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ESP8266 AS A TAPE DRIVE

1976 was the year the Apple I was released, one of several computers based on the MOS 6502 chip. MOS itself released the KIM-1 (Keyboard Input Monitor) initially to demonstrate the power of the chip. The single board computer had two connectors on it, one of which could be used for a tape recorder for long-term storage. When [Willem Aandewiel] went to the Apple Museum Nederland in 2016, he saw one and felt nostalgic for his youth. He was able to get a replica, the microKIM, and build it but he wanted to use new technology to interface with this old technology, so he decided to use an ESP8266 as a solid state tape recorder.

One of the reasons the KIM-1 was so popular when it was released was that there was lots of documentation available. [Willem] used this documentation to figure out how the KIM-1 saves data to the recording device. An ATTiny85 is used to decode the pulse stream that the KIM-1 sends when saving because the timing was too tight to both “listen” and decode the bits as well as convert and store them. For loading programs, the data can be sent digitally as 1’s and 0’s to the KIM-1. This means that the ATTiny is only used for decoding and doesn’t have to re-encode the data.  Because of this, saving is slow, but loading is very quick.

To complete the project, [Willem] added four buttons, one each for rewind, record, play and fast-forward, and a screen so you can see which program is currently selected and can go from one program to another. As a nice throwback touch, record and play have to be pressed at the same time when saving. For more 6502 projects, check out this 6502 based DIY computer, or this 6502 built from discrete parts.

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Chip Hall of Fame: Microchip Technology PIC 16C84 Microcontroller

Back in the early 1990s, the huge 8-bit microcontroller universe belonged to one company, the almighty Motorola. Then along came a small contender with a nondescript name, Microchip Technology. Microchip developed the PIC 16C84, which took an 8-bit microcontroller and added a type of memory called EEPROM, for electrically erasable programmable read-only memory.

EEPROM doesn’t need UV light to be erased, as did its progenitor, EPROM. Such read-only memory is generally used to store program code or small bits of data. Eliminating the need for a UV light meant that “users could change their code on the fly,” says Rod Drake, the chip’s lead designer and now a director at Microchip. Even better, the whole chip cost less than US $5, or a quarter the cost of existing alternatives at the time.

The 16C84 was used in smart cards, remote controls, and wireless car keys. It was the beginning of a line of microcontrollers that became electronics superstars among Fortune 500 companies and weekend hobbyists alike. While the 16C84 has been retired, the PIC line is still in production and billions have been sold, used in things like industrial controllers, unmanned aerial vehicles, digital pregnancy tests, chip-controlled fireworks, LED jewelry, and a septic-tank monitor named the Turd Alert.

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Making of PIC18F452 Micro-Controller Development/Generic Board

Our instructable shows how to create a generic board of PIC18 micro-controller which is further used in advanced embedded projects as there is a number of PIC micro-controller applications .e.g. microwave ovens, multimedia devices, medical and health based equipment e.g. blood-pressure meter, UPS, Power supplies, burglar alarms & detectors and other security and safety equipment.

Now the question arises why we use PIC18 micro-controller? So the reason behind choosing PIC 18 series is that these controllers dramatically enhance the PIC core as the number of instructions are more than doubled with 16-bit instruction word, there are more external interrupts, radically different approach to memory structures, with increased memory size, enhanced address generation for program and data memory and bigger stack, with some user access and control. And PIC micro-controller is fast and easy to implement program when we compare other micro-controllers like 8051. The ease of programming and easy to interfacing with other peripherals PIC became successful micro-controller.

why we choose to design a PCB for our project is because it has a lot of advantages such as all of the PCB components are fixed, there is a minimal chance of short circuits and wrong wiring, since it is computer generated, one can create uniform printed circuit boards using the same schematic layout. Thus, creating boards that are identical is effortless to make. The generic board of PIC 18 micro-controller is a low cost demo board for evaluation of PIC18 MCU families. PIC 18 is 8-bit architecture and has three different families standard PIC18, PIC18 J-series and PIC18 K-series so it is highest performance micro-controller. So our generic board supports various general purpose PIC 18 families.

