, or with implications for the health of the individual. Examples of structural abnormalities encompass cysts, tumors, malformations, and atrophy, which can be evident on imaging.

Chronic Kidney Disease Causes

Chronic Kidney Disease develops when a disease impairs kidney function, causing kidney damage to worsen over numerous months or years. Diseases and conditions that cause chronic kidney disease include: type 1 or type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, glomerulonephritis, interstitial nephritis, polycystic kidney disease, prolonged obstruction of the urinary tract, vesicoureteral reflux, and recurrent kidney infection, also named pyelonephritis.

Chronic Kidney Disease Signs and Symptoms

Signs and symptoms of Chronic Kidney Disease amplify over time if kidney damage progresses sluggishly. Symptoms of kidney disease may include: nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, fatigue, and weakness, sleep problems, decreased mental sharpness, muscle twitches, and cramps, swelling of feet, and ankles, shortness of breath, and high blood pressure.

Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology

The findings from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Health Information Center suggest that the overall prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease increased from 12% to 14% between 1988 and 1994 and from 1999 to 2004, but has remained nearly stable since 2004. The total prevailing population of Chronic Kidney Disease in the 7MM was 65,988,842 in 2017, during the study period 2017–2030.

DelveInsight estimates show the highest Chronic Kidney Disease prevalent population is in the United States, with 37,809,570 cases in 2017. And the second most prevalent cases of Chronic Kidney Disease in 7MM were reported in Japan with 13,758,938 cases in 2017.

Chronic Kidney Disease Treatment Options

Depending on the underlying condition, some types of kidney disease can be treated. Frequently, even though there is no treatment. Treatment usually consists of measures to control symptoms, reduce complications, and slow the progress of the disease.

The main treatments are lifestyle changes, medicine, dialysis, a kidney transplant.

Chronic Kidney Disease Market

Within the rising Chronic Kidney Disease Market Scenario, several organizations are developing small molecule, orally-delivered drugs to block hypoxia-inducible, factor prolyl-hydroxylases (HIF-PHDs), and ultimately increase the production of red blood cells underneath natural oxygen levels.

There are different types of medications available within the market. Available medicines cannot reverse Chronic Kidney Disease; however, they're used to treat complications and to sluggish further kidney damage.

The key players involved in the Chronic Kidney Disease market are GlaxoSmithKline, Akebia Therapeutics, FibroGen/ Astellas Pharma/ AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Astra Zeneca, Tricida, Reata Pharmaceuticals, Corvidia Therapeutics, And others.

The current Chronic Kidney Disease therapeutic landscape in the US is driven by several approved therapies. The market is estimated to be USD 8,190.58 Million in 2030. Market size shall increase during the forecast period (2020-2030), owing to the launch of forthcoming therapies. Among the 7MM, the US accounts for 51% of the overall market size, in USD, of Chronic Kidney Disease in 2030. EU-5 countries, Germany accounts for the largest market size for Chronic Kidney Disease followed by France. 

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Acute Myeloid Leukemia Market Size, Share, Trends, Epidemiology and Market Forecast 2030

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous malignancy characterized through clonal proliferation and impaired differentiation of myeloid precursors with various outcomes. Quickest-growing cancer happens when the bone marrow begins to form cells that have not yet absolutely matured as blasts. These cells crowd the bone marrow, stopping it from making normal blood cells and leukemia starts to crowd out the normal white blood cells, crimson blood cells, and platelets that the frame desires. In Acute myeloid leukemia, the bone marrow additionally makes strange crimson cells and platelets. As consequence, the blood cells do not develop, and it gets hard to ward off infections.

Acute Myeloid Leukemia Signs and Symptoms

The symptoms of acute myeloid leukemia generally expand over a week and become an increasing number severely. Signs can include anemia, light skin, constant tiredness, joint infections, frequent bleeding, bone pain, and others.

