#AssertJ
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ฤดูกาลฟุตบอลเสาร์นี้มีโปรแกรมการแข่งขันอะไรบ้าง?
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ฤดูกาลฟุตบอลเสาร์นี้มีโปรแกรมการแข่งขันอะไรบ้าง?
โปรแแกรมการแข่งขันเป็นสิ่งที่น่าตื่นเต้นและน่าสนใจสำหรับคนที่รักการแข่งขันและกีฬาใดๆ โปรแกรมเหล่านี้จะช่วยให้คุณสามารถติดตามผลงานมากยิ่งขึ้น และไม่พลาดจากการรับชมความสนุกสนานจากการแข่งขันทุกเกม ไมว่าจะเป็นฟุตบอล บาสเก็ตบอล แทนนิส หรือกีฬาใดๆ ที่คุณสนใจ
นอกจากนั้น โปรแกรมการแข่งขันยังช่วยให้คุณเข้าถึงข้อมูลสำคัญ เช่น ตารางการแข่งขัน ผลการแข่งขัน สถิติ และข่าวสารที่เกี่ยวข้องกับกีฬาที่คุณชื่นชอบ คุณสามารถอัปเดตข้อมูลได้ตลอดเวลา และไม่พลาดข้อมูลสำคัญเลย
การดาวน์โหลดโปรแกรมการแข่งขันก็ง่ายมาก สามารถทำได้ผ่านสมาร์ทโฟนหรืออุปกรณ์อื่นๆ หลายแบบ ให้คุณสามารถติดตามการแข่งขันได้ทุกที่ทุกเวลา ไม่ว่าคุณจะอยู่บ้าน ที่ทำงาน หรือในที่อื่นใดๆ ที่คุณอยู่
ดังนั้น การใช้โปรแกรมการแข่งขันเป็นวิธีที่สะดวกและง่ายที่สุดในการติดตามการแข่งขัน ไม่ว่าจะเป็นความสนุกสนาน หรือการเรียนรู้ข้อมูลสำคัญ เพื่อเป็นผู้ชมที่มีอัพเดทที่ครบถ้วนได้ตลอดเวลา
ในฤดูกาลฟุตบอล มีการแข่งขันทั้งในระดับทีมชาติและทีมสโมสรที่ทำให้ผู้ชมตื่นเต้นกับเกมที่มีความเป็นเลิศอย่างแท้จริง โดยฤดูกาลฟุตบอลแต่ละฤดูมีเหตุการณ์และประเภทของการแข่งขันต่างกันไป เช่น ลีกชั้นนำของประเทศต่างๆ การแข่งขันในระดับแชมป์ชิป อีกรวมถึงการแข่งขันในการแบ่งกลุ่ม และการแข่งขันคัพกับเกมการแข่งขันเพื่อความสนุกสนานของผู้ชมฯ
ฤดูกาลฟุตบอลสามารถนำเสนอทักทายที่น่าตื่นเต้นสำหรับแฟนๆ ที่รอคอยดูทีมโปรดของตนแข่งขันรับช��ะทีมอื่นๆ และมีโอกาสได้รับเงินรางวัลและเกียรติยศในการเป็นผู้ชนะฤดูกาล นอกจากนี้ การแข่งขันฤดูกาลฟุตบอลยังเป็นโอกาสที่ดีในการเสริมสร้างความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างทีมและ��ฟนๆ ที่ร่วมดูแข่งขันด้วยกัน
รอบรั้วของฤดูกาลฟุตบอลนั้นมีความหลากหลายที่น่าทึ่ง ทั้งการทุนทีมที่ได้เปิดเมืองให้ที่ร่มรื่นแสนสนุก และความสามารถของนักฟุตบอลที่เคยแสดงออกมาในเกม ไม่ว่าทีมใดจะเป็นแชมป์ ฤดูกาลฟุตบอลเสมอไปด้วยความพัฒนาและประสบการณ์ที่ไม่เหมือนใครที่ทุกคนต้องตามงานสิทธิ์ด้วยการติดตามเกมแข่งขันจนจบฤดูกาลทุกปี
"ฤดูกาลฟุตบอล" เป็นเวลาที่ทุกครั้งที่ผู้รักษาประตูอวยพรเสียช้างจะทำงานอย่างใกล้ชิด ที่สุดจะเป็น เวลาที่ทุกคนรอคอย มากที่สุด สำหรับนักกีฬาและผู้เล่น ทั่วโลก ทั้งนี้ มัน เป็นฤดูกาลฟุตบอลในทุก ทำเพลงแก้ตัวเข้ามาประเดิม ซึ่งทุกคนจะประสงคราษและชนะเลิศไปพร้อมกับทีมตนเองกันเสมอ
