#Blood Sugar Gcse

[timercarbon49]

Best Diabetes Support Supplements For Lowering Blood Sugar Levels

Another batch may be left to steep during the day and drunk at bedtime. However, one of the investigators involved in these clinical trials was subsequently found by the professional conduct committee of the General Medical Council to have falsified the results of his research. In the absence of more recent clinical trials, it is not clear whether evening primrose oil or GLA is of any value for patients with diabetic neuropathy. Acetyl l-carnitine is an amino acid compound used to treat conditions affecting the brain and peripheral nervous system. Research reviews have concluded acetyl l-carnitine, in doses of at least 2 grams per day, can relieve pain and improve nerve function in those with diabetic nerve damage . Ongoing research has reframed the picture for some natural remedies. Chromium is a popular supplement for people with type 2 diabetes thanks to 30 years of studies suggesting it may help control blood sugar. For example, there's evidence to suggest that berberine can lower blood sugar levels in diabetics, and there's additional research that shows vitamin D can improve insulin sensitivity. Glucose metabolism plays an important role to help users manage sugar in the bloodstream. For a diabetic whose body doesn’t have the power to control the sugar, this supplement works to support healthy blood sugar levels and healthy glucose metabolism. Glucofort includes ingredients such as chromium, bitter lemon, licorice, guggul, and cinnamon bark extract. 1MD GlucoseMD is the only supplement on this list with “medical doctor” in its name. The supplement uses clinically studied ingredients to help maintain healthy blood sugar levels and aid the management of glucose uptake. GlucoseMD contains unique ingredients we don’t see in other formulas, including a patented cinnamon extract called CinSulin. Altai Balance Review could help maintain better blood sugar levels and improve insulin resistance. Another study reported mixed findings on the impact of omega-3s on the development of type 2 diabetes. Some of the studies in the analysis reported an increased risk, while other studies showed a decreased risk for developing diabetes in people taking omega-3 supplements. Panel A shows a Kaplan–Meier plot of the first serious vascular event during follow-up. Panel B shows rate ratios for the first serious vascular event among the patients in the fatty acid group, as compared with the placebo group, according to follow-up period. The numbers at risk declined with each period of follow-up because of data censoring, so the percentages are the number of events as a proportion of the number of patients at risk at the start of the period. For each period of follow-up, rate ratios are plotted as squares, with the size of each square proportional to the amount of statistical information that was available.

[deskbutane71]

Pharma Spammers Use Omicron Variant To Push Fake Diabetes Supplements

Learn more about the health benefits of reishi mushroom extract supplements, including evidence from clinical studies on cancer and diabetes, plus information about safety and price. This message should be presented clearly on the websites since it has been shown that only a small percentage of NS users (20-30%) inform their physician about supplement use . Another point to consider is that potential users, such as patients with a chronic disease, could take these products for a long time. But ensuring that aloe vera is safe and effective for people with diabetes will require further research. In addition to the niacin mentioned above, some vitamins and supplements do contain added sugar. This could be for a variety of reasons, but is most likely simply being used to improve taste and palatability. If the vitamin or supplement you are taking contains carbohydrates, make sure to consider that when dosing medication, and preferably take the supplement with a meal or snack that has fiber and protein. GlucoFlow is a relatively new blood sugar support supplement compared to many of its peers on this list. Formulated by Jonathan Garner who is an endocrinologist, GlucoFlow claims to use only natural ingredients to support blood sugar in multiple ways. According to the manufacturers, this product works exclusively for diabetics who would like to support their blood sugar levels with natural ingredients. Importantly, they also claim to sell it at cost without making any profit. The condition can worsen cardiovascular health and make it hard to lose weight and support blood sugar. According to the manufacturers, BP Zone targets blood pressure using natural ingredients that increase nitric oxide levels in the bloodstream. Omega-3 Fatty Acids These come from foods such as fish, some vegetable oils , walnuts, and wheat germ. A review published in October 2015 in the journal PloS One showed that omega-3 fatty acids lower triglycerides but do not affect blood glucose control or total cholesterol. In some studies, omega-3 fatty acids also raised LDL ("bad") cholesterol. Additional research, particularly long-term studies that look specifically at heart disease in people with diabetes, is needed. Altai Balance Review is important to note that dietary supplements are not considered to be drugs. Rather, they fall under the umbrella category of “foods” and must be labeled as dietary supplements. To our knowledge this is the first study focusing on NSs for the prevention and treatment of diabetes that are sold directly to the consumer on the internet. Concerns about the presence on the market of products of dubious efficacy are compounded with concerns about the misleading information – or lack of it – on the selling websites. NSs are generally offered both to prevent diabetes and support people with this disease. Berberine should not be taken with other diabetes medications because it could lead to dangerously low blood sugar levels. Research supports that berberine can significantly help to lower blood glucose levels and help with lipid metabolism. Thiamine may help with blood glucose control and preventing the complications of uncontrolled diabetes, like nerve damage in the arms and legs. Researchers have isolated four compounds from bitter melon that activate an enzyme called AMPK. The risks for consumers regarding the misleading information provided by online companies selling heath related products direct to the consumer such as drugs or genetic tests [43–45] are widely discussed by previous studies. Additional concern could arise from the possibility of counterfeit products available on the Internet.

[imfartooobsessedwithkpop]

From age 9-15 i was sexually abused by my brother. I was bullied from a very Young age about my weight, I remember lying about my weight because I was so embarrassed, id compare myslef to my friends, i hated going out to eat. I remeber looking at my thighs and stomach at age 11 as a guy says "youre definitely heavier than me" (i definitely was not. This kid was obsese for a child, i certainly wasnt) but i thought "wow you really look like that?"