Acute Myeloid Leukemia Epidemiology

Acute Myeloid Leukemia accounts for <3% of all cancer, and 25% of all leukemia in adults. Worldwide, the incidence of Acute Myeloid Leukemia is reported to be highest in the US, Australia, and Western Europe. The incidence has been near stable over the last years. Incidence continuously shows 2 peaks in occurrence in early childhood and later adulthood. From 2000 to 2003, the US incidence rate in people aged <65 years was only 1.8 per 100,000 persons, whereas the incidence rate in people aged 65 years was 17 per 100,000 persons.

The Acute Myeloid Leukemia incidence rate of 3.7 per 100,000 inhabitants in Europe with a 5-year survival rate of 19%. A cross-national study using US and England data found that the overall risk of mortality for Acute Myeloid Leukemia was 23% lower in England compared to that in the US. However, survival difference was similar in subgroups of sex and age at diagnosis.

According to a study, the yearly average incidence rate of leukemia was 3.68/105 during 2003-2007 in Nanjing. There were no significant differences in gender, the incidence rate was the highest in the group aged 80~ years.

Acute Myeloid Leukemia Treatment Options

Acute Myeloid Leukemia is common leukemia affecting adults and poses a major medical challenge with increased mortality and morbidity. Once diagnosed, the treatment needs to start as quickly as possible. The treatment depends on age, risk factors, and the sub-types of Acute Myeloid Leukemia.

The aim of treatment for Acute Myeloid Leukemia is to cure it and achieve remission of leukemia cells. Traditionally, the standardized treatment was chemotherapy which can be divided into intensive chemotherapy and non-intensive. The intensive chemotherapies are two phases of remission induction followed by post-remission consolidation-based therapy. The induction therapy includes drugs such as Cytarabine, Daunorubicin, Idarubicin, and Fludarabine either alone or in combinatorial doses. Consolidation therapy is presented in such cases where induction therapy failed to work, with drugs such as Etoposide, Amsacrine, and Mitoxantrone.

Acute Myeloid Leukemia Market

FLT3 Inhibitors such as Midostaurin and Gilteritinib; IDH Inhibitors such as Enasidenib and Ivosidenib; and Hedgehog pathway inhibitor, such as Glasdegib; BCL-2 inhibitor such as Venetoclax have recently entered the Acute Myeloid Leukemia market as promising targeted therapies with specific genetic mutations. As the first directed agent that works very well in the elderly population with Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Venetoclax and Glasdegib has opened possibilities in the world of targeted therapy. Gilteritinib, Enasidenib, and Ivosidenib were approved explicitly for relapsed and refractory Acute Myeloid Leukemia, with specific genetic mutations. This spell of new drug approvals has altered the Acute Myeloid Leukemia Market and provided new opportunities.

Various companies such as Actinium Pharmaceuticals, AVEO Oncology, Biodesix, Daiichi Sankyo, BioSight, Helsinn Healthcare, Rafael Pharmaceuticals, Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Cyclacel Pharmaceuticals, and others are developing effective therapies, which contribute to the market size of Acute Myeloid Leukemia.  

There are many competitors in the development phase for the treatment of AML such as Iomab-B CD45 and Actimab-A CD33 (Actinium Pharmaceuticals), Ficlatuzumab (AVEO Oncology and Biodesix), Devimistat (Rafael Pharmaceuticals), BST236 (BioSight), Bemcentinib (BerGenBio), Pracinostat (Helsinn Healthcare) and others.

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Psoriasis Market Size, Share, Trends, Epidemiology and Market Forecast 2030

Psoriasis is a chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory pore and skin disorder characterized by means of the presence of papules and plaques occurring most normally on the elbows, knees, scalp, and lower back, but isn't confined to those areas.

Psoriasis has both pediatric and adult-onset with the former accounting for more cases. Plaques range in terms of variable morphology, distribution, and severity. Psoriatic patients are often categorized into two major groups: slight or mild to severe psoriasis, relying on the medical severity of the lesions, the share of affected frame surface place, and the affected person's high-quality lifestyles.