แม้ว่าฤดูกาลฟุตบอลในทุกพระเก็จีเหล่านั้นอาจจะมีการประสงค์อำสั่จจั่นอื่ยถา ;.assertj มันก็คือการให้ความสนใจกับการการะสนุ์แ้ต่งเวลและระ๋บเรื่อง;assertที่ดาลาเหวี่ราบธิเทียrsหิกาเว็นและส่งอี่ง่าริดเ็ี่ดวันล่านดด่ว่าไอ้ีสาาสำ้้ี่รซื่สนว์ส่แ้่ี่ืืกสผ้่ีผี่าี่ำัสสทสำหีเอั็ำพกรอียงอารนรีสี่ีเเรปีกำงไมัืสอ่อ้อ่ื่ืยอ.ส่้าา์
ทีคา ค็ื่'แื่้ัสทตท่ะะี่็ีีการำ้็ำีารี่ื่ีค้หส่ีืกำอำ่าส่ีีันข่า้หยีปยสบื่ ตพ่ีดส้้ี้ีด้หน้า
"ฤดูกาลฟุตบอล" มีบสารเซียสุญสียเสทียตีปเีฉี่เทียดคยสีส.สิ้า.สอั.สั.สติสื่ปเิชบ์ซกเชชสียิชทิี็ิเิิ้าสัำ้่ด่ลลำแสหขด่ำ้ำิสาส้าใี่เสี็่ำี่บสุว่าก้าาอจาสำสี่ส่ับช่าอ่าหน่าสื่ำส้อาสสบา่
ขณะที่วันเสาร์เป็นช่วงเวลาที่หลายคนมีโอกาสพักผ่อนและผ่อนคลายจากกิจวัตรประจำวัน มีกิจกรรมที่น่าสนใจที่คุณอาจสนใจในวันนั้นคือ โปรแกรมแข่งขันวันเสาร์ ซึ่งเป็นกิจกรรมที่ท้าทายและสนุกสำหรับผู้ที่ชื่นชอบการแข่งขันและการพัฒนาทักษะต่าง ๆ
ในโปรแกรมแข่งขันวันเสาร์ คุณสามารถเข้าร่วมการแข่งขันในหลากหลายประเภท เช่น การวิ่ง การปีนเขา หรือแม้กระทั้งการปั่นจักร��านเสือหมอบ คุณสามารถเลือกที่จะเข้าร่วมกับผู้อื่นหรือออร์แกไนซ์กับตัวของคุณไว้บนเส้นทางแต่ละอันก็ได้
การเข้าร่วมโปรแกรมแข่งขันวันเสาร์ จะช่วยให้คุณสามารถสร้างสรรค์ประสบการณ์ที่ยิ่งใหญ่และท้าทายตัวเองในทักษะต่าง ๆ ที่คุณมี อีกทั้งยังสร้างความสนุกสนานและความประทับใจจากการพัฒนาตนเองอีกด้วย
ดังนั้น หากคุณกำลังมองหากิจกรรมเพื่อสร้างความสนุกสนานในวันเสาร์ โปรแกรมแข่งขันอาจเป็นทางเลือกที่ดีที่สุดสำหรับคุณเสียที หากคุณท้าทายตัวเองและสนุกสนานกับการแข่งขัน ลองเข้าร่วมโปรแกรมแข่งขันวันเสาร์ได้เลย!
ในสุดสัปดาห์นี้มีการแข่งขันอีกครั้งที่มีความน่าตื่นเต้นมากๆสำหรับสายกีฬาต่างๆทั่วโลก เป็นที่รู้กันดีว่าการแข่งขันให้ทรงพลังและความมันส์ เรามาดูกันว่าจะมีการแข่งขันอะไรบ้างที่มีการดึงดูดใจของผู้ชมในสัปดาห์นี้กัน
ฟุตบอล: ในลีกที่มีชื่อเสียงทั่วโลก เช่น ลีกสเปน ลีกอังกฤษ ลีกอิตาลี และอื่นๆจะมีการแข่งขันที่พิสูจน์ความเป็นที่แข็งแกร่งและเข้มแข็งของทีมกัน
การแข่งขันเทนนิส: มีการแข่งขันในวงดอน และแชมป์อื่นๆที่เรียกว่าเป็นการแข่งขันในวงโลก ที่จะมีผลกระทบต่ออันดับโลกของนักเทนนิส
บาสเก็ตบอล: ในนิบาสบอลนั้นก็มีการแข่งขันมากมายทั่วโลก และจะเห็นสมรรถภาพและความสามารถของนักบาสเก็ตบอลที่มาแข่งขันกัน
มวย: ศิลปะป้องกันตัวดั้งเดิงนั้นยังมีการแข่งขันที่มีความเข้มแข็งและมันส์อีกด้วย ที่ผู้ชมทั่วโลกต่างก็ติดตามจนเทียบได้
การแข่งขันสมคบ: มีการแข่งขันที่แสดงความเป็นที่แข็งแกร่งและเป็นการพบกันของนักกีฬาจากทุกมุมโลกที่มาอีกครั้งในสัปดาห์นี้
การแข่งขันในสัปดาห์นี้ยังมีอื่นๆอีกมากมายที่ทั้งมีการแข่งขันอย่างดุเดือดและสุดยอด เราจะต้องรอดูกันอย่างใจจดใจจ่อว่าจะมีความสนุกสุดระเบียบอย่างไรในสัปดาห์นี้บ้าง
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Comment ça marche...les assertions avec AssertJ ?
