#Analog to digital converter datasheet

[chemvewor]

Analog to digital converter datasheet

Analog to digital converter datasheet serial#

Analog to digital converter datasheet download#

Analog to digital converter datasheet download#

You can download ADS1256IDBR datasheet from the link given below: TI is helping more than 100,000 customers transform the future, today. By employing the world's brightest minds, TI creates innovations that shape the future of technology. Texas Instruments Incorporated (TI) is a global semiconductor design and manufacturing company that develops analog ICs and embedded processors. Interlead flash shall not exceed 0.25 mm per side.ĪDS1256IDBR Specification Product Attribute This dimension does not include interlead flash.Mold flash, protrusions, or gate burrs shall notexceed 0.15 mm per side. This dimension does not include mold flash, protrusions, or gate burrs.This drawing is subject to change without notice.Dimensioning and tolerancingper ASME Y14.5M. Any dimensions in parenthesis are for reference only. All linear dimensions are in millimeters.The following diagram shows the ADS1256IDBR package. The following figure shows the block diagram of ADS1256IDBR. Īnalog Input Effective Impedances with Buffer Off The following are the circuit diagrams of ADS1256IDBR. The following are ADS1256IDBR Symbol, Footprint, and 3D Model. The following figure is the diagram of ADS1256IDBR pinout.

Analog to digital converter datasheet serial#

5V Tolerant SPI™-Compatible Serial Interface.Self and System Calibration for All PGA Settings.Low-Noise PGA: 27nV Input-Referred Noise.− Eight Single-Ended Inputs (ADS1256 only) − Four Differential Inputs (ADS1256 only) Flexible Input Multiplexer with Sensor Detect.One-Shot Conversions with Single-Cycle Settling.− 18.6 Bits Noise-Free (21.3 Effective Bits) at 1.45kHz This blog will introduce ADS1256IDBR systematically from its features, pinout to its specifications, applications, also including ADS1256IDBR datasheet and so much more. The converters offer fast channel cycling for measuring multiplexed inputs and can also perform one-shot conversions that settle in just a single cycle. The programmable filter allows the user to optimize between a resolution of up to 23 bits noise-free and a data rate of up to 30k samples per second (SPS). The selectable input buffer greatly increases the input impedance and the low-noise programmable gain amplifier (PGA) provides gains from 1 to 64 in binary steps. A flexible input multiplexer handles differential or single-ended signals and includes circuitry to verify the integrity of the external sensor connected to the inputs. The converter is comprised of a 4th-order, delta-sigma(ΔΣ) modulator followed by a programmable digital filter. They provide complete high-resolution measurement solutions for the most demanding applications. We may also share this information with third parties for this purpose.The ADS1255 and ADS1256 are extremely low-noise, 24-bit analog-to-digital (A/D) converters. We will use this information to make the website and the advertising displayed on it more relevant to your interests. Targeting/Profiling Cookies: These cookies record your visit to our website and/or your use of the services, the pages you have visited and the links you have followed. Loss of the information in these cookies may make our services less functional, but would not prevent the website from working. This enables us to personalize our content for you, greet you by name and remember your preferences (for example, your choice of language or region). Functionality Cookies: These cookies are used to recognize you when you return to our website. This helps us to improve the way the website works, for example, by ensuring that users are easily finding what they are looking for. Analytics/Performance Cookies: These cookies allow us to carry out web analytics or other forms of audience measuring such as recognizing and counting the number of visitors and seeing how visitors move around our website. They either serve the sole purpose of carrying out network transmissions or are strictly necessary to provide an online service explicitly requested by you. The cookies we use can be categorized as follows: Strictly Necessary Cookies: These are cookies that are required for the operation of or specific functionality offered.

[zousercom]

Data converter ICs work in devices such as modems and touchscreens to convert information like touch, sound, or sunlight into digital signals. These ICs can be used for analog-to-digital signal conversions and processing, as well as the reverse, and can convert analog data, such as user interactions, into digital data. Major applications include telemetry, automation, computers, solar inverters, and biometrics.

[mmorgdivine]

Omron cx programmer variation and sign

#Omron cx programmer variation and sign how to#

#Omron cx programmer variation and sign download#

so you can make sure you can use it without any problem in projects that you have.Īlso, after viewing the course, if you think it is a useful topic that can be added to the course, send it to me so that it can be added to the course after review.Īfter watching this course, you can send your questions through the available communication channels and I will try to answer your questions. D7H Dozer Neepawa D7H Cat,LGP Contact Gale at 9 three one 56 73 Show. This course is based on my practical experiences and all the issues that have been used one by one in projects. Email us to create a technical support case right away In order to process your request in a timely manner, please include the following information in your email. CAT D7H Dozer Shop by category : Omron Electronics Omron Electronics Cost of.

#Omron cx programmer variation and sign how to#

You will also learn the TPO instruction and learn how to convert PID analog output to digital by combining PID and TPO.Īlso in this training course, you will get acquainted with the parameters P, I, and D and you will see how each of them affects your control system.įinally, in a practical project that is a thermoforming machine, we use the PID and TPO instructions and show how the PID instructions can be obtained automatically with the Auto-Tune capability of the PID instruction. Appendix File extension CX-Programmer project file (. After much digging, it appears that CX-Programmer (or the. Well, not so easy as it didnt work When adding a program section of the SFC type, CX-Programmer completely hung up. (The CX-Programmer is included in the CX-One.) For, details, refer to the FA Integrated Tool Package CX-One Datasheet. Omron logistics and warehouse automation All the technologies you need for a complete solution Logistics Solutions 80+ years in automation Global support and expertise Easy integration & programming End-to-end engineering support Founded in 1933, Omron is a global leader in the field of automation with 37,000+ employees. While using the CX-Programmer V7.2 package from Omron, I wanted to have a play around with the SFC style of programming with a CJ1M PLC.

#Omron cx programmer variation and sign download#

Participants will be taught how to draw, save, edit, download program and on-line monitoring. Below is the wiring diagram of the four and five- pin car relay Macam mana nak check wire connection ke suis horn. In this training course, you will learn the Omron Instruction for PID control, the PIDAT Instruction, and how to use it as well as adjust its parameters for different situations. CX-Programmer Ver.9 5 System Requirements The system requirements are the same as those for t he CX-One. Course Description: To provide a comprehensive knowledge on the applications and operations of PLC and the window-based ladder programming in factory automation systems.

[magicclam]

The other day I was looking through my bin of dead tubes that I use for steampunk projects, when I came across an unusual looking vacuum tube labeled 918. 

