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Units and Measurement for Higher Secondary School Physics

Measurement plays an important role since the start of civilization. There was a time when the length, mass and time were measured by various methods. As the metric system is introduced in this era, the measurement method has become standard for everyone. Measurement of physical quantity that involves comparisons with internationally accepted reference standards are known as unit. For example, length is a physical quantity and meter is a unit. Whereas measurement determines how large or small is the physical quantity. There is a common global standard like International Systems of Units used by everyone. This is a very important chapter in physics for 11th standard students of CBSE Board. Solutions to all the questions in this chapter can be easily found in any good solution key that provides NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Physics. Science, medicine, engineering use larger and smaller units of measurement to aid their research in problem solving. 

Units

In early times different countries use different systems of units and measurement. The three such units are:

CGS system: centimeter,gram and second

FPS system: foot, pound and second

MKS system: meter, kilogram and second

Now the international system of units are used globally abbreviated as SI for international usage in scientific, technical and industrial work. 

There are seven basic units of measurement mentioned below:

Base Quantity

Name

Symbol

Length 

Meter 

m

Mass 

Kilogram

Kg

Time 

Second 

s

Electric current

ampere

A

Thermodynamic temperature

Kelvin 

K

Amount of substance

mole

mol

Luminous intensity

candela

cd

 Measurement 

It refers to the assigning numbers to characteristics of an object or event that can be compared with other objects or events. It is very important in the field of science, technology and quantitative research. Measurements generally use the International System of Units for comparison. 

Measurement of Length 

There are many devices used for measuring length of an object or event. For example, vernier calliper used to measure the length to an accuracy of 10-4 m. A screw gauge and spherometer is used to measure the length as less than 10-5 m. If we want to measure the length of a large distance for example, distance between the planets and  earth. This can be done by parallax method. 

Measurement of Mass

It is a basic property of matter. The SI Unit of mass is kilogram. But while dealing with atoms and molecules, the kilogram unit will not be convenient. In this case, the unified atomic mass unit (u) has been established for expressing the mass of atoms. The mass of the objects ranges from planets, stars to atoms and molecules. 

Measurement of Time 

 Time is usually measured by clock but now the atomic standard of time is used. This is based on the periodic vibrations produced in cesium atoms. It is sometimes called an atomic clock. 

Measurement is important in all experiments in science, medicines, research etc. There can also be some uncertainty in measuring instruments or methods. These uncertainties are called errors. But it is also important to understand the accuracy and precision in measurement. Accuracy means the how close is the measure value to the true value. Precision means to what limit the quantity is measured. There are two types of errors: systematic and random errors. 

Systematic errors: tend to be in one direction either positive or negative. These are categorised as instrumental errors, imperfection in experimental procedure and personal errors. 

Random errors: tend to occur irregularly with respect to size and sign. 

Significant figures

Sometimes all measurement involves errors. The result should be reported in such a way that it indicates the precision of measurement. The number should include all the digits in the number that are known reliably and the first digit that is uncertain. The reliable digits and the first uncertain digit is known as significant figures. 

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Summary

Units and Measurements is a very important chapter in Physics for 11th standard students of CBSE Board in India. This article gives an overview of different types of units and measurement for length, time and mass. 

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Morphology of Flowering Plant for Higher Secondary School Biology

Plants are multicellular and eukaryotic in nature. They belong to the kingdom Plantae. Plants obtain their energy from sunlight by the process called as photosynthesis by chloroplasts. Flowering plants are angiosperms with 300,000 known species. They consist of flowers, endosperm within the seeds and fruits that contain the seeds. Many are interested in studying plants as their discipline. In order to study more, basic information on morphology of flowering plants is important. This is a very important chapter in biology for 11th standard students of CBSE Board. Solutions to all the questions in this chapter can be easily found in any good solution key that provides NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology . Flowering plants show large diversity in morphology. They are characterised by roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits. A brief introduction on each are mentioned below:

Roots 

The roots are divided into primary roots that grow inside the soil and secondary roots that have lateral roots. The primary roots have a tap, fibrous and adventitious system. The regions of the root have root cap (covered at the apex of the root), regions of meristematic activity (they divide repeatedly), regions of elongation (responsible for growth of the length of roots) regions of maturation ( gradually differentiates and mature) and root hairs (epidermal cells form fine and delicate thread like structures).  The roots are further modified into different forms for support, storage of food and respiration other absorption and conduction of water and minerals. 

