Rutiodon
By Ripley Cook
Etymology: Wrinkle Tooth
First Described By: Emmons, 1856
Classification: Biota, Archaea, Proteoarchaeota, Asgardarchaeota, Eukaryota, Neokaryota, Scotokaryota Opimoda, Podiata, Amorphea, Obazoa, Opisthokonta, Holozoa, Filozoa, Choanozoa, Animalia, Eumetazoa, Parahoxozoa, Bilateria, Nephrozoa, Deuterostomia, Chordata, Olfactores, Vertebrata, Craniata, Gnathostomata, Eugnathostomata, Osteichthyes, Sarcopterygii, Rhipidistia, Tetrapodomorpha, Eotetrapodiformes, Elpistostegalia, Stegocephalia, Tetrapoda, Reptiliomorpha, Amniota, Sauropsida, Eureptilia, Romeriida, Diapsida, Neodiapsida, Sauria, Archosauromorpha, Crocopoda, Archosauriformes, Eucrocopoda, Crurotarsi, Archosauria?, Pseudosuchia?, Phytosauria, Parasuchidae, Mystriosuchinae
Referred Species: R. carolinensis, R. manhattanensis
Status: Extinct
Time and Place: Sometime between 227 and 208.5 million years ago, in the Norian of the Late Triassic
Rutiodon is primarily known from the Eastern United States; there are reports from Canada, as well, but these are more dubious. All reports from the Chinle Formation that were once assigned to Rutiodon have since been given their own names. It is known from the Blue Bell Quarry and the New Oxford Formation of Pennsylvania, the Cumnock and Pekin Formations of North Carolina, and the Ewing Creek Member of the Lockatong Formation and the Passaic Formation of New Jersey.
Physical Description: Rutiodon was a Phytosaur, so naturally it looked ridiculously similar to modern crocodilians - and wasn’t one in the slightest. In fact, Phytosaurs and Crocodilians have a major difference - they had their nostrils far back on the head, close to the eyes, rather than on the tip of the snout. Rutiodon itself was very long, between 3 and 8 meters in body length, making it one of the largest animals in its environment. It had a very long, narrow jaw, with large teeth inside that grew much bigger at the front of the jaw. Weirdly enough, it was covered in armored plates like modern crocodilians on its back, sides, and tail, though this is a clear-cut case of convergent evolution - Crocodilians evolved from completely different Triassic reptiles. Rutiodon had a long tail, a squat body, and legs splayed out to the sides, just enhancing how much it resembled living crocodilians.
Diet: Rutiodon would have fed on small animals and fish in its environment, using the hook in its jaw as well as the large teeth to grab onto struggling prey and hold it steady.
Behavior: Despite its uncanny resemblance to living crocodilians, it is difficult to determine whether or not Phytosaurs such as Rutiodon would have actually behaved like them. While being an ambush predator in the water it called home makes a certain amount of sense, that sense is primarily based on its resemblance to living analogues. That said, it’s also possible that the extreme length of its mouth would have aided Rutiodon in reaching and grabbing food that would be out of reach for a more snort-shouted animal (such as the large predatory amphibians that it shared a home with). It probably would have taken care of its young, though if it was more social than that it would have been more out of convenience than anything else. That said, Rutiodon seems to have been quite common, so groups of “I guess we’re all in this place together” may have been very common and a large annoyance to animals in the area trying to move through unscathed.
Ecosystem: In general, Rutiodon lived in lake environments, usually near forests with decent amounts of water present beyond the lake. Flooding and swamp-like conditions were probably favored by this genus, based on its fossil neighbors. It was found in lakes, river deltas, and floodplains that would frequently turn into extremely overflowed swamps. In the Cumnock Environment of North Carolina, it lived alongside the large amphibian Dictyocephalus, as well as therapsids like Dromatherium and Microconodon and a variety of fish and unnamed reptiles. In the New Oxford Formation of Pennsylvania, it lived alongside another large amphibian - Koskinodon - as well as the fish Synorichthys, and potentially other Phytosaurs like Suchoprion and Palaeoctonus. Finally, in Lockatong, it lived with the Tanystropheid Tanytrachelos, the Kuehneosaurid Icarosaurus, the Protorosaur Hypuronector, the Rhynchosaurid Rhynchosauroides, unnamed dinosaurs, another Metoposaurid, and a variety of fish like Diplurus, Synorichthys, Turseodus, and Osteopleurus. All that fish would have made an excellent source of food for Rutiodon, along with those small Therapsids!