I’d stuck it in the ‘steampunk’ bin because I wasn’t sure what it was for and had no way to test it. Did a bit of research yesterday, and through the magic of Google, found out that it was a Photocell tube.

I guess back in the late 30′s and into the 40′s these were used in theaters to synchronize sound with video (among other applications). Basically, when you shine a light on these tubes, the photocathode emits electrons. I couldn’t find much data on how these were used in-circuit, but I did locate a PDF datasheet for the 918 tube.

Found out that only 2 of the 4 pins on the tube base are connected, and that the tube uses 90v DC on the plate. Went through my parts bins, found a tube socket and a bridge rectifier (converts AC to DC voltage) and built a little test rig out of a busted up wooden box and the parts I had on hand.

Today I setup an experiment to see if the rig would work, and hopefully test to see if the tubes were good. 

I also found out that these photocells were designed for incandescent bulbs (has to do with color temperature), so before I could run my test, I needed to see if I still had a regular lightbulb in my house. Fortunately my wife had a flashlight that was non-LED, so I used that for the experiment.

Hooked up my digital multi-meter to the DC output terminals I mounted in the box (this was to make sure I got 90v for the plate). Then I hooked up another meter to the output of the 918 tube along with the negative side of the DC voltage. 

Theoretically when you shine light on the tube, the analog meter needle should move. 

Turns out... it worked! Had a friend of mine help by holding a flashlight while I filmed the process, and you can see what it does in the video (hopefully). 

Watch the analog meter when she shines the flashlight on the photocell...

So cool!

Stay tuned for who knows what!

[quasisengineeringcorner]

A Lesson In Ratings

As an engineer, every thing revolves around specifications, or specs for short.  Usually, these specs can be found on a handy piece of paper called a datasheet, which usually comes with the component or device you purchased or can be found through a quick Google search.  It will tell you everything from the overall resistance of the device, its magnetic properties, its accuracy if it is a sensor, voltage and current tolerances, and, more importantly, power ratings.  A first lesson for beginning EEs is to know the power ratings of your components.  Use a resistor with a low power rating in a high energy circuit and you might see some interesting fireworks or maybe just a little poof.   However, there is another important part to this first lesson that you aren’t told...

Make sure your team knows the power ratings of your components.

Story Time!!! Today, in my senior design lab, we were working on developing a circuit with which to sense high voltages and translate that into a smaller voltage that a microcontroller’s analog-to-digital converter (ADC) could measure.  That’s a mouthful, to be sure, but the gist of it is that the resistors helped set the current going into the circuit.  We took a power supply from the Power Lab down the hall so that we could test the circuit at higher voltages.  We hooked everything up and started taking voltage measurements off of a resistor connected to the output of the circuit.  And then we did the worst thing we could have done at that very moment:  We started cranking up the voltage.

Now, for those of you who don’t know the math behind it, here’s a crash course.  Don’t worry, it’s much easier than you think.  Power is measured in a unit called watts.  Should be a familiar term.  In electrical engineering, power can be measured in a few ways, but the most basic way is by taking the voltage applied to the component and multiplying it by the current going through it.  So, we get the equation P = V * I, P for power, V for voltage, and I for current (don’t ask).  

Let’s run the math here:  The current required to go into the circuit was 10 milliamperes (0.01 amperes).  That’s pretty small, but it’s alternating current so I’d recommend not touching that.  But wait! We started off applying 7 volts to the input of the circuit.  So, 7V * 0.01A = 0.07 watts.  Whew! That was close....damn we cranked up the voltage didn’t we? It was about 30 volts we cranked it up to, I believe, so 30V * 0.01A = 0.3 watts.......uh oh. *Checks power rating* Those were 1/4 watt resistors on the input of the circuit.

I’m actually not too sure at what voltage we started noticing the smoke coming from the test circuit, but I can confirm that the resistor was most definitely on fire.  You will never see an EE move faster than when their circuit catches fire and they rush to unplug everything before the whole circuit goes.  Thankfully, the rest of the circuit remained intact and we should still be able to use it.

Here’s to you, you brave little resistor.

The worst part is that those were my resistors being used for the test circuit.  I knew those were 1/4 watt resistors, but my team (and our instructor who was the one adjusting the power supply) did not.  And I neglected to tell them that.  So, in the end, it was my fault. 

And I don’t plan on making the same mistake twice.

-J

[tiannasmother]

AD7124 Sigma-Delta ADC

The AD7124-8 is a completely integrated analog front end with low power and noise for high precision measurement applications. The device includes a low noise, 24-bit analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and can be configured with 8 differential inputs or 15 single-ended or pseudo differential inputs. The onchip low gain stage ensures that low amplitude signals can be interfaced directly to the ADC.

One of the most significant advantages of the AD7124-8 is the ability to use one of three integrated power modes. With the power mode selected, the current consumption, range of output data rates, and rms noise can be tailored. The device also includes a plethora of filter options, giving the user the greatest amount of flexibility.

https://www.apogeeweb.net/circuitry/ad7124-sigma-delta-adc-datasheet-pdf-cad-models-arduino.html

[amaxchipamaxchip]

R8A77940DB20BG

R8A77940DB20BG is a Microcontroller Unit (MCU) within an FBGA package. Considered within the category of an embedded processor and microcontrollers. MCU is an integrated circuit that comprises a variety of memory modules, communication interfaces, and peripherals. MCU is capable of performing the arithmetic operations on binary values. In technical terms, MCU can perform according to the instruction set. Most of the MCU's are Reduced instruction Set Computer (RSIC)

 R8A77940DB20BG is a 32 Bit MCU, with SuperH or SH architecture launched by the Renesas. SuperH is a 32-bit RSIC that was introduced by Hitachi and has been re-developed by Renesas. R8A77940DB20BG is ROM less module, requiring a 3.3 V voltage supply, and 449 pins in a fine ball grid array (FBGA). The module is designed to operate with tray packaging. The package information is mentioned on the datasheet. Some other features of the modules are the availability of Power-on reset (POR), Direct memory access (DMA), Pulse width modulation ( PWM), Watch Dog Timer (WDT )  Peripherals, and Program Memory Type is ROM less. Some other features mentioned in the datasheet (attached) include an Analog to digital converter at 4x10b. The operating temperature range of the module is -20 degrees centigrade to 70 degrees centigrade. 

The module is equipped with the SH-4A that is a 3 bit RSIC. This is the key advantage of module R8A77940DB20BG. Another main advantage offered by the module R8A77940DB20BG includes the tray BGA packaging. The tray technology is facilitating the manufacturer, supplier, and clients by meeting the criteria of safe IC handling, storage, and transportation. BGA packaging also offers the benefits of a low-level inductance power plan that can support high-frequency designs with external thermal compatibility at a lower cost. BGA package offers low thermal resistance, High pin density, efficient performance even at higher speed, and lower inductance. The best packaging feature of the module R8A77940DB20BG is making the module suitable for various applications. The operating temperature of the module R8A77940DB20BG is also suitable for many industrial applications.

