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SA 543. Upgrade and Configure a PC

Upgrade RAM :

 By shutting down the computer.

Unplug all cables connected to it.

Adding more memory to the PC is one of the cost-effective means boosting its performance.

remove the computer case so the motherboard could be access.

Remove the old kit. Start by toggling the plastic retention clips at either end of the memory slots so you can pull out the old RAM.

Put in the new RAM kit and make sure the memory module is correctly placed.  The notch in the bottom edge of the RAM must match up with the rise in the memory slot.

lastly, close all the computer case. plug everything back in and turn on the computer, it may take time due to recognize and adjust the new memory that is installed.

Upgrade/Replace CPU :

Rotate all four mounting pushpin caps to the left. 

Gently pull one of the pushpins straight up until you feel it release. Use minimal force to accomplish this. Repeat the operation for all four pushpin latches. 

The CPU is often stuck to the heat sink with thermal compound, which helps transmit accumulated heat from the CPU heat spreader surface to the heat sink. Gently rotate the processor back and forth.  As you do this, the CPU will gradually loosen. Eventually the heat sink will come free, and you can lift it up. 

The socket cover will now lift up. Note that the socket cover for LGA775 swings in a different direction than it does for other Intel CPU sockets.

Once the latch cover is open, gently grasp the CPU by the edges. Lift it straight up. Do not slide it to one side. You may have to angle it a bit to get it out from under the latch cover, but try not to do this until the CPU is clear of all the pins in the socket.

Place the CPU in an anti-­static container for storage.

Attach the heat-sink fan connector to the assembly.

Reattach any wires or cables that are re­­move, or reinstall the motherboard if you removed it at the beginning of the process. 

Add high performance video accelerators:

start with a pre-configured baseline system for your general editing needs, you still can tweak the components to best allocate your purchasing dollars to fit your specific editing projects, particularly the types of video material that you work with and the complexity of your editing timeline. 

Over-clock a CPU :

Purchase an aftermarket CPU cooler, this is to significantly improve the CPU Temperature. Going one step further with an all-in-one water cooler such as the Kraken X41 or Kraken X61 will really allow you to push your CPU to its limits. 

There are two ways for you to increase your CPU clock speed (Core Frequency). first step is to enter the BIOS settings, by pressing “DEL” and while the computer boots up,   Navigate to the overclock settings to view the CPU Multiplier. the second step by adjust the CPU multiplier gradually. it will either say something like AUTO.

Test for the stability by safely boot into the windows after increasing the multiplier. A��CAM to keep a close eye on your CPU temperatures and to confirm the increased clock speed this is to monitor the software.

increasing the voltage,  it’s possible that your CPU is not receiving enough power to maintain the increased clock speed. One way to remedy this is to raise the CPU Core Voltage. Head back into the BIOS settings and navigate to the Voltage Settings.

Repeat if its necessary.

Upgrade BIOS :

Find the BIOS version used by the computer’s motherboard.

Check if there are any BIOS update available.

prepare the computer for the update.

Backup the Existing BIOS, 

Update The BIOS Of Your Computer Or Motherboard

3 hardware problem and its solution:

1. Application that wont install - this is because the computer does not have enough hard drive space

how to overcome :

In this case, user are needed to free up some space for the hard drive by getting rid of unwanted files and folders. these may be temporary files, duplicate files or data for software that are to installed.

2.  The Monitor won't turn on or it simply shows no picture.

how to overcome :

If the monitor has a power indicator light and it isn't on, check and make sure the monitor is plugged in. 

If you still don't see a picture after the restart and the power indicator on the monitor is green, either hold a lamp or flashlight right in front of the monitor. If you can see a picture in the background with the light on it then the monitor's back lighting may be malfunctioning and the screen will need to be replaced. 

3.  The sound doesn't work

how to overcome :

Check and make sure that the speakers are turned on and that they have power. 

Check and make sure that the volume is turned up and isn't muted within Windows. 

3 software problem and its solution:

1. Wi-Fi keeps disconnecting

how to overcome:

Confirm that your computer is within range of your wireless router. Weak signals mean weak connections. Next, make sure your PC’s wireless card has the latest drivers. Try letting Windows troubleshoot for you by right-clicking the Wi-Fi icon in the taskbar and selecting Troubleshoot problems.

