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What is zinc and what does it do?

Zinc is a nutrient that people need to stay healthy. Zinc is found in cells throughout the body. It helps the immune system fight off invading bacteria and viruses. The body also needs zinc to make proteins and DNA, the genetic material in all cells. During pregnancy, infancy, and childhood, the body needs zinc to grow and develop properly. Zinc also helps wounds heal and is important for proper senses of taste and smell.

How much zinc do I need?

The amount of zinc you need each day depends on your age. Average daily recommended amounts for different ages are listed below in milligrams (mg):

What foods provide zinc?

Zinc is found in a wide variety of foods. You can get recommended amounts of zinc by eating a variety of foods including the following:

Oysters, which are the best source of zinc.

Red meat, poultry, seafood such as crab and lobsters, and fortified breakfast cereals, which are also good sources of zinc.

Beans, nuts, whole grains, and dairy products, which provide some zinc.

What kinds of zinc dietary supplements are available?

Zinc is present in almost all multivitamin/mineral dietary supplements. It is also available alone or combined with calcium, magnesium or other ingredients in dietary supplements. Dietary supplements can have several different forms of zinc including zinc gluconate, zinc sulfate and zinc acetate. It is not clear whether one form is better than the others.

Zinc is also found in some oral over-the-counter products, including those labeled as homeopathic medications for colds. Use of nasal sprays and gels that contain zinc has been associated with the loss of the sense of smell, in some cases long-lasting or permanent. Currently, these safety concerns have not been found to be associated with oral products containing zinc, such as cold lozenges.

Zinc is also present in some denture adhesive creams. Using large amounts of these products, well beyond recommended levels, could lead to excessive zinc intake and copper deficiency. This can cause neurological problems, including numbness and weakness in the arms and legs.

Am I getting enough zinc?

Most people in the United States get enough zinc from the foods they eat.

However, certain groups of people are more likely than others to have trouble getting enough zinc:

People who have had gastrointestinal surgery, such as weight loss surgery, or who have digestive disorders, such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease. These conditions can both decrease the amount of zinc that the body absorbs and increase the amount lost in the urine.

Vegetarians because they do not eat meat, which is a good source of zinc. Also, the beans and grains they typically eat have compounds that keep zinc from being fully absorbed by the body. For this reason, vegetarians might need to eat as much as 50% more zinc than the recommended amounts.

Older infants who are breastfed because breast milk does not have enough zinc for infants over 6 months of age. Older infants who do not take formula should be given foods that have zinc such as pureed meats. Formula-fed infants get enough zinc from infant formula.

Alcoholics because alcoholic beverages decrease the amount of zinc that the body absorbs and increase the amount lost in the urine. Also, many alcoholics eat a limited amount and variety of food, so they may not get enough zinc.

People with sickle cell disease because they might need more zinc.

What happens if I don’t get enough zinc?

Zinc deficiency is rare in North America. It causes slow growth in infants and children, delayed sexual development in adolescents and impotence in men. Zinc deficiency also causes hair loss, diarrhea, eye and skin sores and loss of appetite. Weight loss, problems with wound healing, decreased ability to taste food, and lower alertness levels can also occur.

Many of these symptoms can be signs of problems other than zinc deficiency. If you have these symptoms, your doctor can help determine whether you might have a zinc deficiency.

What are some effects of zinc on health?

Scientists are studying zinc to learn about its effects on the immune system (the body’s defense system against bacteria, viruses, and other foreign invaders). Scientists are also researching possible connections between zinc and the health problems discussed below.

Immune system and wound healing

The body’s immune system needs zinc to do its job. Older people and children in developing countries who have low levels of zinc might have a higher risk of getting pneumonia and other infections. Zinc also helps the skin stay healthy. Some people who have skin ulcers might benefit from zinc dietary supplements, but only if they have low levels of zinc.

Diarrhea

Children in developing countries often die from diarrhea. Studies show that zinc dietary supplements help reduce the symptoms and duration of diarrhea in these children, many of whom are zinc deficient or otherwise malnourished. The World Health Organization and UNICEF recommend that children with diarrhea take zinc for 10–14 days (20 mg/day, or 10 mg/day for infants under 6 months). It is not clear whether zinc dietary supplements can help treat diarrhea in children who get enough zinc, such as most children in the United States.

The common cold

Some studies suggest that zinc lozenges or syrup (but not zinc dietary supplements in pill form) help speed recovery from the common cold and reduce its symptoms if taken within 24 hours of coming down with a cold. However, more study is needed to determine the best dose and form of zinc, as well as how long it should be taken before zinc can be recommended as a treatment for the common cold.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)

AMD is an eye disease that gradually causes vision loss. Research suggests that zinc might help slow AMD progression. In a large study among older people with AMD who were at high risk of developing advanced AMD, those who took a daily dietary supplement with 80 mg zinc, 500 mg vitamin C, 400 IU vitamin E, 15 mg beta-carotene, and 2 mg copper for about 6 years had a lower chance of developing advanced AMD and less vision loss than those who did not take the dietary supplement. In the same study, people at high risk of the disease who took dietary supplements containing only zinc also had a lower risk of getting advanced AMD than those who did not take zinc dietary supplements. People who have or are developing the disease might want to talk with their doctor about taking dietary supplements.

Can zinc be harmful?

Yes, if you get too much. Signs of too much zinc include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, stomach cramps, diarrhea, and headaches. When people take too much zinc for a long time, they sometimes have problems such as low copper levels, lower immunity, and low levels of HDL cholesterol (the “good” cholesterol).

The daily upper limits for zinc are listed below. These levels do not apply to people who are taking zinc for medical reasons under the care of a doctor:

Are there any interactions with zinc that I should know about?

Yes. Zinc dietary supplements can interact or interfere with medicines that you take and, in some cases, medicines can lower zinc levels in the body. Here are several examples:

Taking a zinc dietary supplement along with quinolone or tetracycline antibiotics (such as Cipro®, Achromycin®, and Sumycin®) reduces the amount of both zinc and the antibiotic that the body absorbs. Taking the antibiotic at least 2 hours before or 4–6 hours after taking a zinc dietary supplement helps minimize this effect.

Zinc dietary supplements can reduce the amount of penicillamine (a drug used to treat rheumatoid arthritis) that the body absorbs. They also make penicillamine work less well. Taking zinc dietary supplements at least 2 hours before or after taking penicillamine helps minimize this effect.

Thiazide diuretics, such as chlorthalidone (brand name Hygroton®) and hydrochlorothiazide (brand names Esidrix® and HydroDIURIL®) increase the amount of zinc lost in the urine. Taking thiazide diuretics for a long time could decrease the amount of zinc in the body.

Tell your doctor, pharmacist, and other healthcare providers about any dietary supplements and medicines you take. They can tell you if those dietary supplements might interact or interfere with your prescription or over-the-counter medicines or if the medicines might interfere with how your body absorbs, uses, or breaks down nutrients.

Zinc and healthful eating

People should get most of their nutrients from food, advises the federal government’s Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Foods contain vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber and other substances that benefit health. In some cases, fortified foods and dietary supplements may provide nutrients that otherwise may be consumed in less-than-recommended amounts. For more information about building a healthy diet, refer to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s MyPlate.

Where can I find out more about zinc?

For general information on zinc:

For more information on food sources of zinc:

For more advice on buying dietary supplements:

For information about building a healthy diet:

Office of Dietary Supplements Health Professional Fact Sheet on Zinc

Zinc and Zinc in diet, MedlinePlus ®

U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA’s) FoodData Central

Nutrient List for zinc (listed by food or by zinc content), USDA

Office of Dietary Supplements Frequently Asked Questions: Which brand(s) of dietary supplements should I purchase?

MyPlate

Dietary Guidelines for Americans

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Nutritional deficiencies

This list has been compiled by Dr Patrick Kingsley - so thank you Patrick! I have added in a few of my own.

Symptoms are actually better indicators of nutritional deficiency than signs - indeed a BMJ article pointed out that 80% of diagnoses are made on the history, 6% on signs and 6% on investigations (although they didn't say how the other 8% was accounted for!) Anyhow, the following can be pointers to deficiencies, but they do not apply in all cases.

HANDS

cold hands - magnesium deficiency, hypothyroidism, chronic fatigue with low cardiac output

NAILS

white spots - mineral deficiency but often low zinc

ridges - zinc deficiency

soft or brittle nails - magnesium deficiency

bitten nails - general mineral deficiency

SKIN

stretch marks - zinc deficiency

follicular hyperkeratosis - vitamin A deficiency

spontaneous bleeds - vitamins C or K or platelet deficiency

dry scaly skin with hair follicles plugged with coiled distorted hairs and a red halo - vitamin C deficiency

yellow palms - excessive beta carotene intake

pimply rough skin at the back of the upper arms "chicken skin" - essential fatty acid deficiency

MOUTH

pale fissured tongue - iron deficiency

sore painful fissured tongue - vitamin B3 deficiency

sore burning tongue and lips and peeling of lips - vitamin B2 deficiency

swollen tongue with lateral teeth indentations - food intolerance

painful sore tongue with a smooth appearance - folic acid deficiency

cracked lips - vitamin B2 deficiency, thrush

GUMS

pyorrhoea - Co-Q10 deficiency

bleeding gums - vitamin C deficiency

gum disease - Co-Q10, folica acid, vitamin C deficiency

SKIN OF FACE

greasy red scaly skin of face and sides of nose - vitamin B2 deficiency

seborrhoeic dermatitis around nose and an acne like forehead rash - vitamin B6 deficiency

EYES

cataracts - chromium deficiency or excess free radicals - see Antioxidants

bags or dark rings under eyes - allergies or food intolerances

blue eyes and blond hair are often found in hyperactive male children - zinc magnesium, B6 and essential fatty acids deficiencies

blue eyes and premature grey hair - vitamin B12 deficiency - a feature of pernicious anaemia

THROAT

thyroid swelling - iodine deficiency, hypothyroidism

HEART

any problem with the heart, including irregular beat, high blood pressure, cardiomegaly - magnesium and Co-Q10 deficiencies and sensitivity to caffeine. See Ischaemic Heart Disease - what really causes it?

LEGS

tender calf muscles - magnesium deficiency

brisk knee reflexes - magnesium deficiency

The following problems can suggest particular deficiencies or allergies:

Nasal polyps - salicylate sensitivity

Catarrh, sinusitis, history of removal of tonsils or adenoids - milk intolerance

Poor healing - zinc deficiency

Can't remember dreams - vitamin B6 deficiency

Sugar craving, blood sugar swings, low blood sugar - chromium deficiency, carbohydrate intolerance and gut fermentation syndrome

Pre-menstrual syndrome - magnesium, zinc and essential fatty acid deficiencies

Glandular fever - inadequate liver detoxification mechanisms

Sensory symptoms - B12, B1, magnesium deficiencies

Mental symptoms - any B vitamin deficiency! Allergies, toxic stress.

Cervical dysplasia - vitamin B6 and folic acid deficiency

Arthritis - Boron and sulphur (MSM) deficiency

Measles - vitamin A deficiency

Persistent diarrhoea leading to fatigue - magnesium and potassium deficiencies

Many diuretics cause magnesium and potassium deficiencies

Muscle cramps - magnesium deficiency

Shaking hands - magnesium and vitamin B1 deficiencies

Hypertension - magnesium deficiency

Dysphagia - magnesium deficiency

Sensitivity to light - magnesium deficiency

Osteoporosis - don't forget to think about magnesium

High blood pressure in pregnancy - magnesium deficiency

Hair loss - thyroid, iron stores (must measure serum ferritin), biotin, zinc and essential fatty acid deficiencies

Frequent colds - zinc and vitamin C deficiencies

Infertility, miscarriages and premature labour - zinc deficiency

Poor sense of smell and taste - zinc deficiency

Poor vision or night blindness - zinc and vitamin A deficiencies

Dry eyes - vitamin A deficiency

The contraceptive pill and HRT can cause an increase in copper levels and zinc, magnesium and vitamin B6 deficiencies

Blocked nose with red wine - molybdenum deficiency

Any cancer or family history of cancer - selenium deficiency

Mercury amalgams in teeth - selenium and glutathione deficiencies

Cardiomyopathies (Keshan Disease) - selenium deficiency

Heart attacks - vitamin E deficiency (Shute brothers)

Hair loss, dandruff, eczema, excessive ear wax production, poor wound healing, excessive thirst (especially in hyperactive children), pre-menstrual symptoms of any sort- essential fatty acid deficiency

Carpal tunnel syndrome - vitamin B6 deficiency

Vegans - vitamin B12, zinc and Fe deficiencies

Gastrectomy - vitamin B12 and hydrochloric acid deficiencies

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy - vitamin B12 deficiency

Elderly - low everything, especially vitamin Bs and HCI deficiencies

Persistent infections vitamin C and zinc deficiencies

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Bifidus

Elaine writes: Bifidis is normally the only gut bacteria present in breast fed babies. Early researchers felt that when bifidis persists into early childhood and beyond, it correlated with celiac disease. I, personally, do not believe in using bifidis in a probiotic or in a yoghurt culture.

The use of different strains of probiotics has been a subject of much        discussion. I do not pretend to know the answers for most of them and        have told the list that spending one year doing library research convinced        me that there is more ambiguity than black and white answers.

To further the confusion, very smart people are advising some very dumb things. Companies have jumped on the band wagon proposing oral administration        of various types of Lactobacillus strains along with things like bifidis and have given absolutely no attention to the fact that these bacteria will mutate depending upon what is in the colon for them "to eat."

Seth on healing crow referenced a wonderful article which was a chapter in a book written by his former professor of bacteriology at the University of Wisconsin. (copyright 2000 Kenneth Todar. Bacteriology pg 303. I have it in front of me.

"The normal flora of humans is exceedingly complex and consists of more than 200 species of bacteria. The makeup of the normal flora depends upon various factors including genetics, age, sex, stress, nutrition and diet of the individual......The distribution of the bacterial flora of humans is shown in the following table. This table lists only a fraction of the total bacterial species that occur as normal flora of humans and does not express the total number or concentration of bacteria at any site."

