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mellowsheepconnoisseur · 4 years ago

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Do you want to improve the lighting outside your home? If you’re looking for landscape lighting ideas, we’ve got an inspirational guide here!

How many times do you walk away from your home and admire your landscaping?

Maybe you’ve gone to great lengths to invest in some amazing trees or add some impressive architectural features. You might even have created a garden complete with winding paths and a pond in your backyard. We already know that professional landscaping adds tremendous value to your home. So why not show it off at night too?

Draw attention to your home’s architectural features and highlight unique plants and trees at night with landscape lighting.

But after all, where and when to use lighting in landscaping?

There is stressful lighting, which bothers and dazzles. This usually happens when we have too much light directed towards its focal point in space. Of course, you don’t want your backyard to look like a football stadium. So how do you decide what to leave in the dark and what to light?

First, you need to identify what you like most about your backyard. Maybe it’s some uniquely shaped trees, the pool, a small lake with a waterfall, a work of art, etc.

Next, consider the areas that don’t stand out so much during the day. For example, a simple stone wall can become a special attraction at night when illuminated to accentuate shadows.

Finally, think about the role. If you have stairs or paths to travel at night, they will need lighting to ensure the safety of residents and guests.

And that goes without saying – but your entrance should always be well lit. This not only allows for secure entry into your home; it also makes your home more attractive.

Fortunately, there are many different types of lights that professional landscapers use in their projects for greater effect and impact. Here are a few:

· General Lighting Fixtures

Obviously, you want to create a safe route for your family and guests at night. However, don’t forget about architectural features along the way. Path and area lights are used to highlight architectural details, providing illumination on dark paths, steps or stairs.

Specific types of lighting fixtures such as spotlights, light strings and some types of poles can also be used to light entertainment spaces such as outdoor kitchens or decks.

Landscape lighting professionals recommend robust fixtures made from corrosion-resistant materials, such as those with powder-coated finishes that resist the elements. LED path lights are also highly suggested as they keep costs low with reduced energy consumption and don’t heat up like more traditional path lights.

· LED Skewer

This type of luminaire is one of the most common, widely used in landscaping lighting in many homes.

It can be used to enhance the contour of small trees, usually up to 4 meters high. Another use of this type of luminaire is to highlight specific parts of the house’s architecture, such as fountains and statues. It can also be used in larger quantities to make indirect lighting when reflecting on vegetation with lateral closure, for example.

There are different types of skewers with different strengths. However, always look for luminaires with an IP67 protection rating, which is resistant to submersion for up to 30 minutes.

· Spotlights Or Reflectors

The distinction between a spotlight and a reflector comes down to the beam’s opening angle. As the name suggests, spotlights project a narrow, concentrated beam of light. They are easy to adjust and are used to highlight specific areas of interest, such as porch columns, eaves or architectural details.

Spotlights can create dramatic yet positive effects or convey a subtler mood through lighting and are perfect for illuminating specific objects or areas.

Reflectors, on the other hand, have a wider beam of up to 120 degrees to “wash” light into an area. They tend to be more functional and provide security for areas such as sidewalks and parking lots. They are generally sensitive to movement and turn off when no longer needed.

· Sausages

If you’re looking for drama and atmosphere in your landscape lighting, ground lights increase the visibility of features in your yard. Using the vertical effect of ground light can illuminate an entire tree or large structure in your yard.

At the same time, this form of lighting can be used to highlight less obvious features that can easily go unnoticed. Mixing ground light with spotlights can add an extra dramatic effect – though it works well on its own.

One of the advantages of recessed floor lights is that you don’t have to think about what the real light will look like in your backyard – it’s below ground.

· LED Strips

LED strips are the latest on the market. These are durable, water-resistant fittings (resistant doesn’t mean submersible, ok?!) that can be easily concealed in items such as handrails, outdoor kitchen counters, bench seats, pillars and window ledges.

If your yard is heavy, professional landscape lighting designers often suggest the grazing method. This involves placing the light near a flat surface and then pointing the light straight up or down to create a dramatic effect with shadows.

The idea is to take advantage of the textures of architectural details. So if your yard has lots of regular or irregular patterns, you’re in luck.

· Beacons

If you have winding paths, your best choice is beacons for lighting. These are ideal for illuminating sidewalks and long stretches of space that get lost in the dark.

Lighting projects that include beacons are crucial. To avoid the airplane runway effect, many designers place light fixtures on either side of the driveway or driveway in a swinging pattern. This creates a nice effect too.

· Submersible Luminaires

Submerged lights are essentially searchlights intended for underwater operation.

These fixtures can be completely submerged in water to highlight specific outdoor water features such as swimming pools, lakes, fountains, waterfalls, rock formations or aquatic plants.

When installing submersible lighting systems, professionals can recommend LED lights with low energy consumption. They are more robust than traditional tungsten lamps, offering a comparable level of energy at a fraction of the wattage.

Light Your Landscape! Make the most of your investment. Show off your backyard day and night with landscape lighting.

If you need professional assistance, contact team Done Right. Done Right is a specialized company known for installing and maintaining landscape lighting all around Florida. If you wish to know more about them, visit their website.

#landscape lighting ideas

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annieboltonworld · 6 years ago

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Juniper Publishers- Open Access Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources

Statistical Optimization of Electro Oxidation Process for Removal of Textile Dye C.I. Reactive Blue 198

Authored by K. Rajkumar

Abstract

An experimental design was proposed for the optimization of electro-oxidation process to augment the degradation of C.I Reactive Blue 198 in wastewater. The design was employed to derive a statistical model for the effect of variables on color and COD removal using graphite electrodes in presence of Nacl as electrolyte. The experiments were mathematically designed as the function of variables such as pH (X1), NaCl concentration (M) (X2) and electrolysis time (min) (X3). The experimental results are statistically analyzed and mathematically modeled through response surface methodology (RSM). The mathematical model adequacies are checked using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Contour plots and response plots predicted the maximum color removal 98.9% and 65.5% of COD removal at pH 7, Nacl concentration 0.13M and electrolysis time 10.5 min, with the constant applied current at 2.5A (current density 34.96 mAcm-2). UV- visible, FTIR spectrum and GCMS shows the complete decolorization and degradation mechanisms.

Keywords: Electro-oxidation; Reactive Blue 198; Optimization; Response surface methodology; COD; Colour removal; FTIR; GCMS.

Introduction

Color is one of the most obvious indicators of water pollution and the discharge of highly colored effluents containing dyes can be damaging to the receiving bodies [1]. Reactive dyes represent an important fraction of the commercialized synthetic dyes used (approximately 12% of the worldwide production) [2]. The main environmental problem associated with the reactive dyes is their low exhaustion. Frequently, the fixation efficiency of these dyes range between 60% and 90% [3]. Textile wastewater typically contains 0.01-7 gL-1 dye, depending on the dyes and processes used [4]. The degree of dye fixation to fabrics depends on the fiber, depth of shade and mode of application and depending on the dye, 2-50% of unfixed dye can enter the waste stream [5]. The dyeing of one kilogram of cotton with reactive dyes demands from 70 to 150 L [6] water, 0.6 to 0.8 kg Nacl and anywhere from 30 to 60 g dyestuff. More than 80,000 tones of reactive dyes are produced and consumed each year, making it possible to estimate the total pollution caused by their use. After the dyeing is completed, the various treatment baths are drained out, including the first dye bath, which has a very high salt concentration, is heavily colored and contains a substantial load of organic substances [7].

A large fraction of reactive dyes that remains unutilized after the dyeing process gets discharged into water stream and causes environmental pollution. Some of these dyes can cause serious health risks [8]. Due to the deep impact on the environment, the treatment of wastewaters from textile industries constitutes an issue of major economical and environmental concern [9]. Different treatments are still known ranging from adsorption, coagulation and flocculation to chemical or biological oxidation [10]. For many years, the introduction of more stringent pollution regulations, coupled with financial and social pressures for sustainable development, has pressed toward "zero-effluent" processes, as well as to researching and developing new or more efficient wastewater treatment technologies. A basic principle in environmental culture is to reduce waste and pollution to "As Low as Reasonably Achievable" (ALARA) levels. To ensure acceptable levels of environmental impact, however, wastewater systems also have to be engineered in accordance with the principle of "Best Available Techniques Not Entailing Excessive Cost" (BATNEEC) [11].

In recent years, electrochemical techniques viz. electro coagulation, electro flotation and electro oxidation have drawn the attention of many researchers since the main reagent is the electron which is a "clean reagent" [12,13].

In electrochemical process, the pollutants are destroyed by either a direct or an indirect oxidation process. In direct anodic oxidation process, the pollutants are first adsorbed on the anode surface and then destroyed by the anodic electron-transfer reaction. In indirect oxidation process, strong oxidants such as hypochlorite/chlorine, ozone, and hydrogen peroxide are electrochemically generated. The pollutants are then destroyed in the bulk solution by an oxidation reaction of the generated oxidants. All the oxidants are generated in situ and are utilized immediately [14]. Hydroxyl radical that are generated on the electrode surface may directly oxidize the organic compounds to carbon dioxide and water [15]. In these cases, the oxidation efficiency are strongly depends on the interaction of the hydroxyl radicals with the material surface. As a general rule, the weaker the interaction between hydroxyl radicals and electrode surface, the higher the material reactivity towards oxidation of organic compounds [16]. Most of the research papers have investigated the electrochemical oxidation for various effluent generated from tannery [12], landfill leachate [17], p-chlorophenol and p-nitrophenol [18], pesticides [19], olive oil mill [20], textile [13,21], paint [22], paper mill [23] and sugar factory [24].

The optimization of an electro oxidation process can be done by using the conventional "one-variable-at-a-time" technique in which the effect of one independent variable is seen on the response, while other factors are kept constant. This method assumes that the various treatment parameters do not interact and that the response variable is only a function of the single varied parameter. However, the response obtained from a waste treatment method, for example, results from the interactive influences of the different variables. Thus, the conventional technique does not depict the complete effects of the parameter on the response [25]. Another disadvantage of the one-factor optimization is the increase in the number of experiments necessary to conduct the research, which leads to an increase of time and expense as well as an increase in the consumption of reagents and materials [26]. These limitations of the traditional method can be eliminated by optimizing all parameters which affect the process collectively using a multivariate statistic technique, which has many advantages such as a reduction in the number of experiments that need to be executed resulting in lower reagent consumption and considerably less laboratory work [27]. Moreover, this method allows the development of mathematical models that permit the assessment of the relevance as well as statistical significance of the factor effects being studied and evaluation of the interaction effects between the factors. Among the available multivariate techniques, the most relevant is the response surface methodology (RSM).

The application of RSM to the electro oxidation process involves a factorial search by examining simultaneous, systematic, and efficient variation of important components. It helps to predict a model for the process, identify possible interactions or higher-order effects, and determine the optimum operational conditions for the maximum removal of the pollutant species from water or wastewater [26]. RSM is useful in process design and optimization as well as for the improvement of existing design and optimization technique has been successfully applied to electrochemical oxidation [21,28,29]. The aim of this study is to investigate the degradation of C.I. Reactive Blue 198 (RB198) in aqueous solutions using electro-oxidation process with the help of full factorial design.

