#AntonievanLeeuwenhoek

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The Microscope & the Scientific Revolution

The microscope was one of the most significant inventions of the Scientific Revolution, opening up completely new and miniaturised worlds. The first microscopes were invented in the first quarter of the 17th century in the Netherlands, but soon scientists across Europe were using the instrument to make new and often bewildering discoveries in the fields of botany, entomology, and anatomy.

The First Microscopes

The first optical microscopes appeared in the early 17th century, shortly after the invention of the telescope, which is generally credited to the Flemish spectacle-maker by Hans Lippershey (c. 1570 to c. 1619). A year or two later, Galileo (1564-1642) made a superior telescope, with which he observed the heavens in great detail, publishing his findings in Sidereus Nuncius (The Starry Messenger) in 1610. The microscope also originated in the Netherlands, its invention is usually credited to Cornelius Drebbel (1572-1635) or Hans Janssen. Like the telescope, the microscope used two lenses set in a hollow tube. Drebbel's model followed the telescope design not of Galileo, which had a concave and a convex lens, but of Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) who used two convex lenses in his instruments. Although in this latter arrangement, the image was inverted, it was also much clearer.

Soon there were specialist makers of microscopes, one highly respected manufacturer was John Marshall. A Marshall-designed compound microscope, which has three lenses (eyepiece, field lens, and objective lens) and the possibility to add extra light using a candle under the base, can be seen today in the Science Museum in London. One notable private maker was Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (see more below), who made over 500 microscopes, including examples that had an impressive magnification of 270 using a tiny glass bead instead of a larger glass lens. Further adaptations to improve the instrument were made, such as adding a small mirror to the base whose angle could be adjusted to direct more light to the specimen under view. The instrument maker Edward Culpeper (1670-1737) made this mirror concave, increasing the light made available in his microscopes. It was not enough to have an excellent instrument, though, preparing specimens for viewing was a skill in itself and could make the difference between gaining a new scientific discovery or seeing nothing at all.

Scientists soon put the new device to good use and began to investigate what had previously been indistinct or invisible to the naked eye. Anatomists, entomologists, and botanists were particularly keen to use this new invention to further their understanding of the natural world. In 1625, for example, Francesco Stelluti examined in detail the bodies of bees and published his research as The Apiarium, the first study based on microscopic science. Many other discoveries and academic papers soon followed, and by the second half of the 17th century, beautifully illustrated works were being published to reveal to interested readers exactly what could be seen through the latest microscopes. It now became clear that a tiny insect could be just as complex in its structure as a large mammal. The view through a microscope also raised some perplexing questions, such as if a parasitic flea itself has fleas, might not these fleas also have fleas and so on ad infinitum? The microscope had revealed new worlds, but where did they end? The invention seemed to pose more questions than the current technology could answer.

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Discovery Of The Cell And Cell Theory

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https://youtu.be/L-Xq1nyVLVQ

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