At age 12, I started to walk everywhere without a jacket because "being in the cold burns fat" I wasn't restricting, but I was very self continous and wary of myself, on busses I'd get upset that my legs spead, I'd skip breakfast, and started to not take lunches into school and just keep my lunch money when I got it.

I used to be a hard worker in school until about half way through year 9, i joined cadets and was groomed by a nco, who was 19, i was taken advantage of, and i blame myself for it to this day because i was "mature for my age" at 14. This went on till i was 15, I kinda stopped. Idk if it was cause by that event or just that I learned the art of cheating lol but I was also just too distressed to learn anything and I felt guilty and useless for not being able to retain the information, so that's why I started cheating to keep up my "good student" title because I was a very smart person before that event, when I moved to England I was ahead of all my classes but then I just..wasn't:( at 14 that's when my eating disorder took off. I was restricting my food intake to 1200 cals, following all the influencer and weight loss advice. Apple cinder vinegar and superfoods, no chocolate, no sugar no carbs, military diets, binging and then throwing up my food, I was hinding it in bags in my room, I'd be in pain, I'd have nose bleeds from how long I was purging, the blood vessels around my eyes and neck would pop. Then I got into kpop at 15.i started doing hour long dance workouts on top of my regular workout. I started to do the idol diets which got so much worse as I got tickets to a BTS concert and was determined to be "skinny". Brain fog was a serious issue, I'd get dizzy constantly. In 2020 I went to chams but was turned away to "focus on the court case" and was refferd back to my doctor, I saw this as "I don't believe you, you're faking it" even though I was eating 500 cals a day, and if I wanted to eat a pack of noodles I'd kill myslef working out. My family wants a Chinese? Oh well I'm gonna go on a 2hr run after it, and while I'm waiting for it to come I'll do some workouts in my room to make up for it. I felt so betrayed. Court was not my biggest issue. My eating disorder and self esteem was. It controls everything.

Half way through year 9, into year 10 I started smoking occasionally with my friend (weed and tobacco) which definitely didn't help My memory, this is when my ed was getting bad aswell. I started drinking pretty heavily, going into school drunk, I'd take a shot of whiskey before I left for "good luck" and I binge drink with my friends which is sort of normal, but then I started doing it by myself. I liked it, until it caused another event which effected the next 3 years of my life going to court. When I drank it would make me cut deeper because I couldn't feel it, which lead to me drinking more, just so I could do that. In year 11 i got my work ethic back, towards my gcses i started to work so hard, i stopped cheating, i was gaining my knowlege, and the grades i had were my honest grades, then covid happend and i didnt sit my gcses which started the previous attitude again. Even after the even I continued to drink when things went wrong, in that time I had 2 suicide attempts, 1 of which I was in hospital for. that was 2020 Nov. Around this time, before the attempt I had started to try other substances such as mdma. This made me miss out on a lot of college, mixed with covid I lost all work ethics, I honestly didn't care so I dropped out.

In april 2021 I got vocal lessons, music was my passion, from a young age I sung in church I was super outgoing, singing in my mums bar etc, but I was struggling alot with my self confidence so I done this to help. After an episode and a fight with my mom, she told me to stop wasting my teachers time (I hadn't attended a few times and was going deeper into my hole) I didn't need to hear that, because I didn't want to do that deep down, but I wasn't thinking. I was in my " you're a failure, you'd never succeed anyway" so I stopped seeing her, even though she tried to get me to stay (she was so lovely) I ghosted all of her messages (I did say why I was leaving but she still tried to get me to stay) even though she could have changed my life and my confidence. Self sabotage at its finest.

That summer I was drinking and partying, smoking and doing pills.

I decided it was enough, stopped drinking although i continued to smoke, and gave college abother go, this time in something I was so exited for, instead of a levels, I chose a music course. The start of the year was so good I went in everyday and paid attention. Then here came the lack of self confidence when we had a concert. But I powered though. I had tried Crystal MDMA before but on bonfire night 2022 I took it too far which kickstarted my 2 month crystal addiction though Nov to the start of Jan. In these times I was mixing at least 5-7 drugs together, I was on crystal for 5days at a time, even doing lines in college. I can't blame my addiction on anyone, my ex boyfriend fueld I though, his dealer was now my dealer and when I wanted it, I just needed to ask my partner. Surprise surprise this relationship was toxic as fuck and he was a narcissist. This made me miss college a lot, and when it was time to do a concert I messed up and had a panic attack, which brought in everything I had ever felt about myself, all the self doubt crept in again taking over my thoughts so I no longer wanted to go in. What sort of music artist can make a career with themselves if they always have panic attacks, anxiety attacks, voice cracks on stage, cries on stage. A lot actually. Most musicians go through that. But to me it was the end of everything. I stopped crystal In Jan 2022, but then started doing shittonnes of pills, punishers, trains, fires you name it, 7-9 pills in 1 night, 3 day benders with pills and acid so the addiction never really stopped. I hesitate to call it an addiction because i didnt do it everyday, i took breaks of 5 days inbtween (only sometimes) what addic does that? Once again, a lot do actually. That doesnt invaliate you. At the end of march it started to calm down, i done them less and less often usually only smoking. April 2022 I broke up with my ex, followed by another suicide attempt on my birthday. I felt forgotten and unimportant. I've always felt like an imposter, but from March to present it's gotten so much worse. I then I completely stopped all drugs besides weed for a good 2 months, the first month being fully clean the second I had lapes of 1 day, and would be taking mushrooms mostly, or 4 pills. Still a lot less than before so I took it as a win. although the thoughts to fuck my life up again are strong, im going to liverpool on friday. I am strongly resisting the urge to do DMT again, im already going no where in life why not fuck it up more? But im resisting. I was occasionally getting bursts of energy to fix my life. Did that go well? No.

