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W10: Digital citizenship and conflict : Social Media Governance

Due to the freedom and openness to online users in creating and sharing that the principles that make up social media platforms are established, social media platforms face challenges in managing digital space and harmful content. Social media management, on the other hand, is referred to as managing harmful content that users accidentally or directly create or access on social media and online (Hackl, 2015). Key issues include content moderation, preventing cyberbullying and hate speech, and managing misinformation and fake news. The perception that social media sites are challenged by the process of curating user-generated content on the platform. Media governance challenges begin with managing content in accordance with national laws. In Russia, for example, Meta Platforms (Facebook) was fined a total of 13 million rubles ($176,926) in three separate administrative violations for failing to remove unauthorized content under Russian law. Twitter and TikTok were also fined 10 million rubles and 4 million rubles, respectively. Wildman, S. (2015) noted that violations of media and content moderation laws could expose the social media platform to fines and presence removal.  The next issue of preventing bullying through social media is also the challenge for platforms to set up algorithms to restrict violent, sexual and childlike content. The appearance of these contents may negatively affect the perception and provoke hostile actions of users towards the specific issue. Hence, the algorithm in this case refers to managing potential terms violations that may result from the content posted. Notably, Furthermore, the responsibilities of stakeholders in media management depend not only on service providers, social media companies but also users, civil society and governments in shaping online space management policies. Venkatesh, S. (2019) assess that the users must equip themselves with practical knowledge to prevent cyber attacks and online bullying before using the services of platforms.

DeNardis, L., & Hackl, A. M. (2015). Internet governance by social media platforms. Telecommunications Policy, 39(9), 761–770. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2015.04.003

Obar, J. A., & Wildman, S. (2015). Social Media Definition and the governance challenge: An introduction to the special issue. Telecommunications Policy, 39(9), 745–750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2015.07.014 

Tyler, T., Katsaros, M., Meares, T., & Venkatesh, S. (2019). Social Media Governance: Can Social Media Companies Motivate voluntary rule following behavior among their users? Journal of Experimental Criminology, 17(1), 109–127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-019-09392-z

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W9: community gaming, social gaming, and live streaming

The gaming industry has flourished through the establishment of social media communities and strong online interactions. Social media has played an important role in the growth of online games by enabling continuous and unrestricted online interaction. This result facilitates an expansion in the number of participants and establishes mentions and competition among different players.(Nardi, B.,2016). Through communication tools including tools that allow the sharing of relics or discussion of games. Woodcock, (2018) stated that game developments should be tied to the community and promoted on social networks with the aim of attracting as many players and their discussion as possible (Woodcock, (2018). In the context of the development of the gaming industry strongly linked to the development of social media, the applications of social media platforms have established many features for games and meet the entertainment needs of users. Hence, the advent of live-streaming games has directly upgraded the player's gaming experience and casual entertainment. Live streaming platforms, such as Twitch and YouTube Gaming, have introduced a new way for gamers to connect, share, and watch content. Meanwhile, the experience with online games is now set up not only as a gaming experience but also as an experience of observing others playing games in real time(Raïssi, 2012). The tenet of this new experience formation is real-time live streaming, which allows for interaction between viewers and streamers via chat. Hence, live-streaming can also bring commercial value to stakeholders including streamers and audiences through the donation function.

The rise of community gaming, social gaming, and live streaming reflects a broader cultural shift toward online connection. Furthermore, the rise of social gaming has directly democratized content creation and recognized games as an important cultural and economic driver (Rapp, A., 2021).

 For example, live streaming can enhance community gaming experiences by providing a platform for community events, while social game mechanics can foster community building within and around the game.

Reference

Crenshaw, N., & Nardi, B. (2016). “it was more than just the game, it was the community”: Social Affordances in online games. 2016 49th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS). https://doi.org/10.1109/hicss.2016.471 

Johnson, M. R., & Woodcock, J. (2018). The impacts of live streaming and Twitch.tv on the video game industry. Media, Culture & Society, 41(5), 670–688. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443718818363 

Kaytoue, M., Silva, A., Cerf, L., Meira, W., & Raïssi, C. (2012). Watch me playing, I am a professional. Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on World Wide Web. https://doi.org/10.1145/2187980.2188259 

Rapp, A. (2021). Time, engagement and video games: How game design elements shape the temporalities of play in massively multiplayer online role‐playing games. Information Systems Journal, 32(1), 5–32. https://doi.org/10.1111/isj.12328 

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W8: digital citizenship and software knowledge: instagram filter.