It then goes on to list many species including Bacteroides sp and Bifidobacterium  bifidum. I understand that these two are closely related. Others include  Enterobacteriaceae (E. coli) and Lactobacillus, etc.

Then comes the confusing part: "The greatest number of bacteria are found in the lower intestinal tract,        specifically the colon and the most prevalent bacteria are the Bacteroides,        a group of Gram-negative, anaerobic, non-sporeforming bacteria. They        have been implicated in the initiation of colitis and colon cancer. Bifidobacterium  bifidum is the Gram-positive counterpart to the Bacteroides in the colon. They are anaerobic, non-sporeforming, lactic acid bacteria. They are    the "friendly" bacteria in the intestine. Bacteroides predominate in the intestine of meat-eaters, bifidobacteria and other lactic acid bacteria predominate in the intestine of vegetarians."

From Elaine: That said, it appears that bifidis could replace bacteroides and the  implication of the latter in initiating cancer and colitis could be overcome. However, that is not certain and considering that our paleolithic diet was high in meat, I would doubt if meat is the real suspicious element in the diet. The research has indicated to me that any work done to support this thesis was not done without many other variables in the diet including high starch. Seth provides the following information:

"Intestinal Floras of Populations That Have a High Risk of Colon Cancer

APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Sept. 1995, p. 3202-3207 Vol. 61, No. 9

The study finds that populations with the highest colon cancer risk have a higher number of bifido bacteria than populations with the lowest risk. The authors were very surprised at this result since bifido bacteria is a "good" bacteria. Of course this is an epidemiology study (which always have flaws) but combined with Elaine's knowledge on the subject sends a powerful warning in my mind.

t writes:  In the case of bifidus, it has a tendency to overgrow. Each type of bacteria          has different properties, different byproducts... I usually think of it in terms of different levels of tenacity and agression. Your gut is truly a multicultural society - some member are more altuistic, and others are criminal. Some are interested in improving the neighbourhood, and some are only out for themselves.

L. Acidophilus is about as community-minded a bacterial strain as you will find, with S.Thermophilus and L.Bulgaricus running a close second. The others are either less friendly, or are unknown quantities. It gets  even more complicated if you consider soil based strains.

So we stick with Acidophilus in our supplements, and Acidophilus, Thermophilus  and Bulgaricus in our yoghurt, because they are good neighbours.

Julie writes:  I am one who had used yoghurt containing Bifidus as my starter the first          eight months on the diet and after a few back to back flares where nothing helped, Lucy clued me in that the Bifidus may have overgrown in my colon and therefore caused my endless flare. Sure enough, after I switched to the powdered yogourmet starter I literally came out of  the flare overnight! I am a big proponent

From      the LI listserve

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Probiotics: Five Core Species

It’s overwhelming how many probiotics are now available today, and the number of different combinations available as nutritional supplements at health food stores, and even added to foods, is growing. There are myriad different species of bacteria that make up the human microbiome, but science has identified some major players, and aggressively studied these in both animals and humans. As such, I’ll focus on this core group of probiotic species.

To make the task of finding and purchasing the right formulas as easy as possible, I’ve simplified my recommendation to just 5 core species that are widely available: Lactobaccilus plantarum, Lactobaccilus acidophilus, Lactobaccilus brevis, Bifidobacterium lactis and Bifidobacterium longum. Different strains provide different benefits, but these are the ones that will support your body’s biology by doing the very things we’ve been discussing since the beginning of the book when it comes to sustaining brain health.

Lactobaccilus plantarum: Found in kimchi, sauerkraut, and other cultured vegetables, this bug is one of the most beneficial bacteria in your body. It survives in the stomach for a long time and performs many functions that help regulate immunity and control inflammation in the gut. It also helps fortify the gut lining, fending off potential invaders that might compromise the intestinal wall and sneak into the bloodstream. In fact, L. plantarum’s beneficial impact on the gut lining is perhaps its most important attribute, for it reduces gut permeability, thereby reducing the associated risks for leaky gut—including an increased risk for virtually every brain disorder. Moreover, L. plantarum can quickly digest protein, and this has the ultimate effect of preventing food allergies and even treating such allergies when they arise. Its been shown in experimental animal studies to protect engineered mice from having clinical symptoms of multiple sclerosis and even reduce the inflammatory response typical of that condition. Finally, L. plantarum has an uncanny ability to absorb and maintain important nutrients such as brain-friendly omega- 3 fatty acids, vitamins, and antioxidants. All of these actions make L. plantarum essential for fighting infection and taking control of any pathogenic bacteria.

Lactobaccilus acidophilus: L. acidophilus is the darling of fermented dairy products, including yogurt. It keeps the balance of good vs. bad bacteria in check and in doing so, aids your immune system. In women, it helps to curb the growth of Candida albicans, a fungus that can cause yeast infections. L. acidophilus has also gained fame for its ability to help maintain cholesterol levels. In the small intestine, L. acidophilus produces many beneficial substances that combat pathogenic microbes, including acidolphilin, acidolin, bacteriocin, and lactocidin.

Lactobaccilus brevis: Sauerkraut and pickles owe a lot of their benefits to this bug, which improves immune function by increasing cellular immunity and even enhancing killer T cell activity. It’s so effective in combating vaginosis, a common bacterial infection of the vagina, that it’s added to pharmaceuticals used to treat it. L. brevis also acts to inhibit the effects of certain gut pathogens. Perhaps best of all, it has been shown to increase levels of that all-star brain growth hormone BDNF.

Bifidobacterium lactis (also called B. animalis): Fermented milk products like yogurt contain this gem, which is well documented to have a powerful effect on preventing digestive ills and boosting immunity. It’s also known to be helpful in knocking out food-born pathogens like salmonella, which causes diarrhea.

Bifidobacterium longum: Just one of the 32 species that belong to the genus bifidobacterium, this is one of the first bugs that colonize our bodies at birth. It has been associated with improving lactose tolerance and preventing diarrhea, food allergies, and the proliferation of pathogens. It’s also known to have antioxidant properties as well as the ability to scavenge free radicals. In laboratory mice, B. longum has been shown to reduce anxiety. Like L. acidophilus, B. longum also helps maintain healthy cholesterol levels.

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What are Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus?

Both of these genus are Gram-positive (which just means that they have a thick cell wall made of peptidoglycan) and part of the lactic acid-producing groups, and found to be safe as probiotic supplements.23 A two-part study showed that the risk of probiotic-associated bacteremia (essentially a condition where the bacteria go to places they shouldn’t, like the blood) was only 0.2%, while a study spanning seven years showed no bacteremia when patients were given a probiotic combination.45 This is the first point that counsels in favor of combining a few strains of probiotics, combinations prevent one strain from becoming dominant and taking over.

It’s important to note here that while these Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are a major part of the whole, our microbiomes are made up of roughly a thousand different species. While there is no real recipe for a “healthy” microbiome, we do know that balance is the key to a happy and healthy gut.6

With that in mind, what are the respective benefits of these types of bacteria?

Benefits of Bifidobacterium

First, to go over some basics: Bifidobacterium is a genus of the bacteria kingdom that reside in the GI (gastrointestinal) tract, vagina and mouth of mammals. They are Gram-positive, use glucose as fuel instead of oxygen (anaerobic), and are usually branched-shaped. Bifidobacterium makes up 25% of adult fecal bacteria and 80% in infants, a phenomenally high number.

What separates this genus from the other bacteria is a particular pathway that allows it to ferment carbohydrates. This is beneficial for us because plant and milk carbohydrates are undigestible in their natural form. Fermentation turns these carbs into short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which is the main energy source for our intestinal cells.78

We also discuss SCFA in our recent post: Can you outrun your gut issues?

But aside from providing our bodies with much-needed SCFAs, Bifidocacterium also works to protect us from infections. For instance, B. Infantis was shown to have a broad spectrum of antimicrobial properties to inhibit the growth of pathogens and B. animalis DN-173 010 can adhere to intestinal cells, which keeps invading viruses or bacteria from binding to our epithelial cells.9

Some species from this genus were also found to help stimulate our immune systems: B. longum increases the immunological defense systems in germ-free mice and B. breve YIT4064 enhances IgA-antibodies that are antigen specific for rotavirus, a major cause of acute childhood diarrhea, in mice.9 See my previous blog post to get a refresher on what these mice are: How our gut bacteria can fight tumor growth.

Benefits of Lactobacillus

Lactobacillus falls under the phylum Firmicutes, which are characterized by their Gram-positive cell walls and are the only bacteria to contain PanK-II enzymes, which is the first enzyme in the Coenzyme A (CoA) pathway. They are non-spore forming and rod shaped, and use transport functions as a means of survival, as they have difficult synthesizing amino acids and other cellular building blocks. Like Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus ferments carbohydrates into SCFAs. Both genus are found in the gut and vaginal systems of mammals.

Lactobacilli have been used to make dairy products like cheese and yogurt, as they have a high tolerance for low pH conditions, a feature that allows for them to travel through GI tract and survive the abrupt pH changes in the intestinal system.

A review of the Lactobacillus genus from Diane M. Citron’s lab at UCLA found commercial uses for the following species from the genus.10

Lactobacillus acidophilus is considered to have probiotic characteristics. It is used commercially in many dairy products. Lactobacillus casei including strain Shirota (YIT9029) (Yakult Honsha Co. Ltd Japan) complements the growth of L. acidophilus, a producer of the carbohydrate-digesting enzyme amylase. It is involved in the production and ripening of cheddar cheese and is the dominant species in naturally fermented Sicilian green olives.

Lactobacillus brevis, L. fermentum, and L. parabuchneri are the 3 major species of dairy obligate heterofermenters that, when present in cheese during ripening, can influence the flavor and texture of the final product. L. parabuchneri is also used to produce sourdough bread and ferment vegetables.

Lactobacillus bulgaricus is used for the production of yogurt. It is also found in other naturally fermented products and is used to preserve milk. It produces bacteriocins, which can be bactericidal in vitro.

While both Bifidobacterium and Lactobacilli bacteria share metabolic properties, Lactobacilli have a much higher level of phylogenetic, phenotypic, and ecological diversity and have over 170 recognized species. This diversity has made it difficult to identify new and current species, which makes it even harder for consumers to decide which strain to include in their diets. However, one thing is clear: when choosing a Lactobacillus supplement, try to choose products containing live bacteria. A recent study found that the freeze-drying process led to a loss of viability of Lactobacillus from acids produced by the sugars used as cryoprotectants.11

In one study, researchers found that mice with irritable bowel syndrome had a decrease in severity of disease when given L. acidophilus, specifically they found that the probiotic suppressed the inflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF-a, IL-1B, and IL-17 in the colon and spleen as well as decreasing the activation of myofibroblasts, which are immune cells that migrate to sites of injury and produce inflammatory cytokines.12

Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in the Immune System

As an immunologist, my focus has been on how the immune system works and what happens when something goes awry. It wasn’t until recently that I began to look at how the microbiome affected the outcomes of our experiments and how probiotics could be used to help treat patients with cancer or autoimmune disease.

Several studies have also shown benefits for combining Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus when treating inflammatory bowel diseases. One uncontrolled study showed that B. bifidum Bb12 given with Lactobacillus acidophilus over three weeks doubled the number of peripheral white blood cells with that could engulf and destroy pathogens.1314

Additionally, benefits for patients with the autoimmune disease Crohn’s or Ulcerative Colitis were reported in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, with a combination of eight probiotics, including B. longum, B. breve, and B. infantis prevented relapse of chronic pouchitis after remission.1516 UC patients also seemed to have better symptom control when given a supplement with a mixture of Lactobacilli La-5 and Bifidobacterium Bb-12 as well as fermented milk with live B. breve, B. bifidum and L. acidophilus YIT 0168.171819

Bottom Line: Mixing Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus Strains is Beneficial

So the big takeaway from all of this? When choosing what probiotics to add to your diet, it’s important to choose products with live bacteria, such is refrigerated probiotic strains that are heat-dried, kefir and fermented foods (anyone tried nattō? Our resident taste-tester Amber has a great post on it: Natto taste test: How does this super-funky superfood stack up?).

Unlike S. Boulardii, which confers the most benefit when freeze dried, when it comes to Lactobacilli, freeze-dried probiotics aren’t going to give you the same benefits as they sometimes have a viability issue. While both Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium produce SFCAs, they provide protective benefits in different and complementary ways, so mixing these two strains is documented to give the best protective activity.

Finally, while both are generally considered safe, there have been reports of adverse effects from over-administration from patients who had underlying conditions (particularly with diseases that cause bleeding) so as always, check in with your doctor before making any major changes to your diet.

Technical information for the true geeks

If you’re interested in learning a little more, take a look at this chart on the protein distribution by COG functional categories of genomes.

Source: National Center for Biotechnology Information

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Epogam evening primrose oil treatment in atopic dermatitis and asthma

Abstract          

 Essential fatty acids are claimed to have positive effects in atopic diseases. In a double blind, placebo controlled, parallel group study 58 out of 60 children, with atopic dermatitis and the need for regular treatment with topical skin steroids, completed a 16 weeks' treatment period with either Epogam evening primrose oil or placebo capsules. Twenty two of these subjects also had asthma. The parents used diaries to record symptom scores and concomitant medication. Peak expiratory flow was measured and disease activity was monitored by the clinician every four weeks. The plasma concentrations of essential fatty acids increased significantly in the group treated with Epogam capsules. The study demonstrated significant improvements of the eczema symptoms but no significant difference was found between the placebo and the Epogam groups. No therapeutic effect was shown on asthma symptoms or fidget. 

C A Hederos  

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How To Use Herbs To Cleanse Your Child’s Liver Safely

Unexpected Toxins Are EVERYWHERE!

Thirty years ago we had a choice whether or not we put toxins in or on our bodies. Now, toxins are everywhere, no matter how hard we try to avoid them.

Chemtrails in the air rain dangerous heavy metals down on us and into the soil, getting into our food and into ground water. Breastmilk contains glyphosate, the toxic pesticide found in Round Up, plastics, and other toxins. Even mothers from remote Inuit tribes who follow a traditional diet were found to have toxins excreted through their breastmilk.

What the mess?!

Do Kids Need To Detox?