Materials and methods

Materials

The C.I. Reactive Blue 198 (CAS number 124448-55-1, Molecular formula C40H30Cl4N14O14S4Na4, Molecular weight 1289.93 and A max at 625 nm) was procured from M/S Jansons International Ltd., Mumbai, India. The structure of the dye is shown in (Figure 1). All chemicals used for the analysis were obtained by Loba chemie, Mumbai, India. Double distilled water was used for the preparation of simulated industrial textile wastewater. The graphite materials used in this study was procured from M/S Carbone Lorraine, Chennai, India. The electrical resistivity of graphite electrode was 0.001 Ωcm.

Central composite design (CCD)

To find the optimum conditions for degradation of the reactive dye in an electrochemical oxidation, the experimental conditions were designed as a function of the selected main variables such as pH, electrolyte concentration and electrolysis time. CCDs are optimized designs for fitting quadratic models. It includes equal predictability in all directions from the center. The number of experimental points in the CCD is sufficient to test the statistical validity of the fitted model and lack-of-fit of the model [30]. In full factorial CCD all variables are studied at five levels (-α, -1, 0, +1,+α ). The rotatable experimental plan was carried out as a central composite design with three variables and at five levels consisting of 20 experiments as shown in (Table 1).

The factors (independent variables) selected for this experiment were pH (XJ: 3-11, electrolyte concentration (Nacl) (X2): 0.05-0.2 M and electrolysis time (X3): 1-20 min.A three-level factorial design was established with the help of the Design Expert 8.0.2 Trial software (USA). The three significant independent variables X1, X2, and X3 and the mathematical relationship of the response Y on these variables can be approximated by quadratic/(second-degree) polynomial equation (1):

Where Y is the predicted response, b0 the constant, b1, b2, and b3 the linear coefficients, b12, b13, and b23 the cross-product coefficients, and b11, b22, and b33 are the quadratic coefficients.

Experimental set-up

The electrochemical batch reactor having the capacity of 250 mL was used for the experiment. The schematic diagram of the reactor and electrode assembly is shown in (Figure 2). Electrical current was applied at a constant current density of 34.96 mAcm' 2 controlled by DC power supply (Sri Sai Scientific, Coimbatore, India). The electrode assembly was placed in the cell and the electrodes were connected to the respective anode and cathode leads of the DC rectifier and energized for a required duration at a fixed current. The reactor was placed on a magnetic stirrer block (Superfit, Coimbatore, India) in order to keep its contents well mixed during the experiment. Graphite carbon electrodes each having 6.5 cm x 5.5 cm with contact surface area of 71.5 cm2 has been used for both anode and cathode. The distance between anode and cathode was maintained at 8mm to reduce the ohmic losses. C.I. RB 198 was dissolved in double distilled water at a concentration of 650 µM for experimental solution. Each experimental run was carried out as per the conditions specified in the design matrix (Table 2).

Analytical techniques

Samples withdrawn from the reactor at certain time intervals were analyzed immediately to avoid further reactions. 50 ml of raw and treated samples were taken from the reactor after completion of reaction time and centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 10 min (Remi, Chennai, India) prior to analysis. The pH of the sample was analyzed before and after treatment using the pH meter (Susima AP-1 Plus, Chennai, India) and adjusted as per the design by adding 0.1 N HCl and 0.1 N NaOH. The rate of decoloration was determined through absorbance at maximum wavelength (A max 625 nm) using UV-visible spectrophotometer (UV- Shimadzu 3600, Japan). Chemical oxygen demand (COD) was analyzed by open reflux method [31]. The initial COD of the experimental sample was found to be 448 mg L-1. The residue generated after treatment was analyzed using FT-IR spectrometer (Nicolet 10, USA). A 10-15 mg of residue was dispersed in 200mg of spectroscopic grade KBr to record the spectra.

The GC system (HP model 5890 Series II, USA) was coupled with MS system (HP model 5972N, USA). The injection of the extracted samples into GC/MS system was conducted on a split less mode, and injector temperature was 250°C with helium served as the carrier gas at the flow rate of 0.8 mL min-1. The extracted samples were chromatographed using a chromatographic column (RTX-502.2 (L-60m, ID-0.25 µm) under the following temperature gradient the initial column temperature was held constant at 40°C for 10 min, increased at 12°C min-1 to 100°C, then ramped at 5°C min-1 to 200°C, further ramped at 20°C min-1 to 270°C and kept constant for 5 min, and then raised at 10°C min-1 to 300°C. The identification of electro oxidation products was done by comparing the GC-MS spectra patterns with those of standard mass spectra in the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) library.

Statistical analysis

Determining the adequacy and significance of the quadratic model ANOVA was performed. For the interpretation of the data regression analysis, graphical analysis and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were performed with the help of a statistical software package Design Expert 8.0.2 Trial software (USA).

Results and Discussion

Central composite design analysis

The most important variables that affect color and COD removal during electro oxidation process are pH (X1), salt concentration (X2) and electrolysis time (X3). In order to study the combined effect of these variables, experiments were performed for different combinations using statistically designed experiments. The results obtained for color (Y1) and COD (Y2) of actual and predicted values are listed in (Table 3). Decolorizations were between 4% and 99.9% and COD removal varied within 33.9% and 75%.

Analysis of variance (ANOVA)

The ANOVA for the second order equations are presented in (Table 3). It indicates that the equation adequately represented the relationship between the response and the significant variables. The large Fisher’s "F" value indicates that most of the variation in the response can be explained by the regression model equation. The associated P-value is used to judge whether F is large enough to indicate statistical significance. If the P-value for a larger F is lower than 0.05 it indicates that the model is statistically significant [32]. Further it seems from Table 3, that the F-value of 1.47 and 10.08 bears the statistical insignificance for color and significance for COD removal respectively. Signal to noise ratio was found to be 4.34 and 12.85, for color and COD removal respectively, since the signal to noise ratio is greater than 4 is desirable [33].

The coefficient of determination (R2) value 0.5601 for color removal shows the quadratic model was insignificant due to pH of the solution. Where in the case for COD removal the coefficient of determination (R2) value 0.9007 shows the model is significant for COD removal. The quadratic equations were obtained in the form of following equations (2 - 3):

The above model can be used to predict the average color and COD removal efficiency within the limits of the experimental factors. The plot of the predicted response versus actual values for color and COD respectively, are shown in (Figure 3). The plot in (Figure 3a) shows that the actual response values not in a straight line with the predicted response values results in distribution error leads to insignificant terms for correlation coefficient. Figure 3(b) shows that the actual response values points on the plot lie reasonably close to a straight line and it concludes that the data is normally distributed.

Interpretation of response surface contour plots

To investigate the interactive effect of three factors such as pH, Nacl concentration and electrolysis time on electro-oxidation process, contour (2D and 3D) plots for the predicted responses were drawn, based on the model polynomial function to analyze the change in the response surface [34]. Each plot is drawn between two independent variables and the response; the value of other variable were held and set at their middle values.

Effect of initial pH on color and COD removal

The functional groups of reactive dye are anionic and it releases negative charges when it dissolves in water. pH is known to affect the structural stability of dye molecules (in particular the dissociation of their ionizable sites), as well as color intensity [35] . Although the first order effect of pH is weak, the quadratic effect is significant and results in a slight improvement of the degradation rate at low or high pH. Response surface plots an infinite number of combinations of the two selected variables with the other maintained at their respective zero coded level. A circular contour of response surfaces indicates that the interaction between the corresponding variables is negligible. An elliptical or saddle nature of the contour plots indicates that the interaction between the corresponding variables is significant. In order to find the effect of different pH on dye spectra, initial dye concentration of 100µM, and at different pH such as 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11, before oxidation were observed. The spectra obtained were shown in (Figure 6a).

The changes in the different pH have a major impact on the results of RB 198, the change in pH has a major impact on the A max shift. In acidic pH, the shift was bathochromic since the A max shifted from 625nm to 771nm and also it was noted that when there was change in pH, the spectra may do hypochromic shift, ie., intensity of the peak gets decreased. Experiments were carried out by varying the initial pH from 3 to 11; the results obtained were plotted in Figures 4 & 5. It was observed that the color and COD removal of RB 198 is relatively low at pH 3 and high at pH 11, compared with that at pH 7. During electrolysis, chloride ions are converted into chlorine and subsequently to hypochlorous acid or hypochlorite ions in neutral or slightly alkaline pH. Chloride ions participate in indirect electrolysis by the following mechanism:

Hypochlorous acid is in equilibrium with hypochlorite ion. The ClO- then participates in the oxidation reaction via following reactions:

This is consistent with the results of Yavuz and Kaporal [36] while oxidizing phenol using ruthenium mixed metal oxide electrode. It was reported that electro-oxidation without initial pH adjustment (initial pH around 7) was more effective in removing phenol, compared to pH 3 and pH 11. However, Chen & Chen [37] reported that the pH is not significant while oxidizing orange II dye on Ti/BDD anode. The active oxygen and the active chlorine (OCl- at pH > 7, HOCl at pH < 5) species are taken as the mediators generated at the anode. However, the decrease in COD in acidic pH 3 shows which may be accounted for the low stability of the active chlorine (HOCl) in acidic solution. Similarly, at high pH 11 is again attributed to the loss of active chlorine (OCl-) due to its disproportionate as shown in equation (9). This may be due to the fact that the OCl- active chlorine species are more stable under neutral conditions.

Effect of electrolytic concentration on color and COD removal

High ionic strength is necessary to provide enough solution conductivity for electrochemical treatment of wastewater, which may be crucial for the destruction process. Solution with various ionic strengths was obtained by preparing various concentration of Nacl (aq) in this study. The electrolysis (NaCl) could be mainly attributed to the indirect oxidation effect of chlorine/ hypochlorite produced during the electrolysis. These anions, together with other ionic degradation products, cause the increase of the current flow; however Nacl enhances the decolorization process [38]. During the electrolysis, the organics in the RB 198 decomposed continuously by both direct and indirect anodic oxidation via mediators, such as active chlorine. Many researchers have studied the indirect electro-oxidation with active chlorine performed with a graphite anode to mainly characterize the decolorization process of several organic dyes such as Reactive Orange 107 [21], and Methyl Orange [39].

Intentionally adding Nacl to the wastewater increases the solution conductivity, decreases the energy consumption, and promotes indirect anodic oxidation by producing hypochlorite at the anode. Figures 4 and 5 shows the effect of the Nacl concentration was varied from 0.05 to 0.2 M, added on the color and COD removal efficiencies, respectively. As the electrolyte concentration increase, the electrical conductivity of the solution increased and thus the electrolytic cell voltage for maintaining a constant current decreased. Consequently, the energy consumption decreased as the electrolyte concentration increased. However, color removal is not proportional to the electric current and salt concentration. Then a specific batch run was performed under these optimum conditions in order to test the estimated performance and color and COD removals were achieved as 98.9% and 65.5%, respectively, denoting a reasonable prediction of the model. This result also showed that the relationship developed between the responses and the independent variables in Eqs. (2)-(3) was satisfactory.