PIC18F452 Micro-Controller

MAX232 (Multichannel RS232 Driver/Receiver industry standard)

74LS245 (Octal bus Transceiver)

PIC18FXXX DIP40 Locking Socket

7805 (5V fixed 1A Positive Power Supply Regulator)

BUTTON (SPST Push Button)

Capacitor (Generic non- electrolytic capacitor)

Serial Port Connector CONN-D9M (9 Pin male D-Type)

CONN-SIL2 (0.1 in pitch SIL connector strip)

3 pin Female Header CONN-SIL3 (0.1 in pitch SIL connector strip)

8 pin Female Header CONN-SIL8 (0.1 in pitch SIL connector strip)

CRYSRTAL (Quartz Crystal)

LED-BARGRAPH-RED (Red LED Bargraph Display)

LED-RED (Animated LED Model(red))

RES (Generic resistor symbol)

RESPACK-8 (8 way resistor pack with common)

SWITCH

Jumper Wires

Step 2: List of Materials for Making PCB

Printed Circuit Board (PCB)

Glossy Paper

PCB Designs

Iron

Ferric Chloride

Drill Machine

Laser printer

Soldering Wire

Solder

Step 3: Proteus Simulation PCB Designing (Software)

We run a proteus simulation for our project first because it can further take us to PCB layout

First of all the given video can show you how to make a proteus project, schematic capture of the development board and PCB Layout.

Now first select all the above mentioned devices

Then place them to develop a schematic capture

The wiring is shown in the figure where all the four ports of PIC18F452 are connected with 74LS245 which is an octal bus transceivers that are designed for asynchronous two-way communication between data buses. Then these 74LS245 transceivers are connected with LED Bars which is a 10 segment bar graph they are 10 individual red LEDs housed together, each with an individual anode and cathode connection and these LED Bars are further connected with RES-PACK-8(8 way resistor pack with common) while CONN-SIL8 is connected in between them.

CONN-D9M is connected with MAX232 which is used in Serial communication it basically provides communication through a serial port, this is a versatile IC which is one of those wonderful components that solve so many signal conversion problems. The T1IN pin max232(input of transmitter data) is connected with pin 5 PORT C of PIC18F452.

A Quartz Crystal along with two capacitors of 22pF is connected with pin 13 OSC1/CLK1 and pin 14 OSC2/CLK0 of PIC18F452.

A regulated power supply is very much essential for several electronic devices due to the semiconductor material employed in them have a fixed rate of current as well as voltage. So we use linear voltage regulator 7805 along with capacitors of 1nF. The input and output pins of the regulator are connected with CONN-SIL2

We have one port on PIC18F452 with three input/outpur registers for them we use separate LEDs and connect them with three respective resistors of 220 and in between them there is CONN-SIL3 and the LEDs are grounded from the other side.

After this run the proteus file in order to check wiring errors

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8255A - Programmable Peripheral Interface

The 8255A is a general purpose programmable I/O device designed to transfer the data from I/O to interrupt I/O under certain conditions as required. It can be used with almost any microprocessor.

It consists of three 8-bit bidirectional I/O ports (24I/O lines) which can be configured as per the requirement. More: PIC microcontroller

Ports of 8255A

8255A has three ports, i.e., PORT A, PORT B, and PORT C.

Port A contains one 8-bit output latch/buffer and one 8-bit input buffer.

Port B is similar to PORT A.

Port C can be split into two parts, i.e. PORT C lower (PC0-PC3) and PORT C upper (PC7-PC4) by the control word.

These three ports are further divided into two groups, i.e. Group A includes PORT A and upper PORT C. Group B includes PORT B and lower PORT C. These two groups can be programmed in three different modes, i.e. the first mode is named as mode 0, the second mode is named as Mode 1 and the third mode is named as Mode 2.

Operating Modes

8255A has three different operating modes −

Mode 0 − In this mode, Port A and B is used as two 8-bit ports and Port C as two 4-bit ports. Each port can be programmed in either input mode or output mode where outputs are latched and inputs are not latched. Ports do not have interrupt capability.

Mode 1 − In this mode, Port A and B is used as 8-bit I/O ports. They can be configured as either input or output ports. Each port uses three lines from port C as handshake signals. Inputs and outputs are latched.

Mode 2 − In this mode, Port A can be configured as the bidirectional port and Port B either in Mode 0 or Mode 1. Port A uses five signals from Port C as handshake signals for data transfer. The remaining three signals from Port C can be used either as simple I/O or as handshake for port B.