Stems

It is ascending part of the axis. It bears branches, leaves, flowers and fruits. It consists of nodes  and internodes. Nodes are the region where leaves originate. While the internodes are portions between two nodes. When they are young it is green but later becomes woody and brown. The function of stem is to store food, protection and vegetative propagation. Some stems are also modified into different functions such as potato, ginger, turmeric that can store food in them. 

Leaves 

They are flattened structures borne on the stem. It consists of axillary bud, leaf base, stipule, petiole and lamina.Venation is the process of arrangement of veins and veinlets in the  lamina. There are two types of leaves, simple and compound. A simple leaves are those when the lamina is complete. Whereas compound leaves are those lamina reaches up to the mid rib dividing into number of leaflets. The leaves are modified as tendrils and spines. The leaves are generally used for photosynthesis but it is modified as tendril to climb and spines to protect.

Flowers 

It is a reproductive system in plants. A typical flower has four whorls namely, calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium. The former are accessory organs and the latter are reproductive organs. If the flower has only stamens it is called as unisexual and if they have both androecium and gynoecium it is called as bisexual. 

Calyx: is present outside the flower called as sepals. 

Corolla: is composed of petals. It used to attract insects for pollination

Androecium: is composed of stamens. 

Gynoecium: is composed of carpels. A carpel consists of three parts namely, stigma, style and ovary. 

Fruits 

The fruits are matured ovary formed after fertilization. If the fruit is formed without ovary then it is referred to as parthenocarpic fruit. The fruit consists of epicarp (outermost layer), mesocarp (middle layer), endocarp (inner layer) and finally seed.

Seeds 

The seeds are made of seed coat and embryo. There are two types of seeds: dicot (consisting of two cotyledons)  and monocot (consisting of one cotyledon). 

Some of the important families of flowering plants are:

Fabaceae

Solanaceae 

Liliaceae  

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Summary

Morphology of a flowering plant is a very important chapter in Biology for 11th standard students of CBSE Board in India. This article gives an overview of morphology of flowering plants and their parts.

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Straight lines for Higher Secondary School Maths

A well defined collection of objects are known as sets. This is a fundamental part of mathematics in the present day. Sets are used to define the concepts of relations and functions. They are used for the study of geometry, probability, sequences etc. Mathematical problems become clearer and easy to understand due to application of sets. They become a powerful building block of maths.This is a very important chapter in maths for 11th standard students of CBSE Board. Solutions to all the questions in this chapter can be easily found in any good solution key that provides NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Maths. In day to day life there are several collections of objects such as groups of people, a football team, pack of cards etc. but similarly we come across in mathematics also such as natural numbers, prime numbers etc. 

Representation of sets 

The collections of sets can be examined in following ways:

N : the set of all natural numbers 

Z : the set of all integers 

Q : the set of all rational numbers

 R : the set of real numbers 

Z+ : the set of positive integers 

Q+ : the set of positive rational numbers, and

 R+ : the set of positive real numbers

There are few points to be noted in the sets for example,

Objects, elements and members are synonyms terms of sets. 

Sets are denoted by capital letters such as A,B,C,D etc

The elements are denoted by small letters such as a,b,c,d etc

Let's discuss with an example, If a is an element of set A, In mathematics, we say  “a belongs to A”. here “belongs to” is denoted by epsilon  ∈ . Thus it is “a ∈  A”. If b is not an element of set A then it is denoted as “b  ∉ A”.

There are two methods to represent the sets 

Roster or tabular form: all the elements in the sets are separated by comma, and enclosed within the brackets, For example, 

the set of all natural numbers is 20 (1,2,3,4,5,5)

The set of vowels in english alphabets (a,e,i,o,u)

In set builder form: all the elements have a common property which does not have any element outside the set. 

There are different types of sets

Empty sets: are those which do not contain elements. The empty set is denoted by a symbol  φ or { }. 

Finite and infinite sets: are those which consist of empty or definite number of elements. For example, W is the set of the week then W is finite

Equal sets: are those which consist of the same elements. For example A and B have the same elements. It will be A = B, and if it is unequal then it will be A  ≠ B.

Subsets: if set A is said to be set of B if element A is similar to element B. It is denoted by a symbol ⊂. 

Power set: the collection of all subset of set A is called as power set of A. It is denoted by P(A)

Universal set: the set of all even numbers are called a universal set. It is denoted by U.

Summary

Straight lines is a very important chapter in Maths for 11th standard students of CBSE Board in India. This article gives an overview of straight lines and its types. 