There are unique clinical types of psoriasis, the most common of which is plaque psoriasis. Less common variations of psoriasis encompass inverse psoriasis, pustular psoriasis, guttate psoriasis, and erythrodermic psoriasis.

Psoriasis Causes

Psoriasis is thought to be an immune system problem that causes the skin to regenerate faster than normal rates. In the most common type of psoriasis, referred to as plaque psoriasis, this rapid turnover of cells outcomes in scales and crimson patches.

Psoriasis Signs and Symptoms

Psoriasis symptoms can vary from individual to individual. Common signs and symptoms include purple patches of skin covered with thick, silvery scales, small scaling spots, dry and cracked skin that can bleed, itching, soreness, ridged nails, and swollen joints.

Psoriasis patches can vary from a few spots of dandruff-like scaling to predominant eruptions that cover huge areas. The commonly affected areas are the lower back, elbows, knees, and legs, soles of the feet, scalp, face, and hands.

Psoriasis Epidemiology

As per World Health Organization, Psoriasis is a chronic, non-communicable, painful, disfiguring, and disabling disease for which there is no cure and with a great negative impact on patients’ quality of life.

It may arise at any age and is most common within the age group 50–69 years. According to a study by Parisi et al., (2020), psoriasis can appear at any age, despite the fact that most patients present with the situation earlier than 35 years old. Also the occurrence of psoriasis in all ages, with the incidence of the disorder various from 31.4 according to 100 000 person-years in Eastern Europe (Russia) to 521.1 per 100 000 person-years in Western Europe (Germany).

Psoriasis Treatment Options

Even though there is no remedy for psoriasis, there are more than one powerful treatment option and topical therapy is the type of care for treatment. Slight to moderate psoriasis may be treated topically with a combination of glucocorticoids, vitamin D analogues, and phototherapy.

Psoriasis Market

Modern therapies have remained the first-line choice for Psoriasis treatment, mainly mild to moderate cases. The pipeline scenario for topical therapies presents three major key players out of which Tapinarof (Dermavant) and ARQ-151 (Arcutis Biotherapeutics) are in the phase III stage of clinical development, whereas, PF-06700841 (Pfizer) is currently in phase II stage of clinical development. The Psoriasis pipeline is showing early promise with several therapeutic applicants at different stages of clinical development. Numerous innovative therapies for psoriasis are in development, many of which have novel targets and mechanisms of action.

The dynamics of the Psoriasis market are anticipated to exchange within the coming years as a result of the predicted launch of emerging treatment options all through the forecast period of 2020–2030, as there are numerous shortcomings inside the pharmacologic treatment available to treat Psoriasis patients.

Numerous emerging pharmacotherapies for Psoriasis in different stages of clinical development are Bimekizumab (UCB), Mirikizumab (Eli Lilly and employer), and so on. Apart from this, different products include BI 730357 (Boehringer Ingelheim), JTE-451 (Akros Pharma Inc.), KD025 (Kadmon prescription drugs), PF-06826647 (Pfizer), and XP23829 (Arbor prescription drugs/Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories), Tapinarof (Dermavant) and numerous others.

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Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Market Size, Share, Trends, Epidemiology and Market Forecast 2030

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis is a form of lung disease that results in scarring (fibrosis) of the lungs for an unknown purpose. Through the years, the scarring gets worse, and it will become difficult to absorb a deep breath, and the lungs can't soak up enough oxygen.

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis is a form of interstitial lung disease, in general, related to the interstitial (the tissue and space across the air sacs of the lungs), and no longer without delay affecting the airlines or blood vessels. Numerous other types of interstitial lung disease can also cause infection and fibrosis, which are treated in another way.