2. cannot open email attachments

how to overcome:

The usual suspect is the .pdf file, for which you can download a free PDF reader. If your problem involves a different file format, a quick search on the attachment’s file extension (the three letters after the period in the filename) should tell you what type of program you need. If the attachment lacks a file extension (which might happen if it was renamed), adding it back should set things right.

3. Pop-up ads are appearing on desktop

how to overcome:

Running a full scan with credible antivirus software is your first step. If that program doesn’t find and remove the adware, turn to antivirus free apps, a great utility for removing all types of malware. Just make sure to disable your standard antivirus software before running it. 

Searching online for the name of the advertised product can sometimes yield solutions from fellow victims. If all else fails, there’s always the nuclear option: a complete system reinstall. It might take a long time, but it’s the only surefire way to remove adware or spyware. Remember to back up all your personal files. 

Step by step process in performing systems tools

System Restore

Log on to your computer as an administrator.

Open the Control Panel by clicking Start, and then clicking Control Panel.

Click System and Security, and then click System.

Under the Control Panel Home menu, click System protection.

Click System Restore.

Recommended Restore is the default choice. This restore is the most recent restore point and the best place to start.

To choose a different restore point, click Choose a different restore point, click Next and then click a restore point.

Click Next, and then click Finish to confirm your restore point.

To start the restore process, click Yes.

Once the system restore is complete, your computer will restart.

Disk Cleanup

Click Start.

Click All Programs | Accessories | System Tools | Disk Cleanup.

Select Drive C from the drop-down menu.

Click OK.

Disk cleanup will calculate the free space on your computer, which may take a few minutes.

After the calculation is complete, you should see a dialog box that looks similar to the following:

Confirm that only the following checkboxes are checked:

Downloaded Program 

FilesTemporary Internet 

FilesRecycle Bin

Temporary Files

     8. Click OK.

     9. You will see a dialog box that prompts you: Are you sure you want to                  permanently delete these files

    10. Click Delete Files.

    11. Disk cleanup will delete the files and close automatically.

Check Disk

Click the Start button

Go to Computer

Right-click on the drive you want check

Click Properties

At the Tools tab, under the Error-checking section, click Check Now

If prompted, enter the Administrator password

You can now run the disk check tool:To automatically repair errors, select Automatically fix file system error.

Click Start.

Disk Defragment

1. Choose Start, Control Panel, System and Security.The Administrative Tools window appears.

2. Click Defragment Your Hard Drive.The Disk Defragmenter dialog box appears.

3. Click the Analyze Disk button.This step checks whether your disk requires defragmenting. A drive with 10 percent or more fragmentation should be defragmented. (If you’ve been using your computer for a while, the drive may show 50 percent fragmentation or more.)

4. When the analysis is complete, click the Defragment Disk button.A notation displays the progress of defragmenting your drive. When the defragmenting process is complete, the Disk Defragmenter dialog box shows that your drive no longer requires defragmenting.

5. Click Close.

The Disk Defragment dialog box and the Control Panel close.

Task Manager

Press Ctrl+Alt+Del.

Click Start Task Manager.

Click the Processes tab.

In the Image Name column, locate explorer.exe.

Click the End Process button. Windows Explorer closes but all other applications, including Task Manager, remain open.

Click the Applications tab.

Click the New Task button. The Create New Task dialog box opens.

In the Open text box, type explorer.

Click OK. Windows Explorer opens.

[mellaharun-blog]

Internet Programming

Table user

Table subject

Table course

selecting all the names with the id number 1

selecting subject name and course name with DIT as their course

selecting subject names that has letter ‘a’

Inserting each table using query

Updating each table using query

Updating latest data inserted on each table 

[mellaharun-blog]

Internet Programming

The db structure

users structure

users detail

Subject structure

subject detail

course structure

course detail

[mellaharun-blog]

Database Queries - Exercise

MySQL

MySQL is a database system used on the web

MySQL is a database system that runs on a server

MySQL is ideal for both small and large applications

MySQL is very fast, reliable, and easy to use

MySQL uses standard SQL

SELECT

purpose : used to select data from a database.