My attendance in college is 50. And I'm passing my course. I have 1 assignment to give in and then I'm done!! Yay? No. I can't leave my house because my outfit isn't right or I bunged the night before and now I'm throwing a tantrum like a 7 year old. I'm hitting myself, screaming and crying because I don't want to go because I'm so scared of people looking at me. I dropped out of a convert that's is meant to be tomorrow because " ill just embarrassed myself" even though I wanted to do it so bad, and was so exited talking to my classmates about it. Now I haven't been in for a week because I'm so upset at myslef and if I hear them talking about it, I'll break down because I want that to be me. I don't think I can even go support them because I'm a jealous and selfish bitch. I want to be the one performing why are they?? Why do j have to suffer, why aren't they???? They are. There is a girl just as anxitious as I am. She's still doing it, so why aren't you, why did you stop yourself?

We finish college next week. If I just handed in the 1 assignment I'd be fine, and go onto the second year. But I hate everything I create, I hate the sound of my own voice. When I go to write, my mind goes blanc. People will actually have to listen to me? No thank you, their ears will bleed. They'll laugh at me. I'm such a cringe person. I can't write lyrics, I can't create a beat. I can't play any instruments. I'm useless.

What happend to the little girl who wanted to be a star. Who learned 3 languages by herself. Who wanted to learn every language in the world. Who self taught herself piano, who self taught herself dance, who was so passionate about the things she loves nobody could stop her. She always hated herself but she always got through it. What happend to the little girl who went through so much but still managed to get a lance corporal rank in cadets, who cried one year when she didn't get it because she worked so hard.

What happend to the little girl who wanted to fall In love, designed her wedding cake, but now is too afraid to leave her house, who is scared of olive oil.

I'm recovering slowly I guess. I can put sugar in my tea, and use oil while cooking. I still measure everything. Everything is number's. And as long as I stay under my cal goal i can eat what I want. I'm still terrified of restaurants, if I can't see the calories I have a panic attack. But I can put sugar in my tea. And I don't restrict to 500 cals.

I don't do drugs as often. Although I feel a relapse coming :(

I don't cut everyday, I've moved to other self harm that's less noticeable. But at least I don't cut right?

I'm behind everyone, I'm behind in life I should be going to uni this year. ..I can't even finish 2 years at college.

I wish everyone would understand I'm not lazy. There is a lot going on behind the scene. I don't sleep well because I'm paranoid and supersituous. I get night terrors and sleep paralysis. So I miss college to sleep. I'll get up.in the morning, my makeup doesn't look right. All my clothes make me look fat. Or I've had a panic attack and am now a vegetable for the day because I'm so emotionally drained. Or my voice is bad, I can't sing there's no point going in. Or " I'm gonna kill myself anyway, why should I go in"

I've been saying that for the past 6 years. I don't know what to do with myself.

On top of this, I feel like I'm faking everything. It's an extreme feeling. I search a lot of things online. What if I'm just copying those articles. Even though I've only recently started to research mental illness to try and figure out what I am. Why I'm like the way I am. I still felt all these emotions at 15. But what if? What if this is an extreme case. But I can't fake my trauma. It happend, so I must not be faking it right? AH but maybe I'm making it our worse to people than it is, oh well then you're probably faking it. But you're not AHHHHHHHHH SHUT UP SHUT UP SHUT UP

My brain is noise constantly, nothing shuts up, it's like a record player but a broken one, it cuts up songs and glitches them, whe 7 other conversations and thoughts happen.

I'm just exhausted.

I sit in my room and rot. I do exercise to feed my eating disorder that's it. I have paint and crochet but I don't want to do them, because what of I do it badly and then I fall down the hole of " you can't do anything right" and make myself even worse. But I'm making myself worse by not doing the things I love.

I'm so horrendously self aware it hurts. It's litterally painful.

I know my actions, how they effect me and others, but I can never stop them. I have blackout moments of rage. Over stupid things, I know this, but why everytime, can I not stop them? Why can't I calm myslef down, why does it happen again and again if I know I get hurt. Again and again when I know my parents are fed up of calming me down.

I'm on a waiting list but I don't know when I'll get help. I can't help myself I always fail at it, I need someone to MAKE me help myself.

Sigh, I just want that good little girl back. I want her to heal her own wounds first.

There is so much in this post, yet there is still so much to say so.much I haven't talked about. I'm just confused, scared no terrified of this world that I'm just paralysed in my own misery

[lovingloudly-archived]

01/04/19

highs 🌙

- i actually woke up at a decent time today!! around like 10:30 i think??

- i finished a section of my gcse history revision :D no more learning about health and medicine in britain sksskskdjs

- we finally fixed my blinds so NOW I CAN SEE THE SUN OUTSIDE MY WINDOOOW!

- i had a rlly good dinner omg it was mac and cheese with steak and this bich loves pasta 😔💞💕💓💕

lows 🌙

- i’m only just going to bed at 2am which iS NOT GOOD NSJSJSNSN

- i only tested my blood sugars once today which is rlly bad hh!