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Causes

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis causes scar tissue to grow inside your lungs and makes it tough to respire, and it gets worse through the years. Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis scar tissue is thick, like the scars in your pores and skin after a cut. It slows oxygen flow out of your lungs to your blood, which could maintain your body from working as it needs to. Some people get pulmonary fibrosis when exposed to pollutants, certain medicines, or an infection. But doctors do not know what causes idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Signs and Symptoms

A person could have Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis for the long term without noticing any symptoms. After a few years, the scarring on the lungs gets worse, and you might have: a dry, hacking cough that does not depart, chest ache or tightness, leg swelling, loss of urge for food

Shortness of breath, mainly when you walk or do other activities, joint and muscle aches, weight reduction without trying, and numerous others.

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Epidemiology

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis is the most frequent form of interstitial lung disease of unknown origin. It's an exceptional disease, with the median survival being as short as 3.5 years. Traditionally, Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis has become regarded as an inflammatory lung disorder that would be responsive to anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressant drug healing procedures. But, now, the knowledge of the sickness pathogenesis has modified and improved significantly.

The epidemiological records predicted that Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis has an occurrence of 13-20 per 100,000 people worldwide. The entire ordinary population of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis within the 7MM will rise to 284,823 during 2030.

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Treatment Options

There is no cure for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis, and there are currently no approaches or therapies which could dispose of the scarring from the lungs. Treatments are used to sluggish the progression of the lung scarring and may not necessarily reduce the signs and symptoms of cough and breathlessness. Pirfenidone (Esbriet) and nintedanib have been shown to slow the progression of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis; however, some sufferers can't take these medicines because of their side effects. These medicinal drugs are not approved to be used in other interstitial lung diseases.

Some additional medicines can improve the signs of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis, together with shortness of breath and cough. This includes treatment of gastroesophageal reflux with antacid therapy and remedy of shortness of breath with opioids. Different treatments consist of supplemental oxygen, pulmonary rehabilitation, and lung transplant.

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Market

In 2017, the Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis market grew by USD 1,510 million. The US's modern-day healing panorama of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis is driven by authorized healing procedures (nintedanib and pirfenidone). The market size is expected to rise in the forecasted period (2020-2030). The market size of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in the 7mm was 1,510 million in 2017.

To triumph over the drawbacks of the remedy, many companies are working robustly to identify the reason for disease and centered remedy. Drugs are consisting of Pamrevlumab (FibroGen), KD025 (Kadmon Corporation, LLC), PRM151 (Promedior, Inc.), GLPG 1690 (Galapagos NV), Tipelukast (MediciNova), and others in diverse stages of development. They are expected to enter the market, protecting all the severity segments of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis and bringing a revolution within the treatment. 

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Multiple Myeloma Market Size, Share, Trends, Epidemiology and Market Forecast 2030

Multiple myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells. In general, when plasma cells grow to be cancerous and develop out of manipulating, that is known as multiple myeloma. The plasma cells make an ordinary protein acknowledged through several extraordinary names, together with monoclonal immunoglobulin, monoclonal protein (m-protein), m-spike, or para-protein. Regular plasma cells are determined within the bone marrow and are an enormous part of the immune device.

Multiple Myeloma Causes

Myeloma begins with one abnormal plasma cellular for your bone marrow — the soft, blood-producing tissue that fills inside the center of most of your bones. The typical cellular multiplies hastily.

Due to the fact cancer cells don't mature and then die as everyday cells do, they acquire, eventually overwhelming the production of wholesome cells. Within the bone marrow, myeloma cells crowd out wholesome blood cells, leading to fatigue and an incapacity to combat infections.

The myeloma cells keep looking to produce antibodies, as healthful plasma cells do, but the myeloma cells produce odd antibodies that the body can't use. Instead, the peculiar antibodies (monoclonal proteins, or m proteins) increase in the body and cause trouble consisting of harm to the kidneys. Most cancer cells can also cause harm to the bones that will increase the risk of damaged bones.