Syntax :    SELECT column_name,column_name                   FROM table_name;

sample code :

SELECT CustomerName,City FROM Customers;

Output :

JOIN

purpose :  used to combine rows from two or more tables, based on a                               common field between them.

Syntax : 

sample code : 

output :

INSERT

Purpose :   use to selects data from one table and inserts it into an                                      existing table. Any existing rows in the target table are                                        unaffected.

Syntax : 

Sample code :

output :

UPDATE

Purpose :  used to update existing records in a table.

Syntax : 

Sample code :

output :

DELETE

Purpose :  used to delete rows in a table.

Syntax : 

Sample code :

output :

[mellaharun-blog]

PMT Skill Area 524.6 - Operating System

Explain each OS

Steps to install each OS

Give 3 differences for each OS

Explain Multi-boot/Dual-boot Systems.

Identify the importance/purpose.

Explain device drivers and identify its purpose.

identify steps on how to view the installed drivers using device manager on windows and terminal on Ubuntu.

Windows 7

It was released on 22 october 2009

It was a microsoft window operating system

It is familiar with code names called Blackcomb and vienna.

It is built in Vista kernel.

It  has a graphical user interface (GUI) that allows you to interact with items on the screen using a keyboard and mouse.

Steps on how to install windows 7:

Step 1: Turn on the PC and press the ‘F2′ continuously, there will come up and option to boot through CD/DVD, select that option. windows will start loading its files.

Step 2: This is the part where are you are given a choice of language for your windows. select ‘English’ and click Next. also there will be ‘Install Now’ button, click on it will proceed to the next step.

Step 3: There will be a license agreement. click on ‘I Accept’ and proceed to next. after that there will be an option to install windows. ‘Upgrade’ and ‘Custom’. click on the ‘Custom’ to proceed.

Step 4: For this step, This is the most important part of the installation. this will allocate spaces to the drive. if you wanted to create a new drive. simply click on a drive and then click ‘New’ and new drive will be created.

Step 5: When the drives are created. simply select the drive in which you windows you wish to install. click on the ‘Format’, this will erase all the previous data on that drive. click ‘Next’ to proceed. 

Step 6: The windows now is installing its files. during this process do not plug in or off the device. It might interupt and data might be loose and have to repeat the process all over again.

Step 7: After the files are installed, the PC will rebooted and ‘User Setting’ will appear on the screen. simply add the name and password, and proceed to ‘Next’.

Step 8: In this step, windows are to activate. enter the ‘Product Key’ on the back cover of the CD and add the key into the PC and click ‘Next’.

Step 9: Now the windows are being installed, Select either Home, Public and Work according to your location. this is only to add sharing security according to the location where you at.

Last step: the windows are finally install and now you can see the desktop, use a simple setup to the desktop and enjoy.

Linux (Ubuntu)

It is a Computer Operating System.

It was established in 2004.

An African word mean “humanity to others”.

It is a free software and was not a part of everyday life in computer use.

Steps on how to install Linux:Ubuntu

step 1: Install by using DVD, restart the computer. choose the language. option will be given.

Step 2: preparing to the install the Ubuntu. click on the install third-party software for graphics and Wi-Fi hardware, Flash, MP3 and other media. and click on the ‘Continue’ Button to proceed.

Step 3: Allocate the drive space and Use the checkboxes to choose whether you’d like to Install Ubuntu alongside another operating system, delete your existing operating system and replace it with Ubuntu, or if you’re an advanced user choose the ’Something else’ option.

Step 4: Depending on the previous selection, you have to verify that have been chosen in which it would like to install the Ubuntu, the installation process will begin when the ‘Install now’ button is click.

Step 5: By selecting your correct location, select ‘Forward’ to proceed. if just incase you forgot on unsure the time zone. type the name of the town you’re in or click on the map and we’ll help you find it.

Step 6: select the preferred keyboard layout and click on the language option, if you are unsure. click the ‘Detection keyboard layout’ button to help.

Step 7: For this step, you are required to enter your login and password details.

Step 8: Wait for the installation set up, wait for it and then after completing the installation. click on the ‘Restart Now’ and you are ready to use it.