Using and creating Instagram filters requires some level of digital literacy and software knowledge, and emphasizes the educational aspect of interacting with digital tools . Users must learn the ethical and practical implications of using filters, such as understanding how their audience may perceive filtered images.

Digital citizenship refers to the right to use digital technologies including face-to-face communication, social media participation, and digital content creation on the basis of responsibility and ethics. Meanwhile, the Instagram filter feature allows users to apply various effects to users' photos and videos. defined that Instagram tool filters can help with simple color and contrast changes, and allow complex facial structure changes for entertainment purposes (Wise,2020). However, in the context of social media, using Instagram filters can be abused and affect the authenticity of social media content. With filters that allow users to modify their appearance, the authenticity of visual credentials between realism and digital customization is reduced. Meanwhile, personal images posted on the Instagram platform through fixing and applying filters can mislead other audiences, which sometimes affects attitudes and connectivity towards other users. Denman, (2016).  assessing that the abuse of Instagram filters can distort personal perceptions from the illusory standards of beauty that Instagram filters provide . 

With the rights of digital citizens, the adoption of the Instagram filter is a positive signal when it gives users the freedom to shape and build a visual image based on their idealized image. This result allows to increase the user's confidence in social media. However, the widespread use of Instagram filters raises some ethical considerations (Anschütz, 2016). First, the impact on self-esteem and body image through frequent exposure to idealized images can lead to negative body image and self-perception(Anschütz, 2016).

Second, the potential for misinformation or fraud arises when filters drastically alter reality and create distortions in access to information on social networks.

Reference : 

Hill, A., & Denman, L. (2016). Adolescent self esteem and instagram: An examination of posting behavior. Concordia Journal of Communication Research, 3. https://doi.org/10.54416/ntge5234 

Hong, S., Jahng, M. R., Lee, N., & Wise, K. R. (2020). Do you filter who you are?: Excessive self-presentation, social cues, and user evaluations of Instagram selfies. Computers in Human Behavior, 104, 106159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.106159 

Kleemans, M., Daalmans, S., Carbaat, I., & Anschütz, D. (2016). Picture perfect: The direct effect of manipulated Instagram photos on body image in adolescent girls. Media Psychology, 21(1), 93–110. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2016.1257392

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W7: digital citizenship and health education: body modification on visual social media.

The term body modification refers to cosmetic operations, tattoos and piercings and also direct physical transformations on the human body. Adams, J. (2009) assessed that body-modifying practices only really developed in the 20th century when the foundations of their medicine developed and were established from "brutal" and "inhumane" experiments on earlier living organisms. However, the publicity and social norms of these activities remain controversial because of the public standards in the mainstream media. Hence, the emergence of social media facilitated body modification activities through the most intuitive means, excluding direct modification activities (Vartanian, 2016). The most positive influence is the formation of communities of individuals with similar interests and a desire to modify the body. Random body-modification activities can pose health and mental health hazards to participants, with digital communities contributing as a reference platform for modification decisions(Thomas, 2012). 

In the current digital landscape, digital profiles also allow individuals to express their individuality and experiences with respect to body modifications for other random user communities. For example, images of rhinoplasty, changes in bone structure can be shared as a user experience. 

Hence, digital citizenship in the use of technology tools. In the context of body modification on visual social media, being a conscientious digital citizen involves critically evaluating content, considering its impact on oneself and others, and engaging in constructive discussions (Thomas, 2012). 

. Digital citizens' receptivity to the topic of body modification is directly through the content formats they observe on digital platforms, allowing users to create content without overstrict management policies (Thomas, 2012). 

. Hence, which requires individuals to distinguish between authentic and unrealistic images, promotes a culture of transparency and authenticity in online interactions (Mirazchiyski, 2019).. Constant exposure to objectionable and excessive body modification figures can exacerbate users' feelings of deprivation, insecurity, and body dissatisfaction, especially susceptible adolescents and young adults. Negative impacts on the mental and physical health of users receiving this information(Mirazchiyski, 2019). For penetration of the health status and effect from the observation of the content body modification from audience, highlighting the impact can be explained through the example of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). BDD is phenomeon about an obsessive focus on perceived flaws in one's appearance, which can be influenced by frequent exposure to edited bodies considered "ideal". Hence, other users will tend to change their bodies to become ideal based on the image of the content they are exposed to, even torturing themselves to achieve their goals.

