nawhstudiesdebontmediapoject

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This is “A Road Scene in California” that was illustrated by Charles C. Nahl. This shows the various of people that occupied California from the settlers and immigrants to the Indigenous women who were forced to sell themselves on the road for necessities.

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This image is of the Barbary prostitutes, 1890 and can be found at  San Francisco History Center, SF Public Library. Prostitution was not a common sight in First Nations prior to colonial times. However, after the introduction of non-indigenous missionaries, soldiers, and civilians it was a lot more common. 

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This photo by an unknown photographer of a berdache. The berdache is best thought of a a third gender where the person in question is biologically male, but takes on traditional female habits, jobs, and clothing. It was considered a great honor to marry a berdache as they were stronger then normal women and considered better laborers, however, Spanish missionaries and settlers forced their idea of gender identity as two genders on the first nations. Additionally, they advocated that the marriage between a berdache and male was wrong as they saw it as homosexuality. 

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This is an illustration by an unknown artist that depicts the killing of Father Luis Jayme by Kumeyaay warriors at Mission San Diego de Alcalá, November 4, 1775. This photo represents the issues that the missionaries had. They approached the indigenous people with a narrow mind set regarding sexuality and marriage while also allowing soldiers to terrorize their women.

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This is an illustration by an unknown artist of a missionary trying to convince indigenous people move to the missionary that is off in the distance. This contact is very important regarding marriage and divorce as missionaries sought to force their ideals of what is right and wrong. One of which is honoring the first wife and negating the divorces that may have been common practice in various communities.

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This is an illustration of an unknown artist of a divorce ceremony c1760. Marriage and divorce was generally not a difficult process and a common practice in some societies. 

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This is a photo taken of an Apache Bride by an unknown person.

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This image is called The Trappers Bride and was created by Alfred Jacobs Miller. It depicts an interracial marriage between a trapper and an woman indigenous.