Features of 8255A

The prominent features of 8255A are as follows −

It consists of 3 8-bit IO ports i.e. PA, PB, and PC.

Address/data bus must be externally demux'd.

It is TTL compatible.

It has improved DC driving capability.

8255 Architecture

The following figure shows the architecture of 8255A −

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Microcontrollers - 8051 Interrupts

Interrupts are the events that temporarily suspend the main program, pass the control to the external sources and execute their task. It then passes the control to the main program where it had left off.

8051 has 5 interrupt signals, i.e. INT0, TFO, INTR1, TF1, RI/TI. Each interrupt can be enabled or disabled by setting bits of the IE register and the whole interrupt system can be disabled by clearing the EA bit of the same register.

IE (Interrupt Enable) Register

This register is responsible for enabling and disabling the interrupt. EA register is set to one for enabling interrupts and set to 0 for disabling the interrupts. Its bit sequence and their meanings are shown in the following figure.

EAIE.7It disables all interrupts. When EA = 0 no interrupt will be acknowledged and EA = 1 enables the interrupt individually.

-IE.6Reserved for future use.

-IE.5Reserved for future use.

ESIE.4Enables/disables serial port interrupt.

ET1IE.3Enables/disables timer1 overflow interrupt.

EX1IE.2Enables/disables external interrupt1.

ET0IE.1Enables/disables timer0 overflow interrupt.

EX0IE.0Enables/disables external interrupt0.

IP (Interrupt Priority) Register

We can change the priority levels of the interrupts by changing the corresponding bit in the Interrupt Priority (IP) register as shown in the following figure.

A low priority interrupt can only be interrupted by the high priority interrupt, but not interrupted by another low priority interrupt.

If two interrupts of different priority levels are received simultaneously, the request of higher priority level is served.  More: PIC microcontroller

If the requests of the same priority levels are received simultaneously, then the internal polling sequence determines which request is to be serviced.

-IP.6Reserved for future use.

-IP.5Reserved for future use.

PSIP.4It defines the serial port interrupt priority level.

PT1IP.3It defines the timer interrupt of 1 priority.

PX1IP.2It defines the external interrupt priority level.

PT0IP.1It defines the timer0 interrupt priority level.

PX0IP.0It defines the external interrupt of 0 priority level.

TCON Register

TCON register specifies the type of external interrupt to the microcontroller.

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Microcontrollers 8051 Input Output Ports

8051 microcontrollers have 4 I/O ports each of 8-bit, which can be configured as input or output. Hence, total 32 input/output pins allow the microcontroller to be connected with the peripheral devices.

Pin configuration, i.e. the pin can be configured as 1 for input and 0 for output as per the logic state.

Input/Output (I/O) pin − All the circuits within the microcontroller must be connected to one of its pins except P0 port because it does not have pull-up resistors built-in.

Input pin − Logic 1 is applied to a bit of the P register. The output FE transistor is turned off and the other pin remains connected to the power supply voltage over a pull-up resistor of high resistance.

Port 0 − The P0 (zero) port is characterized by two functions −

When the external memory is used then the lower address byte (addresses A0A7) is applied on it, else all bits of this port are configured as input/output.

When P0 port is configured as an output then other ports consisting of pins with built-in pull-up resistor connected by its end to 5V power supply, the pins of this port have this resistor left out.

Input Configuration

If any pin of this port is configured as an input, then it acts as if it “floats”, i.e. the input has unlimited input resistance and in-determined potential.

Output Configuration

When the pin is configured as an output, then it acts as an “open drain”. By applying logic 0 to a port bit, the appropriate pin will be connected to ground (0V), and applying logic 1, the external output will keep on “floating”.

In order to apply logic 1 (5V) on this output pin, it is necessary to build an external pullup resistor.  More: PIC microcontroller

Port 1

P1 is a true I/O port as it doesn’t have any alternative functions as in P0, but this port can be configured as general I/O only. It has a built-in pull-up resistor and is completely compatible with TTL circuits.

Port 2

P2 is similar to P0 when the external memory is used. Pins of this port occupy addresses intended for the external memory chip. This port can be used for higher address byte with addresses A8-A15. When no memory is added then this port can be used as a general input/output port similar to Port 1.

Port 3

In this port, functions are similar to other ports except that the logic 1 must be applied to appropriate bit of the P3 register.