R8A77940DB20BG supports many applications such as:

Data-intensive     architecture processing in a memory chip

Real-time control

High-end motor control

For Multiple high-speed applications, the choice of MCU depends upon few factors for effective implementation and performance. The factors include:

Hardware peripheral requirements

External communication requirements

Instruction set architecture

Available resources

The platform

Market availability. 

R8A77940DB20BG among various MCUs is fulfilling all requirements by providing many pins for the peripheral devices and an excellent device packaging that makes it suitable for industrial applications. Other offered advantages include the provision of 32-bit RSIC that is an efficient and effective architecture and is accessible through market availability. Amaxchip is ready to deliver this module for your projects and support your research process, please click here to get a quotation today. 

[qvault]

BitBanged SPI in Go, An Explanation

I’m going to focus mostly on some design decisions and how I went about writing an SPI interface using Go on a Raspberry Pi. I assume my readers have a basic understanding of what a Raspberry Pi is, and how basic electronics work. If not, read on anyway and I will be sure to include some valuable resources below.

Why Go?

In a past life, I worked on hardware interfacing software, and the first thing I can tell you is that I hate C. Don’t get me wrong, I understand the appeal of having lightning-fast code and the ability to manipulate memory and low-level functions. I also understand the headache of writing concurrent C code, and anyone familiar with Go knows that this is where it shines.

https://www.raspberrypi.org/blog/compute-module-3-launch/

The project that first got me interested in using Go for embedded applications was one where we decided to use a Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3 to interact with ADC (analog to digital converter) components, and collect data using several of these components.

I quickly threw together a prototype in Python using the standard Python GPIO library, and was satisfied with the initial results. It was apparent however that for a more industrial solution we needed an application that was:

Faster — Able to support more operations per second at lower memory and CPU usage.

Compiled — We didn’t want anyone to be able to pop out the Compute Module and steal our source code.

Maintainable — We had a very small team, and none of us were very experienced with firmware so we wanted to abstract up a bit if possible.

I considered C++ at first. C++ is about as fast as it gets, and is a compiled language. I’m quite comfortable in C++ and have written many applications using it, but we ultimately decided on Go instead for the simple fact the concurrent programming in Go is as easy as it gets. C++ may run a bit faster, but we knew that if we wrote this particular program in Go, it would likely be about half the size (in lines of code) and we were more confident in our ability to keep the code clean and maintainable.

It is important to note that the program in question was doing a lot more than just the data collection via SPI interface with an ADC component. There were user inputs, data displays, etc. It was to be a highly concurrent program.

What is SPI?

http://www.circuitbasics.com/basics-of-the-spi-communication-protocol/

SPI stands for serial peripheral interface. I don’t want to get too far off track, but basically it is just a protocol for a master (your program) to communicate with the hardware (like a thermometer or analog to digital converter). If you want to learn more check out the link in the picture’s caption.

My Environment

Device: Raspberry Pi 3B (We used the compute module for production)

IDE: VS Code

Remote Editing: Check out this tutorial to edit code on the pi using VS Code remotely

Hardware: Breadboard, jumper wires, an ADC that uses an SPI interface

OS: Raspbian

Implementation

First things first, I needed a great GPIO package. For this project, we built the code to be able to use any of the GPIO pins on the Pi. I used Dave Cheney’s library: https://github.com/davecheney/gpio

The code below should build and run. Please keep in mind that if you are going to use this code, you will need to change the pin numbers to match the pins you used to connect your GPIOs to your ADC.

package main import ( "fmt" "time" "github.com/davecheney/gpio" ) // AdcRead represents the data needed to perform a read operation on the ADC component type AdcRead struct { Cs gpio.Pin Clock gpio.Pin Miso gpio.Pin NumBits int ResultsChan chan uint32 } // Exec reads the current value stored in the ADC register func (reader AdcRead) Exec() { // Start the CS Low to begin the read reader.Cs.Clear() // Initialize an impty uint32 to store the value we are reading var result uint32 // Loop over each bit the the component sends back (The number depends varies from // component to component, read the datasheet) for i := 0; i < reader.NumBits; i++ { // Set the clock to logic high reader.Clock.Set() // Read 1 bit in, if it is high, then add a "1" to our rightmost bit bit := reader.Miso.Get() if bit { result |= 0x1 } // Shift Left to get to the next bit to be read if i != reader.NumBits-1 { result <<= 1 } // The clock will pulse low, then high again to get the next bit reader.Clock.Clear() } // Set chip select low to end the read reader.Cs.Set() // Send the result back through the channel to whatever part of our // application cares about it reader.ResultsChan <- result } func main() { // Open necessary pins. The numbers here are examples, they should be changed based // on which pins you use const csPinNumber = 5 const clockPinNumber = 6 const misoPinNumber = 7 csPin, err := gpio.OpenPin(csPinNumber, gpio.ModeOutput) if err != nil { fmt.Printf("Error opening cs pin: %v\n", err) } clockPin, err := gpio.OpenPin(clockPinNumber, gpio.ModeOutput) if err != nil { fmt.Printf("Error opening clock pin: %v\n", err) } misoPin, err := gpio.OpenPin(misoPinNumber, gpio.ModeInput) if err != nil { fmt.Printf("Error opening miso pin: %v\n", err) } resultsChan := make(chan uint32, 1) adcReader := AdcRead{ Cs: csPin, Clock: clockPin, Miso: misoPin, NumBits: 32, // Our ADC component sends a 32 bit value ResultsChan: resultsChan, } // Execute each read at 10 Hz c := time.Tick(time.Duration(100) * time.Millisecond) go func() { for range c { adcReader.Exec() } }() // Print everything that comes through the results channel for true { result := <-resultsChan fmt.Println(result) } }

View repository: https://github.com/lane-c-wagner/spi

Thanks For Reading

Lane on Twitter: @wagslane

Lane on Dev.to: wagslane

Download Qvault: https://qvault.io

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[cdrsample-blog]

CDR Sample For Electronics Engineers

CDR Sample for Electronics EngineersIf you are an electronics engineer and want to migrate to Australia to seek better career prospects or a new job in your domain, then you can prepare a CDR sample for electronics engineer according to the Migration Skills booklet prepared by Engineers Australia. The Electronics Engineers from overseas with a wish to enhance their career in Australia are required to go through a CDR assessment by EA to get selected in the employment code: ANZSCO 233411. CDRsample for Electronics Engineers includes all the required reports such as Curriculum Vitae (CV), Continuing Professional Development (CPD), three Career Episodes (CE), and Summary Statement. The content of the CDR Report Samples is given below:

Curriculum Vitae (CV): Resume on the basis of a professional template.