Effect of electrolysis duration on color and COD removal

In view of reducing the power consumption and optimizing the electrochemical oxidation processes, the effect of electrolysis duration on color and COD removal was studied by varying the duration from 1 to 20 min. The results are shown in (Figures 4 and 5). The color and COD removal efficiency depends directly on the concentration of oxidants produced by the electrodes which in-turn depends upon time (X3). When the value of X3 increases, an increase occurs in the concentration of active chlorine. Consequently, an increase in the X3 increases the color and COD removal efficiency.

Figure 6b shows the changes in RB 198 decolorization with the retention time. From the UV-Vis spectra, it was clear that, the cleavage of chromophores and aromatic rings results in the decrease of optical density of the dye solution [40]. Also the absorption band has been shifted from visible to near UV region, which indicates the rapid decolorization of the dye, giving smaller and colorless organic or inorganic products, which can further be treated for complete mineralization. The decrease of COD shows that further degradation of the initial colorless products occurred along with the decolorization during the electrochemical treatment. It could be concluded that the COD removal is lower than that of color removal, indicating the chromophore degradation is the first step of the electrochemical mechanism with the comparison of COD removal. The COD values of 65.5% indicate that the removal degree for color disappearance does not mean complete degradation or complete removal of pollutants in the solution.

UV-visible spectra changes

The changes in the absorption spectra (both at UV and visible regions with respective wavelengths of 297 and 625 nm) at various time intervals during the treatment of RB 198 were presented in Figure 6b. The optimum condition was considered and the experiment was performed. The peak observed in the visible region was due to blue color of chromophore, while peak observed in the UV region was due to anthraquinone structure of the dye [41]. The disappearance of the visible band in a short period might be due to the fragmentation of the quinone links by oOH radical attack during the oxidation process. At the same time, the reduction in the absorbance at 297 nm was considered as the evidence of chromophore degradation in the dye molecule and its intermediates. This represents the residual COD present in the effluent.

FT-IR spectra analysis

Figure 7 shows the FTIR spectra of RB 198 before and after 20 min of electrolysis. Figure 7a shows the several bands can be distinguished in the spectra. The broad peak around 3442.84 cm-1, which assigns to N-H vibration [42]. Furthermore, the peaks at 2929.47cm-1 and 2856.84cm-1, which represent the C-H symmetric stretching and C-H asymmetric stretching of CH2, respectively [43], The vibrations located at 1607.10cm-1 (a combination of phenyl ring vibrations with stretching of the C=N group), It can be observed that the bands at 1547cm-1, which were associated with the chromophore of the reactive dye, 1413.66 cm-1 (O-H bending vibrations), and 1127.89cm-1 (symmetric vibrations of the sulfonate groups). The peaks at 1035.52cm-1 and 795.52cm-1 account for Cl. The peaks at 616cm-1 account for aromamatic or benzene ring. The (Figure 7b) showed after 20 min of electrolysis, the FTIR spectrum was obviously modified with respect to the aforementioned spectrum of the initial working dye. It can be observed that the bands at 3457.88cm-1 which indicate the presence of both free and hydrogen bonded OH groups. The peak becoming weaker near 1631.55cm-1, which is responsible for the combination of stretching vibration of C=O conjugated with C=C [44]. The peaks at 2929.47cm-1, 2856.84cm-11547.10cm-1, 1413.66cm-1 1035.52cm-1 and 795.52cm-1 get completely disappeared. Furthermore, a new absorption peak of 1631.55cm-1 was observed, which can be assigned as the stretching of C=O in carboxylic groups, aldehydes or ketones [45] generated in the process. The presence of this band indicated the formation of new species, which originated from the fragmentation of the parent RB 198 molecule. The formation of new peaks at 1145.31cm-1 and 975.52cm-1 indicates the C-NO2 of aromatic ring and C-N stretching of aromatic NO2. The IR spectrum also projects peaks at 620.99cm'1 and 489.85cm'1 which account for aromatic benzene ring. This variation in the FTIR spectra has explained the incomplete mineralization of RB 198.

GCMS analysis

RB 198 degradation pathway is illustrated in (Figure 8). The chromophore in the dye molecule should be split in the first step. The bonds C-N and C-N in the RB 198 molecule were probably cleaved by free radical attack, which led to the decolouring of RB 198 in the bulk solution. In electro oxidation process the dye molecule split into S1 - S5 namely Sodium 3-amino-benzenesulfonate, 6-chloro-[1,3,5]triazine-2,4-diamine, 3,6-Diiamine-2,5-dichloro-cyclohexa-1-4-diene-1,4- diol, sodium;3,6-diamino-2 -hydroxy -benzenesulfonate and Benzene-1,4 - diamine. The above mentioned organic compounds were further degraded to generate aromatic intermediates. These compounds later underwent deep degradation to form benzene- type intermediates, the further oxidation of which resulted in aromatic ring cleavage and generation of aliphatic acids, such as hexanoic acid, enanthic acid and hexylacetic acid. Finally, these organic acids were decomposed to CO2 to accomplish the entire mineralization process. Overall, the electrolysis decomposition of RB 198, in the graphite electrode system can be described by a series of consecutive degradation steps.

Conclusion

In this study central composite design was proven to be a suitable response surface methodology to determine the effect of operative variables (pH, NaCl contraction and reaction time) and their interaction on the electro-oxidation of C.I. RB 198. The results indicated that the degree of color removal was obviously affected by pH. Statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated neither the interaction effect nor the quadratic model was insignificant for color removal, while effects were significant on COD. The high R2 value of COD removal indicates the presence of a high correlation between observed and predicted values. The maximum color and COD removal were achieved as 98.9 and 65.5% respectively. The response surface methodology models were derived after the insignificant terms were excluded. This result could fit the experimental data well. Based on the results the oxidation process, decomposition of RB 198 was proposed to by firstly initiated by the cleavage of reactive ring; conform to UV-vis spectra, which results in decloratiozation on the solution. Afterwards GCMS, the reaction intermediates underwent a series of successive degradation steps. Finally, these organic acids were decomposed to carbon dioxide to accomplish an entire mineralization process.

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foodsciencebbyyy · 4 years ago

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Food Packaging

Introduction

Packaging is a process of covering/wrapping of goods into a package.

It also involves designing and producing packaging materials.

Packaging is an essential for providing safe and secure goods to consumers.

It is a $2 billion industry per year in Australia.

●

● ●

●

Food Packaging

Food packaging is essential and pervasive:

●Essential, because without packaging the safety and quality of food would be compromised,

●Pervasive because almost all food is packaged in some way.

In the last 200 years the package evolved from being a container for the product, to becoming an important element of total product design, eg.

Example: Packing tomato sauce in glass bottles has evolved to squeezable co- extruded multi-layer plastic bottles with oxygen barrier layer for long shelf life

Self-lubricating surfaces http://liquiglide.com/

General types of packaging

Consumer packaging

Designed for consumer convenience and appeal.

The major emphasis is on marketing.

Industrial packaging

Designed to focus on the handling convenience and protection during transportation.

The main focus is on logistics.

1. 2. 3. 4.

Functions of packaging

Protection

Containment

Communication/Information

Convenience

A good package can not only preserve the food quality but also significantly contribute to a business profit.

● ● ●

Protection

The quality of the food product can deteriorate biologically and chemically as well as physically, during distribution, .

Food packaging contributes to extending the shelf life and maintaining the quality and safety of food products.

Food packaging reduces food waste and spoilage during distribution, and decreases the cost of preservation facilities.

Protection

The requirement for protection is determined by the nature of the food and the type of protection needed.

●The product needs for protection ●Physical environment

● impact, compression, abrasion, tearing, puncture ●Climatic environment

● Oxygen, Moisture, Light, Taints and odours

●Biological environment ● Pests - insects & rodents; ● Microbiological - bacteria, mould

The climatic environment

Coles, McDowell and Kirwan 2003; Chap1 page 14

The physical environment

Coles, McDowell and Kirwan 2003; Chap1 page 14

The biological environment

Coles, McDowell and Kirwan 2003; Chap1 page 15

Material loss by pilferage and tampering

● Security in distribution for protection against pilferage, tampering and counterfeiting

● lids may have plastic over-seal;

● perforated lid which breaks when opened;

● blister package sealed to a large paperboard backing;

● holographic packaging to reduce counterfeiting.

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Containment

Food products must be contained before they can be moved from one place to another.

Packaging facilitates handling, storage and distribution

Packaging has enabled the modern food distribution system, the development of supermarkets and the global food chain.

Includes both primary & secondary packages Package choices are based on:

Þ Dimension & Configuration requirements

Þ Material cost Þ Strength Þ Stability

Food Processing Plant Corporate video 1’40” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I4EbS36TQYQ

Three levels of packaging

primary pack: in direct contact with the food or beverage, eg. bottle and cap, carton

secondary or transit package: contains and collates primary packs, eg. a shrink-wrapped corrugated fibreboard tray or case

tertiary package, eg. pallet, roll cage, stretch-wrap.

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Packaging for transport

Communication /Information

Consumers make purchasing decisions using numerous clues provided by the graphics, colours and distinctive shapes of packaging.

Packages also need to communicate information about the product ●identity, quantity, instructions for storage and use

●labelling information as required by FSC 1.2 (nutrition, ingredient information, allergen warnings, country of origin, use-by date etc. )

●Universal Product Code (bar code) read accurately and rapidly using modern scanning equipment.

Communication for informed decision-making

Communicate information to end-user as required by legislation, ANZ Food Standards Code 1.2, ACCC and Department of Fair Trading

●Product brand names and descriptions; ●Manufacturer's name and address, ●Quantity/ net weight, ●Use-by dates/ best before date ●Ingredient listing,

●Nutrition information panel ●Directions for storage and cooking instructions; ● Warnings and allergen advice ●Recycling or disposal of package

Marketing – to sell food

Self-selection impact – silent salesman how getting the customer to select your product over all the others in the supermarket.

Marketing trends - increasing emphasis on the look, sales appeal and quality of retail packaging.

High quality graphics and promotional links between graphics and advertising to support brand identities, plus the ability to reflect current consumer trends and images.

Interactive marketing - new APPS to inform and educate the consumer, eg.

iAllergens, FoodSwitch, Traffic Light Food, Woolworths, Coles, Shop Ethical!, ShopWell, Frugal, ACCC recalls

Design Aesthetics & Marketing

"The Coke bottle is the most perfectly designed package in the world." The original contour of the "Mae West" bottle was designed in 1915. The bottle has undergone several redesigns in its 100-years.

Bar-codes

UPC bar code QR code

Micro QR Code

https://www.gs1.org/standards/barcodes

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Pallet, carton and bar-coding

A different barcode for each level of package, carton, etc.

Print important information, including use-by date

Each level treated as a product and scanned on receipt, etc.

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Convenience

Packaging plays an important role in allowing products to be used conveniently by the consumer.

Size – manageable for the consumer (small, regular, bulk)

Shape and proportions - variety of pack sizes, designs and pack types

Unitizing - primary package discrete units packed into secondary packages (multipacks)

Package design for the consumer use – easy to hold, portable, easy opening, re-close, dispense or pour, squeezable, spray, microwavable, recyclable, biodegradable, etc.