Pins Current Limitations

When pins are configured as an output (i.e. logic 0), then the single port pins can receive a current of 10mA.

When these pins are configured as inputs (i.e. logic 1), then built-in pull-up resistors provide very weak current, but can activate up to 4 TTL inputs of LS series.

If all 8 bits of a port are active, then the total current must be limited to 15mA (port P0: 26mA).

If all ports (32 bits) are active, then the total maximum current must be limited to 71mA.

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Microcontrollers - 8051 Pin Description

The pin diagram of 8051 microcontroller looks as follows −

Pins 1 to 8 − These pins are known as Port 1. This port doesn’t serve any other functions. It is internally pulled up, bi-directional I/O port.

Pin 9 − It is a RESET pin, which is used to reset the microcontroller to its initial values.

Pins 10 to 17 − These pins are known as Port 3. This port serves some functions like interrupts, timer input, control signals, serial communication signals RxD and TxD, etc.

Pins 18 & 19 − These pins are used for interfacing an external crystal to get the system clock.

Pin 20 − This pin provides the power supply to the circuit.

Pins 21 to 28 − These pins are known as Port 2. It serves as I/O port. Higher order address bus signals are also multiplexed using this port.

Pin 29 − This is PSEN pin which stands for Program Store Enable. It is used to read a signal from the external program memory.

Pin 30 − This is EA pin which stands for External Access input. It is used to enable/disable the external memory interfacing.

Pin 31 − This is ALE pin which stands for Address Latch Enable. It is used to demultiplex the address-data signal of port.

Pins 32 to 39 − These pins are known as Port 0. It serves as I/O port. Lower order address and data bus signals are multiplexed using this port.

Pin 40 − This pin is used to provide power supply to the circuit.  More: PIC microcontroller

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Microcontrollers - 8051 Architecture

8051 microcontroller is designed by Intel in 1981. It is an 8-bit microcontroller. It is built with 40 pins DIP (dual inline package), 4kb of ROM storage and 128 bytes of RAM storage, 2 16-bit timers. It consists of are four parallel 8-bit ports, which are programmable as well as addressable as per the requirement. An on-chip crystal oscillator is integrated in the microcontroller having crystal frequency of 12 MHz.

Let us now discuss the architecture of 8051 Microcontroller.

In the following diagram, the system bus connects all the support devices to the CPU. The system bus consists of an 8-bit data bus, a 16-bit address bus and bus control signals. All other devices like program memory, ports, data memory, serial interface, interrupt control, timers, and the CPU are all interfaced together through the system bus.  More: PIC microcontroller

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Microcontrollers - Overview

A microcontroller is a small and low-cost microcomputer, which is designed to perform the specific tasks of embedded systems like displaying microwave’s information, receiving remote signals, etc.

The general microcontroller consists of the processor, the memory (RAM, ROM, EPROM), Serial ports, peripherals (timers, counters), etc.

Difference between Microprocessor and Microcontroller

The following table highlights the differences between a microprocessor and a microcontroller −

MicrocontrollerMicroprocessor

Microcontrollers are used to execute a single task within an application.Microprocessors are used for big applications.

Its designing and hardware cost is low.Its designing and hardware cost is high.

Easy to replace.Not so easy to replace.

It is built with CMOS technology, which requires less power to operate.Its power consumption is high because it has to control the entire system.

It consists of CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O ports.It doesn’t consist of RAM, ROM, I/O ports. It uses its pins to interface to peripheral devices.

Types of Microcontrollers

Microcontrollers are divided into various categories based on memory, architecture, bits and instruction sets. Following is the list of their types −

Bit

Based on bit configuration, the microcontroller is further divided into three categories.

8-bit microcontroller − This type of microcontroller is used to execute arithmetic and logical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication division, etc. For example, Intel 8031 and 8051 are 8 bits microcontroller.

16-bit microcontroller − This type of microcontroller is used to perform arithmetic and logical operations where higher accuracy and performance is required. For example, Intel 8096 is a 16-bit microcontroller.

32-bit microcontroller − This type of microcontroller is generally used in automatically controlled appliances like automatic operational machines, medical appliances, etc.

Memory

Based on the memory configuration, the microcontroller is further divided into two categories.