Continuing Professional Development (CPD): The sample of CPD clarifies the Engineering Knowledge of the applicant – 343 words.

Electronics Engineer Career Episode Sample 1: “FINGERPRINT-BASED STUDENT ATTENDANCE REGISTER” – 2033 words

Electronics Engineer Career Episode Sample 2: “GSM BASED SMART HOME” – 1831 words

Electronics Engineer Career Episode Sample 3: “PATIENT MONITORING SYSTEM” – 2030 words

Electronics Engineer Summary Statement Sample: Detailed explanation of all the competency element – 2379 words. Electronics Engineering CDR Sample 1Project Name: Fingerprint-based student attendance register.

This project was titled as “Fingerprint-based student attendance register”.

 The engineering activities that the author did during the project are as below:

·        To study about factor to be considered, approach to be taken, and another critical element to be considered for the development of attendance system.

·        To select the component like a fingerprint scanner, the storage system involved in the design of the fingerprint-based system.

·        To design the database and redefining for the desired process and use the PCA process.

·        To perform the image processing for the designed system using Matlab.

·        To develop the user interface for the attendance system

·     To test and analyze the result of the system 

Problem & Solutions: Some of the major problems that were encountered by the author during the “Fingerprint-based student attendance register” along with their solutions are defined below:-

1. Problem 1 career episode 1 and its SolutionCreating the database with executing PCA was a problem seen in system development. As the time elapsed was long, there was a problem regarding the system crash because of heavy computational processing. High computational complexity was an issue while creating a database by executing PCA. To solve this issue algorithm for PCA was considered. The covariance matrix was calculated using n^2*n^2 resulting in n^2 eigenvalues and eigenvector, which made the computation immense resulting in a system crash. This problem was resolved using Turk and Pentland schema which compute the covariance considering the number of dataset images rather than the number of pixels in the images.

2. Problem 2 career episode 1 and its SolutionSometimes, there were variations in the drawings and with the site situation, so in that case, the author had to repeat Electronics calculations that the author made to re-check if the structure was still safe with the condition found at the site. The technical manager assisted and guided him a lot during this process. This affected the timeline of the project but managed it through a schedule crashing approach.

3. Problem 3 career episode 1 and its SolutionArthur found a major issue regarding the database. Updating the database, connecting the two different databases and issues regarding the security and system crash. To resolve these issues, security measures like internet security and firewall measures were used along with the crash of the data, the backup system was built where copies of the data were stored. Issues regarding the integration of the database were resolved using the special software developed to integrate the database. Issues regarding the update of the database were resolved using the less complex algorithm for an update in the database. Issues regarding the scalability were resolved by using the vertical as well as the horizontal method of scaling. Electronics Engineering CDR Sample 2Project Name: GSM BASED SMART HOMEThis project was titled as “GSM based smart home”. 

The engineering activities that the author did during the project are as below:

·     To study and review the existing smart home system and gather knowledge regarding the component involved in the development of such a system.

·     To select components like microcontroller, Analog, and digital converter and develop the component diagram

·     To develop the program codes for an operation involving microcontroller, GSM module.

·     To design and simulate the connection of the overall system using Proteus

·     To assemble the component for the development of the system as per the component diagram

·     To test and analyze the system and make a necessary adjustment regarding the issues. 

Problem & Solutions: Some of the major problems that were encountered by the author during the “GSM based smart home” along with their solutions are defined below:

1.     Problem 1 career episode 2 and its SolutionMany issues were found during the testing of the GSM modem. There was an unexpected outcome regarding the interface between the microcontroller and GSM modem. The unwanted message was seen in the GSM modem. To resolve this problem, Arthur restarted the GSM modem but it did not solve the issue raised as the AT command was missing in the GSM modem. Even after that, there was fluctuation in the power supply. So the author used to relay and Zener diode for proper power supply to the modem. With the constant power supply, Arthur tested the result again and found that there were no issues by the GSM module.

2. Problem 2 career episode 2 and it's SolutionWhen Arthur performed the testing of the system, there was a time delay between the command send and command executed, which is the major issue on the system where security is concerned. To resolve this problem, Arthur checked the component with datasheets but there were no issues with the component. Thus, Arthur examined the system program code and found that there were issues regarding the program codes. These program code had made the delay signal response slower, so unnecessary codes were removed from the program.

3. Problem 3 career episode 2 and it's Solution

While performing the interface between the microcontroller and GSM module, Arthur found that the microcontroller was not working effectively. The Arthur made interfacing to solve the real issue and found that the pin connection was loose that resulted in the problem but the interface problem was not solved. After that, the Arthur checked the transmitter and receiver side and found that the transmitter was working effectively, but the receiver was not in proper condition. These issues were raised because of the relay used in the receiver end of the microcontroller. To solve this issue, Arthur changed the switching current, load voltage and control parameters in the relay. Electronics Engineering CDR Sample 

3 Project Name: PATIENT MONITORING SYSTEMThis project was titled a “Patient monitoring system”. The engineering activities that the author did during the project are as below:

·        To study and review the factor to be considered, mechanics involved in the development of the monitoring system.

·        To select components like Arduino UNO, GSM module, ECG sensor, heartbeat sensor for system development.

·        To develop the system model design regarding hardware and software involved.

·        To perform the connection setup involving components like ECG sensor, Heartbeat sensor with Arduino.

·        To test and analyze the heartbeat result, ECG report of the system.

·        To implement the designed system in areas of interest.

 Problem & Solutions: Some of the major problems that was encountered by the author during the “Patient monitoring system” along with their solutions are defined below:

1.     Problem 1 career episode 3 and SolutionSince Arthur used Windows as an operating system. So, Arduino had a problem regarding upload which was solved using the correct serial port number. An error message like not in sync: resp=0x30, stk500_getsync () seen during the upload. This problem was raised because of an incorrect serial port number and due to incorrect installation of the FTDI driver. So, these issues can be solved by assigning the correct serial port no and installing the FTDI driver correctly. An error message like port COM4 already in used was an issue which was resolved using FTDI virtual COM port driver or by closing the program which uses the COM4 serial port. There was a problem regarding the dim LED because this issue was resolved by checking the PIN which is declared on output.