Three(3) Difference of windows 7 and Linux: Ubuntu

Multi-Boot system:

It is the act of installing Multiple operating system on a computer, and being able to choose which one to boot. The term of dual-booting only refers to the common configuration of specifically two operating system.

Importance/purpose:

It is to allow the operating system to be loaded and given a fully control.

To reduce the space dedicated to hardware in the working environment

Wanted to experiment the Linux but have to retain the windows.

Device drivers and its purpose:

a program that controls a particular type of device that is attached to your computer. There are device drivers for printers, displays, CD-ROM readers, diskette drives and etc.

Its purpose is to enable communicate with the other device and it is also use to maintain the status of hardware device that has a changeable settings. A device driver also to convert more general input/output instructions of the operating system to messages that the device type can understand.

steps on how to view the installed drivers using device manager on windows and terminal on Ubuntu:

Run the steps: It is automatically installed for all detected device during installation.

Starting the computer: Whenever it is started. a new device is detected and the device drivers are automatically installed.

Scanning for new hardware: add or remove hardware wizard can be used to perform the hardware-detection process and desire device driver installation  

Manual installation: You can use the add or remove Hardware Wizard to specify the device you want to install, or you can right-click the ‘INF file’ that comes with the driver and choose Install.

References:

Get Into PC. (2013). How To Install Windows 7 - Step By Step Method For Beginners. [online] Available at: http://getintopc.com/tutorials/how-to-install-windows-7-step-by-step-method-for-beginners/ [Accessed 29 Nov. 2016]. 

Ubuntu.com. (2016). Install Ubuntu 16.04 LTS | Ubuntu. [online] Available at: https://www.ubuntu.com/download/desktop/install-ubuntu-desktop [Accessed 30 Nov. 2016].

Difference Between. (2016). Difference between Ubuntu and Windows 7. [online] Available at: http://www.differencebtw.com/difference-between-ubuntu-and-windows-7/ [Accessed 30 Nov. 2016].

SearchWindowsServer. (2016). What is dual boot? - Definition from WhatIs.com. [online] Available at: http://searchwindowsserver.techtarget.com/definition/dual-boot [Accessed 30 Nov. 2016].

SearchEnterpriseDesktop. (2016). What is device driver? - Definition from WhatIs.com. [online] Available at: http://searchenterprisedesktop.techtarget.com/definition/device-driver [Accessed 30 Nov. 2016].

SearchEnterpriseDesktop. (2016). Device drivers: Installation and configuration. [online] Available at: http://searchenterprisedesktop.techtarget.com/tip/Device-drivers-Installation-and-configuration [Accessed 30 Nov. 2016].

[mellaharun-blog]

Skill Area 539.2 Utilize Appropriate Control Structure

Skill Area 539.2.1 - Logical flow of program

Sequence

Selection

Iteration

Control Structure:

Allow users to execute code based on evaluation.

Sequence: 

where the instruction are performed one after another.

Selection:

One instruction or another is performed(there is an option/choice).

if statement(one condition one choice)

if...else statement(one condition two choice)

if...elseif...else statement(many condition many choice)

switch statement

Iteration:

Involves in performing an instruction many times.

Pretest Loop(while) - test the condition first and then run the process:

Posttest Loop(do while) - run the process first and then test the condition:

While

do...while

for

for each

[mellaharun-blog]

Skill Area 539.1.4 Write program involving the input/output statements

Rules of statements

Ends with semi-colon

Echo and print are more less the same, they both give output but echo is faster than print

Echo

Echo is constructor

echo has no return value

can take multiple parameters

can be used with or without parentheses: echo or echo()

more powerful compare to print

Print

Print is function

print has a return value of 1 so it can be used in expressions

can take one argument

can be use with or without parentheses: print or print()

print method is low

PHP data types:

String

Integer (whole number)

Float (number with decimal point)

Boolean

Array

Object

NULL(no value to assigned)

Resource

[mellaharun-blog]

542.2 PC Tools, Assemble/Dissamble, BIOS

Identify SIX(6) different PC repair tools and explain its function.

Wire cutter

Used to strip and cut wires.

Torx screwdriver 

Used to tighten or loosen screws that have a star-like depression on the top, a feature that is mainly found on laptops.

Phillips head screwdriver 

Used to tighten or loosen cross-headed screws.