Multiple Myeloma Signs & Symptoms

Signs and symptoms of multiple myeloma can vary and, early in the disease, there may be none. When symptoms do occur, they can include bone pain- especially in your spine or chest, nausea, constipation, loss of appetite, confusion, fatigue, frequent infections, weight loss, weakness or numbness in your legs, excessive thirst.

Multiple Myeloma Epidemiology

Multiple myeloma is the second most unusual blood cancer prognosis, after non-Hodgkin lymphoma, inside America. Multiple myeloma is barely extra well-known in males as compared to girls. Within the 8mm, the total gender-unique instances of a couple of myelomas were 43,910 cases for adult males and 36,805 cases for women during the year 2020.

Myeloma prevalence is strongly associated with age, with the highest prevalence charges being in older human beings and most frequently recognized amongst people elderly 65–74 years. In line with DelveInsight’s estimates, in Germany, the diagnosed cases of Multiple myelomas by age distribution have been 776, 1,317, 2,1/2, 1,798, and 764 cases for the age institution <55 years, 55—64 years, 65—74 years, 75—84 years, and >84 years in 2020.

Multiple Myeloma Treatment Options

The Multiple Myeloma treatment commonly includes anti-myeloma drug treatments to disgrace the myeloma cells or manage cancer while it comes back (relapses) and medicines and tactics to prevent and treat troubles as a result of myelomas – along with bone ache, fractures, and anemia.

The principal treatment alternatives consist of stem cell transplant, chemotherapy, centered therapy, corticosteroids, proteasome inhibitors, immuno-modulators, monoclonal antibodies, surgical operation, and radiation therapy. Also, the survival of sufferers with myeloma has additionally stepped forward because of the improvement and approval of new remedies. Multiple myeloma remedy techniques have additionally developed with the emergence of recent remedies with a unique mechanism of movement and also with extra complex aggregate regimens getting used, including quadruplets, triplets, and doublets.

Multiple Myeloma Market Insight

The multiple myeloma market is expected to grow in the upcoming years, owing to the rise in incident cases of multiple myeloma, high adoption of newer therapies, rich emerging pipeline, and expected increase in investment in the R&D activities. Some factors such as toxicities, the burden of long-term therapy, differences in clinical care, and practice patterns between treatment centers, as well as access to and cost of therapy in real-world settings may also play a role in the observed gap between trial-based and real-world outcomes.

The dynamics of the Multiple Myeloma market are anticipated to change in the coming years owing to the rise in novel drugs and therapies and the number of healthcare spending across the world. Key players, such as GlaxoSmithKline, Bristol-Myers Squibb, AbbVie, Roche, Janssen Research & Development, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Pfizer, Takeda, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Abbvie, and others are involved in developing drugs for Multiple Myeloma.

Apart from this, some companies are planning to investigate their candidates for Multiple myeloma. Glycostem is planning to investigate their Natural killer (NK) cell therapy NKord, for Multiple myeloma (as per the company’s pipeline).

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Chronic Pain Market Size, Share, Trends, Epidemiology and Market Forecast 2030

Everyone experiences random aches in their body. When an injury occurs, pain signals travel from the injured area up to your brain. Pain will usually subside rigorously because the injury heals. With chronic pain, your body continues to send pain signals to your brain, even after an injury heals. This will last numerous weeks to years.

Chronic pain is described as pain that lasts a minimum of 12 weeks. The pain may feel sharp or dull, causing a burning sensation within the affected areas.

Chronic Pain Sign & Symptoms

Chronic pain impacts your physical health, your emotions, and even your social life over time. The pain can cause other symptoms, like anxiety, depression, poor sleep, exhaustion, annoyance, guilt, loss of interest in sex, and so on.

Chronic Pain Treatment Options

Acknowledging chronic pain could also be a problem, but it is the first step towards treatment. Start consulting your doctor about chronic pain symptoms. It'll be easy to identify the source of the pain.