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Convenience

Packaging also plays an important role in allowing products to be handled, stored and efficiently distributed by the manufacturer

cartons pallets shipping containers

https://www.packworld.com/trends-and-issues/traceability- authentication-serialization/video-track-and-trace-serialization

Environmental considerations

Australian Packaging Covenant

http://www.packagingcovenant.org.au/

Initially launched in 1999, with 3x 5 year cycles of review. On July 1st 2010, an open-ended Australian Packaging Covenant commenced.

an agreement between companies in the supply chain and all levels of government to reduce the environmental impacts of consumer packaging, by:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6qGZYPOLAos example: https://www.packagingcovenant.org.au/documents/item/1088 ●design packaging that is more resource efficient & more

recyclable;

Henderson Island

North Pacific gyre (Pacific trash vortex) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lLbJZjYyXAs

http://coastalcare.org/2009/11/plastic-pollution/

Types of plastic & recycling options

New Scientist 19 May 2018

Australasian Recycling Label

https://www.environment.gov.au/protection/waste-resource-recovery/plastics-and-packaging

New Scientist 19 May 2018

Packaging types and selection

Day in the Life of a Food Packaging Professional

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uXa-yqP9e3Q

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Selection of packaging

The design and development of appropriate packaging for food, one needs to consider:

The product’s characteristics : physical, chemical, biochemical and microbiological nature,

Mechanism by which it can deteriorate, It’s fragility in distribution Possible interactions with packaging materials

Coles, McDowell and Kirwan 2003; Chap1 page 13

Nature of the product

Physical nature

Gas, liquid, viscous liquid, solid blocks, granules, free-flowing powders, emulsions, pastes etc

Chemical or biochemical nature

Ingredients, chemical composition, nutritional value, corrosive, sticky, volatile, perishable, odorous etc.

Dimensions

Size and shape

Volume, weight & density

Method of fill, dispense, accuracy, legal obligation etc.

Damage sensitivity

Mechanical strength properties or fragility/weaknesses

Product deterioration

Intrinsic mechanisms including changes in:

Organoleptic qualities

Taste, smell, colour and texture

Chemical breakdown

Vitamin C breakdown in orange juice, riboflavin loss from milk in light, Maillard browning of dried milk

Physio-Chemical changes

staling of bread, crystallisation of lactose in ice cream or condensed milk

Biochemical changes

enzymatic browning, cheese ripening, respiration in fruit & vegies

Microbiological status

bacterial or mould growth

Product shelf-life requirement

Average shelf life needed Use-life needed

Changes in packaged food during storage

The processes by which food quality is lost often involve interaction with the environment – either from substances taken up or loss through the packaging.

Type of Change

Food product impacts

Moisture loss

Drying – a problem in frozen food; wilting of vegetables,

Moisture uptake

Softening of crisps, biscuits; lumping of powders,

Oxygen uptake

Oxygen causes oxidation rancidity – fats and oils,

Light

Light initiated oxidation of fats; bleaching /colour loss

Packing material options

● Glass

● Tinplate

● Aluminium

● Paper and paperboard

● Plastics

Primary Packages

GLASS

METALS

PAPER

PLASTICS

COMPOSITE

RIGID & SEMI-RIGID CONTAINER

Bottle Jug Jar Tumbler Vial

Cans - Fe/Sn Alumin. Cans

Metal boxes (Slip lid, Lever lid, Hinged)

Trays Drum

Boxes Cartons

Form-in-line (cup, tub, tray)

Egg box

Bottle Jug Jar Tub Cup Tray Thermoform

Drum Laminated cartons IBCs

FLEXIBLE WRAPS, BAGS, POUCHES & SACHETS

Tube Foil

Vegetable parchment Folded wrap Sealed wrap Bags

(plain, treated)

Preformed Form-in-line FIBCs

Foil laminates Laminated pouches

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Cost of packaging

Packaging is a major cost in the retail price

Direct cost of package plus indirect costs for empty as well as full packages, including handling, storage, transport, insurance, management

The ‘added value’ of the Package should exceed costs ! to remain competitive and innovative

Weight of packages and different package options

Weight

Milk 12 L

Beer 9 L

Wine 6L

Bottles

7500 g

6840 g

Cartons

340 g

Steel can

1300 g

Aluminium can

580 g

Cask

400 g

Glass

● Inert with respect to foods

● Transparent to light and may be coloured

● Impermeable to gases and vapours

● Rigid

● Can be easily returned and reused

● Brittle and breakable

● Needs a separate closure

● Widely in use for both single & multi-trip packaging

Coles, McDowell and Kirwan 2003; Chap1 page 17

Tinplate can

Aluminium can

Tinplate and aluminium

● Rigid material

● Steel can – high density, suited to retort canning process

● Aluminium can - low density, suited for canned drinks

● Good tensile strength

● An excellent barrier to light, liquids and foods

● Needs closures, seams and crimps to form packs

● Used in many packaging applications: food and beverage cans, aerosols, tubes, trays and drums

● Can react with product causing dissolution of the metal Coles, McDowell and Kirwan 2003; Chap1 page 17

Paper and paperboard

● Low-density materials

● Poor barriers to light without coatings or laminations

● Poor barriers to liquids, gases and vapours unless they are coated, laminated or wrapped

● Good stiffness

● Can be grease resistant

● Absorbent to liquids and moisture vapour

● Can be creased, folded and glued

● Tears easily, Not brittle, Moderate tensile strength

● Excellent substrates for inexpensive printing

Coles, McDowell and Kirwan 2003; Chap1 page 17

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Plastics

Wide range of barrier depending on type of polymer

Permeability to gases and vapours to varying degrees

Always consider oxygen and water vapour transmission when selecting film, with respect to the likely spoilage mechanisms of the food.

Range of physical and optical properties flexible or rigid opaque or transparent variable tensile and tear strengths

Functional over a wide range of temperatures depending on the type of plastic polymer

Coles, McDowell and Kirwan 2003; Chap1 page 17

Packing film selection

Wide range of plastic polymer materials.

Each polymer has differences in permeability to air, water and light, rigidity/flexibility.

Different foods have different requirements;

●Foods susceptible to drying but not affected by oxygen (e.g. bread) need high moisture barrier [LDPE ]

●Foods susceptible to moisture pick-up and affected by oxygen (e.g. crisps) need high moisture barrier and high oxygen barrier, [ OPP ]; plus laminate with Aluminium foil will further prevent light and oxygen.

●Food requiring containment (liquid foods) need rigid plastic.

●

Plastic (polymeric) packaging materials – examples of applications

Low density polyethylene (LDPE) – squeezy bottles and shopping bags

High density polyethylene (HDPE) – rigid bottles, carboys

Polypropylene (PP) – rigid

● ●

Common packaging polymers

1. PET – Polyethylene Terephthalate (e.g. soft drink bottles, peanut butter jars). 2. HDPE – High-Density Polyethylene (e.g. milk bottles, yoghurt cups).

3. PVC – Polyvinyl Chloride (e.g. some types of cling wrap for meat, fish, cheese, vegetables; clear plastic containers for fresh fruit or takeaway sandwiches).

Common packaging polymers

4. LDPE – Low-Density Polyethylene (e.g. some grocery bags; bags used for bread and frozen foods; some types of cling wrap).

5. PP – Polypropylene (e.g. bottle caps, yoghurt and margarine containers, food storage boxes).

6. PS – Polystyrene (e.g. plastic cutlery; drinking cups and yoghurt cups; lightweight foam trays used to package meat and vegetables).

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Thermoplastic vs thermoset Packaging polymers may be classified into thermoplastics and

thermosets, depending on whether crosslinks are present.

Thermoplastics

Soften and melt when heated, but resolidify upon cooling

Can be easily shaped by heat and pressure (e.g. films, bottles, etc.)

Support hot-forming methods such as injection-moulding.

Heated in several cycles, polymers are melted and cooled to become solid without significant loss of properties.

Recyclability: Easier to recycle.

Typical polymers: Acrylics, Nylons, Polyethylene, Polypropylene, Polystyrene

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Thermoset polymers

Change irreversibly when heated.

The change usually involves cross-linking (setting) which strengthens the polymers.

They are often made from multi-part compounds and formed before setting (e.g. epoxy resin).

Setting accelerates with heat, or for some polymers with UV light.

Thermosets will not melt, and have good heat resistance.

Heating does not soften the materials, but severe heating irreversibly destroy covalent bonds (decomposition).

Much harder to recycle.

Examples: Phenolics, epoxies, silicones, some polyesters, polyurethanes and elastomers

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Heat seal strength

The strength of the bond formed by heat sealing is important in heat sealable plastic packaging.

This property related to a film’s ability to make a peel-resistant seal.

Measured by testing the sealed samples under controlled temperature, pressure and dwell-time (time during which heat is applied).

Then measure the seal’s resistance to peeling on a tensile tester.

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Plastic Laminates

Since no single film can satisfy all packaging requirements, several different films may be combined by lamination or coextrusion.

Lamination of plastic films can be done using an adhesive, Or If the two plastic films each have heat-sealing properties, they may be joined together by passing the films through a heated roller

Laminates can include layers of different plastic films, paperboard and metal (aluminium), achieving barrier properties with the summation of all the different components.

●

Polymer coatings and laminates

Polymers are also used to coat other materials; for example, paper coffee cups are often coated with a thin layer of polyethylene, which makes them hard to recycle.

Polymers are also used in laminates (multilayer films), either with another polymer, or paper or metal.

Different components may serve as barriers to light, moisture, oxygen, taste and aroma compounds.

● ●

Tetra Pak - laminated paperboard

Coatings

Coatings are applied to the surfaces of plastic films to improve heat-sealing, barrier and printing properties

Acrylic coatings – glass clear, hard, heat sealable, very glossy PVdC coatings may be modified to produce either a good heat-sealing polymer or

a high-barrier polymer

Direct vacuum metallising with aluminium on plastic films results in a significant increase in barrier properties

SiOx applied by vacuum deposition. SiOx coated PET film is used in the retort pouch laminates, is transparent, retortable, recyclable and has excellent barrier properties.

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Water vapour transmission

The steady state rate at which water vapour permeates through a film at specified conditions of temperature and relative humidity.

This is a measure of a film’s ability to retain freshness, preventing the escape of moisture from moist products, or preventing dry products from picking up moisture from outside.

The moisture passing through the film in a given time is reported as water-vapour transmission rate (WVTR) in g/m2/24 hours.

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Gas permeability

The ability of a gas or other volatile substance to penetrate and pass through a material.

Gases include oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and various volatile compounds found in foods.

This property is associated with the retention of colour, flavour and odour.

Permeability is expressed as cc (mL) of gas permeated per 1 square metre of film in 24 hours.

A material is considered as ‘high oxygen barrier’ if its Oxygen transmission Rate (OTR) is < 15.5 cc/m2/24 hr.

Coles, McDowell and Kirwan 2003;

0 = Not suitable, * = short life, ** =medium life, *** = long life, MAP = modified atmosphere pack.

Coles, McDowell and Kirwan 2003;

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Important properties in storage

The product/package interaction.

Permeability to gases and vapours.

Resistance to ‘scalping’ of flavour and aroma components, which may be lost by dissolving in the polymer.

Alternatively, packaging components may diffuse into the product, causing contamination, off-flavours, etc.