Compressed air 

Used to blow away dust and debris from different computer parts without touching the components

Crimper 

used to attach connectors to wires.

Wire stripper 

A wire stripper is used to remove the insulation from wire so that it can be twisted to other wires or crimped to connectors to make a cable.

Describe static charge, Explain how it works.

Static Charge

When two materials are in contact, electrons may move from one material to the other, which leaves an excess of positive charge on one material, and an equal negative charge on the other. 

tools to avoid from getting static shock:

Anti-Static Rubber Finger Stalls

Anti-Static Release Discharger Keychain 

Anti-Dissipative Wrist Strap 

List the detailed step by step procedure in assembling a PC

Step 1. you need to have the parts that are necessary to build a computer, The parts such as:

1. Processor (CPU) 2. Computer Case 3. Optical Drive (DVD RW and SATA capable) 4. Memory (RAM) 5. Power Supply 6. SATA Cables 7. Motherboard (SATA Capable) 8. Processor Fan 9. Case Fan 10. Hard Drive (SATA Capable) 11. Assortment of case and drive screws (Not Pictured) 12. Flowers (necessary if you are invading the space of your significant other)

Step 2. Gathered all the tools to set up the PC

Screwdriver (for slotted and Phillips head screws)

Wire cutters and strippers

Needle-nosed pliers

Utility knife

Small flashlight

Adjustable wrench

Small container to hold screws

Heat sink compound

Grounding Strap

Step 3 Install the Motherboard

Step 4 Install the Hard Drive

Step 5 Install the Optic Drive

Step 6 Install the CPU

Step 7 Install the RAM

Step 8 Install the CPU Fan   

Step 9 Install the Case Fan

Step 10 Install the Power Supply

Step 11 Connect the cables.

List the detailed step by step procedure in disassembling a PC.

Step 1 Gather all the tools to unset the PC, open and unscrew the case:

Screwdriver (for slotted and Phillips head screws)

Wire cutters and strippers

Needle-nosed pliers

Utility knife

Small flashlight

Adjustable wrench

Small container to hold screws

Heat sink compound

Grounding Strap

Step 2 Unplug all the cables

Step 3 Uninstall the Power Supply

Step 4 Uninstall the Case Fan

Step 5 Uninstall the CPU Fan

Step 6 Uninstall the RAM

Step 7 Uninstall the CPU

Step 8 Uninstall the Optic Drive

Step 9 Uninstall the Hard Drive

Step 10 Uninstall the Motherboard  

Research for the steps on accessing the BIOS 

1. Navigate to the settings, by clicking on the Start menu.

2. select “Update & security”

3. Select the “Recovery” from the left menu.

4.  Click “Restart Now” button under Advanced startup. The computer will reboot to a special menu.

5. choose Troubleshoot

6. Click the “Advanced options”

7. Select on the “UEFI Firmware Settings”.  

8. Click Restart Button.

Your system will restart and take you to the BIOS.  

References:

[closed], W. (2016). Which static electricity prevention tools do actually work?. [online] Superuser.com. Available at: http://superuser.com/questions/321800/which-static-electricity-prevention-tools-do-actually-work [Accessed 22 Nov. 2016]. 

Academy, C. (2016). Proper Use of Tools (2.2) > IT Essentials: Computer Lab Procedures and Tool Use. [online] Ciscopress.com. Available at: http://www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=2086239&seqNum=7 [Accessed 22 Nov. 2016].

Instructables.com. (2016). How To Assemble A Basic Desktop PC. [online] Available at: http://www.instructables.com/id/How-To-Assemble-A-Basic-Desktop-PC/ [Accessed 22 Nov. 2016].

Avram Piltch, L. (2015). How to Access the BIOS on a Windows 10 PC. [online] Laptopmag.com. Available at: http://www.laptopmag.com/articles/access-bios-windows-10 [Accessed 23 Nov. 2016].

[mellaharun-blog]

IPG Skill Area 539.1.2 - Identify the use of Arithmetical and Logical Operators.

Php Arithmetic operators.