However, for several people, a mix of treatments is best. Medications could also be combined with physiotherapy, acupuncture, relaxation techniques, psychological counseling.

The most common types of OTC pain relievers are acetaminophen (Tylenol) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, include aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen.

Chronic Pain Epidemiology Insights

Chronic pain was found in 20.4% of the adult population.

In the United States, the Chronic Pain prevalent cases were 52,769,187 in 2020.

As per the DelveInsight estimates, in the United Kingdom, the total Chronic Pain severity-specific prevalent cases were 5,797,657 for mild and 12,865,455 cases for moderate to severe chronic pain in the year 2020.

Chronic Pain Market Insights

An increase in Chronic Pain market size is anticipated for the study period, 2018–2030 with a CAGR of 3%.

The Chronic Pain market is predicted to grow due to the increasing prevalence of chronic pain, rise in awareness and access to treatment, alternative options to addictive opioids, holistic approach, efforts by the organization, and an upsurge within the geriatric population.

Key players committed to the development of therapies for Chronic Pain patients are Pfizer/Eli Lilly and Company, Regeneron, Teva Pharmaceuticals, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Allergan, Samumed, and others.

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Cluster Headaches Market Size, Share, Trends, Epidemiology and Market Forecast 2030

Cluster Headache (CH) Overview

Cluster Headache is a major headache and is very common in a group of head problems called trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias. The term cluster headache comes from the fact that the attack occurred in groups, or “clusters.” During the group cycle, severe headaches also occur between 1─8 times a day. Cluster cycles can last for weeks or months and are usually terminated during periods of remission, or periods of headaches. It usually occurs at the age of 20-40 and this condition is more common in men than women. It contains a headache on one side of the head. It is related to symptoms that occur on the same side of the head where the pain persists, runny or crooked nose, including red or clear eye, and spraying or sweating of the face.

Cluster Headache Causes

●     The exact cause of cluster heads is unknown, but cluster patterns suggest that abnormalities in the body's hypothalamus play a role.

●     Unlike migraine and tension headache, cluster headache is usually not associated with causes, such as diet, hormonal changes, or depression.

●     As soon as the collection time begins, however, alcohol consumption can quickly start a divisive headache. For this reason, many people with a cluster head avoid alcohol during the collection.

●     Other possible causes include the use of drugs such as nitroglycerin, a drug used to treat heart disease.

Cluster Headache Signs and Symptoms

The cluster's head strikes quickly, usually without warning, although you may begin to experience nausea such as migraine and aura. Common signs and symptoms during a headache include:

1.    Pain on one side

2.    Instability

3.    Extreme sadness

4.    Redness of your eye on the affected side

5.    The stuffy or runny nose on the affected side

6.    Forehead or facial sweating on the affected side

7.    Pale skin or wrinkles on your face

8.    Swelling around your eye on the affected side

9.    Drooping eyelid to the affected side

Unlike those with migraines, people with cluster headaches are more likely to walk faster or stay back and forth. Other symptoms such as migraine - including sensitivity to light and noise - can occur with the head of the group, however on one side.

Cluster Headache (CH) Epidemiology Insights

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) cluster headache is comparatively rare and it affects fewer than one in 1,000 adults which affects six men to each woman (“Headache disorders,” n.d.)

According to the research study of Fischera et al., the pooled data for cluster headache showed that the lifetime prevalence of 124 per 100,000 and a 1 year prevalence of 53 per 100,000 (Fischera, Marziniak, Gralow, & Evers, 2008).

Cluster Headache (CH) Market Outlook

Cluster headache is a neurovascular rather than a vascular headache, with vascular cerebral changes being focused by the effects of trigeminal-autonomic reflex activation. The trigeminal-autonomic reflex is a pathway that consists of a brainstem linking between the trigeminal nerve and facial cranial nerve parasympathetic outflow and is activated with the stimulation of the trigeminovascular pathways.