Innovative packaging

Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP) – employs gas mixtures to reduce enzymatic and microbial changes during storage

Active Packaging, inclusions with added functionality: Antimicrobial, Oxygen scavenger, Ethylene oxidation, Odour removal,

Intelligent Packaging, sensing and informing; eg. indicator for ripeness or freshness.

Han, J. 2005.

Gases and food quality effects

Nitrogen is an inert and tasteless gas, no antimicrobial activity. It is not very soluble in water, and it is primarily used to displace oxygen and prevent package collapse.

Oxygen inhibits the growth of anaerobic micro-organisms, but promotes the growth of aerobic microbes. Oxygen is responsible for some undesirable reactions in foods, including 63

Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP)

Retail food product

CO2

Raw red meat

70%

30%

Raw white fish, other seafood

30%

40%

30%

Cooked, cured, processed meat fish poultry, Ready cook chill

30%

70%

Fresh pasta, Bakery products

50%

Dairy products

100%

Dried foods, Liquid foods & drinks

100%

Air Products. 1995

Active Packaging

Active Scavenging systems remove undesirables such as oxygen, excess water, ethylene, carbon dioxide, taints and others ............... ABSORBERS

Active Releasing systems add desirables such as carbon dioxide, water, antioxidants and preservatives................ EMITTERS

Diagram of active packaging systems

Intelligent Packaging

Intelligent or smart packaging include time-temperature indicators (TTIs), gas indicators, microwave doneness indicators, radiofrequency identification (RFID).

● Clever, smart, interactive

● Indicator must be easily activated

● Must show measurable, reproducible changes

● Must be irreversible

● Easily correlated to food quality

Insignia Embedded Colour Changing Labels - 40s http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=k0kpOoe-42g

Smart packaging – oxygen exclusion/absorption https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=VH_SdO9u0nA

Intelligent Plastics – ripeness & freshness indicator

Packaging Innovations

CES 2011 - Interactive and intelligent food packaging 4’ 34’’ http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=MpKukF48Tac

New 2011 NutriSmart embeds RFID tags directly within food 1’ 50’’

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N3_EjOecfOA

Cook-chill Meal https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KbMdaj5owBU https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zwobWIEl3f0

Amazon go 1’50”

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NrmMk1Myrxc

Future trends in food packaging

Development of new materials that possess very high barrier properties, thus reduce the total amount of packaging materials.

Convenience is a "hot" trend” ; in either productivity, processing, warehousing, traceability, display qualities, tamper-resistance, easy opening, and cooking preparation.

Safety another important trend, related to public health microbiological control or security against bioterrorism.

Forth issue is the trend to natural and environmentally friendly. Substitution of artificial chemical ingredients with natural ingredients. Increase in recyclable and reusable (refillable).

Edible packaging https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hLEWeP3WJ8M

0 notes

juniperpublishersoceanography · 5 years ago

Text

First Case of Spinner Dolphin (Stenella longirostris) Infanticide off Reunion Island: Necropsy's Findings and Post Mortem Inter-Species Interactions- Juniper Publishers

Abstract

This paper reports the first case of delphinid infanticide off Reunion Island (Indian Ocean). This event provided a rare opportunity to record almost immediate visual and acoustic behaviour in an infanticidal context. The necropsy demonstrated that calf's death was caused by traumatical injuries, most probably inflicted through purposeful violent interactions. Teeth marks found on the calf's skin would incriminate conspecifics. However, epimeletic and in particular nurturant behaviour from a mother towards her dying calf could induce superficial tooth marks as those observed here. Post mortem acoustic and behavioural observations displayed agonistic and sexual interactions from three Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin males towards the mother-calf pair spinner dolphin. The nature of the inter-species interaction strongly suggests that Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins could have caused traumatic lethal lesions on the calf to gain sexual access to a female from a smaller species.

Keywords: Infanticide; Bottlenose dolphin; Spinner dolphin; Interaction; Tooth mark; Acoustic; behavior; Indian ocean

Abbreviations: BP: Burst Pulses; IPI: Inter-Pulse Interval; LFN: Low Frequency Narrow-band calls; PRR: Pulse Repetition Rate

Go to

Introduction

Inter-specific interactions have been recorded worldwide between different sympatric cetacean species (see [1] for a review). Although the formation of mixed-species groups may generally provide benefits for at least one of the species involved, such as foraging and/or social advantages or protection against predators [2,3], aggressive and threatening behaviours that can lead to lethal attacks have also been reported [4-7].

These negative interactions have been explained by numerous hypothetic purposes: predation or competition for prey [7-13], defensive cooperative behaviour and protection of young or ill members of the group [14-16], object-orientated play as development of predatory skills or physical training [4,6,7,17,18] redirected aggression and fighting [7,19,20], social pathology or aberrant behaviour [7,9] and sexually related behaviour, harassment, sexual frustration, parental manipulation, or sexual selection [4,7,9-11,19-23].

Lethal attack, and in particular infanticide, i.e. the (direct or indirect) taking of infant life, constitutes the most striking example of aggressive behaviour. This phenomenon is widely documented in the animal kingdom, including in mammals [13] and can be inflicted by both males and females [9,13,23]. Intra and inter-specific infanticidal events have been observed among dolphin populations [5,6,24-28], although little is known about this phenomenon. The majority of infanticides recorded in the literature involves the bottlenose dolphin(Tursiops truncatus), which, according to [29], is one of the very few marine mammals known to direct lethal, non-predatory aggression to other marine mammal species. These records have been mostly reported from post mortem examinations [5,6,26] and more rarely from direct field observations [5,25,27].

Reunion (21° 07' S and 55° 32' E) is an oceanic island from the Mascarene archipelago, located about 690km east of Madagascar and 170km south-west of Mauritius Island. Two Delphinid species are mainly observed in coastal waters: the Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus) and the spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris) [30]. Although Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins use preferentially shallower waters (generally <60m depth isobath) than spinner dolphins, the spatial distribution of the two species overlaps in some areas [31]. Mixed associations of spinner and Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins are regularly witnessed off the west coast [30], during which male bottlenose dolphins generally display sexual behaviour and harassment towards the spinner dolphins (Globice, unpub. data.).

This paper reports on the discovery of a freshly dead newborn spinner dolphin with its mother, harassed by three Indo-Pacifique bottlenose dolphins, off Saint Gilles, Reunion. This event provided a rare opportunistic occasion to put together behavioural and acoustic data on spinner/Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin interactions involving a dead infant, with necropsy's findings bringing evidences of infanticide.

Go to

Methodologies

Context and in situ observation

On 20th March 2016, at 1215hrs, dolphin watching operators reported the presence of a dead newborn spinner dolphin, off Saint Gilles, La Reunion. An adult individual, most probably the mother, remained close to the dead calf and a group of spinner dolphins, was observed at close distance. The mother/calf pair was closely surrounded by three Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins during the field observation. Underwater video from a GoPro HD Hero3 was undertaken and a 6'10" duration video clip showing dolphin behaviour was recorded.

Necropsy

The body of the dead newborn spinner dolphin was picked up from the water, transported by boat to the closest port (Saint Gilles), to be autopsied by a veterinarian from the National Stranding Network (VE). The carcass was classified as code 2 (freshly dead), according to Smithsonian Condition Codes [32] and complete necropsy, with systematic examination of all organ systems, was carried out according to standard protocols.

Underwater video analysis

The underwater video was analysed using the ad libitum sampling method, which involves reporting systematically and continuously all behavioural events observed [33]. Individual behaviours were described chronologically throughout the video session and sorted by categories (agonistic, socio-sexual or submissive) according to behaviour described in the literature (Supp. mat. S1). Particular attention was given to report on which animal was the actor or initiator of the behaviour and the recipient, when the behaviour was obviously directed towards one individual. An agonistic interaction involves "predictive signaling" in which communicative signals are produced by an initiator towards a recipient, in order to test their willingness and/or ability to escalate and fight [34,35]. Hence, agonistics behaviours are mostly characterized by visual and/or acoustic threat displays ([36] and Supp. mat. S1). These signals generally result in a set of either aggressive or submissive behaviours depending on the context and individual attributes of the opponent [37]. In case of aggressive response (i.e. defensive reaction), the recipient usually shows an escalation through a series of violent displays ([38] and Supp. mat. S1).

Still frames were extracted from the video and used to identify dolphins, based on the marks and scars of their dorsal fins, and were compared to the existing catalogues of the two species. When possible, photographs of the genital area were also extracted to identify the sex of the individuals, based on the presence of mammal slits and distance between anus and the uro-genital slit.

Acoustic data analysis

The acoustic recording was extracted from the video file, and converted into a .wav format. The GoPro audio sampling rate was 48kHz. Sound types were identified by visual and aural inspection and isolated from the spectrogram display, using Raven Lite 1.0 sound analysis software. Only whistles and burst pulses were considered for analysis. Whistles-Whistles are frequency-modulated narrow-band tonal signals, usually longer than 0.1 second in duration [39,40]. Only loud and clear whistles, not overlapping with other sound, easily detected aurally and visually on the spectrogram were selected for analysis. Time, frequency and intensity were measured manually using the cursor functions in Raven Lite 1.0.

Eleven acoustic variables were recorded for each selected whistle : beginning frequency (Hz), end frequency (Hz), minimum frequency (Hz), maximum frequency (Hz), frequency range (Hz), mean frequency (Hz), start intensity (dB), end intensity (dB), number of inflexion points (i.e. the change in contour slope, from positive to negative or vice versa), duration (s) and number of harmonics. These variables were chosen to allow for comparisons with previous studies, in an attempt to identify the species producing the sound.

Burst Pulses-Burst pulse vocalizations are energetic broadband discret packets of pulsed signals produced at rates exceeding human auditory threshold allowing temporal discrimination (inter-pulse interval<5ms [41,42]). They appear as multiple continuous harmonic bands on spectrograms [42].

Three acoustic variables were used to describe burst pulsed sounds: duration (in ms), Pulse Repetition Rate (PRR, in pulses per second or pps) and Inter Pulse Interval (IPI, in ms). The PRR, which approximates the frequency spacing between the harmonics [42], was determined by dividing the frequency range by the number of harmonics. The IPI was obtained as the inverse of the pulse repetition rate. The burst pulse emission frequency (in BP/min) was calculated by dividing the total number of burst pulses by the recording length. Occurrences of categorized behaviours and burst pulses events were counted throughout the time frame of the video/audio recording, and analysed in parallel in order to assess any possible link between behavioural and acoustic events.

Go to

Results

The spinner dolphin calf was discovered at the GPS position S 21° 3'37" and E 55° 11'53", which corresponded to a sighting located 2.5km from the west coast of Reunion, in 60m deep west coast, in an area where spinner and Indo-Pacific bottlenose waters (Figure 1). The mixed species sighting was located off the dolphin habitats overlap (Figure 1).