AssertJ c'est une librairie Java qui vous permet d'ajouter des assertions lors de l'écriture de vos tests unitaires ou d'intégration (oui je fais la différence !!). Ca augmente nettement la lisibilité et la qualité de vos tests.
Il suffit d'ajouter cette lib à votre outil de build préféré (maven ou gradle) et c'est parti !
Ensuite tout ce que vous avez à faire, c'est de rajouter l'import static
import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.*;
Ensuite les assertions s'écrivent de cette manière :
assertThat(list).hasSize(9)
Toutes les assertions débutent par assertThat(object). En utilisant, l'autocomplétion de votre IDE, vous aurez toute la liste de ce qu il est possible de faire avec votre objet en question. Et c'est puissant, car on accès à beaucoup de choses très facilement.
Et surtout, ce qui est bien, c'est que vous chainer les assertions de cette manière :
assertThat(liste).hasSize(9) .contains(picsou, donald) .doesNotContain(mickey);
Du coup, en très peu de lignes de codes, on peut tester pas mal de choses tout en ayant un test très lisible du 1er coup d'oeil.
Vous avez également la possibilité de faire vos propres assertions si vous le souhaitez :-)
assertj
N.B : Cette lib était très intéressante avec Junit4,sans doute moins avec Junit5 car elle doit inclure des assertions nativement. Mais j'ai pas encore trop joué avec.
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@javacodegeeks : HOW-TO: Test dependencies in a #Maven project (JUnit, Mockito, Hamcrest, AssertJ) https://t.co/cKnaUrPrGm
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Walk Through with Understanding 10 Best API testing Tools

Walk Through with Understanding 10 Best API testing Tools Application Programming Interface API may be a computing interface which enables communication and data interchange between two individual software systems. Software that executes an API includes several functions/subroutines that another software can perform. API defines requests which will be made, the way to make requests, data formats which will be used, etc. between two software systems. The 10 best API testing tools are: Katalon Studio Katalon Studio may be a free test automation tool for API, Web, Desktop App, and Mobile applications. Moreover, the potential of mixing UI and API/Web services for multiple environments (Windows, Mac OS, and Linux) has been considered a distinct advantage of Katalon Studio among the highest API tools. Feature highlights: - It support both SOAP and Rest All-in-one buy API, WebUI, Desktop App, and Mobile testing and, therefore, the combined capabilities among those requests with various types of commands such as GET, POST, PUT, DELETE with parameterized capability. - It can Support the data-driven approach. - It Can be used for automated exploratory testing. - Support CI/CD integration. - Support AssertJ, one among the foremost potent assertion library, to make a fluent assertion with BDD style useful for both non-techies and pros via Manual and Groovy Scripting modes. Website: https://www.katalon.com SoapUI SoapUI Read the full article
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AssertJ: Fluent Assertion In Test Automation https://courseunity.com/courses/assertj-fluent-assertion-in-test-automation/?feed_id=18667&_unique_id=5fa3b9916a94e #udemycourse #udemyfree #udemycoupon #udemyforward2020 #courseunity #freecourses #freeonlinecourses #onlinecertification
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AssertJ: Fluent Assertion In Test Automation https://courseunity.com/courses/assertj-fluent-assertion-in-test-automation/?feed_id=18666&_unique_id=5fa3b9341e251 #udemycourse #udemyfree #udemycoupon #udemyforward2020 #courseunity #freecourses #freeonlinecourses #onlinecertification
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RT @assertjs: 📣 @assertjs talks and schedule are up! Go check them out & don't forget to get your early bird tickets! 🎟 P.s: early bird ticket sale ends Nov 30! https://t.co/JmDS7eBsGq #testing #javascript #nodejs #node #react #ruby #angular #conference
📣 @assertjs talks and schedule are up! Go check them out & don't forget to get your early bird tickets! 🎟 P.s: early bird ticket sale ends Nov 30! https://t.co/JmDS7eBsGq #testing #javascript #nodejs #node #react #ruby #angular #conference
— Assert(js) Testing Conf (@assertjs) November 20, 2017
nodejs
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In the next 5 days starting tomorrow, I will be attending 3 events #AssertJS, @HackTheNorth and Web Unleashed as well as the #Dotnet toronto usergroup meetup and dinner with local #mvps. Oh and guess what? I get to do all these with my partner-in-crime @nthonyChu. #toronto pic.twitter.com/y9eOP4XlUI
— Piyali Dey ☁️ 🥑 (@piyali_vancity) September 11, 2019
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AssertJ > Fest > #Hamcrest https://t.co/62Pv8O49qr #Java #JavaEE #Java9