2.     Problem 2 career episode 3 and Solution Hardware unavailable, hardware unit not found and an issue regarding the communication were resolved by a detailed study of the communication model involved and by making the proper connection between the hardware and Arduino. Troubleshooting the problem was also done to resolve the problem. There was an issue which was raised when the system executed properly, but the result or output did not appear in the LCD. To solve this issue the device was properly connected using simulation software. Simulation software shows details regarding the connection and what the practical execution lacks can be found and resolved by using such simulation software.

3.     Problem 3 career episode 3 and SolutionWhen Arthur conducted the test for the complete system model, there was a problem regarding the LCD. For this, the Arthur checked the connection wire and power supply, which was as per requirement. LCD (P8-P5) and Arduino (pin 13-10) were incorrect, so these issues were solved by connecting Arduino pin with LCD in with (P14-P11). Arthur then tested the LCD, but it was not working again. After that, Arthur observed the programming function regarding the LCD and Arduino, which were not designed properly.The Arthur consulted with the supervisor and found that the value assigned with register chip select was wrong which raised because of lack of knowledge regarding the RS and RW pin.

[micro-ohm-electronics-blog]

‏‎الكت الرائعة 👏👏 46 in 1 Sensor Modules Kit for Arduino +CD لينك المنتج على موقعنا على https://www.microohmelectronics.com/…/46-in-1-sensor-modul…/ ما بداخل الكت⚡👀 1 x MQ-2 Smoke & Gas Sensor Module 1 x RTC Clock Module 1 x Joystick game controller module 1 x Laser head sensor module 1 x Temperature and humidity sensor module1 x 5V relay module 1 x Smart car avoid obstacle sensor infrared sensor photoelectric switch 1 x Finger detect heartbeat module 1 x Microphone sensitivity sensor module 1 x Metal touch sensor module 1 x Flame sensor module 1 x 3-color LED module 1 x Ultrasonic sensor module HC-SR04 1 x Linear magnetic Hall sensors1 x Rotary encoder modules 1 x Active buzzer module 1 x Magic Light Cup modules1 x Small passive buzzer module 1 x Digital temperature sensor module 1 x Optical breaking module 1 x Temperature sensor module 1 x Bicolor LED common cathode module 3MM1 x Mercury opening module 1 x Hall magnetic sensor module 1 x RGB LED SMD module 1 x Mini Reed module 1 x Tilt switch module 1 x Automatically flashing LED module 1 x Key switch module 1 x Photoresistor module 1 x Vibration switch module 1 x Hit sensor module 1 x Temperature sensor module 1 x Analogy Holzer magnetic sensor 1 x Microphone sound sensor module 1 x Large reed module 1 x Two-color LED module 1 x Button Module 1 x IR Emission Module (InfraRed Tx) 1 x IR Receiver Module (InfraRed Rx) 1 x Mini DC-DC 3A Step Down Buck (Voltage Converter) 1 x Soil Moisture Sensor 1 x SD Card Reader Module 1 x Water Level Sensor 10 x Set for resistances (1K , 2K , 5.1K , 10K , 100K , 10ohm , 100ohm , 220ohm , 330ohm & 1Mohm) CD include : Datasheet for each Sensor Arduino Code for each Sensor Beginning Arduino E-Book Practical Arduino E-Book Arduino Bots & Gadgets E-Book Getting Started with Arduino E-Book Arduino Cookbook E-Book 30 Arduino Projects for the Evil Genius E-Book‎‏ https://www.instagram.com/p/BsnvpKhnHJ5/?utm_source=ig_tumblr_share&igshid=r03ugq17cjlh

[moarobotics-blog]

Creating Custom Hardware Pt.1

So if anyone has been paying attention to my twitter and other social media accounts you may have seen the neat little recurrent spiking neural network I created

This is a network of 16,384k neurons arranged in a 128x128 grid. Each neuron has connections between itself and it's 8 immediate neighbors, as well as an “axon” which receives signals from a selection of neurons within a specific radius around the axons 2D position.

Each of these connections is weighted, and during run-time if the neuron detects that the target neurons of any of these connections is also firing then the weighting factor will increase, otherwise it slowly decays each update.

Signals are modeled as a rising and falling output that follows the SIN function from 0 to (PI/2*3) which isn't psychically accurate and can be swapped out with outer activation functions easily but I haven't done that yet. The rate at which the neuron sweeps through this 0-(PI/2*3) range is also modified, with the sweep rate increasing when the neuron fires and decreasing otherwise.

Each neurons output is then mapped to a single pixel in the image above, leading to a very impressive visualization! All in all, this is less than 175 lines of code counting white-space and comments in the file. It's worthy of a post of it's own, and I'll be writing one after this series.

I've created a lot of different neural networks but none of them were as realistic and certainly none of them showed the interesting activity seen with this model. One thing I really like is the different wave like frequencies seen in the average activation level of the network. So I started to wonder, what would happen to this network if I could feed it some real world information?

Assumptions

This is not a beginners guide by any means, but that doesn't mean a beginner couldn't follow along. Our main assumption is that you've at least programmed a microcontroller such as an Arduino, PIC, etc. If you haven't we highly recommend it before starting this article, Arduinos are very cheap and readily available, with tons of project ideas and a great community behind it.

It's also assumed you know how to read schematics, and are familiar enough with them to at least draw them at a novice level.

Designing Hardware 101 – The Specifications

The first step to designing good hardware is to come up with an idea of exactly what your project needs to be successful. These specifications guide the design process and component selection, and help us to avoid a lot of wasted time pursuing dead ends (keep reading for an example within this project).

This project needs to:

Run a artificial neural network (ANN) with 128x160 neurons, 20,480 neurons total

Display the output of this network on a LCD screen at a minimum of 30 frames per second

Receive inputs such as audio and orientation from the environment

Be capable of running for a limited duration detached from its power source

These simple specifications will help keep our project on track.

Component Selection

Now that we have a set of specifications lets proceed to choose the kind of hardware we want to build our project from. Since so many things are dependent on it, choosing a processor is a good first step, and will help avoid any revisions to include a different chip because of something we didn't think about. We'll be ordering all our components through Digikey because they are awesome, trustworthy and have great customer support. I've used them for years and can't recommend them enough.

I've only programmed Microchip PIC16/PIC18 microprocessors. And while I'd love to use them, they can't run as fast as I'd like (capped at 64MHz) and even if I got a PIC32 and ran it at 100MHz. I'm still limited by the fact that the instruction clock is internally divided by four...that means our instructions are only running at 25MHz. There are lots of alternatives out there that are much faster, for example AVRs instruction clock is the same as the input. ARM Cortex processors are 1.25x the clock which means for every 4 clock cycles you get 5 instructions! Lets go with that! But...out of the 3,000 different ones on Digikey which one would be the best fit? Well, let's specify exactly what we want:

100MHz or faster

Enough I/O pins to handle a TFT display and any peripherals we might require.