- getting VERY stressed about upcoming gcses :’’)

kudos 🌙

kudos again to kia for being so awesome with talking about myrrh stuff again its just sjsskskdjskasmns thank you for being one of my best friends and helping me create such a cool unique character (along with some OTHER characters ;)))) 💞

[scienceismynepenthe]

AQA BIOLOGY PAPER 2 - KEY POINTS FOR GCSE 2018

(ashjhfsdhgfkgjjs sorry this is so late! i will reblog it in the morning! also, i do not own the photos used for the cycles) 

Homeostasis and the reflex arc

Homeostasis: maintaining/controlling your internal environment (e.g. body temperature, blood glucose levels, glucose content)

Stimulus is detected by receptor cells, information is sent as an electrical impulse, impulse travels to brain and spinal cord, brain coordinates a response, impulse goes to motor neurones, which sends information to the effector (gland or muscle)

In reflexes, the impulse bypasses the conscious part of the brain (involves chemical diffusion between the synapses of two neurones) so they are rapid and automatic

The brain

Cerebral cortex: consciousness, intelligence, memory and language

Hypothalamus: involved in controlling body temperature

Pituitary gland: produces hormones and chemicals

Medulla: concerned with unconscious activities (heartbeat, breathing etc)

Cerebellum: controls muscles activity and balance

Brain is protected by skull and encased in meninges

Can be studied by matching changes in memory/behaviour to areas of trauma, electrical stimulation, or MRI scans

The eye

Made up of cornea (lets light in), sclera (protects eye, outer layer), retina (light sensitive cells send impulses via optic nerve), suspensory ligaments/ciliary muscles (holds lens), lens (fine-tunes light), iris (controls pupil size), and pupil (changes light entry)

Bright light causes pupils to constrict – circular muscles contract, radial muscles relax

Dim light causes pupils to dilate – circular muscles relax, radial muscles contract

Near objects are refracted strong as the lens thickens – ciliary muscles contract, suspensory ligaments loosen

Far objects are refracted only slightly as lens thins – ciliary muscles loosen, suspensory ligaments contract

Hormones

Hormones are chemical messengers released by a gland in response to an internal change and carried in the blood

Negative feedback is doing the opposite of something to return it to normal

Example: thyroxine (thyroid gland in the throat) – uses iodine in your diet to control metabolic changes (remains stable in adulthood)

Adrenaline is not caused by negative feedback – triggers ‘fight or flight’ response (heart rate increase, glycogen converted to glucose, pupils dilate, mental awareness increase, blood diverted from digestive system to big muscles)

Insulin is released when blood glucose is high, glucose taken in by cells or converted to glycogen in the liver

Glucagon is released if too low, and glycogen is broken down into fats/amino acids, fat broken down for energy

Diabetes symptoms include thirst, glucose in urine, fatigue, weight loss, and overactive bladder

Treated by injecting insulin, pancreas/pancreatic cells implant, embryonic stem cells, diet, exercise and weight loss

Male reproductive hormone is testosterone – causes puberty (growth spurt, pubic and facial hair, larynx grows, testes grow/become active, shoulders and chest broaden)

Female puberty is caused by oestrogen (growth spurt, pubic hair, breast enlargement, external genitals grow, fat deposits on hips/buttocks/thighs, brain changes and matures, menstruation begins)

The menstrual cycle: egg matures, uterus lining thickens to prepare for pregnancy, at 14 ays a mature egg is released (ovulation), if egg is not fertilise by day 28, the uterus lining sheds along with egg

Controlled by 4 hormones – FSH (matures eggs in follicle, stimulates ovaries to create oestrogen), oestrogen (secreted with rising FSH levels, stimulates build of uterus lining, high levels inhibit FSH and stimulate LH), LH (stimulates release of egg, drops after ovulation), and progesterone (inhibits FSH and LH, secreted by empty egg follicle, maintains uterus lining/pregnancy)

Fertility

In IVF, mother is given LH and FSH to stimulate oestrogen, eggs are collected and fertilised with father’s sperm in the lab, fertilised eggs are kept in a special solution until they become embryos, and are then implanted back into the uterus

Contraception is a method of preventing the sperm cells and egg cell meeting fertilised

Includes hormonal methods (pill, implants, injections, patches), chemical methods (spermicides), barrier methods (condoms, diaphragms, IUD), and surgical methods (vasectomy, cutting oviducts)

Thermoregulation

Too cold = vasoconstriction (shunt vessel opens), blood vessels keep blood way from skin surface, less heat loss, muscles contract to raise hair to trap heat, shivering

Too hot = vasodilation (shunt vessel narrows), blood travels near surface of skin, sweat glands produce sweat, takes heat away from skin with radiation as it evaporates

A change in a few degrees can affect enzyme activity and how energy is transferred (i.e. CO2 diffusing out of cells down conc. gradient, body must maintain this steep conc. gradient)

Kidneys

Urea made when amino acids are broken down by deamination (removes amide group), makes ammonia which is converted to urea for safe excretion

Nephrons filter blood

Glucose, mineral ions, water and urea move out of blood

RBC/WBC/proteins are too large to be filtered so bypass kidneys

All glucose is reabsorbed

Water and mineral ions reabsorbed by selective reabsorption

Urine trickles to the bladder

Receptor cells in the brain detect conc. of solutes in plasma

If the blood is too concentrated, lots of ADH is produces, and a small volume of concentrated urine is produced

If blood is too dilute, less ADH is produced, and a large volume of dilute urine is produced

Doing lots of exercise/sweating/drinking little means less urine as more water/mineral ions are absorbed to make sweat

