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Lung Volumes

Tidal volume- the volume of air moved in or out of the lungs during quiet relaxed breathing. 0.5L

Residual volume- the volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximum exhalation . 1.2L

Vital capacity- the volume of air that can be exhaled after maximum inhalation. 4.8L

Total lung capacity- the total volume of air that can be contained in the lungs. 6L

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What does surfactant do? 

Surfactant is a coating on the inside lining of the alveoli. This coating makes it easier for the alveoli to expand during breathing. It also keeps the alveoli from collapsing and sticking together when air leaves the lungs. 

Surfactant is naturally made in the lungs between 24 and 35 weeks gestation. This is between the 6th and 8th months of pregnancy. By 35 weeks most babies have enough surfactant to breathe well. 

What happens if my baby is born prematurely? 

If your baby is premature or born early, he or she may not have enough surfactant in the lungs to breathe well. The surfactant coating may be uneven or patchy. When your baby breathes out, the alveoli may collapse and stick together. With each breath, the baby must work very hard to open the alveoli. This makes it harder for your baby to breathe. Giving your baby extra surfactant will even out the coating in the alveoli. This will keep them from collapsing, making breathing easier.  

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Surfactant. a lipid secreted i the alveoli; reduces the surface tention of the water within the lung, thus decreasing the energy required to fill the alveoli with air.

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Respiration

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Nasopharynx- the uppermost portion of the pharynx. Has Pharyngeal tonsils.

Oropharynx- middle portion of the pharynx . Has palatine tonsils & lingual tonsils.

Laryngopharynx- bottom portion of the pharynx, directly above Larynx.

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Pharynx

=throat. passageway lined with mucus membranes; communicate with the nasal cavities.

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Respiratory System

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Acquired Immunity

develops after exposure to a foreign antigen

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Inborn Immunity

dependent on species, race, individuality

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Specific Immunity

Immunity produced by lymphatic tissue and immune cells, results from exposure to specific antigen from foreign cell.

Atibodies ( immunoglobulins)- attack to a specific antigen;  bind similar cells together (opsonization)  which prepares cells for phagocytosis.

T Lymphocytes ( T- cells) - specialized WBC  from thymus, activate immune response.

T Helper cells- identify an antigen, initiating defense.

T cytotoxic cells-  directly identify a foreign antigen on the surface cell, binding to it  and destroying the cell.

B cells- Identify and differentiating into plasma cells to produce antibodies for that antigen

Memory cells-B cells that remain in body for years after first eposure to an antigen, to provide future protection.

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Nonspecific Immunity

defenses of the body that do not discriminate between one threat and another. 

Physical barriers- skin, hair, mucus , earwax, tears and sweat.

Phagocytes- including mobile and free macrophages

reflexes- coughing, sneezing, vomiting, diarrhea, and fever. 

inflamation

complement- destroys foreign cell walls

Interferon- interferes with virus replication

Normal flora- normal bacteria in the skin and gastrointestinal tract. Prevents harmful bacteria from residing and multiplying in the body.

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Tonsils- three pairs of lymphoid organs in the pharynx that help fight infection and filter blood. 

Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) - below the nasopharynx

Palatine tonsils- visible from the mouth on the walls of the oropharynx

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Spleen- fist size organ beneath the diaphragm.  Filters the blood, produces red blood cells before birth, act as a reservoir for blood storage if hemorrhage occurs.

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Lacteals- small, specialized  lymph vessels in the villi of the small intestine: carry lymph fluid and fat, together are chyle.

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Healing Full body Lymphatic drainage massage

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Breast Lymphatic Massage 

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U C Berkeley  Lymphatic Class  with Professor Marian Diamond  (50min)