TFT display buses are USUALLY 16-bits wide with 3 to 4 control lines. This comes out to 20 pins at least. I like to double that, so anything with 40+ I/O pins will work.

Analog to Digital Converter, we plan on feeding audio into the network so we'll need a way to convert that to a digital value for input into the network.

These specifications reduce our choices from 3,000 to ~124 or so. From that point it's mostly the price point that drives my selection. The one I chose is the NXP MK02FN128VLH10, a Cortex M4 processor. It has 46 I/O lines, and ADC, and can run at 100MHz! Perfect!

The next thing we need to think about is memory, the processor alone doesn't have enough memory to handle running an ANN. This is easy to calculate by looking at the data structure of an individual neuron:

unsigned int ID unsigned char x unsigned char y unsigned char status unsigned int weights * N unsigned int targets * N unsigned int signal_t unsigned int signal_start unsigned int input unsigned int output unsigned int threshold

N is the maximum number of neurons an individual neuron can be connected to. For N=50, each neuron takes up 217 bytes of memory, for 20,480 neurons (128x160) that's 4,444,160 bytes or 4.24 MB. Looks like we're going to need some memory, because most microcontrollers do not come with that much onboard ram. Our specifications for  memory are:

64Mb of memory

MB = Megabytes, Mb = Megabits. Divide Megabits by 8 to get Megabytes, and divide to convert the other direction. For a 4.24MB dataset we need 33.92Mb of space to store it. Memory is cheap, so we'll go with 64Mb

8-bit wide parallel interface. Having 2 16-bit bus devices would eat up 32/40 I/O lines, and we'd like to preserve some for other uses. 8-bit should work fine.

WARNING! DEAD END AHEAD! DRAM, it has a high write cycle reliability, when I first designed this project I chose flash memory which lets you write and erase only about 100,000 times before things start failing. That means if our project ran at 60FPS our memory would wear out in less than 3 hours. If I had thought about the write cycles beforehand I could have avoided wasting the time on the flash memory altogether.

These restrictions made it easy to narrow our selections down to less than 200 or so on Digikey. The cheapest price point was the Cypress Semiconductor S27KL0641DABHI020 at $3. It's a BGA component however, and so you'll need a hot-air rework station to place it if you're using it.

The rest of the components is simply selecting input sensors, the battery, and the display. For the display I already was aware of the DT018ATFT 1.8” 128x160 display and had decided I would use that. It has a 16-bit wide bus, full color display and a backlight. Everything we could want. For inputs I'm using a MEMS Microphone (INMP510ACEZ-R7), an Accelerometer/Gyroscope combo (LSM6DS3TR), a Magnetometer (MAG3110FCR), and a NTC Thermistor. For the battery we're using the popular 102535 800MAh Lipo battery along with the MCP73831T02ACL/OT single cell lipo charger. The last thing we need is a 3.3v Linear voltage regulator, really any will do for this application but I recommend one with a current capacity of 400mA (or more) like the MIC5504-3.3YM5-TR

With this we have a Bill-of-Materials for our design, the major components are:

MK02FN128VLH10

S27KL0641DABHI020

DT018ATFT

INMP510ACEZ-R7

LSM6DS3TR

MAG3110FCR

MCP73831T02ACL/OT

MIC5504-3.3YM5-TR

The rest of the components are minor ones such as flat panel connectors, a Micro-B USB, and resistors and capacitors and not listed here. If you’re interested in the complete component listing you can get the Bill-of-Materials by clicking the following link:

BrainBox Bill-Of-Materials

MCUExpresso Configuration Tools

Before we get into creating a schematic and circuit board, we should take some time to check out the pin configuration tool created by NXP for our MK02FN128VLH processor. This processor has a lot of pins that can function as standard GPIO, but only some of these are available for things such as the crystal oscillator, I2C, and analog functions. These can be found on page 48 of the datasheet for our processor:

NXP makes it very easy to set these pins up with their Pin Configuration Tool

This tool will even generate the code to setup all the pins properly! How cool is that?

And I've made it even easier to follow along with this guide by making the configuration use for this project available for you to download here

BrainBox MCUXpresso Config

Use this when creating your schematic symbols in your preferred software to help save some time.

Schematics and Board Drafting

Once all of the packages and symbols are defined in our electronics drafting software, we can begin the process of laying out a schematic for everything. I like to use a modular process where everything is isolated and connected by their pin function, for example:

Here you can see that the pins in the bottom  half our routed to the pins on the object in the top half. I can move these objects and all of their associated pins and passive components independantly of the object they connect to, which allows me to organize the schematic like this.

This makes it really easy to double check everything before sending the board out for production. Does U5 have the right caps? Are all the pins connected like they are supposed to be? All verifiable visually.

When setting up each device I always have the datasheet for that device up for me to look at the application example within the datasheet, take U2, the magnetometer,

and compare it to our schematic:

you can see that I basically just copied the application example from the schematic. And honestly that's what 99% of hardware designers do! There might be the occasional deviation, in mine I omit the .1uF capacitor because I have several near this IC that will provide that function just fine. Simply repeat this process for our 8 major components, and in the end you'll have a schematic that looks similar to this:

Routing the board is easy if you have software that allows backward annotations, this ensures that the software checks constantly for the board and schematic to remain true to one another. At this point you can route and place components wherever you want as long as you connect everything, and this is left as an exercise for the reader because if you can create the schematic this part is easy. Lets take a look at how my final design looks, and discuss some points that will make your routing easier:

Looking at my routings it's easy to see that the first thing I did was place the display so it is centered on the PCB board. I then placed major components like the processor U4, the JTAG header at the bottom, and the memory IC above it. I then routed all the data signals between the processor, display, and DRAM memory, because we want to keep these traces very short to reduce noise. I don't do this with the I2C bus however, why? Well this bus operates at a MUCH slower speed, 400kHz-1MHz compared to the parallel bus, 10MHz+, this means I don't need to worry about keeping these lines as short.

After that is done, I group components with their ICs and route them in their own little space. This is in the same deal as when we did this with the schematics, it keeps everything modular and easy to identify, and makes troubleshooting a lot easier if I need to examine a part of the board that might misbehave. Those are moved into suitable positions on the board, and then their data signals are routed.