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電子書 - Testing Java Microservices
電子書 – Testing Java Microservices
書籍簡介
使用 Arquillian,Hoverfly,AssertJ,JUnit,Selenium 和 Mockito 等技術
(more…)
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@javacodegeeks : HOW-TO: Test dependencies in a #Maven project (JUnit, Mockito, Hamcrest, AssertJ) https://t.co/cKnaUrPrGm
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Top API Testing tools to consider

An Application Programming Interface or API is at the heart of the digital ecosystem for it helps a software application to connect with its surrounding digital environment. The environment may comprise devices, operating systems, servers, memory, processors, and networks. An API consists of a set of protocols, routines, and tools and acts as an interface between the application and its immediate digital environment thereby doing away with human intervention. Its importance is growing by the day thanks to the advent of advanced technologies such as the Internet of Things, AI, Cloud Computing, and Blockchain among others. To ensure applications work to their optimal level and meet the stated business objectives, undertaking API testing in the SDLC has become necessary. It is done to validate the performance, functionality, usability and security of an application.
The rising complexity of APIs given their interaction with a host of digital elements and environments has necessitated the use of automation in API testing. It has become a cog in the wheel for implementing shift left testing in the Agile-DevOps mould. The API testing approach requires the testing team to use the right automation test tools to identify glitches, which otherwise could mar the user experience of the application. Let us discuss the top API tools (open source and branded) and know about their advantages.
#1. SoapUI: This open source automation tool is one of the popular API testing solutions that tests the functionality of an API. The tool can be used to test REST and SOAP-based APIs and web services. The tool can help to build a test suite with a host of features. These include using drag and drop or point and click to select a feature. The tool is reusable especially when it comes to load and security testing. It facilitates asynchronous testing besides ensuring Continuous Integration and Continuous Delivery. The SoapUI tool can simulate customer interaction by loading data from a variety of sources – files and databases.
Website: https://www.soapui.org/
#2. Postman: Formerly a chrome browser plugin, this API test automation tool provides an alternative testing environment in a language that is different from the one used by developers. It has a slew of advantages such as an easy to use interface, features like run, test, monitoring and documentation, integrations for Swagger and RAML formats, and the ability to run on Mac, Chrome, Windows and Linux-based apps. Moreover, Postman can be a useful tool when it comes to executing automated and exploratory testing. So, without having to learn a new language one can use the tool and utilize its powerful documentation features to share the test outcomes with everyone in the testing team.
Website: https://www.getpostman.com/
#3. Katalon Studio: This popular end-to-end automation solution can be used to test APIs, web and mobile applications. The tool offers the capability to combine UI, API and web services for multiple environments such as Windows, Linux, and Mac OS. It has a data driven approach for testing and supports CI/CD driven integration in the DevOps environment. Katalon Studio supports the assertion library called AssertJ to create assertion in BDD style. Also, by supporting manual and Groovy Scripting modes, the tool can be used by non-technical persons as well.
Website: https://www.katalon.com
#4. Tricentis Tosca: The tool has support for a host of protocols such as JMS, HTTPS, AMQP, Rabbit MQ, TIBCO EMS, SOAP, IBM MQ, and NET TCP. It can be reused for subsequent tests and is easy to maintain as well. Besides reducing the time for regression testing, Tricentis Tosca is suitable for use across devices, browsers, applications, networks etc.
Website: https://www.tricentis.com
#5. Apigee: This cloud-based tool powered by JavaScript helps to validate the performance of APIs. It does so by analysing the error rates, response times, and traffic. Besides, it allows both the developers and testers to design, scale, monitor and deploy APIs. In doing so, Apigee allows the deployment of APIs on cloud and on premise systems by using a single code base.
Website: https://apigee.com/api-management/
#6. JMeter: This tool was originally created for load testing but has become one of the popular open source API testing tools for functional testing. The tool allows for integration between JMeter and Jenkins thus adding the API tests in a CI pipeline. Also, it is capable of carrying out performance testing for static as well as dynamic resources.