Necropsy findings

The newborn dolphin was 83cm in length and was thus estimated to be 1-1.5 months old [43]. The age of weaning of spinner dolphins being of 1-2 years [43,44], the calf was still dependent upon its mother. The absence of teeth and the presence of milk curd found in the forestomachs corroborated its physiological status. External examination of the skin showed evidence of superficial bite wounds, not deeper than the dermis (Figure 2). A 7cm-long straight-lined wound between the uro-genital slit and the anus and a 4cm-long straight-lined wound at the outer corner of the right eye exhibited numerous and evenly spaced punctures, consistent with teeth marks. The distances between each puncture ranged from 4.5 to 5.5mm. Gross exam of the two wounds showed slight cutaneous hemorrhage indicative that the heart was still beating when the injuries occurred. These wounds were thus made prior to the calf's death.

The necropsy displayed an healthy newborn with multiple ante mortem fatal injuries, all concentrated on the right thorax, caused by a severe blunt force trauma:

bruising and haemorrhage in the subcutaneous blubber layer and underlying musculature.

linear pattern-rib fractures, without fibrocartilagenous callus, involving 4 adjacent ribs.

periostal haemorrhage and rupture of adjacent lung leading to pneumothorax (Figure 2).

The cause of death was determined to be a combination of shock and respiratory difficulty consequent to unilateral pneumothorax due to fracture of the rib cage. These traumatic injuries resulting from high-energy blunt impact are consistent with infanticidal behaviour.

Underwater video analysis

The 6'10" video recording displayed inter-specific interactions between three Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins and an adult spinner dolphin along with the body of the dead calf, floating at the surface (Figure 3). The adult spinner dolphin was identified as a female, and according to its behaviour and close proximity to the calf, was assumed to be its mother. Among the Indo-Pacific dolphins, one was about 2/3 the length of the two others and lighter in color and was thus assumed to be a juvenile [45]. The juvenile was identified as a male, according to the absence of mammary slits and the distance between uro-genital and anal slits, and its dorsal fin was unmarked. The two other Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins had been previously identified as part of an ongoing photo-identification survey (Ta#73 and Ta#305), and were known to be males, based on molecular sexing (Globice, unpublish. data).

According to the occurrence of each categorized behaviour (i.e. agonistic, socio-sexual or submissive behaviour), the video footage was divided into 5 distinct phases (Phases I to V - Table 1 & Supplement material S1). Two episodes of dynamic agonistic behaviour of the 3 male Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins towards the female spinner dolphin were observed, which included both a moderate phase and a climax phase (Phases I and II and Phases IV and V, respectively). Theses episodeswere separated by a period of female defensive behaviour (Phase III - Table 1 & Supplement material S1).

Phase I was characterized by moderate agonistic and weak socio-sexual behaviours. Males were indeed engaged in various visual displays, such as deliberate head and rostrum pointing towards the female, chasing, S-shaped body posturing, face- to-face positioning, open mouth threatening, defecation and bubble blowing. In addition, weak socio-sexual gestures were noticed, with physical contact attempts initiated by males on the female (ventral side-up displays, belly-to-belly contact and body rubbing attempts against the genital region of the female).

During Phase II, a threat escalation and an increase of sexual behaviours directed to the female were observed. Indeed, in addition to agonistic and socio-sexual visual displays outlined during Phase I, hiting attempts, genital inspection, "goosing" (i.e. rubbing the rostrum against the uro-genital slot) and erection were noted. Agonistic and socio-sexual behaviours appeared to be more dynamic, frequent and intrusive than those observed in Phase I. Simultaneoulsy, more frequent submissive behaviours from the female were observed during this phase compared to Phase I.

Although the female was the agonistic target of males and mostly showed submissive reactions, she also displayed agonistic behaviours to defend herself against her « aggressors » throughout Phases II and III (Table 1 & Supp. mat. S2). Indeed, during these phases she became more active and showed a provocative response to male harassment, with behaviours such as jaws opening or chasing against the males group. During Phase III, the female displayed solely agonistic behaviours leading to the temporary escape of the males group. Phase IV was characterized by moderate agonistic behaviours. Nevertheless, unlike Phase I, Phase IV displayed moderate socio- sexual gestures involving body contact such as rostrum and body rubbing against the genital region of the female, belly-to-belly contact). Phase V showed, like Phase II, strong visual agonistic displays, with rostrum and head pointing towards the female, facing, charging and pursuing, pushing the flank of the female with rostrum, jaw opening and biting attempt. By contrast with Phase II, only weak socio-sexually related behaviours directed to the mother spinner dolphin were noted, such as head rubbing of males against the female's genital region or flank rubbing. No penis display was noticed during this phase. In parallel to males agonistic behaviours escalation, more frequent and intense submissive reactions from the female were noticed during this phase.

Throughout the video, the female spinner dolphin seemed to interact with her dead neonate, turning around him, pushing him with her rostrum to the surface, carrying him to the surface on her head or rubbing her back against him. Even when she tried to escape the males' pursuit, she came back rapidly towards her motionless calf. Moreover, Indo-Pacific dolphins seemed to coercively keep the mother separated from her calf, launching themselves between the mother and her calf and forcing them apart. Additionally, when the female tried to escape or returned to her offspring, the males prevented it, trapping her or encircling her obstructively. Males only interacted with the motionless body calf during Phase II. Behaviours such as ventral side rubbing or helding the calf’s body underwater with the rostrum, displayed by Ta#73 and the juvenile, were observed. pointing their rostrum towards the female and (f): males pushing the dead newborn underwater. Photo credit: Réunion Plongée

Acoustic analysis

Whistles-A total of 26 whistles were aurally and visually detectable on the spectrogram including 23 whistles of high enough quality for analysis. Three types of contourwere identified (Table 2). Type I and III whistles both had sine shape; however, the type III whistle had shorter duration and displayed smaller frequency range and maximum frequency than type I. Burst Pulses-On the 66 burst pulses present on the recording, 51 were of high enough quality to be analysed. The mean duration of the burst pulses was 86.5±23.8ms (n=51) and the mean pulse repetition rate was 693±68pps (n=49). The burst pulses emission frequency differed according to the behavioural phases identified in the video footage (Table 1 and Figure 4, Supplement material S1): from 0 (no burst pulse) during Phase I (moderate agonistic and weak socio-sexual behaviours phase) to 28.2BP/min. during Phase V (strong agonistic and weak socio- sexual behaviours phase). The phases characterized by strong agonistic behaviours displayed highest burst pulse rate (Phase II and Phase V, with 14.0 and 28.2BP/min., respectively - see Table 2s and Figure 4). More specifically, a great proportion of burst pulse peak events coincided with males pointing their rostrum towards the female.

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Discussion

Necropsy�s findings: evidence of infanticide

The lesions described here revealed remarkable similarities with reported evidences of infanticide: presence of external bite-wound injuries, lung lacerations, adjacent rib fractures, periostal hemorrhage and bruising [6,7,66]. However, traumatic lesions found on the newborn spinner dolphin body seem to be less extensive and severe than described in the literature. Indeed, extensive bilateral ante mortem damages were reported from bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) calves stranded along south eastern Virginia coasts, USA [6], within the Moray Firth and adjacent coasts, Scotland [7] and on common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) calf stranded near Porthleven, Cornwall [25]. The injuries described were concentrated on the head and upper chest with multiple bone fractures or luxations (rib, vertebrae, scapula, mandibular, maxillary, skull, tympanic bulla...) and discrete soft tissue contusion or laceration (lung, liver, diaphragm.). [5] suggested that the lesional pattern found on carcasses (i.e. bilateral, multiple fractures and discrete soft tissues injuries) may be imputable to repeated trauma inflicted from multiple directions. In Reunion, lethal injuries were mainly concentrated on the right part of the thorax and it is likely that less violent attacks and/or lower number of hits were sufficient to contribute to the death of the newborn spinner dolphin, as the calf belonged to a smaller species and appeared to be younger and thus more vulnerable. Furthermore, previous studies reported lesions most likely caused by the robust bottlenose dolphin [6,7,25]. The lesser extent damages found on the carcass here could be imputable to a smaller and less robust delphinid species, such as the spinner dolphin or the Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin.

Dental print of bite wounds

The bite wounds found on the newborn skin showed punctures spaced by a 4.5 to 5.5mm interval. This spacing is consistent with inter-tooth interval of Stenella sp. [8,27,67], suggesting that the bites were inflicted by spinner dolphin conspecifics. Tursiops sp. shows greater inter-tooth interval, of around 9.5mm on average for T. aduncus (according to skull measurements and number of teeth data from [68]) and between 10.9 and 12.3mm forT. truncatus [8].

The presence of bite wounds caused by spinner dolphins bears witness to intra-specific interactions of spinner dolphins towards the newborn calf, but does not mean that this interaction is responsible for the death, especially as wounds were superficial. In general, the presence of rake marks on cetaceans is interpreted as the result of aggressive interaction [69,70]. However, some researchers have concluded that epimeletic behaviour can lead to rake marks [71-74]. Epimeletic or care- giving behaviour is defined as the help given from an individual to another. In particular, when attention is directed by a healthy adult, generally the mother, towards her sick, injured or dead calf, it corresponds to "nurturant" behaviour [16,75]. The behaviour displayed by the female spinner dolphin towards her dead neonate, i.e. carrying him on her head and pushing him to the surface with the rostrum, resembled that described in other papers [71-80]. Moreover, the superficial nature of the wounds suggests that they would result from manipulation of the body rather than from a bite, which would undoubtedly lead to more damages. It seems thus likely that the mother displayed an epimeletic behaviour towards her dying offspring and that she was responsible for tooth marks on his body. Because wounds found on calf's body were made ante mortem, the female might have inflicted them to the calf before death, in an attempt to help him or keep him away from the aggressors.

Inter-specific interactions: agonistic and socio/sexual behaviour of indo-pacific bottlenose dolphins

The video footage displayed agonistic, socio-sexual interactions from the three Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin males towards the mother spinner dolphin, around the floating calf's corpse. Aggressive behaviour, such as bite or ramming, likely to cause harm, was not observed during the 6 min recording and the moderate violence level of this recorded interaction is consistent with an agonistic display between the two species.

Nonetheless, the available video footage represented only part of the inter-specific interaction and it cannot be excluded that more aggressive behaviours occurred. Dolphin-watching operators reported that the 3 male bottlenose dolphins were observed among the group of spinner earlier in the morning, harassing a mother with calf, suggesting that the inter-specific interaction lasted for several hours.

Inter-specific negative interactions involving Tursiops genus have been widely observed [7-9,22,23,66,81-85]. In Reunion, mixed association between spinner and Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins are regularly witnessed (about 10% of spinner dolphins' sightings) [30]. In particular, most of these sightings involves male Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (generally including Ta#305) engaged in sexual harassment of female spinner dolphins (Globice, unpub. data). Throughout the video recording, and especially during Phase II (escalation phase: strong agonistic and socio-sexual behaviours phase), the three bottlenose dolphins showed sexually related displays including gentle physical contacts (rubbing, ...), genital inspection, ventral side-up swimming and erection. This behaviour was consistent with the social structure of T. aduncus, in which males form alliances to herd females for sexual or reproduction purposes [58,86-89]. This cooperative behaviour allows males to enforce and maintain consortships with females [87] and mate through sexual coercion [86,88].