Doing little activity/drinking a lot produces lots of urine

Dialysis involves blood passing between partially permeable membrane surrounded by dialysis fluid with the same conc. of dissolved ions and glucose as a healthy person

Fluid contains urea, meaning a steep concentration gradient means only urea and excess mineral ions diffuse across

No active transport unlike in the kidneys because, contrary to what AQA believe, inanimate objects cannot respire

A transplant can be given but the risk of cell rejection means a patient must be on immune-suppressant drugs for life

Plant hormones

Roots grow down due to gravity (positive gravitropism)

Shoots grow up towards the light (phototropism)

Auxin distribute to bend due to gravity/the shaded side respectively to elongate plant cells and curve growth

Gibberellins stimulate breakdown of food stores in seeds at germination – used to speed up germination

Ethene controls cell division and ripens fruit

To make clones of the same plant (i.e. it has good properties/can be grown quickly), cuttings are taken and mixed with rooting powders

Auxin can be used as a weed killer

Reproduction

Asexual reproduction: one parent, genetically identical offspring, mitosis

Sexual reproduction: two parents, variation in offspring, gametes created by meiosis

In meiosis, genetic information is copied so there are 4 sets of each chromosome, each chromosome forms a pair of chromatids, and the cell divides twice in quick succession to form 4 gametes, each with a single set of chromosomes (23)

Fungi are made of hyphae, in which spores reproduce asexually but undergo meiosis to make the spores

Genetics

DNA: long polymer chain of repeating units, twists and folds into a double helix structure, paired up homologous chromosomes

Genes code for specific sequence of amino acids to make specific proteins by protein synthesis (transcription – DNA unzips, mRNA complements strand, carried out by ribosomes, and translation – tRNA complements mRNA codon and brings amino acid to ribosome, mRNA is entirely decoded until a chain of amino acids forms polypeptides)

The genome is the entire genetic material of an organism

A nucleotide is the combination of a sugar, phosphate backbone, and base

Nucleotides are grouped into 3 (codons)

The complementing base pairs are adenine & thymine, and cytosine & guanine

Non-coding parts of DNA are used for switching certain genes on/off (controls gene expression)

Mutation: change in sequence of bases in DNA, forming a different protein

Mutations in non-coding DNA won’t affect the phenotype, but how certain genes are expressed

Alleles are different versions of the same gene – each code for different protein

Inheritance was first developed as an idea by Gregor Mendel

If only one gene is involved, it is monohybrid inheritance

Polydactyl – dominant, cystic fibrosis (in the paper it’s meant to be in) – recessive, sickle cell anaemia – recessive, Huntington’s disease – dominant

Genetic screening can be done by amino centesis (fluid taken from foetal fluid via needle), chorionic villus sampling (sample of tissue from placenta), or by screening embryos (DNA isolated from embryo cell and tested with fluorescent dye which binds to specific alleles)

Variation and evolution

Discontinuous variation: characteristics can only result in certain values

Continuous variation: characteristics can take any value within a certain range (shown by normal distribution curve)

Speciation is natural selection due to a change in location

Darwin proposed the theory of natural selection (good mutation leads to higher survival rate and therefore is inherited more and more over time)

Lamarck said that animals change to suit their environment, but this was disproven as animals cannot change their genotype

Classification

Animalia, plantae, fungi, protoctista, prokaryote – kingdoms

Archaea, bacteria, eukaryotes – domains (Carl Woese)

Mammals, reptiles, fish, amphibians, birds – class

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Named by binomial system (two components) in Latin from the genus and species

Ecology

Ecosystem: all the organism living in a habitat with all the non-living parts

Individual organisms -> populations -> communities

Interdependence is when species rely on each other

When all the species and environmental factors are in balance, it is a stable community

Abiotic factors – light, temperature, moisture, soil pH, minerals, wind, CO2, and Oxygen levels

Biotic factors – food, predators, pathogens, competition between species

Adaptations may be structural, behavioural or functional

Extremophiles live in extreme environments

Population: group of one species living in a habitat

Biodiversity: the variety of different species on earth – allows interdependence

Threats include pollution, over-exploitation, decay/burning of peat, deforestation and global warming (rising sea levels, changes migration, disrupt species distribution etc)

Solutions include breeding programs, protecting rare species, encouraging farmers to leave hedgerows (stop monoculture), reducing deforestation/CO2 emissions, fishing quotas, and adapting net sizes

Decomposition occurs by detrivores beginning the breakdown and then decomposers secreting enzymes to partially digest waste and leave small, soluble food molecules which are absorbed by soil

Producers -> primary consumers -> secondary consumers -> tertiary consumers (apex predators have no predators above them)

In a stable community, predators and prey rise/fall in cycles

Carbon cycle:

Water cycle:

Pyramids of biomass show trophic levels

Energy is lost due to faeces, excretion, urine, respiration etc so there are less organisms in higher trophic levels

Feeding animals high-protein food increases energy transfer, along with lowering temperatures and movement (although this is unethical)

Biotechnology uses Fusarium in large vats called fermenters with glucose syrup to make mycoprotein, which is then harvested and purified

Mycoprotein is low in fat, high in fibre/protein

Genetically modified crops can provide nutritional value (i.e. golden rice in Asia)

Good luck tomorrow! 