Website: https://jmeter.apache.org/
Conclusion
The growing importance of APIs in running an application has led to their demand for testing. The long list of tools is a testimony to the fact that besides testing the application, testing the APIs should be undertaken in right earnest as well.
Diya works for Cigniti Technologies, which is the world’s first Independent Software Testing Company to be appraised at CMMI-SVC v1.3, Maturity Level 5, and is also ISO 9001:2015 & ISO 27001:2013 certified.
#Automated API Testing Services#API Testing#API testing solutions#API Test Automation#API testing approach#open-source API testing tools#automated api testing framework
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Structured JUnit 5 testing
Automated tests, in Java most commonly written with JUnit, are critical to any reasonable software project. Some even say that test code is more important than production code, because it’s easier to recreate the production code from the tests than the other way around. Anyway, they are valuable assets, so it’s necessary to keep them clean.
Adding new tests is something you’ll be doing every day, but hold yourself from getting into a write-only mode: Its overwhelmingly tempting to simply duplicate an existing test method and change just some details for the new test. But when you refactor the production code, you often have to change some test code, too. If this is spilled all over your tests, you will have a hard time; and what’s worse, you will be tempted to not do the refactoring or even stop writing tests. So also in your test code you’ll have to reduce code duplication to a minimum from the very beginning. It’s so little extra work to do now, when you’re into the subject, that it will amortize in no time.
JUnit 5 gives us some opportunities to do this even better, and I’ll show you some techniques here.
Any examples I can come up with are necessarily simplified, as they can’t have the full complexity of a real system. So bear with me while I try to contrive examples with enough complexity to show the effects; and allow me to challenge your fantasy that some things, while they are just over-engineered at this scale, will prove useful when things get bigger.
If you like, you can follow the refactorings done here by looking at the tests in this Git project. They are numbered to match the order presented here.
Example: Testing a parser with three methods for four documents
Let’s take a parser for a stream of documents (like in YAML) as an example test subject. It has three methods:
public class Parser { /** * Parse the one and only document in the input. * * @throws ParseException if there is none or more than one. */ public static Document parseSingle(String input); /** * Parse only the first document in the input. * * @throws ParseException if there is none. */ public static Document parseFirst(String input); /** Parse the list of documents in the input; may be empty, too. */ public static Stream parseAll(String input); }
We use static methods only to make the tests simpler; normally this would be a normal object with member methods.
We write tests for four input files (not to make things too complex): one is empty, one contains a document with only one space character, one contains a single document containing only a comment, and one contains two documents with each only containing a comment. That makes a total of 12 tests looking similar to this one:
class ParserTest { @Test void shouldParseSingleInDocumentOnly() { String input = "# test comment"; Document document = Parser.parseSingle(input); assertThat(document).isEqualTo(new Document().comment(new Comment().text("test comment"))); } }
Following the BDD given-when-then schema, I first have a test setup part (given), then an invocation of the system under test (when), and finally a verification of the outcome (then). These three parts are delimited with empty lines.
For the verification, I use AssertJ.
To reduce duplication, we extract the given and when parts into methods:
class ParserTest { @Test void shouldParseSingleInDocumentOnly() { String input = givenCommentOnlyDocument(); Document document = whenParseSingle(input); assertThat(document).isEqualTo(COMMENT_ONLY_DOCUMENT); } }
Or when the parser is expected to fail:
class ParserTest { @Test void shouldParseSingleInEmpty() { String input = givenEmptyDocument(); ParseException thrown = whenParseSingleThrows(input); assertThat(thrown).hasMessage("expected exactly one document, but found 0"); } }
The given... methods are called three times each, once for every parser method. The when... methods are called four times each, once for every input document, minus the cases where the tests expect exceptions. There is actually not so much reuse for the then... methods; we only extract some constants for the expected documents here, e.g. COMMENT_ONLY.
But reuse is not the most important reason to extract a method. It’s more about hiding complexity and staying at a single level of abstraction. As always, you’ll have to find the right balance: Is whenParseSingle(input) better than Parser.parseSingle(input)? It’s so simple and unlikely that you will ever have to change it by hand, that it’s probably better to not extract it. If you want to go into more detail, read the Clean Code book by Robert C. Martin, it’s worth it!