Before I answer the question, “Do kids need to detox?” let me first make it clear that I am in no way promoting “cleansing” for children. “Cleansing” is a popular way to flush toxins from the body. It’s usually a fast, often harsh, way to stimulate different body systems to “let go” of toxins they may be holding on to.

When it comes to children, it’s unneccesary to purge their bodies of toxins quickly as this can lead to problems (as it can with adults too). Instead, a gentle approach is best with children.

You see, our bodies are designed to gently detox on their own every day, it’s just that our modern lives are too full of toxins for our bodies to keep up with (Barclay, n.d.). Thankfully, there are things we can do to help our bodies detoxify themselves, and most of these changes come with making simple lifestyle changes like those we’ll discuss below. I personally believe this is the best, safest way to keep our children’s liver healthy and to assist them with gentle detoxification if need be.

With the constant bombardment of chemicals, many children are born with compromised immune systems and bodies that are already exposed to toxins. Add to that common children’s medications, vaccines, mercury fillings, and junk food laden diets, and this next generation is on a fast road to disaster. When their bodies become overwhelmed, chronic health issues begin to develop, and the symptoms may lay under the surface for a while before they’re noticed.

Autism rates alone have gone from 1 in 160 children to 1 in every 68 in the past 8 years and the rate is steeply rising. When the CDC data is analyzed, the autism rate is likely closer to 1 in every 18 kids right now.

Your body produces glutathione which is a key component for protecting and detoxing the liver. Different substances can deplete this glutathione, in particular, children’s Tylenol and vaccines, even more so when the two are combined. While we chose not to vaccinate, my little guy had a few rounds of Tylenol before I knew how to use herbs with children.

Thankfully, there are safe and effective ways to ensure your children’s bodies are functioning optimally, without being overburdened by a toxic overload. 

2 Ways To Decrease Your Child’s Toxic Load

#1 – Lifestyle Changes To Promote A Healthy Liver

So, first things first. One of the best ways to support your child’s health is to empower them to make positive choices. You can do that by not only setting a good example yourself but by teaching your children the hows of natural living as well.

Diet

When it comes to specific lifestyle changes that can benefit your child’s liver, the first thing to be addressed is their diet.

Eating a whole food diet free of processed, preserved food is a great start. But, did you know there are some foods you can increase in your child’s diet that are better for their liver than others.  

Foods that contain sulfur or are considered “methyl donors” such as cruciferous vegetables (broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, kale and other greens, brussel sprouts, etc.) and garlic and onion all help to activate liver enzymes that aid in the detoxification process. Foods high in B vitamins are also great for the liver as they help to create glutathione (mentioned above) in the body. Shiitake mushrooms are another great addition to the diet as they’ve been shown to have hepatoprotective properties (Keeping Your Liver Healthy, n.d.).

Decreasing Toxins

Another lifestyle change you can make is to work towards decreasing external toxins you’re exposed to. You can do this by using DIY or buying toxin-free body care products to help reduce the body’s toxic load. You can also work to decrease your family’s exposure to EMFs, swap unhealthy kitchen products for healthier versions, and keeping the air in your home clean. All of these efforts will help to minimize the amount of toxins your child’s body is exposed to.

Herbal Bitters

Another lifestyle change that can help improve liver health is to add herbal bitters to your child’s diet. The body has many healthy responses to herbal bitters, and one can only benifit from their use.

Bitters strengthen the entire digestive tract from the stomach to the liver, gallbladder, and pancreus and on down into the colon. Herbalist Sharyn Hocurscak says they challenge the liver (and other digestive organs) (Hocurscak, 2014a). In an article she wrote on making herbal bitters, she goes on to quote herbalist Guido Mase who says, “The ongoing exposure to a rich and potent xenobiome [bitters] keeps the liver on its toes…” (Masé, 2013), with Hocursacak adding that bitters help “the body to sort out the good and bad of ingested food and toxins, purifying the blood. These actions put bitters into an herbal classification called alteratives.” So not only do bitters strengthen the digestive tract and help it function correctly, but they support the liver in detoxification too (Hocurscak, 2014b).

You will be doing your children a favor by helping them get used to bitters at an early age. If you’re ready to incorporate bitters into your child’s diet, here’s a recipe for “summer bitters” that you can try. If you find yourself having trouble getting your kids to take bitters (and you may), you can get creative and trick your child into taking their herbal bitters. Remember, it’s best to take bitters 20-30 minutes before meals to get the most out of them.

#2 – Use Herbs To Cleanse Your Child’s Liver Safely

We all need a little more help with detoxing, and the same is true for children. There are even well-respected herbal companies that make liver cleansing products for children.

Since they’re younger and their systems haven’t fully developed yet, extra precautions have to be taken. Certain herbs aren’t safe for them, and the dosages should be adjusted based on their age or weight. 

This following information is sourced from the book Herbal Medicine by Sharol Tilgner N.D.

Herbs To Cleanse Your Child’s Liver Safely

Dandelion root – Stimulates production and flow of bile from the gallbladder. Dandelion is slow acting and is better fitted for long term use.

Licorice – Helps restore the liver without over stimulating it. It’s also an adaptogen that modulates the immune system.

Milk thistle seeds – Helps, protect, regenerate and restore the liver. May also help flush out foreign chemicals and excessive chemical build up that’s in the liver.

Schisandra – A liver restorative that stimulates bile flow. It’s also an adaptogen and helps modulate the immune system.

Turmeric – A powerful anti-inflammatory that also stimulates bile flow and production. Stimulates digestive enzymes. It’s particularly useful for clearing out liver congestion.

Yellow dock – Helps with poor fat absorption and liver congestion. Increases production and secretion of bile and promotes digestion and elimination of the alimentary tract.

Oregon grape root – Stimulates the liver and gall bladder, and increases production and secretion of bile. It also promotes digestion and elimination of toxin congestion in the body.

Burdock – An anti-inflammatory that also stimulates digestion. It stimulates and cleanses the blood and lymph system, and acts as a liver tonic to help flush out built up toxins. Not recommended for long term use

Tilgner, 1999).

Some Cautions

As always, there are some things you need to know anytime you take herbs. All herbs can have a postitive affect on the body, but those effects can also be problematic, depending on the situation. This is why it’s best for you to do some reasearch on individual herbs to see what these affects are and if it’s an appropriate time for you or your child to take them.

When it comes to the herbs mentioned above and in the recipes below, there are some things to be aware of when taking them. 

First, these herbs are not to be used during pregnancy. Next, if you have gallstones or kidney stones, these herbs can exacerbate those conditions. This is rare with children, but I wanted to mention it anyway. Lastly, some of these herbs are not meant to be used long-term (licorice, turmeric, yellow dock, oregon grape root) as they can have unwanted effects when used in large doses for lengthy periods of time. For example, high, frequent doses of licorice can lead to water retention in the body and long-term use of turmeric has been known to thin the blood.  

Again, these cautions should be taken into consideration depending on the circumstances you find yourself in.

How Should Children Take Liver Cleansing Herbs? 

Since most children are unable to swallow capsules, and some of the liver cleansing herbs aren’t appealing to their little taste buds in a tea, what’s the best way to give them these healthy herbs? One of the best ways is with a tincture. Tinctures are concentrated, so they can be diluted and disguised in juice, and they’re shelf stable for easier storage.

I like using an alcohol based tincture for liver cleanses, because alcohol goes straight to the liver, taking the healing herbs along with it. You can use apple cider vinegar instead, but it won’t be as effective. And if you’re worried about giving your child an alcohol-based tincture, then you’ll want to read this post where I discuss the safety and benefit of giving children alcohol-based tinctures.

Two Liver Cleansing Recipes For Children 

#1 – Children’s Liver Protecting Tea

Dandelion root has an earthy taste that resembles coffee, and my husband and I love drinking it with a bit of raw honey and cream, or in my nourishing gingerbread latte recipe. It can be made into a tincture too, but it tastes really yummy as a tea. Licorice is another herb that’s really good as a tea, and its sweet flavor makes it especially appealing to children.

Because dandelion is most effective at protecting the liver when used long term, this is a tea your little ones can enjoy frequently (Tilgner, 1999).

Ingredients:

1 teaspoon dandelion root

1 teaspoon licorice root

8-ounces boiled water

Directions:

Place herbs in a tea strainer. 

Pour water over herbs, and let herbs simmer gently for 10-15 minutes. 

Remove strainer. Compost herbs. Sweeten tea as desired.

Tea Dosing For Children

Be sure to adjust the dosage based on your child’s age or weight. I’ve used Freid’s rule here which is the child’s age in months, divided by 150, then multiplied by the adult dose which is 8-ounces. I’ve also given some examples of what that dosage looks like for different ages below.

1-year-old – .6 ounces tea

3-year-old – 2 ounces tea

5-year-old – 3 ounces tea

7-year-old – 4.5 ounces tea

10-year-old – 6.5 ounces tea

#2 – Children’s Liver Detox Tincture

Like the tea above, the recipe here contains several herbs to cleanse your child’s liver safely. Keep in mind that you will need to adjust the dosage based on your child’s age or weight using a dosing formula. Use anywhere from 2-4 weeks.

Ingredients:

2 tablespoons milk thistle seed

2 tablespoons oregon grape root

2 tablespoons burdock root

1.5 tablespoons schisandra

1 heaping tablespoon turmeric powder

1 heaping tablespoon yellow dock leaves

Directions:

Combine all of the herbs in a clean, pint-sized glass mason jar.

Fill the jar with 80 proof or higher vodka (organic if available). Feel free to substitute apple cider vinegar.

Store the jar in a cool, dark place and shake 1-3 times a day for 3 weeks.

Strain the herbs out with a clean cheesecloth or t-shirt fabric, really squeezing the liquid out of the herbs. Repeat this step a few times if needed. You can run the liquid through a coffee filter as a final filtering step to get all of the powder out of the bottom, which can make the tincture taste really bitter.

Tincture Dosing For Children

The adult dose is 35 drops, 3 times a day. You will find examples of children’s dosing below, again using Freid’s rule which is an age-based dosing formula.

Be sure to dilute the drops in a tasty tea or juice. It’s important to start with just a few drops, and increase by a few drops a day until you reach the recommended dose.

1-year-old – 3 drops, 3 times daily

3-year-old – 8 drops, 3 times daily

5-year-old – 14 drops, 3 times daily

7-year-old – 19 drops, 3 times daily

10-year-old – 28 drops, 3 times daily

REFERENCES:

Barclay, L. (n.d.). Liver Detoxification — Fact or Fad? Retrieved July 05, 2016, from http://www.webmd.com/men/features/liver-detoxification—-fact-fad

Hocurscak, S. (2014a). History and Benefits of Bitters. Retrieved October 21, 2016, from https://theherbalacademy.com/history-and-benefits-of-bitters/Hocurscak, S. (2014, March 10). History and Benefits of Bitters. Retrieved October 21, 2016, from https://theherbalacademy.com/history-and-benefits-of-bitters/

Hocurscak, S. (2014b). Making Bitters. Retrieved October 21, 2016, from https://theherbalacademy.com/bitter-integrations-making-bitters/

Keeping Your Liver Healthy. (n.d.). In Intermediate Herbal Course. Herbal Academy.

Masé, G. (2013) The Wild Medicine Solution Healing with Aromatic, Bitter, and Tonic Plants. Rochester, Vermont: Healing Arts Press

Tilgner, S. (1999). Herbal medicine: From the heart of the earth. Creswell, OR: Wise Acres.

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The liver

What

is the liver?

The liver is the largest organ inside your body.

It looks like a reddish brown wedge with 2 different parts, or lobes, of different sizes. The right lobe is a lot bigger than the left lobe.

It weighs about 1.4 kg when you are fully grown.

It lies on the right hand side of your abdominal cavity (say ab-dom-in-al kav-it-ee) underneath the diaphragm (say dye-a –fram) and behind the ribs.

Two large blood vessels called the hepatic artery (say hep-attic art-er-ee) and the portal vein (say por-tal vayn) carry blood to the liver.

As these blood vessels come into the liver they branch out and get smaller until they end in incredibly tiny capillaries. Each capillary (say cap-ill-aree) leads to a lobule (say lob-yule) and each lobule is made up of hepatic cells. These are the basic cells of the liver and they do the most amazing things for your body.

The hepatic artery brings oxygen-rich blood straight from the heart through the aorta.

The portal vein also brings blood but this is carrying digested food from the small intestine (say in-test-een).

Whatdoes the liver do?

The liver performs over 500 different functions! In fact it is so important that we cannot live without our liver. Maybe if you become a medical doctor you will learn about all of them, but right now we are going to look at the main things that the liver does.

Let's look at the main three

Your liver acts as a chemical processing factory to change most of the food that you eat into stuff that your body can use, and it gets rid of the things that are no use or are toxic (this word means harmful to your body.)

Your liver makes and stores fuel Your liver makes glucose from carbohydrates (say car-bow-hi-drates) that you eat, such as ones in bread, fruit and dairy products. Some of this glucose travels in the blood to the rest of the body where it is used for energy.  Some of the glucose is stored in the liver as glycogen (say gly-co-jen) and it is there until your body needs to use extra energy, like when you have to run fast, react quickly or have to work your body hard for a long time.  It also helps to keep blood glucose at the right levels.  

Your liver cleans your blood Your liver takes toxins out of your blood. These may have been made by your body when breaking down proteins (say pro-teens), or been brought into your body through breathing or ingesting (say in-jest-ing) (this means taking into your body) something like alcohol, drugs or other harmful substances. Your liver sorts things out and changes them chemically into what your body can use and turns what can't be used into something that dissolves in blood so that it can be carried to the kidneys. For example the liver makes urea (say you-rear) from parts of proteins that can't be used. It is poisonous so the body has to remove it. Blood collects this urea from the liver and sends it to the kidneys. They filter urea from the blood and it is then expelled from the body as waste in your urine. (See Your waste disposal system if you want to know more about this.) Drinking too much alcohol for a long time can damage the liver so badly that it cannot do its job. This is called cirrhosis (say si-row-sis).  

Your liver makes bile which travels from the liver into the small intestine  Bile is a digestive juice which helps the body absorb fat from the gut into the bloodstream. The liver makes this thick, yellow-green substance then stores it in the gall bladder until the body needs some to digest fats.