References 

Adams, J. (2009). Bodies of Change: A Comparative Analysis of media representations of body modification practices. Sociological Perspectives, 52(1), 103–129. https://doi.org/10.1525/sop.2009.52.1.103 

Fardouly, J., & Vartanian, L. R. (2016). Social media and body image concerns: Current research and future directions. Current Opinion in Psychology, 9, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.09.005 

Mirazchiyski, P. (2019). Frau-Meigs, Divina, o’neill, Brian, Soriani, allesandro, Tomé, Vitor, Digital Citizenship Education: Volume 1 – overview and new perspectives. Šolsko Polje, XXX(5–6), 171–175. https://doi.org/10.32320/1581-6044.30(5-6)171-175 

Thomas, M. L. (2012). Sick/beautiful/freak. SAGE Open, 2(4), 215824401246778. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244012467787 

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W6: social media influencers and the slow fashion movement.

Influencers are defined as people who have an impact on a certain group or community through images, actions, and ideas that are received to a certain extent. Hence, the establishment of influencers is formed based on the platform and method they choose. Social media platforms, influencers have used social media platforms as a marketing method of advertising products(Evers,2021). With social media and its viral nature, influencers have a greater chance of engaging online audiences than traditional media audiences before social media platforms came along. The strong growth of platforms contributes to the ever-expanding role and influence of influencers in the marketing strategies of fashion brands. Ryu (2019) stated that the pervasiveness and huge user communities that social media platforms possess create a diversity of any user's online fashion preferences and needs. An influencer's online characteristics are also noticed by brands, as they consider whether the influencer audience is a good fit for a brand's promotional product. 

 Acumen and updates are focused and implemented in building influencers' content, allowing them to maintain their reputation. For promotion in slow fashion, influencers can act as spreaders about fashion trends through sharing images using products. Especially, other things can also be composed of ideals, thoughts or words expressed through the form of posts, videos, sharing slow fashion products (Jung & Jin,2016). However, the fast-paced, consumer-oriented nature of social media may be at odds with the principles of slow fashion, which advocate reducing waste, valuing ethical production practices, and valuing quality over quantity (Korell & Logan,2012).

Korell & Logan (2012) assert that the role of affiliate marketing campaigns in collaboration with social media influencers is extremely important, including influencing brand identity and message communication. For example, set up with Stella McCartney, a fashion house that promotes sustainability with eco-friendly designs, Mariacarla Boscono and Natalia Vodianova, two models and social media influencers were selected for the Spring/Summer 2016 womenswear campaign collection and attracted a wide audience. Hence, the reputation boost can threaten the development of the product in the case of superficiality and inconsistency in the influencer's product promotion process. The core values of sustainability and friendliness of slow fashion can be mitigated by the pressure of content innovation, creating ridiculous and unrealistic ads in the marketing process(Dantas,2020). Hence, In order for influencers to effectively advocate slow fashion, there needs to be a deeper, more critical interaction with the principles of the movement. Brands also need to be selective and decide carefully in the influencer selection process. 

Reference : 

Harrigan, P., Daly, T. M., Coussement, K., Lee, J. A., Soutar, G. N., & Evers, U. (2021). Identifying Influencers on social media. International Journal of Information Management, 56, 102246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102246 

Hermida, A., Fletcher, F., Korell, D., & Logan, D. (2012). Share, like, recommend. Journalism Studies, 13(5–6), 815–824. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670x.2012.664430 

Jin, S. V., Muqaddam, A., & Ryu, E. (2019). Instafamous and social media influencer marketing. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 37(5), 567–579. https://doi.org/10.1108/mip-09-2018-0375 

Jung, S., & Jin, B. (2016). Sustainable development of slow fashion businesses: Customer value approach. Sustainability,8(6), 540. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060540 

Solino, L. J., Teixeira, B. M., & Dantas, Í. J. (2020). Sustainability in fashion. International Journal for Innovation Education and Research, 8(10), 164–202. https://doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol8.iss10.2670 

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Platformisation

Week 5 

Title: Platformization with the application Web 1.0 and Web 2.0

The evolution of the Internet is often described in terms of the transition from Web 1.0, or the "Static Web," to Web 2.0, the "Interactive Web." This change is not only a technical revolution but also completely changes the way people use online web platforms. In that context, online features and interactions are completely changed in terms of experience

Web 1.0: The Foundation of the Internet

Web 1.0 was characterized by static web pages that served as digital showcases, providing information without supporting user interaction or content contribution. Nath, K (2014) describes the web as a "read-only" medium, where the flow of information is one-way, from content creator to consumer. For example, Typical applications of this era are static websites and landing pages. A common characteristic of applications in the web era is that they do not allow users to interact directly on the platform. Therefore, the Web 1.0 era prioritized content consumption over creation with a clear distinction between content creators and consumers in accessing the web separately.