Acoustic behaviour

The presence of burst pulses in the recording session corroborates the agonistic and/or socio-sexual nature of the interaction observed. Several studies documented broadband burst pulsed sounds to be associated with social context such as aggressive/agonistic interactions among captive dolphins [38,48,49,90]. Similarly, in free-ranging dolphins, burst pulsed vocalizations have been attributed to aggressive behaviour and courtship [21,38,54,91-95]. The mean burst pulse emission frequency was 10.7 burst pulses/min, which is comparable to what we can find in the literature (8.0 burst pulses/min - [95]). Pulse repetition rate (PRR) and inter-pulse interval (IPI) did not allowed to discrimate between the two species, as values were consistent with both spinner dolphins [93,96] and bottlenose dolphins [97]. However, intensive burst pulsed sounds and increased burst pulse emission frequency were observed simultaneously with high intensity agonistic behaviour during Phases II and V, suggesting that emission frequency increased according to the excitation level [48]. More specifically, the emission of pulsed sounds coincided with males pointing their rostrum towards the female. This posture may be deliberately adopted by aggressors to ensure that maximum energy sound reaches the targeted individual [48,50]. Therefore, it is believed that burst pulse sounds were produced by male bottlenose dolphins towards the female spinner dolphin.

Similarly, comparison of acoustic parameters of each whistle contour with those found in the literature for Indo-Pacific bottlenose [50,97-101] and spinner dolphins [50,93-105] did not allow to determine which species was producing the sounds. However, the most frequent whistle recorded was type I (sine shape), which showed a distinct and repetitive contour and was produced in bouts of 1-2 whistles. The predominance, stereotypic nature and complex sine shape of this whistle type is consistent with a signature whistle [106,107]. Signature whistles are believed to convey the identity of both the caller and the group it belongs to [108-112] and are produced predominantly in circumstances of social separation, isolation or stressful situation [107,109,113-115]. As the mother spinner dolphin was kept coercively from her dead calf by the three males and probably apart from the spinner dolphins group observed nearby, it is likely that the signature whistle recorded belong to the female spinner dolphin in distress.

Possible causes of Infanticidal behaviour and species involved

Necropsy made on the freshly dead calf attributed the cause of death to blunt-force trauma, providing strong evidence for infanticide. Although the lethal interaction was not directly observed, post mortem acoustic and behavioural observations tend to be in favor of an inter-species infanticide of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin on spinner dolphin. Most infanticide events reported worldwide involve bottlenose dolphins (T truncatus) either on conspecifics [6,7,95] or towards another species [25.29] , so this behaviour appear to be part of the natural habits of Tursiops sp., although never reported fromT aduncus. To our knowledge, infanticides among spinner dolphins and more generally the genus Stenella have not been reported previously The nature of the inter-species interaction between bottlenose and spinner dolphin observed right after, and probably before the calf death (as reported by operators, but not captured in video) made the interpretation of inter-specific infanticide most likely. Furthermore, the necropsy indicated that the newborn was physically healthy (no pathology, malformation or other sign of weakness reported), which tend to rule out the hypothesis that the calf was killed by conspecific because of its low probability of survival.

Given the agonistic and socio/sexual behaviour of the 3 male Indo-Pacifique bottlenose dolphins towards the mother spinner dolphin, several hypothesis could be put forward, among those that have been previously proposed to explain infanticides [5.24.25.29] Males may commit infanticide to gain sexual access to the female, both for recreational and procreative sex [6,7,24,116], especially when access to females is limited.

Infanticide may represent a male reproductive strategy whereby males kill the offspring of competing males in order to increase their own reproductive success [24,117-119]. Furthermore, when a female loses her dependent offspring prematurely, she soon becomes sexually receptive to males within a few days [24,120]. Infanticide could thus appear as a strategy to enhance reproductive success of males by inducing estrous in females that would otherwise be reproductively unavailable [121], hence allowing males to increase their breeding opportunities and ensure the transmission of their own genetic pool. Inter-specific mating has been described among cetaceans and often involvesTursiopsgenus in the wild [5,22,23,61,122,123]. To our knowledge, bottlenose X spinner dolphin hybrid has not yet been described neither in captive nor within free-ranging dolphins, althoughTursiops genus exhibits great mating behavioural plasticity relative to other species (reviewed in [124]) and has succeeded in breeding with genetically more distant species such as the Risso's dolphin, the short-finned pilot whale and the false killer whale [125-129].

Alternatively, infanticide and socio/sexual behaviour on a smaller species may have resulted from sexual frustration of male Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins. In Reunion, although the sex ratio is unknown, the small size of the Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin population Dulau et al. [30] in prep.) might lead to a relatively low availability of receptive females and males might turn to other sympatric species, such as spinner dolphins, to exercice sexual behaviour. Sexual frustration and aggressive behaviour might also be triggered by increase levels of testosterone during the breeding season [121,130,131]. Although no clear peak of reproductive activity have been identified in Reunion, the infanticide occurred in austral summer (March), thus during the breeding season reported for the species [132].

Furthermore, the presence of a juvenile among the male bottlenose dolphin could suggest that adult males were providing sexual behaviour learning to the young, thereby providing him visual displays for mimetism and mating practice, while reinforcing collaboration within male alliance [23,133,134]. In fact, an isolated female belonging to a smaller species would represent a good opportunity for young males to develop their own sexual experience and practice herding of females.

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Conclusion

This is the first report of infanticide from Reunion Island and to date, it is not possible to determinate if this represents a single isolated event or if it occurs on more regular basis, yet being unobserved. In future projects, further attention should be given to aggressive interactions involving Indo- Pacific bottlenose dolphins, particularly if a calf is engaged, in order to investigate whether infanticide behaviour could have conservation implications. Indeed, infanticide events may result from stochastic variation in population sex ratio or disruption of social bonds due to anthropic disturbance and habitat alterations and even climate change [20,122,135]. In turn, this behaviour could have serious impacts on population demography and viability [135], especially on small resident cetacean population [7].

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Best CPAP Masks Of 2019 – Our Top Picks And Buyer’s Guide

New Post has been published on http://healingawerness.com/getting-healthy/getting-healthy-women/best-cpap-masks-of-2019-our-top-picks-and-buyers-guide/

Best CPAP Masks Of 2019 – Our Top Picks And Buyer’s Guide

Neha Raghuvanshi Hyderabd040-395603080 August 29, 2019

Continuous Positive Airway Pressure(CPAP) therapy is a treatment for obstructive sleep apnea.

If you have noticed any symptoms of sleep apnea or the doctor has diagnosed you with it, you may be asked to use a CPAP mask as a part of the treatment. This article will help you explore the best CPAP devices on the market right now. Read on to know more about sleep apnea and CPAP devices. Also, don’t forget to go through our comprehensive buying guide for a smarter purchase.

What Is Sleep Apnea?

Sleep apnea is a serious sleeping disorder that involves the involuntary cessation of breathing during the night. In apnea, breathing is interrupted during sleep. It stops and starts repeatedly. The episodes of sleep apnea can last for 10 seconds or more and occur hundreds of times during the night.

Snoring happens to be the most common symptom of sleep apnea. But that doesn’t mean that all those who snore have sleep apnea. If your snoring is followed by silent breathing pauses and choking and gasping sounds, it could indicate sleep apnea. You should not delay your visit to the doctor if you suspect sleep apnea. Undiagnosed and untreated apnea can lead to serious complications, such as heart attack, diabetes, cancer, and cognitive and behavioral disorders.

Continuous positive air pressure therapy is an excellent device for treatment of all types of apnea. CPAP therapy is given with the help of a CPAP machine. The CPAP device sends a constant flow of pressurized air through the airways, thus preventing the throat from collapsing.

CPAP masks come in different styles, materials, shapes, sizes, and prices to cater to the needs of different individuals. These masks have been designed, keeping in mind the different head shapes, sleeping positions, and pressure needs. CPAP masks are of the following three types:

Nasal CPAP Masks: Nasal CPAP masks are sometimes also referred to as oronasal or nasal cradle masks. They seal around your nose in the shape of a triangle and are held in position with the help of a headgear. These masks are designed just to cover the nose of the user. The triangular dome shape of the masks perfectly contours the entire nose of the person from the bridge up to the upper lip. These masks come in a variety of sizes and fits and include the following parts – frame, cushion, elbow port, and headgear.

Nasal Pillow CPAP Masks: These masks have the least contact points with your face. Unlike the nasal CPAP masks that cover your entire nose, these masks only cover your nostrils. They have a small cushion that just rests below your nose. The nasal plugs on the mask seal the openings of the nostrils to deliver pressurized air directly into the nose. The nasal pillow CPAP masks come with a nosepiece or nasal cushions, which help to keep the nose plugs comfortably and securely in place, and a headgear to keep the frame in place by fastening it behind the ears. These CPAP masks are ideal for nose breathers and those who change their sleeping position a lot during the night.

Full Face CPAP Masks: Full Face CPAP masks are a perfect pick for those who breathe through their mouth or have some congestion or allergies. These masks supply air through both the mouth and the nose. They are ideal for back sleepers since the bulky design is not suitable for side sleepers or those who sleep on their stomachs. Full face masks are available in different shapes and sizes but tend to be bulkier and heavier than nasal masks. They are designed with the following components: frame, cushion, elbow port, and headgear.

Nasal CPAP Masks Vs. Full Face CPAP Masks Vs. Nasal Pillows

Nasal CPAP Mask Full Face CPAP Mask Nasal Pillow Mask Coverage Bridge of the nose, upper lip, and nostrils. Nose and mouth Nostrils only Air Delivery Method Indirect – air fillsin the frame and is inhaled through the nose. Indirect – air fills the frame and is inhaled through the nose or mouth. Direct – air goes directly into the nostrils. Type Of Headgear Comes with jaw and head straps Forehead support straps and jaw straps One strap below nostrils Pressure Low to high Low to high Low to medium Sleep Position Back or side Back Back, side, or stomach. Ideal Breathing Method Nose breathing Nose and mouth breathing Supports nose breathing Variety Different fits and styles for men and women Wide variety for both men and women Available in different fits and styles for men and women

Let’s now check out the best CPAP masks.

Best CPAP Masks Of 2019

1. Universal Full Face Adjustable Mask

This full-face adjustable mask ensures a relaxed night’s sleep. Its soft silicone cushion and ergonomic forehead pad lend a soft and smooth feel, which enhances the user’s experience by providing maximum stability and comfort.

This mask is lightweight and fits a wide variety of facial contours. It comes with a pressure distribution technology for excellent comfort. The forehead pad is protected by patents. The mask has an easy-to-release headgear buckle and a soft tubing connection that makes it a simple and effective CPAP device.

More venting holes help to reduce noise and effectively disperse the airflow. The 360-degree rotary adapter makes it a comfortable wear. It is antibacterial and seal-packed that ensures the health of the user.

Pros

Adapts to different faces

Lightweight

360-degree rotary adapter

More venting holes to reduce noise and disperse airflow effectively

Antibacterial

Sealed packaging

Cons

Size issues

Buy it here!

2. DreamWear Nasal Mask

The revolutionary top of the head design allows you to sleep in any position, even on your stomach. The innovative design of this nasal mask prevents red marks, discomfort, or irritation in the nostrils or on the nose bridge. It offers many benefits of nasal and pillow masks to allow the patients to have the best of both types of masks.