Some

other jobs that your liver does

Breaking proteins down into amino acids (say am-i-no a-sids).

Storing vitamins and minerals - A, D, K and B12, and iron.

Producing cholesterol (say kol-est-er-ol): about 80% of the cholesterol in your body is made by the liver from other fats that you eat. Cholesterol is a fat that your body needs for normal growth and health. Too much can be bad for your arteries, they can get clogged up which makes the heart have to work too hard.

Breaking down the ingredients in medicines, eg painkillers so that your body can quickly use them to make you feel better.

Helping with blood clotting so that when you cut yourself you don't bleed very long before the blood clots and stops the bleeding.

Hepatitis

Some infections can harm the liver so that it cannot work well. This is called hepatitis. Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C are some of the illnesses that are caused by viruses. Kids nowadays get immunised against Hepatitis B when they are babies or when they are in Year 8 at school. There is a topic about Hepatitis B if you want to know more.

Some

interesting facts about the liver

Your liver consists of 96% water. (The water is inside the cells and in blood.)

Medical words to do with the liver often have hepato - or hepatic in them. This comes from the Greek word for liver.

Your liver can regenerate (re-build) itself. Even if only 25% of it is still healthy your liver can regenerate itself into a full liver again!

Your liver is bigger than your brain.    

Dr Kim says

Your liver works very hard to keep you healthy. You can help it by eating healthy food, drinking water, exercising regularly to keep your body systems working well, and staying clear of alcohol.

If your liver is not working well your eyes and skin may look yellow. Then it is time to visit your doctor straight away. You cannot live without your liver so look after it and it will look after you.

There were a lot of big words in this topic. Hope you have learned how to say them as well as what they all mean!

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Apple Cider Vinegar for Fatty Liver: Is It a Safe Detox Solution?

If you're looking for natural remedies to help detox your liver and support liver function, you may have come across the idea of using apple cider vinegar for fatty liver disease treatment and prevention. Is there any hard science behind this? Are there better natural supplemental treatments out there? Are there real health benefits to a liver flush diet? We have the answers.

What Is an Apple Cider Vinegar Detox?

Apple cider vinegar (ACV) is, naturally, vinegar made from apple cider. Those who use it as a detox supplement claim consuming apple cider vinegar daily (to help suppress appetite), or over the course of a dedicated detox regimen, helps them lose weight, regulates their blood sugar, and detoxes the body, including the liver. But does this home remedy actually help with health issues like insulin resistance or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease? Let's find out.

What Is Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease?

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) can develop due to genetic predisposition, underlying conditions like leaky gut syndrome, and avoidable lifestyle causes such as poor diet and inactivity. Obesity, high cholesterol levels, and other metabolic disorders are risk factors for an increased likelihood of NAFLD, which involves triglyceride (fat) deposits building up in the liver, interrupting liver function, and sometimes causing irreversible scarring that could lead to cirrhosis, liver failure, and death. Liver health is vital for a long and productive life, and some proponents wholeheartedly believe apple cider vinegar can help prevent or reverse fatty liver damage.

Apple Cider Vinegar for Fatty Liver and More

According to proponents of the practice, regularly flushing your system with apple cider vinegar can improve your digestion, boost your immune system, and aid in the detoxification work of your liver and kidneys, but what does the science say?

1. Cholesterol and Triglyceride Levels

A Japanese study from 2009 tracked the triglyceride and cholesterol levels of animals consuming vinegar, and after 4 weeks found that their triglyceride levels had gone down.

Triglycerides are fats formed from glycerol (a sugar byproduct), which is why diets high in carbs and sugar often lead not only to type 2 diabetes but also to fatty liver deposits. While this study is on animal models and may not have the same effect on humans, if apple cider vinegar helps control appetite and reduce weight (especially belly fat), it could also help lower triglyceride levels in the body, keeping them from clogging up the liver. A healthy diet could do the same, especially one like the ketogenic diet, which targets visceral fat around the organs.

Another study from Iran in 2012 found that apple cider vinegar may help lower LDL ("bad") cholesterol, as well as total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in those who have high cholesterol in the first place (hyperlipidemia). This is a human study, and though on a small sample of people (19 participants), it is a more trustworthy indication that ACV may work as claimed.

2. Weight Loss

The above-linked study from Japan also found ACV to be effective for body weight loss in animals, and a human study (though older, from 2007), may shed some light on how apple cider vinegar could be effective for weight loss in people.

Ten participants with type 1 diabetes were split into two groups: half of the patients were given food (a pudding cup) with a cup of water, while the other half were given the same, plus 2 tablespoons of apple cider vinegar added to the water. Results showed that the apple cider vinegar group had a slower rate of gastric emptying, meaning it took longer for their food to transfer from their stomachs to their small intestines. In this way, apple cider vinegar may reduce appetite, which in turn decreases daily calorie consumption, which then may lead to weight loss.

3. Blood Sugar Control

Eating foods high in carbs causes blood sugar to spike when that sudden influx of sugar hits the bloodstream. Regular high blood sugar spikes can contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes.

A 2004 study showed that less than 1 ounce of apple cider vinegar given alongside a high-carb meal helped stabilize blood sugar (glucose) levels across three distinct groups: diabetic, pre-diabetic, and non-diabetic participants.

Another study from 2007 on people with type 2 diabetes found that apple cider vinegar taken alongside a bedtime snack also helped lower blood sugar levels the next morning. The scientists conducting the test suggested this was due to the effect of acetic acid in ACV, which slows down the rate at which carbs are processed into sugar.

How to Do an Apple Cider Vinegar Detox: Dosages and Possible Side Effects

If apple cider vinegar helps you lose weight and lower blood lipid levels, it may be worth a try when it comes to reversing a fatty liver diagnosis. The studies above use small amounts of ACV over limited periods of time, so it's important to ask your doctor or another trusted health care professional for specific advice regarding how long you should take ACV. That being said, here are some general guidelines and precautionary measures if you want to try out an ACV detox yourself.

Apple Cider Detox Ingredients

Combine together the following, and consume it once a day alongside a meal for optimal benefits.

1-2 tablespoons of raw, unfiltered apple cider vinegar (start with the smaller amount at first to avoid stomach upset)

8 ounces of warm water

(Optional) 1-2 tablespoons of a sweetener or flavoring like maple syrup, lemon juice, honey, stevia, apple juice, cinnamon, cayenne pepper, or ginger

You don't necessarily have to drink apple cider vinegar to get the benefits. You can dress or sauté your food with it (as a salad dressing or meat or vegetable marinade), stir it into stews or soups, blend it into a healthy smoothie, or even spritz it on some popcorn.

You can add ACV to your diet indefinitely or only during dedicated detox times, but again, ask a health care professional for specific advice regarding your health, especially if you are on any prescribed medications.

Cautions and Side Effects

Specific medications related to insulin or functioning as a diuretic may be interrupted by apple cider vinegar consumption.

If you're drinking apple cider vinegar, use a straw to help it bypass your tooth enamel, as vinegar may erode the enamel faster. That is why it's advised you mix it into a glass of water, and why it's better to take ACV with food: taking it with a meal not only gives it an opportunity to protect your blood sugar from spiking, but the food also protects your teeth and your digestive tract from the acidic effect of vinegar.

Should you experience any discomfort or concerning side effects, cease consuming apple cider vinegar immediately and seek medical advice.

Other Natural Remedies for Fatty Liver

If apple cider vinegar works to improve your individual health, fantastic, but if it doesn't work or if the side effects are too problematic or dangerous, there are other proven natural supplements that can aid liver detox.

Lemon: Easy enough to include in an ACV detox drink, lemons are full of the antioxidant vitamin C, which helps produce the liver enzyme glutathione, important for liver detox. The flavonoid eriocitrin found in lemon has also been proven to lower triglycerides and total cholesterol and repair fatty liver disease damage.

Milk thistle: Milk thistle contains silymarin, an antifibrotic that helps prevent liver scarring. It has been used to help treat viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, and liver damage from poisonings. Milk thistle even helps promote liver regeneration according to the University of Maryland Medical Center.

Amino acids: The essential amino acids are necessary not only for building new muscle, but for a thousand other important functions in the body, including liver health. They create the enzymes the liver needs to function, help reduce liver fat, and provide the building blocks for liver regeneration and repair.

Green tea: Full of flavonoids with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, green tea also has proven anti-diabetic effects. According to the Journal of Molecular Medicine, the catechins in green tea improve liver function specifically in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and improve their liver enzyme levels.

Turmeric: This vibrant spice contains curcumin, a phytochemical that can help ameliorate conditions like cardiovascular disease, arthritis, and cancer. Curcumin has also specifically helped reduce the symptoms of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Along with a fatty liver diet that helps support your vital organs and keeps toxins and unhealthy fats out of your system, these natural supplements can give you an extra boost, all without the side effects associated with apple cider vinegar like tooth decay or stomach damage.

Long Live the Liver

Nothing can replace healthy living when it comes to maintaining a healthy liver, but for extra support for your cholesterol, triglyceride, and insulin levels, natural supplements like apple cider vinegar and amino acids could help you recover liver function faster and stay stronger longer.

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The Truth Behind the Apple Cider Vinegar Fatty Liver Detox, Plus Science-Based Advice on Improving Liver Health

Given that pharmaceutical companies have yet to devise a drug to treat fatty liver disease, it's hardly surprising how much interest there is in natural remedies for this condition. One popular example of this type of home remedy is the apple cider vinegar fatty liver detox. Advocates claim that conducting a cleanse with apple cider vinegar helps to flush toxins from the body, regulate blood sugar levels, and encourage healthy weight loss, all of which can improve liver health. However, there's little scientific support for these claims.

Read on for clear, evidence-based information about fatty liver disease, why some people believe apple cider vinegar can effectively treat this condition, and what steps to take to protect and improve your liver health.

What Is Fatty Liver Disease?

Before describing fatty liver disease, let's establish what normal, healthy liver function looks like. The liver, the largest of the internal organs, carries out a host of absolutely vital functions, such as:

Cleansing toxins from the bloodstream

Metabolizing nutrients

Processing lipids and amino acids

When you consume foods that contain protein, your liver uses enzymes (specifically, deaminases and transaminases) to convert the amino acids your body absorbs from the protein into the most bioavailable, utilizable forms. The liver also converts excess carbohydrates into fatty acids and other substances that the body can use as energy sources or store as fat to be used at a later date. A small percentage of those fat molecules get stored in the liver itself.

Factors such as chronic alcohol abuse, long-term drug use, nutritional deficiencies, and metabolic disorders can all interfere with your liver's ability to fulfill its many essential functions. One of the ways this manifests is that the liver begins to increase the amount of fat stored in its cells. At the moment the amount of fat stored in the liver reaches the threshold of 5% to 10% of total liver volume, an official diagnosis of fatty liver disease (or hepatic steatosis) can be made.

The Two Main Types of Fatty Liver Disease

Though the physical effects of fatty liver disease remain consistent across types, it's valuable to have an understanding of the different pathophysiologies, as that influences how the body responds to treatment.

There are two primary types of fatty liver disease: alcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

As the name indicates, alcoholic fatty liver disease arises due to long-term alcohol abuse. Scientists have known for centuries that over-consumption of alcohol leads to liver disease. The majority of the metabolization of alcohol transpires in the liver, making it quite susceptible to alcohol-related injury.

In the first stage of alcoholic liver disease (also called alcoholic steatohepatitis), the liver begins to struggle to break down fatty acids. This can result in high serum triglyceride levels, inflammation of the liver (alcoholic hepatitis), and the development of scars in the liver tissue (cirrhosis).

Early intervention can, in some cases, allow the liver to cleanse itself, thereby naturally reversing the buildup of fat. Subsequently, it can function normally once more. Refraining from the consumption of all types of alcohol for a 2-week period can be sufficient, if this step is taken shortly after liver dysfunction sets in.

The longer the accumulation of fat in the liver goes on, the more extensive the related damage, and the greater the likelihood of long-term impairment of liver function, permanent scarring, and liver failure.

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Alcohol consumption is not the only risk factor for the development of liver disease. Other health considerations can also cause fat to build up in the liver, such as:

Family history of type 2 diabetes

Aging

Increased body weight, particularly the development of deposits of belly fat

These can also interfere with the body's insulin sensitivity, and when the body does not properly register the presence of insulin, it responds to the perceived deficit by accelerating its innate insulin production process. This results in elevated insulin levels, which can set off a cascade of ill-effects, including high blood pressure, elevated serum triglyceride levels, and—you guessed it—the accumulation of fat in the liver.

Nonalcholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) can be limited to the presence of excess fat in the liver, with very little inflammation and liver damage apart from that, or it can progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which involves both liver inflammation and damage. As is the case for liver disease stemming from alcohol abuse, NAFLD and NASH can progress to cirrhosis and liver failure. Experts estimate that between 80 and 100 million Americans have NAFLD, though many of them are not aware of that due to the fact that it's largely asymptomatic.

Diagnosing Fatty Liver Disease

Because the early stages of fatty liver disease are often unaccompanied by clear physical indicators, many people do not realize they have the condition until it's progressed to a more advanced stage or until unrelated medical tests reveal liver dysfunction.

The challenge of detecting fatty liver disease is increased by the fact that blood tests, one of the most common methods of screening for chronic diseases, do not always accurately reflect the health of the liver. Fatty liver disease can cause liver enzyme levels to become elevated, but it's also entirely possible for individuals with liver disease to have entirely normal enzyme levels, even when the disease progresses to the point of cirrhosis.

Ultrasound may be a more reliable way to diagnose fatty liver, according to a 2018 hospital-based, cross-sectional study published in the Journal of International Medical Research. The authors state that ultrasound's "sensitivity and specificity in detecting moderate to severe fatty liver are comparable to those of histology ," a far more invasive procedure. Ultrasound offers doctors a non-invasive way to screen for liver disease in individuals who do not show signs of the disease but may nevertheless be at risk, thereby ensuring they get earlier access to treatment.