Php Assignment operators: 

“ = ” which is to assign the value

Php Comparison operators:

“ == “ - Equal

“ === ” - Identical

“ != ” - not equal

“ <> ” - not equal

“ !== ” - not identical

Explain the differences between

$maganda = “ MissJ ” and $maganda == “ MissJ “

“ = “ is use to assignment operator to assign the value while “ == ” is  an comparison operator which to show the equal value.

Php increment / decrement operators:

“ ++$x “ - Pre-increment

“ $x++ “ - Post-increment

“ --$x “ - Pre-decrement

“ $x-- “ - Post-decrement  

[mellaharun-blog]

IPG Skill Area 539.1.1 - explore the basic of a web programming language.

·         PHP script – the code that runs on the server.

·         PHP syntax -  can be placed anywhere in the code.

·         Delimeters:  <? and ends with ?>

·         File extension - .php

·         Php file normally contains HTML tags.

·         Php  statements(a line of code) end with semicolon(;)

·         Php comments:

// this is a single line comments

# this is also a single line comment

/* this is for the multi-line comments */

Different data types and arithmetic operations with I/O statements.

Variables – a container used to store data like strings, number and arrays

Rules for constructing variables:

·         A variable starts with $ followed by name of the variable:                         $carname

·         Must begin with a letter or underscore character: $_cars     $car

·         Variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters and                 underscores(A-Z, 0-9, and _): $cars_1            $1z_a

·         Variable name should not contain spaces

·         Variable name are case sensitive

·         Has no command for declaring variable.

·         Single quoted(‘)

·         Double quoted(“)

PHP Variable Scope

ü  Is part of the script where the variable can be referenced/used

ü  PHP has four different variable scopes:

·         Local (retains data)

·         Global (access within a function)

·         Static (change the value)

·         Parameter

[mellaharun-blog]

PMT - Skill Area 542.2 Install & Configure a System.

Identify the safety measures in performing PC maintenance & repairs.

Unplug the appliance under repair

Avoid working with your wet clothes and hands

Replace the entire power supply unit with the new similar type power supply.

Always wear gloves or insulator when carrying out repairs on electronic devices which to prevent from electronic shock.

Do not wear any metallic jewelries since metals are a good conductor of electricity, It may flow through the skin causing an electric shock.

Clean up the cabling and everything else too, this is to prevent from tripping on the cables.

Clean up the software, this is to remove the unwanted software which gives you other spaces inside the memory.

Checked for updates, which includes the windows update so you can sure that your other software and OS is fully updated.

Once the hard-drive is fully cleaned, defragment is a good thing to do which organizes other files leading to a faster disk access and improved system performance.

Run and antivirus software and scan regularly, this is to monitor the systems for threats 

List the procedures(step-by-step) process in performing PC maintenance:

By using a software call CCcleaner or any cleanup utility, this may help to reduce the amount up to gigabytes of the wasted space.

Search and destroy spyware or viruses on the PC, user can use the AVG anti virus to clean up the viruses.

Defragment the PC every month this is to help the PC to ran smoothly.

Uninstall the unwanted software or programs that are no longer needed, also any unwanted music or videos.

Use computer disk management system to free up space on the hard disk.

Describe the following electronic terms:

Power

Current

Resistance

Voltage

Power

It is a rate per unit time, at which electrical energy is transferred by an electric circuit. The SI unit of power is the watt, one joule per second. Electric power is usually produced by electric generators, but can also be supplied by sources such as electric batteries.

Current

The rate of flow of electrons through a conductor or component; measured in amperes.  The symbol (I) stands for intensity of the electron flow.

Resistance

Resistance is the opposition that a substance offers to the flow of electric current.  It is represented by the uppercase letter R. The standard unit of resistance is the ohm, sometimes written out as a word, and sometimes symbolized by the uppercase Greek letter omega. 

Voltage

It is also called electromotive force, is a quantitative expression of the potential difference in charge between two points in an electrical field.

Reference:

Puget Systems. 2016. Top 10 things you should be doing to maintain your computer - Puget Custom Computers. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.pugetsystems.com/labs/articles/Top-10-things-you-should-be-doing-to-maintain-your-computer-39/. [Accessed 15 November 2016]. 

wikiHow. 2016. How to Maintain Your Computer: 10 Steps (with Pictures) - wikiHow. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.wikihow.com/Maintain-Your-Computer. [Accessed 15 November 2016]. 