There is an advancement in the understanding of the cluster headache pathophysiology, which has led to the improved characterization and diagnosis of the clinical features. For treatment to be effective, the correct diagnosis must be made followed by choice of treatment, taking into account the severity and frequency of attacks, other symptoms, patient preference, history of treatment, and comorbid conditions.

The dynamics of the Cluster Headache market is expected to change in the coming years owing to the improvement in the diagnosis methodologies, increasing awareness of the disease, and incremental healthcare spending across the world. Key players in the therapeutic market of Cluster Headache are Zosano Pharma and Mind Medicine (MindMed) etc. The launch of emerging therapies, such as LSD (Mind Medicine (MindMed)) and C213 Microneedle System (Zosano Pharma) will significantly impact the Cluster Headache market during the forecast period (2020–2030).

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Phenylketonuria (PKU) Market Size, Share, Trends, Epidemiology and Market Forecast 2030

What is Phenylketonuria?

Phenylketonuria is a rare genetic condition that causes an amino alkanoic acid called phenylalanine to create within the body. Phenylalanine is found altogether in proteins and a few artificial sweeteners.

Phenylalanine hydroxylase is an enzyme your body uses to convert phenylalanine into tyrosine, which your body must create neurotransmitters like epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine. Phenylketonuria is caused by a defect within the gene that helps create phenylalanine hydroxylase.

Phenylketonuria Sign & Symptoms

Newborns with Phenylketonuria initially don't have any symptoms. However, without treatment, babies usually develop signs of Phenylketonuria within a few months.

Phenylketonuria signs and symptoms can be mild and may include:

●     A musty odor in the breath, skin, or urine

●     Neurological problems

●     Eczema

●     Microcephaly

●     Hyperactivity

●     Intellectual disability

●     Delayed development

●     Psychiatric disorders

Phenylketonuria Treatment Options

There is currently no cure for Phenylketonuria, but the condition is controllable through proper diet. The main way to treat Phenylketonuria is to eat a special diet that limits foods containing phenylalanine.

When your infant is old enough to eat solid foods, you need to avoid letting them eat foods high in protein. These foods include eggs, cheese, nuts, milk, beans, and chicken, etc.

Phenylketonuria Epidemiology Insights

The National Phenylketonuria Alliance estimates that there are currently 16,500 people living with Phenylketonuria in the United States.

Germany has the highest number of cases, i.e., 8,317, followed by France with 7,523 cases and therefore the United Kingdom with 6,564 cases. While Spain has the smallest number of cases with 2,490 in 2020.

In 2020, the diagnosed Phenylketonuria prevalent cases in Japan were 1,015.

Phenylketonuria Market Insights

Currently, there is no cure for Phenylketonuria (PKU); however, the prevailing treatment is predominantly through dietary restriction of phenylalanine (Phe) to the minimum required for normal growth, supplemented with specifically designed medical foods. For many years, the only treatment for PKU has been the adherence to the strict low phenylalanine diet for life.

Therefore, the first line of therapy for Phenylketonuria treatment is dietary therapy, where a low Phe diet is supplemented with amino acid formulas, which commences soon after diagnosis. The goal of treatment for PKU is to keep plasma phenylalanine levels within 120–360 µmol/L (2–6 mg/dL), which is achieved through carefully planned and monitored diet. Limiting the child’s intake of phenylalanine, cautiously as it is an essential amino acid. A carefully maintained diet can prevent intellectual disability as well as neurological, behavioral, and dermatological problems. 

Phenylketonuria Emerging Therapy Assessment

Companies across the globe are diligently working toward the development of novel treatment therapies with a considerable amount of success over the years. Key players, such as Synlogic, Censa Pharmaceuticals, Codexis, Homology Medicines, etc., are developing therapies for the treatment of patients with Phenylketonuria (PKU).