The very final thing I do is route the power and ground lines. This is because we really don't have to worry about HOW these get routed, and you can daisy chain the routing between chips to make it easier. Additionally, most ICs have multiple data lines but only 2 lines for power and ground. After all is said in done, you should have a nice and compact circuit board, that is ready to be sent off to a production facility to be fabricated and later assembled by you!

This is the point we are at so far and the end of part 1 of this article. Check back in a couple weeks when I should have received my circuit boards and can begin the last two parts of this series. Thank you for reading!

[teachmemicrocontrollers]

The MQ-4 is one of many gas sensors ready to be interfaced with microcontrollers. Just like the rest of the MQ sensors, the MQ-4 is most sensitive to a particular gas. This time, it’s methane, although the sensor can still detect other flammable gases like butane and propane.

MQ-4 Methane Sensor Overview

At the heart of the MQ-4 is a heater and electrochemical sensor. When the target gas enters the membrane and reaches the sensor, it undergoes a redox reaction which creates current. This current is stronger for sensors at specific gases. In the case of the MQ4, it’s more sensitive to methane, butane and propane.

If you are looking to buy a MQ-4 sensor, you should choose the one that comes in a breakout board like this:

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This breakout board has four output pins, namely A0, D0, GND and VCC.

The power pins VCC and GND can be connected directly to an Arduino’s 5 V pin and GND respectively.

Using Digital Output

The D0 pin generates a high (equal to VCC) when in the presence of methane gas and low (equal to around 0.1 V) otherwise. You can calibrate this “digital” output through the trimmer pot on the board.

If your project only requires detection of methane then reading the D0 pin will do. Here’s a circuit diagram with an Arduino UNO:

Here, the D0 pin connects to digital pin 2 of the Arduino. The Arduino sketch below uses an interrupt so that the microcontroller always detects the MQ-4 first.

/* MQ4 Sensor - Digital Output Example * by R. Pelayo * * From TeachMeMicro (www.teachmemicro.com/arduino-mq4-methane-sensor * * Date Created: 09/11/2020 */ const byte MQ4_Pin = 2; //MQ4 D0 pin void setup() { pinMode(MQ4_Pin, INPUT_PULLUP); attachInterrupt(digitalPinToInterrupt(MQ4_Pin), sensor_triggered, CHANGE); //attach interrupt on MQ4 pin Serial.begin(9600); } void loop() { // Do anything you want here } void sensor_triggered() { Serial.println("Methane detected!"); // Output to serial monitor }

If however you need to determine methane concentration, you’ll need the A0 pin.

Using Analog Output

Determining PPM Equation

The sensitivity curve of the MQ-4 is shown below:

This curve is from the device datasheet and shows the sensitivity of the MQ-4 to gases. As seen here, it’s most sensitive to CH4, the chemical name of methane. Absent in the curve are propane and butane gases although both are known components of LPG (which is second to methane in this curve).

The curve is a log-log scale and shows the relationship between RS/R0 and gas concentration in parts-per-million (PPM). RS/R0 is the ratio of sensor resistance at target gas (RS) and resistance in clean air (R0). Hence, by knowing RS/R0, we can determine the concentration of the gas in PPM.

We take two points on this graph to derive a formula. This formula will then be used in our Arduino sketch later on.

The most obvious point is when RS/R0 = 1 and PPM = 1000. The second point is when RS/R0 is somewhere around 0.58 and PPM = 5000. The equation starts with:

Here, we will assign Y1 = 1, X1 = 1000 from the first point and Y2 = 0.58 and X2 = 5000 from the second point. Substituting these values in the equation above:

Changing Y to RS/R0 and X to PPM and solving for PPM:

We can now use this formula in our sketch. But before that, we need to determine the resistance ratio RS/R0.

Methane PPM Output Arduino Sketch

As mentioned, RS is the sensor resistance in the presence of Methane while R0 is the sensor resistance in clean air. Of these two, R0 would be easier to determine. We measure the resistance of the electrodes 1-6 or 4-3 (see figure below) using an ohmmeter.

My MQ-4 electrodes give out 945 ohms of resistance for both 1-6 and 4-3 electrodes. This means my R0 is 945 ohms.

The value of RS would have to be known through a sketch. The MQ-4 breakout board uses this schematic:

As you can see, Aout connects to one of the electrodes and in parallel to a resistor RL. This means the electrode resistance creates a voltage divider with RL and the voltage at Aout is:

Here, RS is our target electrode resistance which varies depending on methane concentration.

BTW, RL is an SMD resistor with label 102. This corresponds to a resistance of 1k.

So to get RS we use this formula:

The Arduino sketch to give out methane concentration in PPM is now:

/* MQ4 Sensor - Analog Output Example * Prints out methane concentration in PPM to serial monitor * by R. Pelayo * * From TeachMeMicro (www.teachmemicro.com/arduino-mq4-methane-sensor * * Date Created: 09/11/2020 */ const byte MQ4_Pin = A0; //MQ4 A0 pin const int R_0 = 945; //Change this to your own R0 measurements void setup() { Serial.begin(9600); } void loop() { Serial.println(getMethanePPM()); } /* * getMethanePPM returns a float value in PPM of methane concentration */ float getMethanePPM(){ float a0 = analogRead(A0); // get raw reading from sensor float v_o = a0 * 5 / 1023; // convert reading to volts float R_S = (5-v_o) * 1000 / v_o; // apply formula for getting RS float PPM = pow(R_S/R_0,-2.95) * 1000; //apply formula for getting PPM return PPM; // return PPM value to calling function }

That’s two ways to use the MQ-4 methane gas sensor. Note that this sketch is for display methane concentrations only, not butane or propane. For any questions, reactions, or suggestions, kindly drop a comment below.

How to Use MQ-4 Methane Gas Sensor The MQ-4 is one of many gas sensors ready to be interfaced with microcontrollers. Just like the rest of the MQ sensors, the MQ-4 is most sensitive to a particular gas.

[duongbff-blog]

Modbus protocols

What is the modbus protocol? What is Modbus signal in industry? You must have heard or seen on the datasheet of the device with Modbus. But most of us don't care about it because most of us only need 4-20mA or 0-10V signals. So what is the modbus output signal and what does it mean? What advantages does it have compared to conventional analog signals? In this article, I will introduce you to the modbus protocol.

When I was in school, I learned about analog (digital) and digital (digital) signals. But most devices at that time used analog signal 0-10V and 4-20mA. Until later, when I actually worked, I used more digital signals through RS232 and RS485 communication standards, in which Modbus protocol was a common use. With the advantage of very high accuracy, no interference when transmitting, able to correct errors, the digital signal is now widely used. And the Modbus protocol is therefore more used. Most industrial devices today support both analog and digital signals. Let's find out what the modbus protocol is?