You can see that the given... methods all return an input string, while all when... methods take that string as an argument. When tests get more complex, they produce or require more than one object, so you’ll have to pass them via fields. But normally I wouldn’t do this in such a simple case. Let’s do that here anyway, as a preparation for the next step:
class ParserTest { private String input; @Test void shouldParseAllInEmptyDocument() { givenEmptyDocument(); Stream stream = whenParseAll(); assertThat(stream.documents()).isEmpty(); } private void givenEmptyDocument() { input = ""; } private Stream whenParseAll() { return Parser.parseAll(input); } }
Adding structure
It would be nice to group all tests with the same input together, so it’s easier to find them in a larger test base, and to more easily see if there are some setups missing or duplicated. To do so in JUnit 5, you can surround all tests that call, e.g., givenTwoCommentOnlyDocuments() with an inner class GivenTwoCommentOnlyDocuments. To have JUnit still recognize the nested test methods, we’ll have to add a @Nested annotation:
class ParserTest { @Nested class GivenOneCommentOnlyDocument { @Test void shouldParseAllInDocumentOnly() { givenOneCommentOnlyDocument(); Stream stream = whenParseAll(); assertThat(stream.documents()).containsExactly(COMMENT_ONLY); } } }
In contrast to having separate top-level test classes, JUnit runs these tests as nested groups, so we see the test run structured like this:
Nice, but we can go a step further. Instead of calling the respective given... method from each test method, we can call it in a @BeforeEach setup method, and as there is now only one call for each given... method, we can inline it:
@Nested class GivenTwoCommentOnlyDocuments { @BeforeEach void givenTwoCommentOnlyDocuments() { input = "# test comment\n---\n# test comment 2"; } }
We could have a little bit less code (which is generally a good thing) by using a constructor like this:
@Nested class GivenTwoCommentOnlyDocuments { GivenTwoCommentOnlyDocuments() { input = "# test comment\n---\n# test comment 2"; } }
…or even an anonymous initializer like this:
@Nested class GivenTwoCommentOnlyDocuments { { input = "# test comment\n---\n# test comment 2"; } }
But I prefer methods to have names that say what they do, and as you can see in the first variant, setup methods are no exception. I sometimes even have several @BeforeEach methods in a single class, when they do separate setup work. This gives me the advantage that I don’t have to read the method body to understand what it does, and when some setup doesn’t work as expected, I can start by looking directly at the method that is responsible for that. But I must admit that this is actually some repetition in this case; probably it’s a matter of taste.
Now the test method names still describe the setup they run in, i.e. the InDocumentOnly part in shouldParseSingleInDocumentOnly. In the code structure as well as in the output provided by the JUnit runner, this is redundant, so we should remove it: shouldParseSingle.
The JUnit runner now looks like this:
Most real world tests share only part of the setup with other tests. You can extract the common setup and simply add the specific setup in each test. I often use objects with all fields set up with reasonable dummy values, and only modify those relevant for each test, e.g. setting one field to null to test that specific outcome. Just make sure to express any additional setup steps in the name of the test, or you may overlook it.
When things get more complex, it’s probably better to nest several layers of Given... classes, even when they have only one test, just to make all setup steps visible in one place, the class names, and not some in the class names and some in the method names.
When you start extracting your setups like this, you will find that it gets easier to concentrate on one thing at a time: within one test setup, it’s easier to see if you have covered all requirements in this context; and when you look at the setup classes, it’s easier to see if you have all variations of the setup covered.
Extracting when...
The next step gets a little bit more involved and there are some forces to balance. If it’s too difficult to grasp now, you can also simply start by just extracting Given... classes as described above. When you’re fluent with that pattern and feel the need for more, you can return here and continue to learn.
You may have noticed that the four classes not only all have the same three test method names (except for the tests that catch exceptions), these three also call exactly the same when... methods; they only differ in the checks performed. This is, too, code duplication that has a potential to become harmful when the test code base gets big. In this carefully crafted example, we have a very symmetric set of three when... methods we want to call; this not always the case, so it’s not something you’ll be doing with every test class. But it’s good to know the technique, just in case. Let’s have a look at how it works.
We can extract an abstract class WhenParseAllFirstAndSingle to contain the three test methods that delegate the actual verification to abstract verify... methods. As the when... methods are not reused any more and the test methods have the same level of abstraction, we can also inline these.
class ParserTest { private String input; abstract class WhenParseAllFirstAndSingle { @Test void whenParseAll() { Stream stream = Parser.parseAll(input); verifyParseAll(stream); } protected abstract void verifyParseAll(Stream stream); } @Nested class GivenOneCommentOnlyDocument extends WhenParseAllFirstAndSingle { @BeforeEach void givenOneCommentOnlyDocument() { input = "# test comment"; } @Override protected void verifyParseAll(Stream stream) { assertThat(stream.documents()).containsExactly(COMMENT_ONLY); } } }
The verification is done in the implementations, so we can’t say something like thenIsEmpty, we’ll need a generic name. thenParseAll would be misleading, so verify with the method called is a good name, e.g. verifyParseAll.