[jakethejakejake]

day two: pun is pronounced poon

we start the day with an early rise and eager anticipation, on mine and ross's part, of pun bread (with peanut butter obviously) for breakfast. what possibly could pun bread be? perhaps a deliciously moist and soft centered bun? a nepalese grainy, seeded, rich slice of home baked loaf? actually, more like a tasteless, hollow pretzel. to make up for the lack of any substance at all, i spooned out a metric tonne of peanut butter and mixed in a bit of mixed fruit jam. the jam advertised containing pectin, which is important to know, because it's probably an illegal sugar additive in the uk. rebellious. so the others' bellies were full of good stuff like banana pancake and full breakfast, ross and mine nourished with regret, we said farewell to clarissa (she was in fact absent for my goodbyes, we assumed to cut ties quickly to save the heartache). so much floof, sadly missed.

we began trekking up a stony path into and across villages full of kind nepalis charging for very basic facilities.

at the previous lodge, there was an interesting drama playing out between two canines. one lady dog was very protective of her pun. she bared all teeth and growled with a vibrational aggression. this pun protector appeared once again to display her drama halfway up the first leg of the trek. she was circling her boys, shaking her tail with a cheeky, seductive swirl, but as soon as any of the lads came too close, she would show those teeth and announce: "i will only mate with a man brave enough to hike, no boots, no socks, to the top of pun hill, at sunrise, where he will exchange one oaty-digestive biscuit with my perfect pun". alright alright i made that last bit up, but she was being a drama queen.

at the top of the first hill, we came across a naturally growing marijuana plant. every now and again with we'd get a waft of the plant burning from a silent and still hippy looking deep into the essence of tree bark.

we continued on our journey. we had a drawn out moment with a makeshift swing bench made of big twigs. we boomeranged (instragrammed) everyone having a go. it's clear mike has never been on a playground swing before (his legs were permanently above his head). onwards, we were regularly overtaken by drama-seeking canines, up a very steep hill, past a gargantuan stone pine cone, into some jungly bit: just missing a steep drop to a hiker's demise, up a very green hill aside wishy washy waterfalls, super streams, briliant bridges, lovely leaves, stunning silver stones and pretty shiny (sweaty) people. also, a blood-sucking leech tried to drain all the remaining haemoglobin from my body to leave me as a slinky pile of skin in hiking boots. luckily i whipped it off to the side and learned leeches can suck diseases out of us. stock me up.

we stopped off for lunch and for the love of all that is good i won't describe my experience of the bathroom facility. during our seventy five year wait for lunch, we played a game of monopoly deal. it was heated at times with three deal-breakers used, ross and dan set to be victors but suddenly jake the jakejake swooped in for the win.

just remembered the enlightening moment we realised, if ross adds a b and a couple of cs to his name, he would become brocco leigh, and this would make much more sense, as a man of brocolli based biceps. brocco, imi and dan had satisfying noodles and spaghetti whereas michael and i had nepalese mo:mo. which was pleasant to sight, smell, taste, touch and sound, but tummy was not so delighted, and wrote out an angry letter of immidiate expulsion.

we trekker trekked onwards, shared stories of running away as children (imi tried a treehouse and brocco wanted to be an australian sea pirate) and eventually came to ghorepani where we've been kicking it back ever since. we relaxed by the fire, recalled 53 out of a possible 52 states in america, ate homemade pizza and drooled over lentils and rice (dahl bat) learned and instantly forgot how to say have a nice day (apart from nepalimogen who is practically a nepali native speaker now, i will award her an nvq-btec-gcse-jakecertified-level phd in nepalese, 2:1).

michael is feeling a bit sicky, looks greyer than my 97 y/o gran's hair, so i came to the only logical conclusion of performing high intensity spiritual healing energy hand to belly reiki, he's not convinced, yet.

we're gonna get to bed now, i can't really concentrate anyway since he's playing some shit podcast out loud about a deserted island. ill pretend im interested and let him read this in the morning.

[forwardhealth-blog]

New Post has been published on The best traditions of medicine for the whole family!

New Post has been published on http://bit.ly/2fB4OdA

Risk Of Type 2 Diabetes After Gdm Gcse Video -- LEIDENFUTURELAB DECISION types of blood sugar tests

[yenrps]

BASIC INFORMATION

☠┋FULL NAME: Avery J. Williams ☠┋PRONUNCIATION: A-vree ☠┋NICKNAME(S): Avy, Av, AJ ☠┋TITLE: The Sleepwalker/Scorpius (in his fantasy verse) ☠┋OCCUPATION: Tattoo artist, dreamer/mage in his DA verse, psychic running a tarot card shop with esoteric bullshit ☠┋~AGE: depends on the verse. His general age is 28, though. ☠┋DATE OF BIRTH: 23rd October ☠┋GENDER: Cisgender ☠┋PRONOUNS: He/Him/His ☠┋ORIENTATION: Homoromantic Homosexual ☠┋NATIONALITY: English ☠┋RELIGION: Christian ☠┋SPECIES: Dreamer (fantasy verse), human ☠┋THREAT LEVEL: Moderate (not malicious, sometimes violent, defensive and aggressive)

PHYSICAL APPEARANCE

☠┋FACE CLAIM: Andy Biersack ☠┋EYE COLOUR: Light-blue ☠┋HAIR COLOUR: Naturally blond but dyes it black ☠┋DOMINANT HAND: Right ☠┋HEIGHT: 5’4 or 162 centimeters ☠┋WEIGHT: 120 lbs 54 kg.   ☠┋TATTOOS: A quick  summary of his tattoos would take up too much space but basically: there’s scarcely an inch of skin not yet inked save for his back where only his lower back is covered – but not the upper part for reasons. Most of Avery’s tattoos are intricate designs (geometric) despite his obvious preference  for black and white color schemes – there are only one or two colored  tattoos depicting a starry evening night bleeding out of a finely drawn skull. Generally, though, his tattoos resemble what art style he’s most at home with as an artist: realism and the occasional new school appearance (although that’s Lin’s domain – and incidentally who’s done these tattoos.)   ☠┋SCARS:  The most notable ones along with a constellation of burns are on his upper back, though there are other scarred areas as well. Most were souvenirs from an accident whereas others were self-inflicted. ☠┋PIERCINGS: one lip piercing, one nose ring ( usually wears studs), several ear piercings (Industrial, conch, auricle, upper lobe, helix, tragus, graduate lobe, smiley – honestly just ask me what part of his body isn’t pierced and we can all go home sooner) ☠┋GLASSES: Avery doesn’t need glasses.