1. What is the modbus protocol? What is the modbus protocol overview?

Let's first learn what the modbus protocol is.

The protocol is a common language for devices to communicate with each other. When two devices want to talk and exchange with each other, it must use the same protocol. Modbus: is a means of communication between multiple devices together through a single twisted pair. Modbus was developed by Schneider Electric. In short, the modbus protocol is a system of multiple devices that use the same protocol to talk to each other through a single twisted pair.

Initially, modbus uses RS232 serial communication method to exchange data between devices. However, the distance and data rate when the serial communication is low, it is later switched to RS485 communication. The modbus protocol works based on the master-slave principle. There will be one device that acts as the master and many slave devices. Modbus interface is what

2. Some common modbus standards today. What is the modbus protocol? After learning what the modbus protocol is, we will explore the modbus standards commonly used in the industry today. Currently, there are 3 modbus standards commonly used in industry - automation is: Modbus RTU, Modbus TCP, Modbus ASCII.

Standard Modbus RTU What is the modbus protocol and classification

In Modbus RTU standard, the data is coded in binary. This is the ideal standard for RS232 communication, multi-point RS485, speed from 1200 baud to 19200 baud. The most popular of which is 9600 baud. This standard is most commonly used in industry as an application: BMS, electricity .... A message in Modbus RTU includes: 1 byte address; 1 byte function code; n bytes of data; 2 bytes CRC. What is the modbus protocol?

Modbus ASCII standard Modbus ASCII and what is modbus protocol

In this standard, the messages are encrypted using hexadecimal code. Use 4 bits to encrypt the message. Each message byte takes 2 bytes to communicate so this standard has a lower speed than Mobus RTU. Therefore, industry does not use this standard but mostly uses RTU or TCP.

Standard Modbus TCP Modbus TCP and what is modbus protocol

Modbus TCP is simply the modbus protocol that is communicated via Ethernet. Slave and master devices use IP addresses to identify and communicate with each other. In this standard data is encoded in a TCP / IP packet. Therefore, today this standard is increasingly used.

3. What is the modbus protocol? The device converts from analog to industrial modbus Modbus protocol has been used a lot today. The reason is because of its advantages such as fast data transfer speed, long distance transmission, very high accuracy, cost savings ... .. To meet this demand, manufacturers have turns out to be 4-20mA or 0-10V signal conversion devices in Modbus RTU format.

What is the application of the modbus protocol

As shown above, we can see only one switch device but can simultaneously read up to 8 4-20mA / 0-10V inputs. And transfer them to modbus RTU signal sent to PLC control. This can be seen as a cost-effective and highly effective solution.

What is the modbus protocol and its functionality

In addition, for temperature measurement applications, there is a pt100 to modbus converter as shown above. The input signal of 4 pt100 will be converted to Modbus RTU by the converter. If you do not use a device that is modbus-compatible, you must use up to 4 pt100 to 4-20mA converters to bring it to a very expensive PLC.

In summary, through this article, we see the advantages of the modbus protocol. Hopefully, what are the modbus protocols? will help you in your work. Any comments please contact:

Công ty TNHH Công Nghệ Đo Lường BFF

Hotline: 0868 31 39 86 (Mr. Dương)

Email: duong.tran@bff-tech.com

Website: thietbitudong.com.vn

Bài viết hay:

psi là gì ?

đổi độ f sang độ c

[amaxchipamaxchip]

BCM7251SUPKFSBB

MULTIFORMAT HD DIGITAL VIDEO/AUDIO SOC FOR SATELLITE, IP, AND CABLE DVR SET-TOP BOX

The BCM7251SUPKFSBB  is a set-top box (STB), colloquially known as a cable box and historically known as a television decoder.

The BCM7251SUPKFSBB is an information appliance device that generally contains a TV-tuner input and displays output to a television set and an external signal source. The purpose of BCM7251SUPKFSBB is to turn the source signal into content in a form that can then be displayed on the television screen or other display device.

The BCM7251SUPKFSBB is a high definition (HD) System-on-Chip solution that supports the essential features of cost-optimized satellite, cable, and IP set-top boxes.

The BCM7251SUPKFSBB performs its functions flawlessly by combining a fast 1100-DMIPS MIPS32/MIPS16e™-class CPU, a high-speed 2D graphics processing. The BCM7251SUPKFSBB also includes a video motion adaptive and scaling deinterlacing. Also consisting of an ultra-flexible data transport processor, a video decoder with a MPEG-4/VC-1/MPEG-2/AVS. The BCM7251SUPKFSBB has a programmable audio decoder. There are different digital to analog converters in the BCM7251SUPKFSBB unit. The different converters are six video DACs (Digital to analog converters) and a stereo high-fidelity audio DAC. The BCM7251SUPKFSBB offers a highly optimized level of single-chip system performance making it ideal for many STB (Set-top box) applications.

Compared to the previous models and other devices available, the BCM7251SUPKFSBB has many advantages due to its flexibility and compliance with different modules. For instance, compared to the previous models, the BCM7251SUPKFSBB has an advanced multi-format decoder that supports many modules, including the newly integrated modules such as HD/SD MPEG-2 Main profile main and high levels. The BCM7251SUPKFSBB’s audio processor is one of the most advanced audio processors used in the system on chip solutions. The advanced audio processor is capable of supporting a large number of peripherals. The details of the peripherals and modules are present in the datasheet. Compared with alternatives, the 2D effect graphic engine of BCM7251SUPKFSBB has an edge. Processing studio quality and texts at HD resolution and is more than capable of supporting multilayers and windows OS (operating system).

A few other features that make the BCM7251SUPKFSBB a pioneer in its field are the Mosaic mode used for video-rich navigation, a Motion-adaptive deinterlacer with reverse 3:2/2:2 pull-down. In terms of security, the BCM7251SUPKFSBB has a Broadcom security processor and AES/1DES/3DES/CSS/CPRM/DTCP copy protection.

The features and functionality of the BCM7251SUPKFSBB make it an ideal candidate for applications in the digital entertainment industry. The BCM7251SUPKFSBB finds its use in cable television, satellite television, over-the-air television, and other entertainment purposes.

[hqewnet]

LM393N Datasheet | LM393N Description | Low Power Low Offset | Texas Instruments

Application areas include limit comparators, simple analog to digital converters; pulse, squarewave and time delay generators; wide range VCO; MOS clock timers; multivibrators and high voltage digital logic gates. The LM193-N series was designed to directly interface with TTL and CMOS. When operated from both plus and minus power supplies, the LM19-N series will directly interface with MOS logic where their low power drain is a distinct advantage over standard comparators.