En.wikipedia.org. (2016). Electric power. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power [Accessed 22 Nov. 2016].

Nwscc.edu. (2016). This material is based upon work supported by the  National Science Foundation  under Grant No. [online] Available at: http://www.nwscc.edu/nsfdc/technology/DCTermspage.htm [Accessed 22 Nov. 2016].

Google.com.bn. (2016). Power - Carian Google. [online] Available at: https://www.google.com.bn/search?q=Power&rlz=1C1LENP_enBN574BN574&oq=Power&aqs=chrome..69i57j0l5.1735j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#q=Voltage+in+electronic+terms [Accessed 22 Nov. 2016].

[mellaharun-blog]

IPG

[mellaharun-blog]

system unit

Motherboard

processor

pro

northbridge

audio card

PCI

PCI-E

Heatsink and fan

Fan

Harddisk

DVD-ROM

Power supply

PATA

Memory

BIOS

Cache

Flash

ROM

RAM

Power connector

Input Output Connector

USB port

Audio Port

NIC port

Power supply port

Monitor port

[mellaharun-blog]

Ports & Connector

Ports

ports are generally refer to the female parts of connection, It  have many uses. To connect a monitor, webcam, speakers, or other peripheral devices. a computer port is a specialized outlet on a piece of equipment to which a plug or cable connects.

different types of ports:

Universal Serial Bus (or USB) Port 

It can connect all kinds of external USB devices such as external hard disk, printer, scanner, mouse, keyboard.

Data travels at 12 megabits per seconds

Serial Port 

Used for external modems and older computer mouse.

Data travels at 115 kilo bits per second.

PS/2 Port 

Used for old computer keyboard and mouse

Also called mouse port

Most of the old computers provide two PS/2 port, each for mouse and keyboard.

Parallel Port

Used for scanners and printers

Also called printer port

Also known as IEEE 1284-compliant Centronics port.

VGA port

Connects monitor to a computer's video card.

Has 15 holes.

Similar to serial port connector but serial port connector has pins, it has holes.

Power connector

Three-pronged plug.

Connects to the computer's power cable that plugs into a power bar or wall socket.

Firewire port

Transfers large amount of data at very fast speed.

Connects camcorders and video equipment to the computer

Data travels at 400 to 800 megabits per seconds

Three variants : 4-Pin FireWire 400 connector, 6-Pin FireWire 400 connector and 9-Pin FireWire 800 connector

Modem port

Connects a PC's modem to the telephone network

Ethernet port

Connects to a network and high speed Internet.

Connect network cable to a computer.

Data travels at 10 megabits to 1000 megabits per seconds depending upon the network bandwidth.

Digital Video Interface, DVI port

Connects Flat panel LCD monitor to the computer's high end video graphic cards.

Very popular among video card manufacturers.

Sockets

Connect microphone, speakers to sound card of the computer

Connector

Connector is refer to a male that has pins that fit into the sockets, or receptacles of a female connector. sometimes A male connector is referred to as a plug, and a female connector as a jack.

Different types of connector

Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (also known as SATA) cables are most commonly used to connect to internal storage devices (such as hard drives or optical drives).

Parallel connector. A Parallel port is mostly used for pheriperals such as Printers.

PS/2 connector

VGA connector

Firewire connector

USB connector

Plugs connector

Cabling diagram

[mellaharun-blog]

Skill Area538.3.2 Plan and Create a website

Website - a collection of a webpages

Planning a website

Creating goals for your website

Organizing the site structure

Creating your design look

Designing the navigation scheme

Planning and gathering your assets

web browser - an application is used to access website.

language - HTML

[mellaharun-blog]

Skill area 538.3.1 Define URL and domain name

URL – Uniform Resource Locator

It is a formatted text string used by web browsers, email clients and other software to identify a network resource on the internet.

Network resources – files that can be plain web pages, other text documents, graphics or programs.

URL string consists 3 parts:

Network protocol

Host name or address

File or resource location

protocol :// address / location

URL protocol

Define a network protocol to be used to access a resource

The strings are short names followed by three characters  ‘ :// ’

Example: http:// and ftp://

URL host/address

Identifies a computer or other network device

Host came from standard internet databases such as DNS and can be names or IP address.  