Signs and Symptoms of Fatty Liver Disease

As fatty liver disease advances and liver function becomes increasingly poor, signs and symptoms do begin to appear. One clear indication of liver disease is altered amino acid metabolism—because of this, supplementing with amino acids (particularly, branched-chain amino acids) can significantly enhance liver health. We'll share more on that later in the section on proven treatments for fatty liver disease, but first, let's go over other indicators of liver disease.

Clinical evidence indicates that the following symptoms may point to the presence of liver disease.

Pain and tenderness in the upper-right abdomen, due to liver enlargement

Loss of appetite

Weight loss

Weakness

Fatigue

Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)

Weakness

Itchiness

Nosebleeds

Spider veins (clusters of blood vessels that resemble spider webs)

Confusion and difficulty focusing

Ascites (abdominal pain and swelling)

Edema (swelling of the legs)

Gynecomastia

What Is the Apple Cider Vinegar Fatty Liver Detox?

If you're serious about improving the health of your liver, you have likely looked into various liver cleanses. There's little data to support the supposed beneficial effects associated with several players in this realm, including lemon juice, green tea, olive oil, and apple cider vinegar (ACV).

Made from apples that have been mashed, distilled, and fermented, apple cider vinegar has been rumored to have detoxifying properties for centuries. As scientists have analyzed apple cider vinegar's efficacy as a treatment for a wide range of conditions, they've concluded that the high levels of acetic acid and other compounds it contains may indeed influence human health, though exactly how they do so remains somewhat obscure.

Advocates of the detoxifying properties of apple cider vinegar claim that it can:

Flush toxins from the body

Facilitate weight loss

Bring the body's pH into balance

Even out blood sugar levels

Drop high cholesterol into the healthy range

Given that, it's understandable why those same advocates would believe you can use apple cider vinegar to treat fatty liver disease.

Scientific Studies on Apple Cider Vinegar and Liver Health

Researchers have confirmed that the substances we eat and drink can both improve and undermine the body's natural detoxification processes. What's less clear, however, is whether apple cider vinegar specifically has a beneficial impact on liver health.

Some research has been conducted on proposed ACV benefits relevant to liver health, but the results are far from conclusive.

Weight Loss

This is perhaps the most hyped benefit of apple cider vinegar. Much of the excitement surrounding ACV's weight-loss benefits can be traced back to a 2009 study done by a Japanese research team. The researchers found that daily consumption of vinegar resulted in modest reductions to:

Body weight

Visceral and subcutaneous fat mass

Serum triglyceride levels

However, the study did not look at the use of ACV in particular (though the researchers did cite ascetic acid and previous animal studies on its benefits).

A very small study from 2007 looked at the effect of apple cider vinegar on gastric emptying rate (GER) for 10 individuals with type 1 diabetes. They found that participants who paired a cup of water with 2 tablespoons of ACV mixed in with their serving of pudding had slower rates of gastric emptying than those who simply drank a cup of water. Slower gastric empyting can correlate with increased fullness, which can in turn led to weight loss. However, as the study authors themselves noted in their conclusion: "Clearly, a larger, randomized trial involving a greater number of patients would be needed to validate the findings of this pilot study."

All in all, the enthusiasm about apple cider vinegar's ability to encourage weight loss has yet to be corroborated by hard facts.

Cholesterol Levels

As we touched on in the previous section, the 2009 study did find some improvements to cholesterol levels, specifically, to serum triglyceride levels. However, that was not the primary focus of the study.

A small Iranian study that enrolled 19 participants with hyperlipidemia (high cholesterol levels) found that 8 weeks of apple cider vinegar consumption "significantly reduced harmful lipids, i.e., total cholesterol, LDL, and triglyceride, in blood samples of hyperlipidemic individuals who had never used any lipid-lowering drugs."

While those are certainly promising results, further studies with larger and more diverse enrollment need to be conducted before arriving at firm conclusions about ACV's impact on cholesterol levels.

Blood Sugar Regulation

There's some evidence to suggest that drinking apple cider vinegar can prevent blood sugar spikes associated with carbohydrate consumption. Controlling blood sugar levels is of paramount importance for individuals with diabetes, who also face a higher risk of developing nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

A small study that enrolled four men and seven women with type 2 diabetes (all of whom were not taking insulin to control their condition) found that ingesting apple cider vinegar before bedtime had a favorable effect on waking glucose levels. However, as is true of the studies on the benefits of ACV cited in the earlier sections, the findings are limited by the study's small sample size.

Negative Side Effects Associated with the Apple Cider Vinegar Fatty Liver Detox

Given that there's no conclusive evidence to support the use of apple cider vinegar to treat fatty liver, those interested in trying this treatment should carefully weigh the potential negative side effects against the benefits they hope to achieve.

One of the most common issues associated with apple cider vinegar consumption is the erosion of tooth enamel. A 2014 study designed to evaluate the effects of different types of vinegar on tooth enamel found between 1% and 20% mineral loss (depending on the pH of the vinegar) after 4 hours of exposure. However, this study was done in a laboratory, so it's not entirely clear how those results would translate into real-life scenarios.

To be safe, those interested in adding ACV to their wellness routines should put one or more of following precautions in place:

Carefully monitor the amounts consumed

Mix with a glass of water

Rinse mouth after drinking

Use a straw

Because of its acidic nature, ACV has also been known to upset stomachs, yet another reason to dilute it in water. If you have a sensitive stomach, be sure to pair your doses of ACV with food.

It's also important to note that apple cider vinegar can interact with certain medications, such as insulin, digoxin, and diuretics. If you currently take prescription drugs, it's best to consult a doctor before taking ACV.

4 Proven Ways to Treat Fatty Liver Disease

While the evidence backing the use of the apple cider vinegar fatty liver detox can be characterized overall as weak, there are other natural methods for supporting and restoring liver health with much more robust scientific backing.

The best method for you will depend on the factors that have compromised your liver health, but it's likely to involve shifts to your diet, increased physical activity and, potentially, weight loss. There are also some supplements that have been shown to produce measurable improvements to liver health.

1. Diet

Research has shown that diet has a strong impact on your risk of developing many health conditions, including fatty liver disease. Certain foods can hinder liver health, such as:

Trans fats

Simple sugars

Red meat

Salt

Fried foods

Processed foods

Eating other foods, though, can bring about significant health benefits. In general, a good fatty liver diet will include plenty of high-fiber plant foods and very minimal amounts of sugar, salt, and both trans and saturated fats. Even if alcohol is not the root cause of your liver problems, it's essential to cut it out of your diet once your liver function has been harmed.

Those already dealing with liver problems, or interested in avoiding liver problems altogether, should be sure to include the following foods in their diets.

Green vegetables, such as spinach, kale, and broccoli, which studies found prevented fat from accumulating in the liver

Tofu, because soy protein has been shown to decrease fat buildup in the liver

Omega-3 rich fish, like salmon, trout, and tuna, since scientists have discovered polyunsaturated fatty acids substantially improve liver health on multiple levels

Nuts and seeds, especially sunflower seeds, which contain high levels of vitamin E, a powerful antioxidant proven to combat oxidative stress and halt the progression of liver disease

2. Physical Activity

To date, studies have shown that physical activity plays an overwhelmingly positive role in treating fatty liver disease. Per a 2018 review of 30 randomized controlled trials, "Physical inactivity is related to the severity of fatty liver disease irrespective of body weight." After reviewing the 30 trials, the authors concluded that data supports the common-sense conclusion that increasing physical activity improves liver health. It appears that exercise affects the development of fatty liver disease across multiple pathways.

Exercise has been shown to:

Decrease insulin resistance

Reduce excessive transport of fatty acids and glucose to the liver

Increase fatty acid oxidation

Decrease fatty acid synthesis

Stymie the release of molecules that cause mitochondrial and hepatocellular damage

Both aerobic exercise and resistance exercise produce these positive effects.

3. Weight Loss

Carrying around excess body fat does elevate your risk of developing fatty liver disease. And conversely, losing even a small amount of weight can translate to major liver health improvements. According to a 2016 study, weight loss as achievable as 3% to 6% can decrease liver fat by between 35% and 40%.

4. Supplements

While lifestyle changes involving diet and physical activity produce the most profound effects on liver health, certain supplements do have scientifically validated liver health benefits. Three options we consider to be worthwhile are: milk thistle, turmeric, and amino acids.

Milk Thistle

This herbal remedy for fatty liver disease has potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antifibrotic (meaning, it reduces the formation of scar tissue) properties.

According to a study done by an Italian research team, silybin, the primary active compound found in milk thistle extract, has "a remarkable biological effect." It can reduce liver damage associated with chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. It has also been shown to increase cellular vitality and decrease the accumulation of liver fat, oxidative stress, insulin resistance, and mitochondrial dysfunction.

Turmeric

According to a systematic review published in 2019, turmeric and its active compound curcumin may decrease the severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. However, the authors note that all the trials they analyzed had small sample sizes, leading them to deem turmeric a "promising, but not proven" treatment for NAFLD.

A study published in Integrative Medicine Research in that same year looked specifically at the findings of randomized controlled trials on the use of turmeric and curcumin supplementation on NAFLD in adult patients. The primary outcomes analyzed were levels of two specific liver enzymes, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). The meta-analysis, which included results from a combined total of 228 subjects, found a significant reduction of ALT concentrations among participants who took at least 1,000 milligrams of curcumin daily. This lead the researchers to conclude that high doses of curcumin appear to have a favorable effect on NAFLD, though further large-scale, high-quality studies should be done to confirm that effect.

Amino Acids

A wealth of research supports the benefits of regular amino acid supplementation for individuals who have fatty liver or who are at risk of developing the condition.

According to a 2018 study, taurine (a sulfur-containing amino acid) can prevent the accumulation of fatty acids in the livers of mice fed high-fat diets. Taurine also prevented oxidative damage and negative changes to liver enzyme levels. These effects led the study's authors to conclude that taurine could have "therapeutic value" for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

A 2012 study, also done with mice, looked at the use of the three branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) leucine, isoleucine, and valine. The researchers found that supplementing with BCAAs in the early stages of fatty liver disease can slow the progression of the disease—specifically, by decreasing liver fibrosis as well as liver cell death.

Another sulfur-containing amino acid, cysteine—available in supplement form as N-acetylcysteine (NAC)—has antioxidant properties to rival those of taurine. Per a 2010 clinical trial, participants who received NAC had significantly improved results in terms of levels of alanine aminotransfrase, aspartate aminotransfrase, and alkaline phosphatase as well as fat buildup and other measurements of liver function. Based on the results achieved at the 3-month mark, the researchers concluded that NAC can improve liver function in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and that better results may be achievable with longer use.

Given what scientists have uncovered about the synergistic effects of amino acids, it's likely that the positive results achieved via supplementation with single amino acids could be amplified when taken in concert with an amino acid supplement that contains all nine essential amino acids. The essential amino acids work together to facilitate the body's biological processes, and providing a properly balanced supply of all the necessary building blocks not only safeguards and enhances the health of the liver, but also of the entire body.

Several studies have proven this true. A 2020 study published in the journal Nutrients showed that supplementation with a targeted high-dose of essential amino acids can help reduce excessive accumulation of lipids in the liver and offset the harmful effects of alcohol even when no other nutritional changes occur and alcohol consumption stays the same. And another study revealed that a 16-week supplementation regimen of 11 grams of amino acids a day with no changes to diet or physical activity levels resulted in a 50% reduction in liver fat content as well as significant improvements to triglyceride levels, total cholesterol, and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL).

You can start reversing fatty liver today with Amino Co's patented essential amino acid supplements designed to improve the health of your liver as well as your heart.

Conclusion

Unsurprisingly, the high level of interest in natural remedies for fatty liver disease has led to the proliferation of some less than verifiable claims about certain treatment approaches.

While there's limited evidence to support the use of the apple cider vinegar fatty liver detox, the evidence that exists comes largely from studies done with animal subjects or with very limited enrollment. Plus, none of the studies focused specifically on the impact of ACV on liver health, but rather on effects related to linked health conditions such as excess body fat, high cholesterol levels, and poor blood sugar regulation.

It's also important to note that the apple cider vinegar fatty liver detox can have adverse side effects, such as the erosion of tooth enamel, stomach upset, and dangerous interactions with prescription drugs.

Given all that, the wisest choice is likely to try a natural treatment for fatty liver that has more substantial scientific backing. Effectively addressing fatty liver disease will likely require adopting a fatty liver diet and increasing your physical activity level, and may necessitate losing weight too. Incorporating supplements proven to improve liver health, like milk thistle, turmeric, and amino acids, can also be a valuable part of a fatty liver treatment plan.

[simona-study]

Антивирусные средства и иммунные стимуляторы.

Антивирусные средства и иммуностимуляторы, которые будут выбраны, зависят от вашей ситуации и позиции доктора, если вы с ним работаете. Никогда не чередуйте циклически антивирусные. Энди рекомендует выбрать те, которые кажутся наиболее подходящими и использовать их совместно (синергетически) в течение нескольких месяцев. Вы можете чередовать добавки непрямого антивирусного действия, такие, как эхинацея, астрагал, иноситол, которые усиливают иммунную систему, но не атакуют вирусы. Существуют некоторые опасения, что иммуностимуляторы, в отличие от иммуномодуляторов, могут быть не очень хорошей идеей для аутичных детей с их сверхактивной иммунной системой. Это стоит принять во внимание при выборе добавок. Информация об антивирусных средствах в этом списке не является полной. Вам придется найти и изучить более полную информацию о них. Расположение средств в списке случайное и никак не определяется их важностью.