So, it can be concluded that the weakness of the Web 1.0 technological infrastructure is the lack of dynamic content and user interaction, highlighting a one-way communication model that limits social interaction and creativity. collaborative content (O'Reilly, 2010).

Transition to Web 2.0: A paradigm shift

The advent of Web 2.0 represents a paradigm shift towards a more interactive and participatory Internet. O'Reilly (2010) defines Web 2.0 as the second generation of the Internet, characterized by platforms that support collaboration, social networks, and user-generated content. This era saw the emergence of blogs, social networks and wikis with examples of Facebook, Twitter or blogs like Tumblr. The delivery setup allows users to be both content creators and consumers. Hence, the development of technology such as AJAX and RSS feeds has promoted data sharing and real-time interaction, transforming the user experience from static consumption to dynamic interaction (Kaplan & Haenlein, 2010). The main reason may attract

Platformization and its meaning

"Platformization" is a direct consequence of the Web 2.0 era, characterized by the development of digital platforms that focus on diverse forms of online interaction. Van Dijck and Poell (2019) identify "platformization" as reflecting the increasing dominance of a few large platforms, such as Google, Facebook and Amazon, over online content and commerce. These platforms have reshaped the digital landscape, influencing not only how content is consumed and distributed but also how economic and social interactions are mediated online. Furthermore, platformization reflects the process of transferring the experience of using social networks and the ability of users to adapt to the times.

Nath, K., Dhar, S., & Basishtha, S. (2014). Web 1.0 to Web 3.0-Evolution of the Web and its various challenges. In 2014 International Conference on Reliability Optimization and Information Technology (ICROIT) (pp. 86-89). IEEE.

Fuchs, C., Hofkirchner, W., Schafranek, M., Raffl, C., Sandoval, M., & Bichler, R. (2010). Theoretical foundations of the web: cognition, communication, and co-operation. Towards an understanding of Web 1.0, 2.0, 3.0. Future internet, 2(1), 41-59.

Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media. Business horizons, 53(1), 59-68.

Van Dijck, J., Nieborg, D., & Poell, T. (2019). Reframing platform power. Internet Policy Review, 8(2), 1-18.

O’reilly, T. (2010). What is web 2.0. Online communication and collaboration: A reader, 226-235.

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Conflict between fandoms

Week 4: 

The impact of reality television on participation in the public square with example of “Chi Dep Dap Gio Re Song"

Reality television shows often amplify and distort reality, prioritizing entertainment value over factual accuracy (Kilborn, R., 1994). This degeneration can have a profound impact on the public conversation due to cross-cutting narratives and perspectives that skew the social issues that viewers can absorb. Furthermore, reality television often glorifies exhibitionism, materialism, and excitement and can undermine meaningful conversations in public (Opree, S. J., & Kühne, R., 2016). Also, By encouraging stereotypes and reinforcing narrow views, reality television can reduce understanding and honest conversation between individuals.

Many reality television shows are competition-based, pitting contestants against each other for superiority. Furthermore, competition naturally creates divisions among viewers, who associate with different contestants based on personal sympathies, feelings of fairness, or their performance of candidates (Couldry, 2004). Editing of programs often highlights flaws or virtues to create 'villains' and 'heroes', further dividing viewers' opinions and discussions (Andrejevic, 2004). .

Furthermore, the emphasis on competition and conflict in reality television can cause division and division in society (Eyal, K., 2003). A typical example is the program "Chi dep dap gio re song"  which is creating a significant impact on public participation. However, there are also concerns about the "reality" of these programs when some situations in the programs seem to have been pre-arranged. Controversies were created through the program with MC Quoc Truong and Lam Bao Chau's hosting abilities causing a lot of controversy. Second, the voting issue also caused a lot of controversy when Huong Ly and Quynh Nga asked friends and acquaintances to deposit money into their accounts to buy SIM cards and then vote. Finally, fairness in scoring is also a controversial issue as some people believe that the program favors veteran singers too much and is unfair to other beauties. However, this reality television still had a great impact on public participation in the public square, attracting record views of more than 100,000 viewers at the same time. These programs not only entertain audiences but also create lively discussions in the community. With its divisive nature, this program has created a competitive playing field between established female artists, while also creating a divide in the fan community when they have to choose to support the artist. that they love. This can create fierce competition and even conflict between fans

Reference : 

Kilborn, R. (1994). How real can you get?': Recent developments inReality'television. European journal of communication, 9(4), 421-439.

