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INTERFACING OF IR SENSORS:-

To interface an IR sensor with an Arduino, you can:

Connect the IR sensor's VCC pin to the Arduino's 5V pin

Connect the IR sensor's GND pin to the Arduino's GND pin

Connect the IR sensor's OUT pin to an analog input on the Arduino

Import the Arduino Wire library and define the pins used to connect the sensor

Read the sensor's voltage output using the Arduino's analogRead() function

Write code to compare the sensor's output to a predefined value

When an object is detected by the sensor, it outputs a voltage between 0 and 5 volts, depending on the distance of the object.

Here are some other things to know about IR sensors:

IR sensor types

Active IR sensors have a transmitter and a receiver. The transmitter is an IR LED or LED source that produces light, and the receiver receives the signals transmitted by the transmitter.

IR sensor applications

IR sensors are used in many applications, including climatology, meteorology, gas detectors, flame monitors, and more.

IR sensor working principle

IR sensors detect objects and obstacles by transmitting infrared light and monitoring the reflected light.

IR LED

IR LEDs are special-purpose LEDs that emit infrared rays. They are usually made of gallium arsenide or aluminum gallium arsenide.

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CASE STUDY OF COMPANY TEXAS INSTRUMENTS INC

TEXAS INSTRUMENTS:-

Texas Instruments (TI) is a global analog and digital semiconductor IC design and manufacturing company. In addition to analog technologies, digital signal processing (DSP) and microcontroller (MCU) semiconductors, TI designs and manufactures semiconductor solutions for analog and digital embedded, application processing, and education technology.

BACKGROUND:

Texas Instruments (TI) designs, makes and sells high-technology components to customers all over the world. Almost all of their business centers around the sale of integrated circuits– also known as semiconductors or “chips” — to electronic designers and manufacturers. TI has a very broad product portfolio, which includes chips that are central to almost all electronic equipment.

There are four segments: Analog, Embedded Processing, Wireless and Other. TI expects Analog, Embedded Processing and the smartphone portion of their Wireless to be the primary growth engines in the years ahead. As a consequence, they have been focusing their resources on these areas.

CHALLENGE:

Although TI has a well-established brand identity, their Medical Business Unit (TIMBU) did not enjoy the same equity with their target industry. TIMBU had recently expanded from providing semiconductor chips for medical devices only (for example, CAT scan and x-ray machines), to including devices related to healthy lifestyle, but not necessarily medical (e.g., pedometers, blood glucose meters, blood pressure cuffs, heart rate monitors). TIMBU needed an impactful way to communicate their expanded focus. The goal was to explain the new products, emotionally connect with customers, generate brand awareness, and educate and equip their sales team. CS Creative was brought in to identify how to divide their products to align with various audiences, brand their business unit and articulate their messaging.

In discussion with TI Malaysia Procurement Executives and feedback from participants in the Basic Negotiating workshop held in Kuala Lumpur and Melaka, it was found that none of the procurement employees had any procurement certifications. Also, with their line of work, there was a need on how to build relationships with suppliers, at the same time ensuring the best value for TI.

SOLUTION:

Our extensive market research led to a branding blueprint that included a new name: TI Healthnet. CS Creative developed the tagline “Engineering Components for Life” to drive home TIMBU’s brand vision: providing technologies that help clients create innovative products to transform healthcare worldwide. To set TI Healthnet apart from its competitors, our branding approach features the people who benefit from the products developed from TI technology, and invites the viewer to connect emotionally with them. Because the target audience is engineers, we presented the visual branding in a way that also appeals to the left brain. Each mosaic was created from hundreds of images of TI products and their end-use applications. Clients and prospects can easily see how TI Hettich is applicable to their business and will benefit them and their customers.

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ASK, PSK, FSK technique

ASK:

Amplitude Shift Keying ASK is a type of Amplitude Modulation which represents the binary data in the form of variations in the of a signal. Any modulated signal has a high frequency carrier. The binary signal when ASK modulated, gives a zero value for low input while it gives the carrier output for HIGH input. The Following Picture represents ASK modulated waveform along with its input.The Carrier generator sends a continuous high-frequency carrier. The binary sequence from the message signal makes the unipolar input to be either high or low. The High signal closes the switch, allowing a carrier wave. Hence, the output will be the carrier signal at high input. When there is low input, the switch opens, allowing no voltage to appear. Hence , the output will be low.

PSK:

Phase-shift keying (PSK) is a digital modulation process which conveys data by changing (modulating) the phase of a constant frequency reference signal (the carrier wave). The modulation is accomplished by varying the sine and cosine inputs at a precise time. It is widely used for wireless LANs, RFID and Bluetooth communication. Any digital modulation scheme uses a finite number of distinct signals to represent digital data. PSK uses a finite number of phases, each assigned a unique pattern of binary digits. Usually, each phase encodes an equal number of bits. Each pattern of bits forms the symbol that is represented by the particular phase. The demodulator, which is designed specifically for the symbol-set used by the modulator, determines the phase of the received signal and maps it back to the symbol it represents, thus recovering the original data. This requires the receiver to be able to compare the phase of the received signal to a reference signal – such a system is termed coherent (and referred to as CPSK). CPSK requires a complicated demodulator, because it must extract the reference wave from the received signal and keep track of it, to compare each sample to. Alternatively, the phase shift of each symbol sent can be measured with respect to the phase of the previous symbol sent. Because the symbols are encoded in the difference in phase between successive samples, this is called differential phase-shift keying (DPSK). DPSK can be significantly simpler to implement than ordinary PSK, as it is a 'non- coherent' scheme, i.e. there is no need for the demodulator to keep track of a reference wave. A trade-off is that it has more demodulation errors.

FSK:

Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is a method of transmitting digital signals using discrete signals. The two binary states -- logic 0 (low) and 1 (high) in a binary frequency-shift key mechanism -- are each represented by an analog waveform. Logic 0 is represented by a wave at a specific frequency, and logic 1 is represented by a wave at a different frequency. The distance between logic 0 and logic 1 is known as the deviation or shift point. A modem converts the binary data from a computer to FSK for transmission over telephone lines, cables, optical fiber or wireless media. The modem also converts incoming FSK signals to digital low and high states, which the computer can understand from a binary standpoint. When transmitting data between nodes, the distance between the digital states dictates how much data can be transmitted within a specific length of time. Placing the logic 0 and logic 1 states too far apart will create slow throughput rates. However, if the frequency changes are too close together, it can create what is known as intersymbol interference (ISI) -- a condition which can cause errors on the receiving end of the connection. Thus, for maximum throughput and to prevent ISI, signals should be as close together as possible. FSK can also operate using more than two binary discrete frequencies. These are known as multiple frequency-shift keying (MFSK). MFSK uses the M- ary orthogonal modulation technique that can transmit two or more bits simultaneously.