ЛАУРИЦИДИН (LAURICIDIN): антивирусное, многообещающее как по исследованиям, так и на практике. Также работает для нормализации дисбиоза. (50 плюшек 3-4 раза в день). Плюшки нельзя жевать, однако, они очень маленькие и большинство детей могут проглотить 4-5 или более за раз, если их положить в йогурт или яблочное пюре. http://lauricidin.com/

ЭПИКОР (EPICOR): продукт на основе дрожжей – не патогенных дрожжей, с которыми мы боремся, а пивных – действует как иммуномодулятор. (1 капсула в день) Эпикор может помочь с бактериальными проблемами, поднять активность клеток-убийц (лейкоцитов), IgA реакцию, и снизить оксидативный стресс. Доступен например здесь:

Epicor

ПРОТЕИН ТИМУСА (THYMIC PROTEIN): поддерживает белые клетки крови, увеличивает уровень Т-клеток, дает антивирусный эффект. В России доступен синтетический аналог дипептида тимуса:

Доступны также экстракты тимуса для орального применения:

Thymus Organic Glandular

NATURAL CELLULAR DEFENSE (NCD): жидкий зеолит (цеолит), который, как утверждают, делает много чего хорошего, в том числе модулирует иммунную систему. Родительские сообщения указывают на то, что NCD влияет как то на вирусы, однако это продукт довольно новый, и данных еще недостаточно, чтобы понять причину хорошего результата у некоторых детей. (дозы, рекомендованные производителями слишком высоки для большинства аутичных детей для начала и некоторые родители начинают с одной капли в день. Однако, несмотря на многие заявления, хелатором тяжелызх металлов не является.

Zeolite

ГРИБЫ: некоторые виды грибов обладают широким спектром иммуностимулирующих и модулирующих свойств благодаря бетаглюканам, полисахаридам и пр. Примером таких грибов могут быть cordyceps, maitake (грифола курчавая или гриб-баран), shiitake (шитаки), reishi (трутовик лакированный), coriolus versicolor. Существует слишком много грибов, чтобы их всех перечислить, и их можно найти множество на сайтах, продающих добавки. Например, вот этот продукт с содержанием грибов многие родители нашли очень полезным для своих детей: Myco-Immune

ГЛИКОНУТРИЕНТЫ/ПОЛИСАХАРИДЫ: эти углеводы, найденные также в грибах (см. выше), могут оказывать положительное влияние на иммунную систему. Было получено значительно количество положительных отзывов родителей об этом виде продукта. Алоэ Вера отличный источник полисахаридов, однако, его надо покупать из надежного источника, чтобы быть уверенным в уровне полисахаридов. Из-за очень мощной рекламы этого продукта бывает трудно получить хорошую информацию на эту тему, но вот это хорошее место для начала:

БУЗИНА (ELDERBERRY): антивирусное (1 ст.л. 4 раза в день). Самбукол (Sambucol) – антивирусный сироп для детей. Он производится из бузины и обычно применяется при гриппе, однако, проявляет более широкий спектр активности. Очень удобно добавлять в соки или другие напитки.

Sambucol Бузина черная

КОРЕНЬ АСТРАГАЛА (ASTRAGALUS ROOT): нормализует количество клеток-натуральных убийц (лейкоцитов) (1-3 капсулы 3-4 раза в день в течение 5 дней каждый месяц. НЕ одновременно с эхинацеей).

Астрагал шерстистоцветковый (на русском)

Astragalus

ЭКСТРАКТ ОЛИВКОВОГО ЛИСТА (OLIVE LEAF EXTRACT, OLE): антивирусное, антибактериальное (1-2 капсу��ы 2-4 раза в день). Продается в капсулах и в жидкой форме, горький вкус, но весьма эффективное средство. Обращайте внимание на силу экстракта, часто бывает это огромная разница. Если указано 6%, то вам будет нужно минимум 3-6 капсул для получения какого то эффекта. Если вы возьмете 15%-20%, то большинству будет достаточно 1-2 капсул.

Olive Leaf Extract

Olive Leaf Standardized

ЭХИНАЦЕЯ (ECHINACEA): нормализует количество клеток-натуральных убийц (лейкоцитов) (1-3 капс. 3-4 раза в день в течение 5 дней каждый месяц. НЕ одновременно с астрагалом). Продается в каплях приемлемого вкуса (обычно приготавливается специально для детей). Echinacea Extract liquid

Echinacea, Standardized

Эхинацея пурпурная   (информация на русском) Иногда более эффективны комплексные сборы с эхинацеей, типа такого:  Echinacea Goldenseal liquid

ВИТАМИН С: иммунный стимулятор и антивирусное.

Витамин С (информация на русском)

ВИТАМИН А: усилитель иммунитета.

Витамин А (информация на русском)

ВИРАСТОП (VIRASTOP): протеазный фермент с антивирусным действием, который растворяет защитную протеиновую оболочку вирусов (дозировка очень сильно различается, обычно наращивается ступенчато). Для лучшего эффекта дается на пустой желудок. Часто используется как основа антивирусного протокола в комплексе с другими антивирусными. Подробнее про применение Вирастопа можно прочитать здесь: Применение протеазных ферментов против вирусов

Virastop В России есть также лечебный протеазный фермент Вобэнзим, однако он содержит лактозу, что не всегда подходит людям с нарушением иммунитета.

КОШАЧИЙ КОГОТЬ/УНА ДЕ ГАТО (CAT’S CLAW/SAMENTO): антивирусное.

CAT'S CLAW - КОШАЧИЙ КОГОТЬ  ( информация на русском)

Saventaro, Max-Strength Cat's Claw

КУРКУМИН (TURMERIC): антивирусное, противовоспалительное. Эта добавка поднимает цистеин в плазме крови, и должна применяться только, если цистеин плазмы низок. Анализ на цистеин теперь нигде не делается, и поэтому родителям следует руководствоваться наблюдениями. При высоком цистеине ребенок будет очень чувствителен ко всем серным продкутам (лук, чеснок, капуста) и добавкам. Турмерик  (информация на русском) Считается, что одной из наиболее эффективных добавок турмерика является: Enhansa

ЧЕСНОК: антивирусное, антигрибковые, антибактериальное. Эта добавка также поднимает цистеин в плазме крови, и должна применяться только, если цистеин плазмы низок.

Чеснок  (информация на русском) Можно купить экстракт чеснока в капсулах, легче для приема, и меньше запаха. Следите, чтобы там был allicin: Allimax, AlliUltra Capsules

Также, могут быть полезны комбинированные формы: AlliBiotic CF

ЛАКРИЦА или СОЛОДКА (LICORICE): антивирусное (1-2 капсулы в день), активна в том числе и против герпеса при длительном применении. Однако не рекомендуется при склонности к повышенному давлению, т.к. может привести к потере калия и задержке натрия.

Применение препаратов солодки с целью коррекции иммунного статуса (на русском) Солодку легко можно найти в аптеке в виде сиропа, корней для заваривания, или готовой формы "Глицирам".

ЦИНК (ZINC) : этот минерал очень важен для работы иммунитета. Цинк и его роль в организме Zinc Picolinate

ЗВЕРОБОЙ (ST. JOHN’S WORT) : антивирусное. Нельзя принимать длительно, т.к. это может привести к светочувствительности. Также нельзя принимать одновременно с некоторыми антидепрессантами (селективные ингибиторы обратного захвата серотонина), т.к. это может привести к серотониновому синдрому.

Зверобой продырявленный  (на русском)

КОЛОСТРУМ (молозиво) (COLOSTRUM): иммунный стимулятор, хорошо при ЖКТ проблемах, связанных с вирусами. Надо учитывать, что колострум - это продукт, произведенный из молока. Некоторые дети на БК диете могут переносить хорошо очишенный колострум. Это зависит от степени их чувствительности.

Colostrum Gold Liquid

ТРАНСФЕР ФАКТОР (TRANSFER FACTOR): один из компонентов иммунной системы, переносящий информацию об иммунитете. При рождении мы получаем трансфер фактор с молозивом (колострум). Трансфер фактор производится из колострума, однако, он вычищен от других составляющих колострума, и потому менее проблемен при аллергии на молоко, и более эффективен, по сравнению с колострумом.

Transfer Factor vs Colostrum

[simona-study]

Can you please suggest some sources to research for any assignment other than google scholar ?

A few random ones to check out:

your college library - ours has a huge database of sources which we can use. 

http://www.academia.edu/

https://eric.ed.gov

https://www.base-search.net

https://www.refseek.com

https://academic.microsoft.com

http://education.iseek.com/iseek/home.page

Generally Google Scholar is good for linking you to alternative databases which you can use too. Also, all of my courses have come with recommended/further readings which can generally be found with a quick Google. And, if you’re reading an article, be sure to check out the citations/references there too! Wikipedia is usually good at linking their references too so that might be an okay place to start - just make sure they’re legit! xx

[simona-study]

Oxalate excretion

Оксалат – это высоко реактивная молекула которая в изобилии находящаяся во многих продуктах растительного происхождения. Это может привести к оксидативному стрессу, уменьшению глютатиона, увеличивая воспалительный процесс, также к формированию кристаллов что сязано с болями. У большинства наших детей есть разного уровня воспаление в пищеварительном тракте, что ведет к повреждению клеток, иммунным проблемам, протекающему кишечнику и разрастанию дрожжей. Вообще, не настолько много оксалатов всасывается с пищей, но уровень всасывания зависит от состояния кишечника. Люди с воспаленным кишечником всасывают оксалаты в 7 раз больше чем люди с нормальным кишечником. Когда кишечник не в порядке, плохо всасываются жиры (steatorrhea), все это способствует всасыванию оксалатов из еды и становится потенциальным риском для других клеток организма. 

Высокое содержание оксалатов в моче и плазме найдено у людей, подверженных образованию камней в почках. Многие камни состоят из оксалата кальция. Исходя из этого многие люди с камнями в почках думают что им нужно избегать добавки, содержащие кальций. Так или иначе, работает обратное. Когда кальций (глюконат) принят перед едой богатой оксалатами – оксалатовая кислота соединяется с кальцием и в нерастворимом виде выходит со стулом. Эта форма не всасывается организмом. Когда кальция не достаточно в диете - оксалатовая кислота растворяется жидкостью наход. в кишечнике и она готова всосаться в кровь.

Еслиуровень оксалатовой кислоты высок, то она соединяется с кальцием, находящимся в крови и в форме кристаллов откладываться в тканях, также это может затруднить мочеиспускание и быть причиной сильных болей. Такие же кристаллы могут формироваться в суставах, в костях, в легких, в сосудах и даже в мозге. Кроме того эти кристаллы могут занимать место мозгового вещества в костях что может привести к иммуносупрессии и анемии. Кристаллы оксалатов могут повреждать многие структуры организма. Острые кристаллы ввиду своего строения могут вызывать боль и увеличивать воспаление. Оксалаты притягивают позитивно заряженные ионы – особенно кальций. Также оксалаты могут соединяться с железом и уменьшать его количество, необходимое для образования красных кровяных телец, что ведет к оксидативному стрессу. 

Ислледования ученых за последние несколько лет помогли понять что оксалаты пересекают клеточную мембрану, используя специальные транспортеры, которые созданы замещать другие компоненты, нормальные для организма. Например сульфат,бикарбонат,хлорид, салицилат. Ученые, занимающиеся проблемой оксалатов, выяснили что кишечник является таким же секреторным органом ( как и почки с мочой) по выведению оксалатов со стулом . Самая важная бактерия по выведению оксалатов является оxalobaster formigenes, эта важная бактерия легко поражается антибиотиками. Если эта бактерия убита - ее очень трудно восстановить.(пробиотик с этой бактерией оxalobaster formigenes в стадии разработки) Lactobacillus acidоphilus and bifidus bacteria также могут использовать оксалаты в качестве еды – но они даже не сравнимы по эффективности с оxalobaster formigenes, и они могут погибнуть, если слишком много оксалатов. Также кандида может производить оксалаты самостоятельно из сахара – превращая ее в прекурсор оксалатов – arabinose. 

Аргинин: Important for replenishing nitrous oxide that helps to reduce oxidative damage from oxalates. Таурин: важен для производства bile acid taurocholate(ту знаю как перевести) кислоты которая уменьшает всасывание оксалатов. Рекомендуется применять если стул стал желтый. Важен для восстановления протекающего кишечника Витамин A: Витамин E: важен как антиоксидант Лимонный сок: помогает с пищеварением, если пить перед едой, тажке помогает с pH балансом, если есть проблемы с ацидозом Antihistamine: Oxalate may cause histamine release so this counters that. Do not use an antihistamine formula that includes a decongestant. Тиамин (Вит. В1) и магний: Важны для того, чтобы мясо не метаболизировалось в оксалаты Пантотеновая к-та (вит. В5) или Пантетин: важна для предовращения синтеза оксалатов из гликолатов в организме. Витамин В6: важен для снижения образования окслатов из пищи. Цитрат магния или кальция: Очень важно чтобы и Са и Mg были именно цитрат. Они предотвращают кристализацию оксалатов и могут растворять оксалат. кристаллы уже сформированные. Магний: схватывает оксалаты и предотвращает их всасывание в кровяное русло Липаза или препараты желчи (ox bile): МОжет помочь, если стеаторея (жир в стуле) приводит к повыщенной абсорюбции оксалатов. Ванны с сульфатом магния (Epsom salts baths): успокаивает, иногда вызывает раздражение, что может быть и не так плохо, т.к. может помочь избавиться от оксалатных кристаллов в коже. Бикарбонаты: Сода или Alka Seltzer Gold могут помочь с некоторыми поведениями. Цинк: может оказаться в нехватке при высоких оксалатах 

Применение каких добавок лучше уменьшиь - Витамин C: Рекомендуется не более 100 мг в день так как излише вит С может конвертироваться в оксалаты Fish oils: If there is poor fat digestion, this may cause more absorption of oxalate. Try it with and without to see which is better. The vitamin D in some fish oils may be a problem for some children. Витамин Д: Витамин Д может усилить абсорбцию несвязанного кальция в кишечнике, что может приводить в повышению абсорбции оксалатов из пищи. Поэтому, кальций, принимаемый в начале еды с целью связывания оксалатов, не должен содержать витамин Д. Кальций, принимаемый отдельно от пищи, может содержать витамин Д Железо: Some have seen improvements in iron status on diet; may be needed at the beginning. НИстатин: This may possibly keep the gut leaky through effects on the membrane that lies at the tight junction. Try eliminating it and see if that works better. PEG compounds like glycolax or Miralax: These may be converted with the help of microbes into oxalate. Especially discontinue if you see symptoms

При борьбе с оксалатами исключительно важно обеспечивать,  качественное пищеварение. Обеспечение достаточного количества желчи. Вот например исследование, которое доказывает, что добавление препаратов желчи пациентам, у которых ее не хватало, привело к значительному улучшению многих симптомов, в том числе гипероксалурии.  Conjugated bile acid replacement therapy reduces urinary oxalate excretion in short bowel syndrome.