Other: Phytosaurs like Rutiodon are a fun group of creatures that actually come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes, and aren’t all so similar to Crocodilians - they had weaker ankyls, no bony structure in the mouth to aid in breathing while underwater (though they may have had a fleshy one), and they actually had even more armor than crocodilians. That said, there is a chance Rutiodon and relatives are… stem-Crocodilians. What this means is, that living Crocodilians are their closest modern relatives. This is a subject of hot debate - they’re either the earliest branching members of the Crocodile-Relative group, or they’re closely but equally related to all modern archosaurs (so, they’d be equally Crocodile - and equally bird!) More research on these animals are sure to reveal further insights into their place in the evolution of the ruling reptiles.
~ By Meig Dickson
Sources Under the Cut
Baird, D. 1986. Some Upper Triassic reptiles, footprints and an amphibian from New Jersey. The Mosasaur 3:125-153.
Ballew, K.L. (1989). A phylogenetic analysis of Phytosauria from the Late Triassic of the Western United States. Dawn of the age of dinosaurs in the American Southwest: pp. 309–339.
Carroll, R.L. (1988). Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, WH Freeman & Co.
Colbert, E. H. 1966. Ancient reptile of Blue Bell. Frontiers 31(2):42-44.
Cope, E. D. 1878. On some Saurians found in the Triassic of Pennsylvania, by C. M. Wheatley. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 17(100):231-232.
Doyle, K. D., and H.-D. Sues. 1995. Phytosaurs (Reptilia: Archosauria) from the Upper Triassic New Oxford Formation of York County, Pennsylvania. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 15(3):545-553.
Emmons, E. 1856. Geological Report of the Midland Counties of North Carolina xx-351.
Emmons, E. 1857. American Geology, Containing a Statement of the Principles of the Science with Full Illustrations of the Characteristic American Fossils. With an Atlas and a Geological Map of the United States Part IV:x-152.
Gaines, Richard M. (2001). Coelophysis. ABDO Publishing Company. p. 21.
Gregory, J.T. (1962). Genera of phytosaurs. American Journal of Science, 260: 652-690.
Hungerbühler, A. (2002). The Late Triassic phytosaur Mystriosuchus Westphali, with a revision of the genus. Palaeontology 45 (2): 377-418
Jaeger, G.F. 1828. Über die fossilen Reptilien, welche in Würtemberg aufgefunden worden sind. Metzler, Stuttgart.
Kammerer, C. F., R. J. Butler, S. Bandyopadhyay and M. R. Stocker. 2016. Relationships of the Indian phytosaur Parasuchus hislopi Lydekker, 1885. Papers in Palaeontology 2:1-23.
Kimmig, J. & Arp, G. (2010) Phytosaur remains from the Norian Arnstadt Formation (Leine Valley, Germany), with reference to European phytosaur habitats. Palaeodiversity 3: 215-224
Long, R.A. & Murry, P.A. (1995). Late Triassic (Carnian and Norian) tetrapods from the southwestern United States. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, 4: 1-254.
Lucas, S.G. (1998). Global Triassic tetrapod biostratigraphy and biochronology. Paleogeog. Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol. 143: 347-384.
Lyman, B. S. 1894. Some New Red horizons. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 33:192-215.
Maisch, M.W.; Kapitzke, M. (2010). "A presumably marine phytosaur (Reptilia: Archosauria) from the pre-planorbis beds (Hettangian) of England". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 257 (3): 373–379.
Mateus, O., Clemmensen L., Klein N., Wings O., Frobøse N., Milàn J., Adolfssen J., & Estrup E. (2014). The Late Triassic of Jameson Land revisited: new vertebrate findings and the first phytosaur from Greenland. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Program and Abstracts, 2014, 182.
Nesbitt, S.J. (2011). "The early evolution of archosaurs: relationships and the origin of major clades" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 352: 1–292.
Olsen, P. E., A. R. McCune, and K. S. Thomson. 1982. Correlation of the early Mesozoic Newark Supergroup by vertebrates, principally fishes. American Journal of Science 282:1-44.
Palmer, D., ed. (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. p. 95.
Schaeffer, B. 1941. Revision of Coelacanthus newarki and notes on the evolution of the girdles and basal plates of the median fins in the Coelacanthini. American Museum Novitates 1110:1-17.
Sengupta, S.; Ezcurra, M.D.; Bandyopadhyay, S. (2017). "A new horned and long-necked herbivorous stem-archosaur from the Middle Triassic of India". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 8366.
Senter, P. (2005). "Phylogenetic taxonomy and the names of the major archosaurian (Reptilia) clades". PaleoBios. 25 (2): 1–7.