This extraction works fine for parseAll and the whenParseAll method is simple to understand. But, e.g., parseSingle throws an exception when there is more than one document. So the whenParseSingle test has to delegate the exception for verification, too.
Let’s introduce a second verifyParseSingleException method for that check. When we expect an exception, we don’t want to implement the verifyParseSingle method any more, and when we don’t expect an exception, we don’t want to implement the verifyParseSingleException, so we give both verify... methods a default implementation instead:
abstract class WhenParseAllFirstAndSingle { @Test void whenParseSingle() { ParseException thrown = catchThrowableOfType(() -> { Document document = Parser.parseSingle(input); verifyParseSingle(document); }, ParseException.class); if (thrown != null) verifyParseSingleException(thrown); } protected void verifyParseSingle(Document document) { fail("expected exception was not thrown. see the verifyParseSingleParseException method for details"); } protected void verifyParseSingleException(ParseException thrown) { fail("unexpected exception. see verifyParseSingle for what was expected", thrown); } }
That’s okay, but when you expect an exception, but it doesn’t throw and the verification fails instead, you’ll get a test failure that is not very helpful (stacktraces omitted):
java.lang.AssertionError: Expecting code to throw but threw instead
So we need an even smarter whenParseSingle:
abstract class WhenParseAllFirstAndSingle { @Test void whenParseSingle() { AtomicReference document = new AtomicReference<>(); ParseException thrown = catchThrowableOfType(() -> document.set(Parser.parseSingle(input)), ParseException.class); if (thrown != null) verifyParseSingleException(thrown); else verifyParseSingle(document.get()); } }
We have to pass the document from the closure back to the method level. I can’t use a simple variable, as it has to be assigned to null as a default, making it not-effectively-final, so the compiler won’t allow me to. Instead, I use an AtomicReference.
In this way, even when a test that expects a result throws an exception or vice versa, the error message is nice and helpful, e.g. when GivenEmptyDocument.whenParseSingle, which throws an exception, would expect an empty document, the exception would be:
AssertionError: unexpected exception. see verifyParseSingle for what was expected Caused by: ParseException: expected exactly one document, but found 0
All of this does add quite some complexity to the when... methods, bloating them from 2 lines to 6 with a non-trivial flow. Gladly, we can extract that to a generic whenVerify method that we can put into a test utilities class or even module.
abstract class WhenParseAllFirstAndSingle { @Test void whenParseSingle() { whenVerify(() -> Parser.parseSingle(input), ParseException.class, this::verifyParseSingle, this::verifyParseSingleException); } protected void verifyParseSingle(Document document) { fail("expected exception was not thrown. see the verifyParseSingleException method for details"); } protected void verifyParseSingleException(ParseException thrown) { fail("unexpected exception. see verifyParseSingle for what was expected", thrown); } /** * Calls the call and verifies the outcome. * If it succeeds, it calls verify. * If it fails with an exception of type exceptionClass, it calls verifyException. * * @param call The `when` part to invoke on the system under test * @param exceptionClass The type of exception that may be expected * @param verify The `then` part to check a successful outcome * @param verifyException The `then` part to check an expected exception * @param The type of the result of the `call` * @param The type of the expected exception */ public static void whenVerify( Supplier call, Class exceptionClass, Consumer verify, Consumer verifyException) { AtomicReference success = new AtomicReference<>(); E failure = catchThrowableOfType(() -> success.set(call.get()), exceptionClass); if (failure != null) verifyException.accept(failure); else verify.accept(success.get()); } }
The call to whenVerify is still far from easy to understand; it’s not clean code. I’ve added extensive JavaDoc to help the reader, but it still requires getting into. We can make the call more expressive by using a fluent builder, so it looks like this:
abstract class WhenParseAllFirstAndSingle { @Test void whenParseFirst() { when(() -> Parser.parseFirst(input)) .failsWith(ParseException.class).then(this::verifyParseFirstException) .succeeds().then(this::verifyParseFirst); } }
This makes the implementation explode, but the call is okay now.
As seen above, the tests themselves look nice, and that’s the most important part:
@Nested class GivenTwoCommentOnlyDocuments extends WhenParseAllFirstAndSingle { @BeforeEach void givenTwoCommentOnlyDocuments() { input = "# test comment\n---\n# test comment 2"; } @Override protected void verifyParseAll(Stream stream) { assertThat(stream.documents()).containsExactly(COMMENT_ONLY, COMMENT_ONLY_2); } @Override protected void verifyParseFirst(Document document) { assertThat(document).isEqualTo(COMMENT_ONLY); } @Override protected void verifyParseSingleException(ParseException thrown) { assertThat(thrown).hasMessage("expected exactly one document, but found 2"); } }
Multiple When... classes
If you have tests that only apply to a specific test setup, you can simply add them directly to that Given... class. If you have tests that apply to all test setups, you can add them to the When... super class. But there may be tests that apply to more than one setup, but not to all. In other words: you may want to have more than one When... superclass, which isn’t allowed in Java, but you can change the When... classes to interfaces with default methods. You’ll then have to change the fields used to pass test setup objects (the input String in our example) to be static, as interfaces can’t access non-static fields.