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Omega-3 + E and K

Витамин Е - очень хорошо, антиоксидант, также необходим здесь, чтобы предотвратить окисление Омега, как в бутылке, так и уже внутри организма. Это вообще довольно общая рекомендация – обязательно добавлять витамин Е, когда принимаются высокие дозы Омега 3. Впрочем, «высокие дозы Омега 3» - это 3-5 г для детей, 1000мг – это только-только норма, которая не требует таких завышенных доз витамина Е. 700IU – довольно таки высокая доза. Если считать, что для взрослого максимально переносимый уровень установлен 1500IU, а для детей все считается в два раза меньше, а для очень маленьких – и вовсе по весу, то как бы эта доза слишком приближается к максимальной для ребенка. Я бы столько не давала. Для детей вполне достаточно 200IU, максимум 400IU. Healthy Origins предлагают витамин Е по 400IU за $10 180 капсул. И тогда понятно, зачем в этой формуле введен витамин К. И Омега-3 и особенно витамин Е обладают разжижающими кровь свойствами, поэтому и введен витамин К для предотвращения кровотечений. Вообще, витамин К - это хорошо, мы действительно даем его. Но вот давать ли весь витамин К в форме К2 или так, как предложено здесь: К1+К2, вопрос спорный. Считается, что дефицит витамина К у здоровых людей наступает редко, но может возникнуть при различных заболеваниях печени и кишечника. Есть ряд исследований, утверждающих, что витамин К 2 более биологически активен, особенно в процессе усвоения кальция в кости. Кроме того, я знаю про исследования, которые утверждали, что высокие дозы витамина К2 помогают бороться с оксалатами. Хотя на сегодняшний день, кажется, шум улегся, и все сошлись на том, что достаточно давать умеренные дозы. Я не знаю никаких исследований, на основании которых для чего бы то ни было предлагалось вводить высокие дозы витамина К1 (RDA для витамина К всего около 80 мкг). Впрочем, пугаться, к счастью, тоже не надо, витамин К не токсичен, токсичная доза даже не установлена. Я беру от Карлсон лабс витамин К2 по 5 мг в капсуле, за $16 за 60 капсул, использую ½ кап. в день, хотя можно и меньше, лень делить. Итак, считаем. Месячный набор, состоящий из 1200 мг Омега-3 ( $8 ), 400IU витамина Е (~$1.5), 2.5 мг витамина К2 ($4) обойдется нам примерно в $15, примерно в три раза меньше. И при этом мы сможем их вводить постепенно, чтобы разобраться в реакциях ребенка.

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Витамины

Большинство вопросов, которые приходят в личку и на почту, касаются, почему-то, не прививок, а витаминов. Поскольку мне надоело каждый раз искать одни и те же ссылки, я всё-же соберу их здесь. Я долго не хотел писать этот пост, поскольку сейчас Есилевский и другие наши пропрививочные друзья наверняка начнут заявлять, что им, мол, наконец-то стала понятна моя мотивация - я пишу про прививки, чтобы заработать на продаже витаминов. Ну и ладно. Сразу скажу, у меня очень мало опыта с витаминами, я заинтересовался ими лишь год назад в контексте прививок, поэтому не могу особо рекомендовать, сам лишь экспериментирую на данном этапе, так что лучше слушайте рекомендации тех, у кого с ними больше опыта. Витамин А: (Kirkman) В случае кори ВОЗ рекомендует принимать по 200,000 МЕ в день в течение двух дней (для младенцев по 100,000 МЕ в день). В данном случае это выходит по 40 капель в день. Витамин А токсичен в больших дозах. В странах третьего мира профилактическая добавка витамина А снижает заболеваемость и смертность среди детей. Есть ли смысл в профилактической добавке для детей в развитых странах - я пока не знаю. Витамин С: липосомальный (Aurora), аскорбат натрия (NutriBiotic) Аскорбат натрия - это более предпочтительная форма витамина С, чем аскорбиновая кислота. Он более растворим и не кислый. Протокол Сюзан Хамфриз для лечения коклюша. (Предыдущая версия на русском) Опыт лечения коклюша витамином С Сергея Никитина (zhel_drovoseck). Из нашего опыта могу сказать, что витамин С прекрасно помогает при ОРВИ, симптомы обычно проходят в течение нескольких часов. Витамин С не токсичен даже в огромных дозах (более 100 г/день внутривенно), но оральный прием больших доз (более 4-10 г/день) может вызвать диарею. Профилактическая дозировка от BowelTolerance. Я пока не определился, стоит ли принимать витамин С в профилактических целях. Живущим в Москве и питающимся фаст-фудом наверно стоит. Живущим в деревне и питающимся с собственной грядки наверно нет. Я думаю, что витамин С в больших дозах (несколько г/день) стоит принимать при подозрениях на любое заболевание, а в случае серьезных заболеваний (столбняк, дифтерия, менингит и т. д.) - стоит принимать в очень больших дозах (30 и более г/день). Витамин D: (Solaray) На данный момент есть много исследований, свидетельствующих об обратной корреляции между уровнем витамина D и различными болезнями, но есть очень мало исследований, свидетельствующих, что добавка витамина D эффективна. Поэтому я считаю, что если есть такая возможность, лучше бывать на солнце, чем принимать витамин D. Витамин D может быть токсичен в очень высоких дозах (40,000 МЕ/день на протяжении нескольких месяцев, или одноразовая доза более 300,000 МЕ). Поскольку дальше меня обычно спрашивают, что еще я заказываю на iherb, то вот: Семена конопли: (Nutiva) Кроме витамина С - это единственный продукт, который я могу с полной ответственностью рекомендовать. Хорошее средство против выпадения волос и для женщин и для мужчин. Мы добавляем в салаты семена и конопляное масло. Рыбий жир: (Nordic Naturals) и (Sonne's) Иод: (Kelp) (Iodoral) со вторым осторожнее, там очень высокая дозировка. Магний: (KAL) Существуют много форм магния, у всех разная биодоступность. В форме таурата магния он усваивается лучше. Прочее: Витамин В3, Расторопша, Мака, Грибы. Адаптогены: Родиола, Элеутерококк, Женьшень

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Антипрививочники

Меньшинство может быть право, большинство всегда ошибается. Генрик Ибсен

1. Учёным обычно выделяют очень мало грантов на исследования безопасности прививок, адъювантов и прочих вакцинных компонентов. Однако денег на исследования того, почему люди не прививаются, и как заставить их колоть своих детей, более чем достаточно. Поэтому существует много исследований, характеризующих родителей-антипрививочников. 2. Считается, что антипрививочники это обычно необразованные, религиозные и антинаучно настроенные люди. Однако научные данные свидетельствуют об обратном. Большинство антипрививочников хорошо образованны и богаты. В некоторых частных школах Лос Анжелеса меньше 20% детей привиты. Как может быть, что эти богатые и образованные люди не прививают своих детей? Неужели они не знают, что прививки совершенно безопасны, и что они спасают от страшных болезней? Или может быть они знают о прививках что-то, что не знают другие?

Вот несколько исследований: 3. Children Who Have Received No Vaccines: Who Are They and Where Do They Live? (Smith, 2004, Pediatrics) Непривитые дети большей частью белые. Их матери старше 30 лет, замужем, обладают академической степенью, и их семьи зарабатывают более $75,000 в год. (США) 4. Effects of Maternal and Provider Characteristics on Up-to-Date Immunization Status of Children Aged 19 to 35 Months. (Kim, 2007, Am J Public Health) Чем ниже уровень образования матери, и чем она беднее, тем выше шанс, что она полностью прививает детей. Детей больше прививают афро- и латино-американцы, и чем они беднее, тем больше они прививают. (США) 5. Negative attitude of highly educated parents and health care workers towards future vaccinations in the Dutch childhood vaccination program. (Hak, 2005, Vaccine) Родители с высшим образованием в 3 раза чаще отказывались от прививок. Медицинские работники в 4 раза чаще отказывались от прививок. Атеисты в 2.6 раза чаще отказывались от прививок. (Нидерланды) 6. Deciding to opt out of childhood vaccination mandates. (Gullion, 2008, Public Health Nurs) Родители, которые не прививают своих детей, ценят научное знание, знают где искать, и как анализировать информацию о прививках, и в то же время не очень доверяют медицине. (США) 7. Sociodemographic Predictors of Vaccination Exemptions on the Basis of Personal Belief in California. (Yang, 2016, Am J Public Health) Количество отказавшихся от прививок не по медицинским показаниям в Калифорнии выросло в 4 раза между 2001 и 2014 (с 0.77% до 3.15%). В частных школах было в два раза больше отказников, чем в государственных. Процент отказников был выше среди белых, более богатых и более образованных. В других штатах наблюдается то же самое - процент отказыващихся от прививок в частных школах значительно выше, чем в государственных. 8. More Israeli Parents Refusing to Vaccinate Their Babies According to State Regulations Матери с академическим образованием в два раза чаще отказываются от прививок. Евреи в 4 раза чаще мусульман отказываются от прививок. Чем выше возраст матерей, тем чаще они отказываются от прививок. (Израиль) 9. Differences in risk factors for partial and no immunisation in the first year of life: prospective cohort study. (Samad, 2006, BMJ) Непрививающие матери старше и более образованны, чем прививающие матери. (Великобритания) 10. A Population-Based Evaluation of a Publicly Funded, School-Based HPV Vaccine Program in British Columbia, Canada: Parental Factors Associated with HPV Vaccine Receipt. (Ogilvie, 2010, PLoS Med) Более образованные родители чаще отказывались от ВПЧ прививки для своих дочерей. (Канада) 11. Predictors of HPV vaccine acceptability: a theory-informed, systematic review. (Brewer, 2007, Prev Med) Систематический обзор 28-и исследований. Чем выше уровень образования родителей, тем чаще они отказывались от вакцины от ВПЧ. 12. Factors associated with uptake of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine (MMR) and use of single antigen vaccines in a contemporary UK cohort: prospective cohort study. (Pearce, 2008, BMJ) Чем выше уровень образования, возраст и доход, тем чаще родители отказывались от MMR, и выбирали некомбинированную прививку от кори. (Великобритания) 13. Acceptance of human papillomavirus vaccination among Californian parents of daughters: a representative statewide analysis. (Constantine, 2007, J Adolesc Health) Родители с высшим образованием и консерваторы реже разрешали своим дочерям сделать прививку от ВПЧ. Родители, которые не закончили школу, католики и либералы чаще разрешали дочерям сделать эту прививку. (Калифорния, США) 14. Maternal characteristics and hospital policies as risk factors for nonreceipt of hepatitis B vaccine in the newborn nursery. (O'Leary, 2012, Pediatr Infect Dis J) Более образованные матери, и матери с более высоким доходом, чаще отказываются прививать своего новорожденного ребёнка от гепатита В. (Колорадо, США) 15. После того, как в Австралии приняли закон обязывающих родителей прививать детей для получения детских пособий (No jab, no pay), родители, живущие в богатых районах Мельбурна стали прививать ещё меньше. Более образованные родители, многие с научным образованием, сомневаются в безопасности, и в необходимости прививок. Лишь 20% тех родителей, которые не прививали до принятия этого закона, стали прививать из-за него. 10% австралийских родителей считают, что прививки связаны с аутизмом. Еще: [1] The State of Vaccine Confidence 2016: Global Insights Through a 67-Country Survey. (Larson, 2016, EBioMedicine)Жители европейских стран, а также стран, где образование и медицина лучше, больше всех сомневаются в безопасности вакцин. 16. Большинство подобных исследований приходят к одним и тем же выводам. Родители, которые не прививают своих детей старше, более образованы и более состоятельны. Перестаньте, пожалуйста, относиться к ним, как к идиотам. [1], [2], [3]. А вот еще несколько необычайно важных исследований, на которые нашлись деньги налогоплательщиков: 17. Clinician-parent discussions about influenza vaccination of children and their association with vaccine acceptance. (Hofstetter, 2017, Vaccine) Если врач заявляет "сегодня мы сделаем прививку от гриппа", то 72% родителей соглашаются. А если врач спрашивает "мы сегодня будем делать прививку от гриппа?", то лишь 17% соглашаются. Если врач рекомендует сделать прививку от гриппа вместе с какой-либо другой прививкой, то 83% родителей соглашаются. А если врач отдельно предлагает прививку от гриппа, то лишь 33% соглашаются её сделать. Врачам на заметку. 18. Greater freedom of speech on Web 2.0 correlates with dominance of views linking vaccines to autism. (Venkatraman, 2015, Vaccine) Авторы этого исследования проанализировали Ютуб, Гугл, Википедию и Пабмед, и пришли к выводу, что чем больше свобода слова на ресурсе, тем больше на нем связывают прививки с аутизмом. Больше всего свободы слова на ютубе, в гугле ее меньше, а в википедии и пабмеде ее очень мало. Это приводит к тому, что на ютубе 75% роликов связывают прививки с аутизмом, в гугле 41% ссылок, в википедии 14% статей, а в пабмеде 17% статей связывают прививки с аутизмом (больше чем в википедии!). Но самое ужасное в том, замечают авторы исследования, что антипрививо��ные активисты используют научные доводы(!), врачей(!), известных людей и личные истории, чтобы вызвать доверие! Проблема в том, пишут они, что ютуб, в отличие от гугла, не дает в поиске роликов приоритета научным авторитетам. Врачи участвовали в 36% антипрививочных роликах, и всего в 28% пропрививочных. Авторы исследования предлагают модерировать интернет, а также призывают медицинские учреждения проявлять там больше активности. 19. A comparison of language use in pro- and anti-vaccination comments in response to a high profile Facebook post. (Faasse, 2016, Vaccine) Авторы исследования проанализировали комментарии к посту Марка Цукерберга на фейсбуке. Они заключили, что комментарии антипрививочников более аналитические, и были больше по делу. Комментарии пропрививочников отличались повышенной тревожностью. Здесь авторы проанализировали антипрививочное движение на фейсбуке, и заключили, что большинство участников антипрививочных групп - это женщины. 20. Content and Design Attributes of Antivaccination Web Sites (Wolfe, 2002, JAMA) В этом исследовании авторы проанализировали 22 антипрививочных сайта, и заключили, что антипрививочные сайты выступают против прививок. 21. Antivaccination activists on the world wide web. (Davies, 2002, Arch Dis Child) В 43% запросов на тему прививок поисковики выдавали антипрививочные сайты в первой десятке. В гугле 100% сайтов в первой десятке были антипрививочные. Более половины сайтов цитируют врачей, высказывающихся против вакцинации. 75% цитируют "научные" источники. Авторы заключают, что существует высокая вероятность того, что родители наткнутся в интернете на антипрививочные материалы. 22. Effective messages in vaccine promotion: a randomized trial. (Nyhan, 2014, Pediatrics) Когда родителям описывают, как ребенок чуть не умер от кори, это лишь усиливает их веру в то, что MMR приводит к серьезным побочным эффектам. Когда родителям показывают фотографии больных корью детей, это лишь усиливает их веру в то, что вакцины приводят к аутизму. Когда родителям описывают ужасы болезней, это никак не влияет на их намерение не прививать детей. Когда родителям сообщают, что MMR не связана с аутизмом, они соглашаются, но их намерение прививать своих детей только уменьшается. 23. Does correcting myths about the flu vaccine work? An experimental evaluation of the effects of corrective information. (Nyhan, 2015, Vaccine) Когда людям сообщают, что вакцина от гриппа не может привести к гриппу, они этому верят, но их намерение привиться только уменьшается. 24. Cognitive processes and the decisions of some parents to forego pertussis vaccination for their children. (Meszaros, 1996, J Clin Epidemiol) Когда родителям сообщают, что коклюш опаснее, чем прививка от него, они этому верят, но их намерение прививать своих детей только уменьшается. 25. Misinformation lingers in memory: Failure of three pro-vaccination strategies. (Pluviano, 2017, PLoS One) Существующие стратегии коррекции дезинформации неэффективны, и приводят лишь к обратному эффекту, усиливая необоснованные убеждения о вакцинации и уменьшая намерение вакцинировать. 26. Influences on Immunization Decision-Making among US Parents of Young Children. (Chung, 2017, Matern Child Health J) Родители, которые знают кого-то, чей ребенок пострадал от вакцинации, реже прививают своих детей, и чаще откладывают вакцинацию на более поздний срок. Многие родители сомневаются в рекомендациях врачей, потому что они знают, что врачи должны достичь определенного охвата вакцинации, и имеют финансовую заинтересованность в прививках. 27. Подобных исследований довольно много, вот еще несколько, для тех, кто хочет дальше углубиться в эту весёлую тему: [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9]. 28. Профессор педиатрии Dr. Carol J. Baker предлагает простое решение проблемы антипрививочников. Поскольку антипрививочники в основном белые и образованные, она предлагает избавиться от всех белых людей в США. 29. На все эти исследования гранты нашлись. А вот на адекватные исследования безопасности вакцин, такие чтобы длились больше, чем несколько дней, и использовали бы настоящее плацебо - на такое денег нет. Но вы там держитесь, всего вам доброго, и хорошего настроения!