External memory microcontroller − This type of microcontroller is designed in such a way that they do not have a program memory on the chip. Hence, it is named as external memory microcontroller. For example: Intel 8031 microcontroller.

Embedded memory microcontroller − This type of microcontroller is designed in such a way that the microcontroller has all programs and data memory, counters and timers, interrupts, I/O ports are embedded on the chip. For example: Intel 8051 microcontroller.  More: PIC microcontroller

Instruction Set

Based on the instruction set configuration, the microcontroller is further divided into two categories.

CISC − CISC stands for complex instruction set computer. It allows the user to insert a single instruction as an alternative to many simple instructions.

RISC − RISC stands for Reduced Instruction Set Computers. It reduces the operational time by shortening the clock cycle per instruction.

Applications of Microcontrollers

Microcontrollers are widely used in various different devices such as −

Light sensing and controlling devices like LED.

Temperature sensing and controlling devices like microwave oven, chimneys.

Fire detection and safety devices like Fire alarm.

Measuring devices like Volt Meter.

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How does a Microcontroller work?

Microcontroller has an input device in order to get the input and an output device (such as LED or LCD Display) to exhibit the final process. Let us look into the illustration of how a microcontroller works in a Television. The Television has a remote control as an Input device and the TV screen as the output device. The signal sent from the remote control is captured by the microcontroller. The microcontroller controls the channel selection, the amplifier system and picture tube adjustments such as hue, brightness, contrast etc. More: PIC microcontroller

General architecture of a microcontroller The architecture of a microcontroller depends on the application it is built for. For example, some designs include usage of more than one RAM, ROM and I/O functionality integrated into the package.The architecture of a typical microcontroller is complex and may include the following:

A CPU, ranging from simple 4-bit to complex 64-bit processers

Peripherals such as timers, event counters and watchdog.

RAM (volatile memory) for data storage. The data is stored in the form of registers, and the general-purpose registers store information that interacts with the arithmetic logical unit (ALU).

ROM, EPROM, EEPROM or flash memory for program and operating parameter storage.

Programming capabilities.

Serial input/output such as serial ports.

A clock generator for resonator, quartz timing crystal or RC circuit.

Analog-to-digital convertors.

Serial ports.

Data bus to carry information. 

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Microcontroller v/s microprocessor

Microprocessors are used to execute big and generic applications, while a microcontroller will only be used to execute a single task within one application. Some of the benefits of microcontrollers include the following: ·       

  Cost advantage: The biggest advantage of microcontrollersagainst larger microprocessors is that the design and hardware costs are much lesser and can be kept to a minimum. A microcontroller is cheap to replace, while microprocessors are ten times more expensive. ·        

 Lesser power usage: Microcontrollers are generally built using a technology known as Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS). This technology is a competent fabrication system that uses less power and is more immune to power spikes than other techniques. · More: PIC microcontroller

All-in-one: A microcontroller usually comprises of a CPU, ROM, RAM and I/O ports, built within it to execute a single and dedicated task. On the other hand, a microprocessor generally does not have a RAM, ROM or IO pins and generally uses its pins as a bus to interface to peripherals such as RAM, ROM, serial ports, digital and analog IO.

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WHAT ARE MICROCONTROLLERS AND WHAT ARE THEY USED FOR?

Like all good things, this powerful component is basically very simple. It is made by mixing tested and high- quality “ingredients” (components) as per following receipt:

The simplest computer processor is used as the “brain” of the future system.

Depending on the taste of the manufacturer, a bit of memory, a few A/D converters, timers, input/output lines etc. are added

All that is placed in some of the standard packages.

A simple software able to control it all and which everyone can easily learn about has been developed.

On the basis of these rules, numerous types of microcontrollers were designed and they quickly became man’s invisible companion. Their incredible simplicity and flexibility conquered us a long time ago and if you try to invent something about them, you should know that you are probably late, someone before you has either done it or at least has tried to do it.

The following things have had a crucial influence on development and success of the microcontrollers:

Powerful and carefully chosen electronics embedded in the microcontrollers can independetly or via input/output devices (switches, push buttons, sensors, LCD displays, relays etc.), control various processes and devices such as industrial automation, electric current, temperature, engine performance etc.

Very low prices enable them to be embedded in such devices in which, until recent time it was not worthwhile to embed anything. Thanks to that, the world is overwhelmed today with cheap automatic devices and various “smart” appliences.