This looks like a simple change, but it can cause some nasty behavior: you’ll have to set these fields for every test, or you may accidentally inherit them from tests that ran before, i.e. your tests depend on the execution order. This will bend the time-space-continuum when you try to debug it, so be extra careful. It’s probably worth resetting everything to null in a top level @BeforeEach. Note that @BeforeEach methods from super classes are executed before those in sub classes, and the @BeforeEach of the container class is executed before everything else.
Otherwise, the change is straightforward:
class ParserTest { private static String input; @BeforeEach void resetInput() { input = null; } interface WhenParseAllFirstAndSingle { @Test default void whenParseAll() { Stream stream = Parser.parseAll(input); verifyParseAll(stream); } void verifyParseAll(Stream stream); } @Nested class GivenTwoCommentOnlyDocuments implements WhenParseAllFirstAndSingle { @BeforeEach void givenTwoCommentOnlyDocuments() { input = "# test comment\n---\n# test comment 2"; } // ... } }
Generic verifications
You may want to add generic verifications, e.g. YAML documents and streams should render toString equal to the input they where generated from. For the whenParseAll method, we add a verification line directly after the call to verifyParseAll:
interface WhenParseAllFirstAndSingle { @Test default void whenParseAll() { Stream stream = Parser.parseAll(input); verifyParseAll(stream); assertThat(stream).hasToString(input); } }
This is not so easy with the the other tests that are sometimes expected to fail (e.g. whenParseSingle). We chose an implementation using the whenVerify method (or the fluent builder) which we wanted to be generic. We could give up on that and inline it, but that would be sad.
Alternatively, we could add the verification to all overridden verifyParseFirst methods, but that would add duplication and it���d be easy to forget. What’s worse, each new verification we wanted to add, we’d have to add to every verify... method; this just doesn’t scale.
It’s better to call the generic verification directly after the abstract verification:
class ParserTest { interface WhenParseAllFirstAndSingle { @Test default void whenParseFirst() { when(() -> Parser.parseFirst(input)) .failsWith(ParseException.class).then(this::verifyParseFirstException) .succeeds().then(document -> { verifyParseFirst(document); verifyToStringEqualsInput(document); }); } default void verifyParseFirst(Document document) { fail("expected exception was not thrown. see the verifyParseFirstException method for details"); } default void verifyParseFirstException(ParseException thrown) { fail("unexpected exception. see verifyParseFirst for what was expected", thrown); } default void verifyToStringEqualsInput(Document document) { assertThat(document).hasToString(input); } } }
If you have more than one generic verification, it would be better to extract them to a verifyParseFirstGeneric method.
There is one last little nasty detail hiding in this test example: The verifyToStringEqualsInput(Document document) method has to be overridden in GivenTwoCommentOnlyDocuments, as only the first document from the stream is part of the toString, not the complete input. Make sure to briefly explain such things with a comment:
@Nested class GivenTwoCommentOnlyDocuments implements WhenParseAllFirstAndSingle { @Override public void verifyToStringEqualsInput(Document document) { assertThat(document).hasToString("# test comment"); // only first } }
tl;dr
To add structure to a long sequence of test methods in a class, group them according to their test setup in inner classes annotated as @Nested. Name these classes Given... and set them up in one or more @BeforeEach methods. Pass the objects that are set up and then used in your when... method in fields.
When there are sets of tests that should be executed in several setups (and given you prefer complexity over duplication), you may want to extract them to a super class, or (if you need more than one such set in one setup) to an interface with default methods (and make the fields you set up static). Name these classes or interfaces When... and delegate the verification to methods called verify + the name of the method invoked on the system under test.
I think grouping test setups is something you should do even in medium-sized test classes; it pays off quickly. Extracting sets of tests adds quite some complexity, so you probably should do it only when you have a significantly large set of tests to share between test setups, maybe 5 or more.
I hope this helps you reap the benefits JUnit 5 provides. I’d be glad to hear if you have any feedback from nitpicking to success stories.
Der Beitrag Structured JUnit 5 testing erschien zuerst auf codecentric AG Blog.
Structured JUnit 5 testing published first on https://medium.com/@koresol
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Introduction to #AssertJ [Snippets] https://t.co/5bm1O3Ticn #Java
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