Opree, S. J., & Kühne, R. (2016). Generation me in the spotlight: Linking reality TV to materialism, entitlement, and narcissism. Mass Communication and society, 19(6), 800-819.

Rubin, A. M., Haridakis, P. M., & Eyal, K. (2003). Viewer aggression and attraction to television talk shows. Media Psychology, 5(4), 331-362.

Andrejevic, M. (2004). Reality TV: The work of being watched. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 67-70.

Couldry, N. (2004). Theorising media as practice. Social semiotics, 14(2), 115-132.

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How does Tumblr function as a digital community

Week 3 :

In the context of the digital age, Tumblr is gradually developing as a social networking platform serving a large audience. Hence, features like reblog and anonymity encourage interaction, collaboration and facilitate in-depth discussions. Tumblr became a place that nurtured creativity, subculture, and activism, enriching digital culture. However, the reason why Tumblr became a community social networking platform will be analyzed through comparison with another social networking platform, Facebook.

Create and share content

Tumblr is the epitome of the digital canvas for expressing individualism and unique interests, promoting a variety of content including text, images, video, and audio (Tiidenberg & Gomez Cruz, 2015) . Its emphasis on creative self-expression and customization of personal blogs facilitates a rich tapestry of user-generated content, consisten. In contrast, Facebook's architecture is designed to promote sharing and personal connection within existing social networks, prioritizing multimedia content and updates that enhance real-world connections ( Ellison et al., 2007). The platform's infrastructure supports a variety of user interactions, from personal updates to public discourse, distinction between bonding and bridging social capital (Siisiainen, M., 2003) 

Interaction and engagement

Interactivity on Tumblr is characterized by the reblogging feature, which not only amplifies the dissemination of content but also encourages layered conversations through the addition of comments with each repost (Marwick, 2015). This feature strengthens creative culture and reshapes collaborative content, reflecting a networked information economy in which information flows are user-driven . In contrast, Facebook's interaction mechanisms, including likes, comments, and shares, facilitate a different mode of interaction, one that emphasizes existing social relationships and reinforces norms community level (Boyd, D. M., & Ellison, N. B., 2007). Facebook Groups and Events further illustrate how the platform operationalizes social capital to build and mobilize communities (Steinfield et al., 2011).

Privacy and anonymity

Anonymity on Tumblr allows users to explore identities and share content without the constraints of real-world social relationships, promoting a sense of freedom and safety in self-expression (Ogden, J. , 2022). This anonymity can increase participation in niche communities and support cultural and marginalized groups by providing a platform for voices that are often excluded from the discourse system mainstream (Duguay, 2016). In contrast, Facebook's model is based on identifiable participation, with the platform encouraging the use of real names and connections that mirror one's offline social network . This approach, while facilitating accountability, may also limit user behavior and self-expression due to perceived surveillance by known contacts (Marwick & Boyd, 2014).

References 

Boyd, D. M., & Ellison, N. B. (2007). Social network sites: Definition, history, and scholarship. Journal of computer‐mediated Communication, 13(1), 210‐230.

Cropf, R. A. (2008). Benkler, Y. (2006). The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 528 pp. Social Science Computer Review, 26(2), 259-261.

Duguay, S. (2016). Lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, and queer visibility through selfies: Comparing platform mediators across Ruby Rose’s Instagram and Vine presence. Social Media+ Society, 2(2), 2056305116641975.

Tiidenberg, K., & Gómez Cruz, E. (2015). Selfies, image and the re-making of the body. Body & society, 21(4), 77-102.

Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2007). The benefits of Facebook “friends:” Social capital and college students’ use of online social network sites. Journal of computer‐mediated communication, 12(4), 1143-1168.

Siisiainen, M. (2003). Two concepts of social capital: Bourdieu vs. Putnam. International journal of contemporary sociology, 40(2), 183-204.

Marwick, A. E. (2015). You may know me from youtube:(micro‐) celebrity in social media. A companion to celebrity, 333-350.

Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2011). Connection strategies: Social capital implications of Facebook-enabled communication practices. New media & society, 13(6), 873-892.

Ogden, J. (2022). “Everything on the internet can be saved”: Archive Team, Tumblr and the cultural significance of web archiving. Internet Histories, 6(1-2), 113-132.