PSYCHOLOGY INFORMATION

☠┋JUNG TYPE: INFJ ☠┋SUBTYPE: Intuitive Subtype ☠┋ENNEATYPE: 6w5 SX/SP ☠┋MORAL ALIGNMENT: Chaotic Neutral   ☠┋TEMPERAMENT: Melancholic/Choleric ☠┋SCHEMA: (NP) Negativity/Pessimism, (MA) Mistrust/Abuse, (EP) Emotional Deprivation (form C)

☠ ┋INTELLIGENCE TYPE: Visual/Spatial Intelligence

☠┋~IQ: 110 ☠┋NEUROTYPE: Definitely not neurotypical. ☠┋AT RISK? Possibly, although I can’t say for sure at this conjuncture. Likely depression and Biploar Disorder II, as there’s a genetic predisposition on the maternal side of his family (his great-grandma had it, along with his mother.)

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

☠┋HOMETOWN: Dartford, England ☠┋CURRENT:  Visual-Spatial Intelligence, Intrapersonal Intelligence, Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence ☠┋LANGUAGE(S): English ( native language), German ☠┋SOCIAL CLASS: lower middle class ☠┋EDUCATIONAL LEVEL: GCSE plus work related seminars in disease prevention, skin diseases and infections and training in blood borne pathogen prevention ☠┋PARENT #1: John Williams ☠┋PARENT #2: Allison Williams neé Little ☠┋SIBLING(S): Samantha Williams, 24, alive, estranged

☠┋MAIN SHIP: I ship Avery with stability and getting his shit together. ☠┋RELATIONSHIP STATUS: Single ☠┋CHILDREN: None

☠┋PET(S): Pet rats called Muffin, Sugar and Berry. ☠┋ADOPTED? No. ☠┋RAP SHEET? Surprisingly not, no. ☠┋PRISON TIME? No.

VICES / HABITS

☠┋SMOKES? Yes. He’s a chain smoker, in fact.   ☠┋DRINKS? Yes, excessively. Might’ve developed an addiction, though it’s unsure to know for certain as this conjuncture.   ☠┋DOES DRUGS? Only soft drugs.   ☠┋IS VIOLENT? Yes, he is. Avery’s type of violence is most often just on one level, namely the physical one. Unafraid to mess up somebody’s face twice his size, he’ll do so if and when he feels threatened – or, alternatively, when he really doesn’t like you. It’s not necessarily that he’s pone to violence, nor is he quick to hit and punch without first weighing the consequences, but it does happen. Only on rare occasions such as intimate settings is he emotionally violent if fearing abandonment.

☠┋HAS AN ADDICTION? Possibly. Alcoholism.   ☠┋IS SELF-DESTRUCTIVE? Yes. Self-harm (among which multiple suicide attempts number. Most frequently, these patterns are implemented through cutting, burning or scratching), habitual lying and high-risk reckless behavior along with excessive  promiscuity. ☠┋HABITS: swearing, smoking, cracking knuckles, a sweet tooth that’ll probably rot his teeth down to nothing one day, picking at nail polish, habitual lying, procrastination to the highest level imaginable, forgetting names of people (mostly because he doesn’t bother to remember them in the first place), purposefully argumentative, double-checks everything more often than Nolan (which is an accomplishment in and of itself bordering on obsessive), bites fingernails, snarls for no, grunts for yes and shrugs his shoulders for maybe (not the most communicative sort, obviously), drinks energy drinks and sugary stuff like water to stay away because he’s close to mortified by sleeping or the process of falling asleep (three to four hours of light sleep tops), leave him alone for a while and chances are he’ll have been playing with whatever object is in front of him for many minutes already, will use movie references to retro movies nobody knows (except maybe movie nerds themselves) when around somebody he can tolerate

☠┋HOBBIES: customizing his own clothing, drawing, sleeping in late, organizing everything to a T, cleaning, woodwork, collecting used up pencil stumps, skateboarding, street painting, collecting bibles without any attention to read through them, reading psychology books ☠┋TICS: none

☠┋OBSESSION(S): Avery is downright obsessed with establishing a thoroughly organized system and often can’t resist eliminating any and all ounce of disorder either in his flat or at the shop. He also has a great aversion towards unclean people and therefore spends a lot of time in the bathroom washing his hands. ☠┋COMPULSION(S): hoarding

MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION

☠┋HOUSE: Slytherin ☠┋VICE: Wrath ☠┋VIRTUE: Kindness ☠┋ELEMENT: Air

☠┋ANGEL: Gabriel

☠┋MYTHOLOGICAL CREATURE: Sirens

☠┋ANIMAL: Scorpion

☠┋MUTATION: Invisibility, Air manipulation ☠┋WOULD SURVIVE POST-APOC? Yes.