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Environmental Chemistry for Higher Secondary School Chemistry

Our environment deals with the social, economical, biological, physical and chemical interrelations with nature. Here we are focusing on environmental chemistry that deals with the study of chemical species in the environment. Their origin, reactions and effects are discussed here. Every individual wishes to live in a clean environment. It is important to be aware of the impact of disturbances happening in the environment. This is a very important chapter in chemistry for 11th standard students of CBSE Board. Solutions to all the questions in this chapter can be easily found in any good solution key that provides NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Chemistry. Environmental chemistry focuses on topics such as environmental pollution, global warming, greenhouse effect and acid rain. Let's discuss some of the important issues related to the environment.

Environmental pollution 

These are undesirable changes in nature affecting plants, animals and humans. There are various types of pollution in the environment such as noise, land, water, soil,air etc. The harmful substances that cause pollution are known as pollutants. These pollutants remain in an unchanged form in nature for many decades. For example pollutants such as DDT, chemical and nuclear wastes, plastics, and heavy metals are difficult to remove from the environment. 

Atmospheric pollution

These pollution are generally studied as tropospheric and stratospheric pollution. The presence of ozone in the stratosphere prevents the harmful UV rays entering the earth surface. And it protects the living organisms on the earth. 

Tropospheric pollutants consists of: 

Gaseous air pollutants: sulphur, nitrogen, carbon, hydrocarbons, hydrogen sulphide and other oxidants

Particulate pollutants: dust, mists, fumes, smoke, smug etc. 

Global warming 

Solar energy that reaches the earth's surface is absorbed that increases the temperature. And the rest of the heat radiates back to the atmosphere. Some heat is trapped by gases such as carbondioxidem methane, ozone, chlorofluorocarbon compounds in the atmosphere. These compounds increase the heat in the atmosphere called global warming. 

Acid rain

Usually the normal ph of rain is 5.6 due to the presence of hydrogen ions formed by the reaction of rain water and carbon dioxide. But when the ph value decreases to 5.6 it is called acid rain. 

Acid rains are caused due to human activities that release oxides of sulphur and nitrogen in the atmosphere. The sulphur and nitrogen are released by burning fossil fuels in the environment. 

Particulate pollutants

These are minute solid or liquid particles in the air. It is in the form of vehicle emission, smoke particles, ash, etc. They are viable and non viable. The viable sources are bacteria, fungi, algae etc. The non viable sources are smoke particles, dust,mists, fumes, smog etc. 

Many human activities are producing harmful chemicals that are responsible for the depletion of ozone layer. This causes an ozone hole that allows the harmful ultraviolet rays to enter the earth's surface. 

Water pollution 

Water is essential for life. The water resources are getting contaminated due to harmful substances discharged in the water bodies. The water pollution is caused due to pathogens, organic wastes and chemical pollutants. Chemicals are disposed of at a high level in the water from the industries. Many chemicals such as cadmium, mercury,and nickel are discharged into the water. As these chemicals are very dangerous to humans as they cannot excrete them. 

Likewise there are also other factors that are involved in the pollution are soil and industry wastes. 

Strategies to control environmental pollution

Waste management- solid and wet waste should be segregated. The improper disposal of waste is the important reason that causes environmental degradation. 

Collection and disposal- the waste is segregated into biodegradable and non biodegradable. The biodegradable waste like leaves, vegetable waste, leftover food etc are used for compost. Whereas non biodegradable waste is sent for recycling. 

Summary

Environmental chemistry is a very important chapter in Chemistry for 11th standard students of CBSE Board in India. This article gives an overview of environmental chemistry associated with different types of pollution. 

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NCERT Solutions for Class 11 -Biology

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology: If you were curiously looking for NCERT solutions for Class 11 Biology, this is the right place for you. This article will provide you with all the essential details regarding NCERT Biology CLass 11 solutions along with additional details on how to skillfully use the solutions for your benefit and become the topper of the class. Here, you can download the solutions chapter-wise for free and use them to advance in the subject.

Here, I won’t be explaining what the chapters contain or their description but will surely help you know how to utilize the solutions effectively. Since the solutions provided by Embibe are free of cost they are already an added benefit for the students, it’s up to you to utilize them in a way that they help you become more effective in the subject and also fulfill your hunger for knowledge. The NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology will make you the scholar you always wished to become.

Free NCERT Solutions Class 11 Biology PDF to Ease the Pressure  

Here, the links are being made available to you for all the chapters and arranged in a tabular form so that you can easily download the chapters you want the solution for.