Stocker, Michelle R. (2010). "A new taxon of phytosaur (Archosauria: Pseudosuchia) from the Late Triassic (Norian) Sonsela Member (Chinle Formation) in Arizona, and a critical reevaluation of Leptosuchus, Case, 1922". Palaeontology. 53 (5): 997–1022.
Stocker, M. R. (2012). "A new phytosaur (Archosauriformes, Phytosauria) from the Lot's Wife beds (Sonsela Member) within the Chinle Formation (Upper Triassic) of Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 32 (3): 573–586.
Stocker, M. R.; Li-Jun Zhao; Sterling J. Nesbitt; Xiao-Chun Wu; Chun Li (2017). "A Short-Snouted, Middle Triassic Phytosaur and its Implications for the Morphological Evolution and Biogeography of Phytosauria". Scientific Reports. 7: Article number 46028. doi:10.1038/srep46028.
204 notes
·
View notes
Important Factors to Remember Before buying an AC
Greatest Portable Air Conditioners That Could Be Taken Along in India
Do you wonder to heat your space in winter or how to survive a summer? It's time to consider a trusted and cost-efficient portable
air conditioner that will maintain the temperature. This review can help you find. Paradis Paradis 150CREATE YOUR OWN PARADISE
WITH PARADIS
Royal Sovereign ARP-9411MULTI-FUNCTIONAL SOLUTION FOR USERS KEEPING UP WITH TECHNOLOGIES
AMFAH AMF-PAC-12K/MPERFECT SOLUTION FOR THE SUMMER HEAT
Even though that Lloyd portable air conditioner comes at a price, it boasts build and supplies performance as that of much more
costly models. Designed with sleek and rounded corners, it has. For adjusting configurations on the front panel of the appliance,
you will discover a electronic control panel. The package includes a menu and altering settings remotely are also possible.
Performance-wise, the Lloyd conditioner has high ranks. However, it is not merely the high BTU (12,000) that contributes to its
performance. Thanks to the 2-directional purification system, the conditioner efficiency is multiplied several times. The 2.41 EER
efficiency ratio amplifies the point. We believe this conditioner should come to your liking and eventually become your assistant
in creating a comfortable atmosphere in your home. Comfort is essential for high productivity. The efficiency and functioning
productivity of men and women who constantly spend time in uncomfortable temperature conditions worsen dramatically. This is
exactly why make a favorable environment in your office or assumptions in which you spend most of your time, be it your home and
you may want to think about buying the Paradis 150. This air conditioner has efficacy speeds - 12, 000 BTU airflow in 1050 W power
consumption only. So, no matter where exactly you will install it, you will benefit from refreshing and instantaneous
coolingsystem. The controls here are intuitive and simple. Even if this is actually the initial conditioner that you purchase, you
will soon get the hang of it. Besides, all preferences are pretty clear and shown on a digital control panel. 5 star ac vs 3 star ac power consumption .
Whynter Double HoseBREATH DEEPLY AND FEEL FRESHED, EVEN IF IT'S BOILING HOT OUTSIDE
The AMFAH AMF-PAC-12K/M air conditioner is acceptable for installation both in home and at different premises, like stores, cafes,
offices, etc.. Based caster wheels, the unit is easy to transform and move on. The installation process is also simple and will
take 5 minutes of your time the max. The AMFAH AMF-PAC-12K/M has 12,000 BTU and boasts amazing seasonal functionality speeds which
make 3.09 EER. The air dehumidification prices are also high, allowing the conditioner to remove excess moisture in the air. With
the AMFAH AMF-PAC-12K/M, then with draining water 17, you won't have to bother. The evaporation system will draw it away.
According to feedback, the conditioner doesn't seem to disturb if left running all night and operates very quietly. The AMFAH
AMF-PAC-12K/ comes with a distant and has a backlit screen . The Royal Sovereign combines the performance of three appliances an
air dryer, air conditioner, and a fan and is suitable for assumptions that are not much larger than 9 sq.m. in size. The
conditioner is quite lightweight (26.76 kg) and therefore, can be readily moved around or even hauled if the need be. You won't
need to carry it in hands. It has caster wheels and two handles so that you can roll it moving to another. Other conveniences
include an electronic control panel, remote control, and an automatic evaporation system. With this Royal Sovereign purifier, you
can put the period of time during which you would like it to keep running and return to the house that was chilled from work or
walk all summer long. Lloyd 1 Ton WhiteCOST-EFFECTIVE AND AFFORDABLE
The Whynter Dual Hose portable air conditioner comes with a handy LCD screen that shows operation modes, fan speeds, the indoor
temperature and timer settings, and comes. As a result of this 24-hour programmable timer can turn on and off automatically in the
time that is pre-set. The automobile drain technologies prevents moisture collection. The minute that the water tank is full, the
air compressor switches off. The Whynter Dual Hose conditioner also boasts several fantastic purifying capabilities. Unlike air
conditioners, this one employs two types of filters - washable and carbon atmosphere. The period of the window pipe amounts to 152
centimetres, which is enough to install the unit at any convenient spot.