[simona-study]

Вакцины. Непривитые

 Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world;indeed, it's the only thing that ever has. Margaret Mead

1. Ни CDC, ни FDA, ни, тем более, фармацевтические компании не проводят исследования, сравнивающие привитых и непривитых детей.

Здесь директор из CDC, после того, как ее прижали к стенке, признает этот факт на слушаниях в Конгрессе (20 секунд). (полная версия)

2. Тем не менее, некоторые исследования сравнивающие привитых и непривитых всё-же имеются. Эти исследования небольшие, у всех есть недостатки, но ничего лучше них на данный момент не существует. Только исследования сравнивающие привитых и непривитых могут дать адекватную картину действительной пользы и вреда прививок, и поэтому несмотря на все их недостатки, это самые важные исследования из всех существующих.

3.Pilot comparative study on the health of vaccinated and unvaccinated 6- to 12- year old U.S. children. (Mawson, 2017, JTS)

Исследование сравнивает детей на домашнем обучении в 4-х штатах в США. 405 привитых и 261 непривитых.Острые болезни:Привитые в 4 раза реже болели ветрянкой, в 3 раза реже коклюшем, и в 10 раз реже краснухой.Привитые в 4 раза чаще болели отитом, и в 6 раз чаще пневмонией.Хронические болезни:У привитых в 30 раз чаще был аллергический насморк, у них было в 4 раза больше аллергий, в 4 раза больше аутизма, в 4 раза больше СДВГ (ADHD), в 3 раза больше экзем, в 5 раз больше learning disabilities, в 4 раза больше неврологических расстройств, и у них в 2.5 раза чаще было какое-либо хроническое заболевание.Привитые в 21 раз чаще использовали лекарства от аллергии, в 4.5 раза чаще - жаропонижающие, в 8 раз чаще использовали ушные дренажные трубки, в 3 раза чаще ходили к врачам из-за болезни, в 1.8 раз чаще были госпитализированы.Еще интересные результаты оттуда: риск неврологических расстройств ассоциирован с использованием антибиотиков во время беременности (2.3 раза), лекарств во время беременности (2.5 раза), недоношенность (5 раз), УЗИ (1.7 раз), а УЗИ более 3-х раз за беременность в 3.2 раза.Количество неврологических расстройств у привитых (14.4%) совпадает с исследованиями CDC (15%). Также совпадает количество learning disabilities (5.6% у привитых в этом исследовании, и 5% согласно имеющейся статистике).Однако, судя по этому исследованию аутистов среди привитых уже 3.3%, т.е. 1 из 30 детей. Но возможно это переоценка, так как вероятно аутисты чаще остаются на домашнем обучении. (Согласно данным CDC аутистов 2.24%, т.е. 1 из 45 на 2015 год,  и 1 из 36 на 2017 год).

Вакцинация недоношенного ребенка ассоциирована с 14-кратным увеличением риска неврологических расстройств.

4.The Introduction of Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis and Oral Polio Vaccine Among Young Infants in an Urban African Community: A Natural Experiment. (Mogensen, 2017, EBioMedicine)

Из-за того, что в Гвинее-Бисау прививали детей раз в три месяца, получился натуральный эксперимент. Некоторые дети в 3-5 месяцев уже были привиты, а некоторые нет.Риск смерти у детей привитых от дифтерии/столбняка/коклюша (DTP) был в 10 раз выше, чем у непривитых детей. Дети, которые были привиты также от полиомиелита (OPV) умирали лишь в 5 раз чаще непривитых.После того, как началась вакцинация, младенческая смертность в возрасте выше 3-х месяцев повысилась в 2 раза.Авторы исследования заключают, что прививка от дифтерии/столбняка/коклюша убивает больше детей, чем она спасает.

Авторов трудно заподозрить в антипрививочничестве. Peter Aaby, один из авторов исследования, создал в Гвинее-Биссау Bandim Health Project, одна из главных целей которого - это прививать детей.

5.Is infant immunization a risk factor for childhood asthma or allergy? (Kemp, 1997, Epidemiology)

Новая Зеландия, 23 непривитых (от DTP и полио) из 1265 десятилетних детей. Среди привитых у 23% была астма, 22% консультировались насчет астмы, и у 30% была аллергия.Среди непривитых не было ни одного случая астмы, ни консультаций насчет астмы, ни аллергий.

6.A Population-Based Cohort Study of Undervaccination in 8 Managed Care Organizations Across the United States (Glanz, 2013, JAMA Pediatr)

Исследование сравнивает привитых и недопривитых в США. Недопривитые это дети, которые не получили хотя бы одну прививку, или получили как минимум одну прививку даже на один день позже установленного срока.Те, кто были недопривиты по выбору родителей, пользовались неотложной помощью на 9% реже, посещали врачей на 5% реже, а также болели фарингитом и ОРВИ на 11% реже.Количество недопривитых неуклонно растёт (от 42% в 2004 до 54% в 2008).

7.Influence of pediatric vaccines on amygdala growth and opioid ligand binding in rhesus macaque infants: A pilot study. (Hewitson, 2010, Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars))

Макакам сделали детские прививки согласно календарю прививок в США 1999 года, и сравнили с непривитыми макаками.У привитых был намного больший объем мозга (такое наблюдается у аутистов).Миндалина (область мозга, ответственная за эмоции) у привитых была намного больше, чем у непривитых. (Это тоже наблюдается у аутистов).

8. Infant mortality rates regressed against number of vaccine doses routinely given: Is there a biochemical or synergistic toxicity? (Miller, 2011, Hum Exp Toxicol)

Авторы сравнивают младенческую смертность в 30 странах, и количество прививок в них до 12-месячного возраста. Между ними получается линейная корреляция.Чем больше в стране прививок, тем выше в ней уровень младенческой смертности.

9. Unvaccinated children are healthier.Опрос в Новой Зеландии. 226 привитых детей и 269 непривитых.У привитых в 5 раз чаще была астма, в 10 раз чаще ангина, в 2 раза чаще экзема, в 4 раза чаще апноэ, в 4 раза чаще гиперактивность, в 4 раза чаще отит, и им в 8 раз чаще вставляли ушную дренажную трубку.У 5% привитых удаляли миндалины. Среди непривитых не было удаления мигдалин.У 1.7% привитых была эпилепсия. Среди непривитых не было случаев эпилепсии. 10. Vaccination and Allergic Disease: A Birth Cohort Study. (McKeever, 2004, Am J Public Health)Исследование 30 тысяч детей из Великобритании.Привитые от дифтерии/столбняка/коклюша/полио в 14 раз чаще болели астмой, и в 9 раз чаще экземой.Привитые от кори/свинки/краснухи в 3.5 раза чаще болели астмой, и в 4.5 раза чаще экземой.Вроде бы цифры говорят сами за себя, не так ли? Но авторам не подходят такие цифры, они хотят оправдать прививки. Поэтому они делают два финта ушами.Сначала они установили, что непривитые ходят к врачам реже. Это, по их мнению, означает не то, что непривитые меньше болеют, а то, что их шанс диагностироваться ниже, чем у привитых! Поэтому они делают коррекцию. Но этого оказывается недостаточно.Они идут дальше, и делят всех детей на 4 группы по количеству визитов к семейному врачу, а затем анализируют каждую группу отдельно.  И, о чудо, статистическая значимость среди тех, кто обращается к врачам часто пропадает! Но среди тех, кто обращались к врачу менее 3-6 раз, привитые все равно болели астмой и экземой в 10-15 раз больше непривитых.Авторы с чистой совестью заключают, что прививки никак не повышают риск астмы и экземы.Врачи, которые читали только абстракт (то есть примерно все, ведь мало кто читает эти статьи полностью), узнают только вывод, и со спокойным сердцем идут и дальше прививать детей. Подобные финты ушами очень часто встречаются в исследованиях, якобы доказывающих безопасность прививок. 11. Effects of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis or tetanus vaccination on allergies and allergy-related respiratory symptoms among children and adolescents in the United States. (Hurwitz, 2000, J Manipulative Physiol Ther) Привитые от столбняка или вакциной DTP болели астмой в два раза чаще, аллергией на 63% чаще, а синуситом на 81% чаще, чем непривитые. 12. The effect of DPT and BCG vaccinations on atopic disorders (Yoneyama, 2000, Arerugi) Среди привитых вакциной DTP 56% болели астмой, хроническим насморком или дерматитом. Среди непривитых болели лишь 9%. Комбинирование прививок

13. Relative trends in hospitalizations and mortality among infants by the number of vaccine doses and age, based on the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 1990-2010. (Goldman, 2012, Hum Exp Toxicol)Чем больше прививок делается за один раз, тем выше вероятность госпитализации и смерти. Смертность среди тех, кто получил 5-8 прививок была в 1.5 раза выше, чем у тех, кто получил 1-4 прививки.

14. DTP with or after measles vaccination is associated with increased in-hospital mortality in Guinea-Bissau. (Aaby, 2007, Vaccine)Дети из Гвинеи-Биссау, которм сделали прививку от дифтерии/столбняка/коклюша вместе с прививкой от кори умирали в 2 раза чаще, чем те, которым сделали только прививку от кори.Авторы приводят еще несколько исследований с такими же результатами в Гамбии, Малави, Конго, Гане и Сенегале. 15. Co-administration of live measles and yellow fever vaccines and inactivated pentavalent vaccines is associated with increased mortality compared with measles and yellow fever vaccines only. An observational study from Guinea-Bissau (Fisker, 2014, Vaccine) Дети, которым сделали пятивалентную прививку (дифтерия/столбняк/коклюш/Hib/гепатит В) в придачу к прививкам от кори и желтой лихорадки, умирали в 7.7 раза чаще, чем дети, которым не сделали пятивалентную прививку. В этой лекции Сюзен Хамфриз объясняет, почему комбинирование живых и мертвых вакцин приводит к такому эффекту. 16. Simultaneous vaccination with MMR and DTaP-IPV-Hib and rate of hospital admissions with any infections: A nationwide register based cohort study. (Sørup, 2016, Vaccine)В Дании одновременное введение MMR с пятивалентной вакциной ассоциировано с повышением риска госпитализации из-за инфекций нижних дыхательных путей на 27% по сравнению с введением только MMR. 17. Risk of Nontargeted Infectious Disease Hospitalizations Among US Children Following Inactivated and Live Vaccines, 2005-2014. (Bardenheier, 2017, Clin Infect Dis)В США риск госпитализации среди тех, кто получили живую вакцину в качестве последней, был в 2 раза ниже по сравнению с теми, кто получили инактивированную вакцину. 18. Reduced rate of side effects associated with separate administration of MMR and DTaP-Hib-IPV vaccinations. (Shneyer, 2009, Isr Med Assoc J)Побочные эффекты вакцинации наблюдались у 57% среди тех, кто получили MMR и пятивалентную вакцину одновременно, но только у 40% среди тех, кто получили только MMR.Авторы заключают, что возможно действующую политику вакцинации относительно одновременных инъекций требуется пересмотреть.