How to Utilize NCERT Class 11 Biology NCERT Solutions

Biology is a subject that requires a lot of memorizing. The more you read a topic, the better you will understand it and it will be stored in your memory for a longer period of time. The NCERT Solutions provided by us acts as a boon for students because of the way they are designed. Our team of expert teachers at Embibe has put together the solutions carefully keeping in mind the memorizing and retention power of the students. You can follow the below-mentioned steps to successfully excel at the subject and at your own pace.

Step 1: Carefully read the chapters from your NCERT book along with the study material provided by us – https://www.embibe.com/study/biology-subject?entity_code=su31

You will find all the Class 11 Biology chapters in sequence.

Step 2: Take the chapter test to test your skills and find the content areas where you need more preparation –  https://www.embibe.com/medical/test

Step 3: Take the full-length test to fully examine yourself for class 11 exams – https://www.embibe.com/medical/test/aipmt/11th-revision/revision-test—1-for-class-11-syllabus-aipmt

Best of Luck!

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NCERT Solutions for Class 11 -Chemistry

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Chemistry available on our website or our application have been drafted by skilled teachers from all around the nation. These solutions can therefore be utilized to prepare for different types of examinations. The answers provided are clear, compact, and in a stepwise structure with the goal that they are straightforward to be easily understood and effectively utilized. If you face any issues or query while solving, you can simply join Embibe, to get help in knowing the areas where you need to improve as well as on working on them.

Class 11th is an exceptionally crucial step in a student’s academic career. It prepares the foundation for all basic concepts, theorems, and formulas to deal with their board exams of Class 12 as well as the competitive examinations. This class can end up being somewhat confusing for a lot of students out there, the fact that it is started by a huge increase in the syllabus, change in test designs, new concepts in every single subject. But, there shouldn’t be any doubts when referring to study material and the NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Chemistry provided by Embibe are the best-in-class and recommended by students. You can also check our article on NCERT Solutions for Class 11 PCMB

Download Class 11 Chemistry NCERT Solutions Chapter-wise

The Chemistry solutions for Class 11 CBSE NCERT  provided by Embibe are arranged chapterwise in PDF format so that students can download these and utilize them for their benefit. The links for all the chapters are given below:

Chapter 1: Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

Chapter 2: Structure of Atom

Chapter 3: Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties

Chapter 4: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

Chapter 5: States of Matter

Chapter 6: Thermodynamics

Chapter 7: Equilibrium

Chapter 8: Redox Reactions

Chapter 9: Hydrogen

Chapter 10: The s-Block Elements

Chapter 11: The p-Block Elements

Chapter 12: Organic Chemistry – Some Basic Principles & Techniques

Chapter 13: Hydrocarbons

Chapter 14: Environmental Chemistry

Special Features of NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Chemistry

The NCERT Chemistry class 11 solutions from Embibe have the following features:

An option to download the PDF for free

The solutions are supported with figures wherever required to make the students understand the concepts better

Simple, easy to follow, and to-the-point answers

Stepwise solutions to numerical problems, so that students can move at their own pace

Descriptive and informative answers for long questions

Scholars Prefer Embibe’s Solutions for NCERT. The Reason….

Students Find the Solutions Apt and Precise: The solutions for NCERT Chemistry Class 11 at Embibe help students to get exactly what they are looking for. These solutions guide the students in successfully solving the questions that they previously struggled with.

A Quick Revision Guide: Being prepared by expert and experienced teachers, the solutions offered by us act as a quick reference guide and students are able to thoroughly revise the chapters with ease and comfort.

Other Products and Services Offered by Embibe

Free Mock Test for Class 11: you can take as many mock tests as you wish to and analyze your weak and strong areas.

Take Chemistry Class 11 Mock Test

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CBSE Sample papers for class 11

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NCERT Solutions for Class 11 -Maths

NCERT solutions for class 11 maths : NCERT emphasizes on quality education for students. Every chapter in the NCERT textbooks for class 11 are designed and conceptualized by experts in the field of Maths. It consists of all the solved answers for every chapter. You can download pdf NCERT solutions for class 11 Maths in this article. All the solutions are designed chapter wise. These solutions can be downloaded for free in pdf form anytime and anywhere. NCERT books are prescribed by CBSE Board.  All the students preparing for class 11 maths should read this article for detailed chapters and solutions. The chapters included in the class 11 maths will be useful for preparing for competitive exams like JEE Mains, JEE advanced, AIEEE, IIT etc.