My Website: Best Green AC
0 notes
All About Finding the best AC in India
Greatest Portable Air Conditioners Which Can Be Heard Along in India
AMFAH AMF-PAC-12K/MPERFECT SOLUTION FOR THE SUMMER HEAT
Royal Sovereign ARP-9411MULTI-FUNCTIONAL SOLUTION FOR USERS KEEPING UP WITH TECHNOLOGIES
Whynter Dual HoseBREATH DEEPLY AND FEEL FRESHED, EVEN IF IT'S BOILING HOT OUTSIDE
Comfort is very essential for productivity. Productivity that is working and the efficacy of men and women who constantly spend
time in temperature conditions worsen dramatically. This is exactly why you may want to think about purchasing the Paradis 150 and
create a positive environment in the office or premises in which you spend the majority of your time, be it your own home. This
air conditioner has efficiency rates - 12, 000 BTU airflow in 1050 W electricity consumption only. No matter where exactly you
will install it, you will benefit from instantaneous and refreshing cooling. The controls are intuitive and very simple. You will
quickly get the hang of it, even if that is the conditioner that you purchase. Besides, all settings are pretty clear and
displayed on an electronic control panel. The Whynter Dual Hose portable air conditioner features a convenient LCD display that
shows performance modes, fan speeds, the current indoor temperature and timer settings, and comes with a remote controller for
convenience of use. As a result of this timer, the conditioner can turn on and off at the pre-set moment. The automobile drain
technologies prevents moisture collection. The moment the water tank is full, the air compressor automatically switches off. The
Whynter Dual Hose conditioner also boasts some great purifying capacities. Unlike most cheaper air conditioners, this one uses two
kinds of filters - air. The length of the window pipe amounts to 152 centimetres, which can be long enough to put in the unit in
any convenient place. Paradis Paradis 150CREATE YOUR OWN PARADISE WITH PARADIS
Do you wonder to warm your room in winter or the way to survive a summer? It's time to think about a cost-efficient and trusted
portable air conditioner that can keep the perfect temperature. This review can allow you to locate the one you need. The Royal
Sovereign combines the performance of three appliances - an air dryer, air conditioner, and a fan and is suitable for premises
that aren't much larger than 9 sq.m. in size. The conditioner is very lightweight (26.76 kg) and consequently, can be easily moved
around or even transported if the need be. You won't have to take it in hands . It has caster wheels and 2 handles so that you
could roll it moving to another. Other conveniences include remote control a digital control panel, and an automatic evaporation
system. With this Royal Sovereign conditioner, you can put the period of time during which you want it return to the home from
work or walk all summer long and to keep running. The AMFAH AMF-PAC-12K/M air conditioner is suitable for installation both in
home and at different premises, like stores, cafes, airports, etc.. Based caster wheels, the unit is easy to change and move
around on. The installation process is also straightforward and will take 5 minutes of your time the maximum. The AMFAH
AMF-PAC-12K/M has 12,000 BTU and boasts great seasonal functionality rates which produce 3.09 EER. The air dehumidification rates
are high, permitting the conditioner to remove excess moisture in the air. With the AMFAH AMF-PAC-12K/M, then about draining water
manually you won't need to bother. The evaporation system will draw it away. According to feedback, the conditioner does not seem
to disturb if left running all night long and operates. The AMFAH AMF-PAC-12K/ includes a remote and has a large and easy-to-read
backlit display. Though that Lloyd portable air conditioner comes at a price, it boasts of an excellent build and supplies
performance as that of models and get the lloyd ac review here. Designed with corners, it has an aesthetically appealing appearance that will blend easily with
just about any decor and interior. For adjusting configurations on the front panel of the device, you will find a simple digital
control panel. The package includes a too, so navigating menu and are also possible. Performance-wise, the Lloyd conditioner has
pretty substantial ranks. However, it is not only the high BTU (12,000) that leads to its functionality. Thanks to this
purification system, the conditioner efficiency is multiplied times. The 2.41 EER efficiency ratio amplifies the purpose. We
believe this conditioner become your long-term helper in creating a comfortable atmosphere in your property and should come to
your liking. Lloyd 1 Ton WhiteCOST-EFFECTIVE AND Inexpensive
Visit: Best Green AC
0 notes
Get Smartest Air Conditioners
Greatest Portable Air Conditioners That Could Be Taken Along in India
Can you wonder to warm your room in winter or how to survive a summer? Perhaps, it's time to consider a reliable and
cost-efficient portable air conditioner that can keep the perfect temperature. This review can allow you to find the one you need.