STATUS INFORMATION

☠┋DEVELOPMENT: Developed ☠┋SHIPPING: Multiship ☠┋VERSE: Multiverse ☠┋VERSE TYPE: realism, supernatural, DA

☠┋CANON: His tattoo shop verse. ☠┋PLOTTING: Open ☠┋CREATION DATE: May 2014

[medicinethought-blog]

PET & F-18

Intro

During my GCSE physics course I became interested particle physics and I became highly interested in medical physics-which is initially a reason why I got interested in medicine in the first place, I thought it was amazing to be able to explain to my family what medicinal procedures they were having done.

PET Scanners

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a form of imaging that observes the metabolic activity of cells within the body. It does this by injecting an isotope (such as F-18) that emits positrons but also is able to be metabolised by cells. Cancer (wether it is malignant or benign) is caused by a mutation in your DNA from external sources 90-95% (UV, diet) or hereditary 5%, if the mutation was to occur during interphase or mitosis at the metaphase it will be extracted at G0-However, if the original DNA is mutated and copied and this is then continuously copied and the cells obtain their own blood supply it therefore needs to metabolise chemicals and isotopes such as F-18 so it is able to divide further. Isotopes like F-18 are used, as positrons (beta positive decay) produce gamma rays when colliding with electrons-which are used in imaging.

FDG-PET

PET scanning with the tracer fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), called FDG-PET, and is used in oncology it is injected into the patient as a liquid, or used in a gas or crystal form and the isotope used in FDG (F-18) can be created within a cyclotron.

Cyclotron production of F-18 may be accomplished by collision of Ne-20 with A heavy isotope of Hydrogen H-2, this isotope is sometimes deuterium and the particles are called deuterons, but usually is done by proton bombardment of O18-enriched water, causing a proton + neutron reaction in the water. This produces dissolved F18-fluoride (18-F minus) ions in the water.

This tracer is a positron emitter as it is unstable due to a proton rich nucleus it has able to undergo beta positive decay, therefore, releasing positrons (positive electrons) and an electron neutrino. The tracer also has glucose, and is therefore metabolised by cells and also phosphorylated (adding a phosphate group) by an enzyme called hexokinase. Because the O-18 atom is replaced by F-18 to generate FDG is required for the next step in glucose metabolism in all cells, it means that FDG is no longer metabolised by the cells. Furthermore, most tissues cannot remove the phosphate added by hexokinase.

This means that FDG is trapped in any cell that takes it up until it decays (as ionic phosphorylated sugars cannot exit the cell), during decay it expels positrons and therefore gamma rays (100 minutes is the approx half life of F-18).  This results in intense labelling of tissues with high glucose uptake, such cancer cells. As cancer cells have higher metabolism than normal cells due to the constant division-the uptake is extremely high-therefore, are highly metabolically active and on a PET are bright red, the redness is due to the concentration of gamma rays which correlates to to the number of electrons which is proportional to the constant division of these cells. This intense labelling is due to the production of gamma rays which are detected due to the collision between electrons and positrons. The collisions occur between positrons and electrons at opposite directions, opposite momentums, a conserved mass and opposite velocity and due to the law of conservation it means that the product will also have to have these attributes. Therefore, 2 gamma rays are produced with the same mass, opposite velocities and momentum resulting in a spot which is blue/yellow/red depending on metabolism.

FDG-PET can be used for diagnosis, staging, and monitoring treatment of cancers and are useful as a 3D image is produced, this 3D image is detected usually by a method of triangulation which maps 3 gamma rays and then determines the location of these

Recommendations/Research

C-13 as better substitute in glucose labelling rather than F-18

Prolongation and Modification of the half life of isotopes for PET scanners and in general

Smaller subatomic particles in the collision and production of particles increasing detail

Differences in O-18 and Ne-20 procedures and the effect they have on F-18

Research into mechanisms of instant de-phosphorylation or hydrolysis

Larger range of qualitative and quantitative range of metabolic activity

Other enzymes as a phosphorylation mechanism that is reversible

References

O'Leary, Dan (2012). “The deeds to deuterium”. Nature Chemistry. 4: 236

Bailey, D.L; D.W. Townsend; P.E. Valk; M.N. Maisey (2005). Positron Emission Tomography: Basic Sciences. Secaucus, NJ: Springer-Verlag

Carlson, Neil (January 22, 2012). Physiology of Behavior. Methods and Strategies of Research. 11th edition. Pearson. p. 151.

Khan TS; Sundin A; Juhlin C; Långström B; et al. (2003). “11C-metomidate PET imaging of adrenocortical cancer”. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 30 (3): 403–410

Minn H; Salonen A; Friberg J; Roivainen A; et al. (June 2004). “Imaging of adrenal incidentalomas with PET using (11)C-metomidate and (18)F-FDG”. J. Nucl. Med. 45 (6): 972–9

“Cancer Fact sheet N°297”. World Health Organization. February 2014

Josef Pacák, Zdeněk Točík, Miloslav Černý: “Synthesis of 2-Deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose”; Journal of the Chemical Society D: Chemical Communication, 1969, p. 77–77

Newberg A, Alavi A, Reivich M (2002). “Determination of regional cerebral function with FDG-PET imaging in neuropsychiatric disorders”. Semin Nucl Med. 32 (1): 13–14

Som P, Atkins HL, Bandoypadhyay D, Fowler JS, MacGregor RR, Matsui K, Oster ZH, Sacker DF, Shiue CY, Turner H, Wan CN, Wolf AP, Zabinski SV (1980). “A fluorinated glucose analog, 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (F-18): Nontoxic tracer for rapid tumor detection”. J Nucl Med. 21 (7): 670–675