It is important to build a strong base in Class 11 as it will also be useful for the class 12 board exam. Syllabus for all the chapters are mentioned in this article along with solutions. There is easy access to download the syllabus and NCERT solutions to practice for the exam. NCERT Maths textbooks for class 11 are best for the preparation of exams.

Syllabus for Class 11 Maths

There are 16 chapters designed for the class 11 Maths. Syllabus are prepared by the experts team keeping in mind the understanding level of the student. The list of chapters are mentioned below:

Chapter 1: Sets

Chapter 2: Relations and Functions

Chapter 3: Trigonometric Functions

Chapter 4: Principle of Mathematical Induction

Chapter 5: Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations

Chapter 6: Linear Inequalities

Chapter 7: Permutations and Combinations

Chapter 8: Binomial Theorem

Chapter 9: Sequences and Series

Chapter 10: Straight Lines

Chapter 11: Conic Sections

Chapter 12: Introduction to Three Dimensional Geometry

Chapter 13: Limits and Derivatives

Chapter 14: Mathematical Reasoning

Chapter 15: Statistics

Chapter 16: Probability

The entire syllabus along with solutions are available for the practice in this article. The solutions can be downloaded as per the convenience of the student. These are helpful for the student to look into each chapter and unit wise. The examples for each solution will be simple to understand.

The best reference books for Maths is:

Senior Secondary School for Mathematics: for class 11 by R S Agarwal

Mathematics for class 11 by R D Sharma

Importance of NCERT solutions

Developing basic understanding of the concepts, principles, theories, etc

Thinking logically

Taking mathematics as their discipline

Easy to read, understand and practice

Useful for competitive exams suchs as JEE Mains, JEE Advanced etc

The detailed CBSE NCERT solutions for class 11 Maths for all chapters are available at embibe. They have been prepared by best academicians. You can download NCERT solutions for best results.

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NCERT Solution for Class 11 Physics

NCERT Solution for Class 11 Physics: NCERT emphasizes on basic understanding of thetopics. There are several chapters covered in class 11 physics textbook which make the subject very interesting. NCERT solutions for class 11 physics are available in this article along withdetailed information about the chapters. Students can download the pdf NCERT solutions and read anytime. The solutions provided for the students consists of clear understanding of the chapter along with images and diagrams. The diagrammatic representation makes the subject clear and simple to understand. This would help students who want to take up physics as their discipline for future career in basic sciences or professional courses like medicine, engineering, etc.

Syllabus for Class 11 Physics

Physics is generally offered as an elective subject in higher secondary school. The concepts are developed for strengthening the foundation of the subject. There are 15 chapters designed by CBSE NCERT for class 11. These chapters depict deep learning about physics used in industry and other related technological applications. 70 marks are allotted for theory and 30 marks for practicals. The chapters will help students in understanding the objective and effective learning. They can organize their learning pattern with time management. The syllabus emphasizes on use of SI units, symbols, nomenclature etc. It promotes problem solving abilities and application of physics concepts. The syllabus will develop interest in the learners to take physics as their discipline. Students inculcate abilities and use of physics related concepts in real life to make physics more relevant. The syllabus for class 11 emphasizes on time allocation for every unit. The NCERT team has maintained a time frame for each unit. Each unit has been divided into topics consisting of experiments and projects.

Check for NCERT Syllabus for class 11 physics

The NCERT Class 11 Physics solutions for each chapter are mentioned below:

Chapter 1- Physical World

Chapter 2- Units and Measurement

Chapter 3- Motion in a Straight Line

Chapter 4- Motion in a Plane

Chapter 5- Laws of Motion

Chapter 6- Work, Energy, and Power

Chapter 7- Systems of Particles and Rotational Motion

Chapter 8- Gravitation

Chapter 9- Mechanical Properties of Solids

Chapter 10- Mechanical Properties of Fluids

Chapter 11- Thermal Properties of Matter

Chapter 12- Thermodynamics

Chapter 13- Kinetic Theory

Chapter 14- Oscillations

Chapter 15- Waves

The NCERT solutions for class 11 are developed from the prescribed CBSE board along with NCERT. The whole syllabus is divided into units that help the student in revising the complete course. Download the NCERT solutions for better performance in the exams.

Check for detailed NCERT solutions here  

Importance of NCERT Solutions

Easy methods to solve equations

Promotes thinking and problem solving abilities

Increases decision making and investigatory skills among the students

Provides better understanding of the topic

Helps to revise for the exam

Provides step-wise solutions for each questions

This is not only useful for final exams but also for other competitive exams in the future. For more information visit www.embibe.com