Paradis Paradis 150CREATE YOUR OWN PARADISE WITH PARADIS
Royal Sovereign ARP-9411MULTI-FUNCTIONAL SOLUTION FOR USERS KEEPING UP WITH TECHNOLOGIES
AMFAH AMF-PAC-12K/MPERFECT SOLUTION FOR THE SUMMER HEAT
Even though that daikin split ac comes at a cheap price, it boasts build and supplies top-notch performance only as
that of more costly versions. Designed with sleek and rounded corners, it has an aesthetically appealing appearance that can blend
easily with nearly any decor and inside. On the front panel of the appliance, you will find a simple control panel for adjusting
configurations. The package comprises a remote also navigating menu and altering settings remotely will also be possible.
Performance-wise, the Daikin conditioner has pretty substantial ranks. But, it is not merely the high BTU (12,000) that leads to
its functionality. Thanks to this purification system, the conditioner efficiency is multiplied several times. The 2.41 EER
efficacy ratio amplifies the purpose. We believe this conditioner should visit your liking and become your helper in creating a
comfortable atmosphere. Comfort is extremely essential for high productivity. The efficacy and productivity of men and women who
spend time in temperature conditions worsen dramatically. This is exactly why create a positive environment in your office or
premises where you spend most of your time, be it your home and you might need to think about purchasing the Paradis 150. This air
conditioner has rather good efficiency rates - 12, 000 BTU airflow at 1050 W electricity consumption only. So, no matter where
exactly it will be installed by you, you will benefit from instant and refreshing coolingsystem. The controls here are intuitive
and simple. You will soon get the hang of it, if this is actually the conditioner which you purchase. In any case, all preferences
are displayed on a control panel and clear.
Whynter Double HoseBREATH DEEPLY AND FEEL FRESHED, EVEN IF IT'S BOILING HOT OUTSIDE
The AMFAH AMF-PAC-12K/M air conditioner is acceptable for installation both in home and in other assumptions, like stores, cafes,
offices, etc.. Based on caster wheels, the device is easy to change and move around. The installation process is also
straightforward and may take 5 minutes of your time the max. The AMFAH AMF-PAC-12K/M includes 12,000 BTU and boasts amazing
seasonal functionality speeds that make 3.09 EER. The air dehumidification rates are high, allowing the conditioner to efficiently
remove excess moisture in the air. With the AMFAH AMF-PAC-12K/M, about draining water 17, you won't need to bother. The
evaporation system will draw on it away. According to feedback, the conditioner doesn't appear to disturb even when left running
all night and operates. The AMFAH AMF-PAC-12K/ includes a remote and has a large and easy-to-read backlit display; you're to
determine how to restrain it. The Royal Sovereign combines the functionality of three appliances - an air dryer, air conditioner,
and a fan and is suitable for premises that aren't much bigger than 9 sq.m. in size. The conditioner is quite lightweight (26.76
kg) and consequently, can be easily moved around or maybe hauled when the need be. You won't need to carry it in hands . It has
caster wheels and two handles you can roll it moving from 1 room to another effortlessly. Other amenities include an automatic
evaporation system, remote control, along with a control panel. With this Royal Sovereign purifier, you can set the period of time
during which you would like it to keep running and return to the house that was chilled from work or walk all summer long. Lloyd 1
Ton WhiteCOST-EFFECTIVE AND AFFORDABLE
The Whynter Dual Hose portable air conditioner comes with a LCD screen that shows timer configurations, fan speeds, operation
modes and the indoor temperature, and comes with a remote control for convenience of use. Thanks to the timer, the conditioner can
turn on and off automatically at the time. The auto drain technology prevents excess moisture collection. The minute that the
water tank is full, the air compressor automatically switches off. The Whynter Dual Hose conditioner boasts some great purifying
capabilities. Unlike most cheaper air conditioners, this one uses two types of filters - atmosphere that is carbon and washable.
The length of the window pipe figures to 152 centimetres, which is long enough to put in the unit at any convenient spot.
My Website: Best Green AC
0 notes