URL location

Contain a path to one specific network resource on the host.

Resources are normally located in a host directory or folder

Example - http://facebook.com/messages

DNS (Domain Name System)

1.    Query eg, “facebook.com”

Sends a query to the internet to find the website

Recursive resolver

The first server your query interact

Can be operate by the ISP, the wireless carrier or third party provider

2.    Root server · Runs all over the world and each one knows DNS information about top           level domains such as .com   3.   TLD name server   Each TLD name server stores the address information fot second level             domains   Example.com SLD TLD   4.   Domain name server 5.   The website appear

[mellaharun-blog]

PMT - Memory

Memory - the capable of storing information temporarily or permanently for example Random access memory. It is a volatile type of memory that stores information on an integrated circuit used by the operating system, software, and hardware.

memory sizes:

8bits = 1Bytes

1GB = 1024MB

2GB = 2048MB

4GB = 4096MB

8GB = 8192MB

1024 terabytes = 1 petabyte.

Volatile memory - retains its contents while powered on but when the power is interrupted the stored data is lost very rapidly or immediately.

example : it includes the ROM (read-only memory), flash memory and F-RAM (Ferroelectric RAM) 

non-volatile memory - a secondary or a long-term persistent which mean that when the computer is shut down, anything contained in RAM is lost.

example :  it includes the ROM (read-only memory), flash memory and F-RAM (Ferroelectric RAM)

RAM - to store data permanently, it performs both read and write operations. data will lose if the computer experience power failure.

ROM -  permanent memory location that offer huge types of standards to save data.  No data lose happen whenever power failure occur during the ROM memory work in computers.

Cache -  stores program instructions that are frequently re-referenced by software during operation. and is to speed up the working mechanism of computer.

Flash memory -  is an non-volatile computer storage that has the ability to be electrically erased and reprogrammed.

BIOS -  to initialize and test the system hardware components, and to load a boot loader or an operating system from a mass memory device.

RAM

to store data permanently, it performs both read and write operations. it is much faster to read from and write to than other kinds of storage in a computer. also data remains in RAM as long as the computer is running. When the computer is turned off, RAM loses its data.

Dynamic RAM : loses its stored information in a very short time (for milli sec.) even when power supply is on. D-RAM’s are cheaper and lower.

Static RAM  :  retains stored information only as long as the power supply is on. Static RAM’s are costlier and consume more power.

DDR2 vs DDR3

provides 4 data transfers per cycle, while DDR3 increases the number to 8. 

DDR2 provides 3200 MB/s, and DDR3 provides 6400 MB/s. 

Reference:

Google.com.bn. (2016). Google. [online] Available at: https://www.google.com.bn/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=computer%20memory [Accessed 25 Oct. 2016]. 

MakeUseOf. (2016). Memory Sizes Explained – Gigabytes, Terabytes & Petabytes in Layman’s Terms. [online] Available at: http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/memory-sizes-gigabytes-terabytes-petabytes/ [Accessed 25 Oct. 2016]. 

Google.com.bn. (2016). Google. [online] Available at: https://www.google.com.bn/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=non+volatile+memory+ [Accessed 25 Oct. 2016]. 

Informationq.com. (2015). Computer Memory. [online] Available at: http://www.informationq.com/computer-memory/ [Accessed 25 Oct. 2016]. 

Google.com.bn. (2016). Google. [online] Available at: https://www.google.com.bn/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=BIOS+purpose [Accessed 25 Oct. 2016]. 

SearchStorage. (2016). What is RAM (random access memory)? - Definition from WhatIs.com. [online] Available at: http://searchstorage.techtarget.com/definition/RAM-random-access-memory [Accessed 25 Oct. 2016]. 

Ecomputernotes.com. (2016). Different Types of RAM? Explain in Detail. [online] Available at: http://ecomputernotes.com/fundamental/input-output-and-memory/what-are-the-different-types-of-ram-explain-in-detail [Accessed 25 Oct. 2016]. 

Google.com.bn. (2016). Google. [online] Available at: https://www.google.com.bn/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=ddr2+vs+ddr3 [Accessed 25 Oct. 2016].