Prior knowledge is hardly needed for programming. It is sufficient to have a PC (software in use is not demanding at all and is easy to learn) and a simple device (called the programmer) used for “loading” raedy-to-use programs into the microcontroller.

So, if you are infected with a virus called electronics, there is nothing left for you to do but to learn how to use and control its power.  More: PIC microcontroller

How does the microcontroller operate?

Even though there is a large number of different types of microcontrollers and even more programs created for their use only, all of them have many things in common. Thus, if you learn to handle one of them you will be able to handle them all. A typical scenario on the basis of which it all functions is as follows:

Power supply is turned off and everything is still…the program is loaded into the microcontroller, nothing indicates what is about to come…

Power supply is turned on and everything starts to happen at high speed! The control logic unit keeps everything under control. It disables all other circuits except quartz crystal to operate. While the preparations are in progress, the first milliseconds go by.

Power supply voltage reaches its maximum and oscillator frequency becomes stable. SFRs are being filled with bits reflecting the state of all circuits within the microcontroller. All pins are configured as inputs. The overall electronis starts operation in rhythm with pulse sequence. From now on the time is measured in micro and nanoseconds.

Program Counter is set to zero. Instruction from that address is sent to instruction decoder which recognizes it, after which it is executed with immediate effect.

The value of the Program Counter is incremented by 1 and the whole process is repeated…several million times per second.

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What is a Microcontroller?

A microcontroller is a self-contained system with peripherals, memory and a processor that can be used as an embedded system. Most programmable microcontrollers that are used today are embedded in other consumer products or machinery including phones, peripherals, automobiles and household appliances for computer systems. Due to that, another name for a microcontroller is "embedded controller." Some embedded systems are more sophisticated, while others have minimal requirements for memory and programming length and a low software complexity. Input and output devices include solenoids, LCD displays, relays, switches and sensors for data like humidity, temperature or light level, amongst others.

Types of Microcontrollers

There are several different kinds of programmable microcontrollers at Future Electronics. We stock many of the most common types categorized by several parameters including Bits, Flash size, RAM size, number of input/output lines, packaging type, supply voltage and speed. Our parametric filters will allow you to refine your search results according to the required specifications.

Programmable microcontrollers contain general purpose input/output pins. The number of these pins varies depending on the microcontroller. They can be configured to an input or an output state by software. When configured to an input state, these pins can be used to read external signals or sensors. When they are configured to the output state, they can drive external devices like LED displays and motors.

Microcontrollers from Future Electronics

Future Electronics has a wide range of programmable microcontrollers, including pic, low power, LCD, USB and wireless microcontrollers from several manufacturers. Once you decide if you need 8 bit, 16 bit general purpose, 16 bit digital signal controllers or 32 bit microcontrollers, you will be able to choose from their technical attributes and your search results will be narrowed to match your specific microcontroller application needs.  More: PIC microcontroller

We deal with several manufacturers such as Cypress, Microchip, NXP, Renesas Electronics, STMicroelectronics or Zilog. You can easily refine your programmable microcontroller product search results by clicking your preferred microcontroller brand from the list of manufacturers below.

Applications for Microcontrollers:

Programmable microcontrollers are designed to be used for embedded applications, unlike microprocessors that can be found in PCs. Microcontrollers are used in automatically controlled devices including power tools, toys, implantable medical devices, office machines, engine control systems, appliances, remote controls and other types of embedded systems.

Choosing the Right Microcontroller:

With the FutureElectronics.com parametric search, when looking for the right microcontrollers, you can filter the results by the number of Bits required. We carry the following size microcontrollers:

32 bit Microcontrollers in Production Ready Packaging or R&D Quantities:

If the quantity of 32 bit microcontrollers is less than a full reel, we also offer many of our 32 bit microcontroller products in tray, tube or individual quantities that will avoid unneeded surplus.

8 bit Microcontrollers

16 bit Digital Signal Controllers (DSC)

16 bit General Purpose Microcontrollers

32 bit Micorcontrollers

Once you choose the microcontroller size, you can narrow them down by various attributes: by RAM size, Flash size, number of input lines, speed and supply voltage to name a few. You will be able to find the right LCD, low power, USB, wireless or pic microcontrollers using these filters.