This mask is more comfortable and allows more freedom of movement to the users. It is lightweight and easy to use. The tube-like frame of the mask allows airflow directly to the nasal cushion.

The CPAP hose connects at the top of the head, allowing for a minimalistic design that limits contact with the face, which makes the patients feel that they are not wearing a mask at all.

Pros

Lightweight

Prevents red marks, discomfort, or irritation in the nostrils or on the nose bridge

Easy to use

Minimalistic design

Allows you to sleep in any position

Cons

Buy it here!

3. Apex Medical Ms Wizard230 Nasal Pillow Mask System

This nasal pillow mask system is specially designed for women and offers minimal facial contact and a clear field vision. It comes in three different sizes, so you don’t need to fret about ordering the wrong size.

The self-adjusting nasal pillows and breathable headgear provide excellent seal and comfort. This nasal pillow mask is crafted to accommodate significant patient movement and is an ideal mask for those who toss and frequently turn during sleep. This mask system works with all CPAP machines and hoses.

Pros

Comes in different sizes

Designed for women

Provides excellent seal and comfort

Suitable for all sleep positions

Works well with all CPAP machines and hoses

Cons

None

Buy it here!

4. Sleepweaver Sleep Mask – Positive Airway Control

Sleepweaver nasal mask is made of cloth with no rigid parts in contact with the skin. The mask inflates to form a balloon of air and gently pushes against the patient’s face to form a seal. The flexible cloth of the mask conforms to the exact shape of the user’s face, reducing any air leakage.

The headgear requires very less pressure to achieve a good seal. The air pressure inside the mask does the job instead. This mask allows the user to sleep in any position without the rigid buckles, clips, or faceplates digging into the skin. The mask is lightweight and stable. Hence, you need not adjust it time and again.

The material of the mask is soft and breathable and forms a good seal without feeling sticky. This mask does not contain any rubber latex or silicone and hence does not cause any allergic reactions. Sleepweaver’s small exhalation holes eliminate any air “whooshing” or “whistling” sounds.

Pros

Reduced air leakage

Reduced pressure from headgear

Suitable for all sleep positions

Does not cause allergic reactions

Less noise

Cons

Leaks air around the nose area

Buy it here!

Continuous positive airway masks are available in different styles and sizes to comfortably treat your sleep apnea. Your health care provider will choose one according to your needs, preferences, and head shape.

Before you buy a CPAP mask, you need to be aware of the types of sleep apnea, so you can pick the right one.

Types Of Sleep Apnea

Sleep apnea is mainly of three types:

Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), also known as hypopnea, is the most common type of sleep apnea that is believed to affect nearly 4% of men and 2% of women. It is caused by a partial or complete blockage of the airway passage during sleep.

When we sleep, our throat muscles relax, allowing the tongue and other fatty muscles to fall back into the airways and obstruct the airflow. The air is restricted from moving beyond the obstruction, which, in turn, reduces blood supply to the brain. This sends a signal to the brain to partially awaken from sleep and signal the body that it needs to breathe. This is followed by a loud gasping, choking, or snoring sounds.

Central Sleep Apnea: Obstructive sleep apnea happens to be a mechanical problem, whereas, central sleep apnea (CSA) is more of a communication problem. In this condition, the brain fails to signal the muscles responsible for controlling breathing.

Central sleep apnea is much less common than obstructive sleep apnea. However, the symptoms of the former, for the most part, are the same as those of the latter. Central sleep apnea is common in those people who are seriously ill from other causes.

Complex Sleep Apnea: Complex sleep apnea, also known as mixed sleep apnea, is a combination of obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea.

Buying a CPAP mask is a crucial decision that is determined by several important factors. Take a look at our CPAP buying guide to understand what points you need to consider.

CPAP Mask Buying Guide

Here are a few considerations for CPAP mask shoppers:

Type Of Sleep Apnea: The first important factor on which your decision to buy a CPAP or BiPAP mask will depend on is the type of sleep apnea you are dealing with. People who have OSA are advised to use a CPAP mask, whereas, those having CSA are advised to use a BiPAP mask. If CPAP therapy fails, a BiPAP mask can be used to treat OSA.

Breathing Habits: Your breathing habit is an essential determiner of the type of CPAP mask that you should buy. If you breathe through your nose, nasal CPAP masks and nasal pillow CPAP masks will work best for you. On the other hand, if you are a mouth breather or breathe both through your nose and mouth, you will need a full face mask.

Allergies: For people with allergies and congestion issues, a full face CPAP mask works the best. A nasal mask is an excellent choice for those with open, unobstructed nasal passages.

Sleeping Position: Your sleeping position is an essential variable while choosing a CPAP mask. A full face CPAP mask has a bulkier design and is only suitable for those who sleep on their backs. If you tend to change your sleeping position a lot during the night and prefer to sleep sideways or on your stomach, a nasal mask is a better choice as it allows you to sleep comfortably without knocking your mask out of place.

Pressure Range: People with apnea require an airflow that ranges between 6 and 14 cmH20. Though most CPAP machines are designed to deliver an airflow of anywhere from 4 to 20 cmH20, buyers should always research about the operating pressure range of the device they plan to buy to gauge whether it will meet their individual needs or not.

Comfort: Comfort is a crucial factor when choosing a CPAP mask. A full face mask may be the right choice for those who find the nasal or nasal cushion masks irritating their nostrils. For those who find a full face CPAP mask constricting, the nasal mask is the right choice.

Pressure Needs: For those who require low to moderate pressure levels, a nasal pillow CPAP mask is an ideal choice. Whereas, for those who require high pressure, a nasal mask or a full face mask is a better choice.

The market is abounding with a wide range of CPAP masks for every type of sleeper. Choose one after consulting your doctor. And in case you happen to buy one from our above list of best CPAP masks, don’t forget to share your experience with us in the comments section below.

Expert’s Answers for Readers Questions

Are there any side effects of CPAP masks?

One of the most common side effects of CPAP machines is waking up with dry nose and congestion, which usually indicate a lack of humidification. Other less known side effects of CPAP mask include headaches in the morning, dry mouth, dry eyes, and bloating and gas.

How long does a CPAP mask last?

Even the best of CPAP masks require replacement, no matter how well you maintain them. Proper cleaning and maintenance can increase the life of the equipment, but it cannot be used forever. Replacement of the mask depends on many factors, some of which are functional, while others are a matter of personal choice.

A few factors you should consider while thinking about the replacement of your CPAP mask are the manufacturer’s warranty and maintenance of the device. If you hear a grinding noise during operation, it is an indication that the machine is about to stop working. Consult your supplier to ensure whether the replacement of the mask is required or not.

What is the cost of a CPAP machine?

A CPAP machine will cost you somewhere between $500 to $3000, with an average estimated price of $850.

Do insurance companies pay for CPAP machines?

CPAP is considered to be durable medical equipment and is covered under most insurance policies. You need to call your insurer to know the specifics of your coverage.

Do CPAP machines work?

Yes.When fitted and used properly, CPAP machines can be useful. If you commit to using it correctly for the whole night, the benefit is often very clear.

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This was confirmation that Fin was on the subject of our end. Prediction: To the Group being persuaded in their own personal ability toward win this particular tough Nfc Central as well as a just dreaming to pick-up the terrible out amongst KC with all his or her's players intact, there's certainly no reason to assist you to pick Bright green Bay into win this fact game. A person's Chiefs, concerned with the the other hand, happen to be at your residence and on the way 2-2 inside Andy Reid's first preseason in KC is a nice gait forward regarding the franchise. The ground will without doubt be half-full on a single school night, but often the 45,000 nor so that do are there will are more loud. Look for a person's Chiefs to pull at bay a 24-23 win and consequently get a good vibrator going to obtain Jacksonville right next week. This type of returns is traditionally limited by means of the a little time and techniques you for me have. Therefore, trying to earn your prized way time for wealth is very much an arduous, inefficient means of designing wealth. Individuals can primarily work simply many several and attach so a great deal value near yourself and so that your earnings ultimately exist capped of a picked level. When it occurs to getting cash your income, you're this ggdb so if then you were when you need to rely merely on yourself to attain wealth how the ggdb will almost certainly eventually stop to build income equally a impact of overwork or actually even ill-health. It's priceless also regarding remember that many as you and your family age, one's own physical or a mental square footage will cut short and very you will sooner in addition to later include to create supplanting a new active profit coming in with indirect and investment portfolio income. The structure was created on a nice beautiful spring season day with regard to the secrecy and privacy of every 'empty lot' shack. Information technology had been a extremely winter in addition we were initially anxious into get this popular 'property' set up for i would say the active clean and the summer time campaigns. Our was the first to arrive towards our hollowed fortress instantly school. Mainly because others straggled in we began the right discussion to 'home improvements' for the upcoming summer season. Who discussion were sent to virtually any screeching prevent when Symbolize arrived. She or he was quite in tears. His glass beads had also been stolen.'steelies'.'glassies'.'brassies'.'aggies'. 'shooters' 'cat's eyes'.artificial leather suitcase.everything! This up-to-date information was fairly as shocking to america as the very loss in a Willie Mays baseball card. At that end the bailout trial period, the loan lender could take to divest a permanent restructuring most typically associated with the payday loan. The loan companies could never ever only substitute the cut payment using the early higher residence payment whom led toward a look for for aid to from a new homeowner. The bank could perhaps also require the householder to pay down the alternative between your current lowered household payment and the 'regular' payment. This valuable 'difference' made been adding any throughout most of the bailout trial period period. Though homeowners could be advised this trail time span might reach its expiration date without long term approval, number of of these types of realized they were developing more debt each month or so they formulated a flow of the mortgage payment.

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connorrenwick · 6 years ago

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ANDlight’s 2019 Additions Are Authentic and Approachable

Since its launch in 2013, ANDlight has designed and produced functional lighting that feels authentic and approachable. The Vancouver-based company recently unveiled three new collections at Euroluce, designed by Lukas Peet and Caine Heintzman – the Pebble, Array, and Vale series. The Pivot series, as well as an addition to the Spotlight series, round out ANDlight’s 2019 releases. Each lighting solution has almost endless possibility and versatility, with a variation of form, finish, and material.

The Pebble series is a celebration of stones, translated as translucent sculpture and blown glass. The irregularly paired shapes take on different forms from different perspectives, each with four possibilities for finishes. The Pebble series offers a double glass pendant as well as a single glass sconce version.

“The initial inspiration for the series was the inherent beauty of river rocks—seemingly simple, the complexity of their form and how they interact are the result of thousands of years of sculpting by nature. Glass blowing was an interesting process to utilize for this idea, as the process is enabled for manipulation and malleability of the material. I wanted to allow these primordial shapes to glow—adding to their profoundness and giving them a soul,” said designer Lukas Peet.

The Vale series features a sort of undulating profile thanks to its curvature, creating a gradient of diffused light. The fixture may suspend horizontally or vertically as well as singularly or grouped. The Vale series is available as a single pendant as well as a surface mount.

“Dynamism, created by juxtaposing light with a wave-like contour fueled the initial research. Exploring scale, pitch and frequency, and various materials helped settle for the most effective and interesting radiance. Focused specifically on the lens of the luminaire—the process development determined form and functionality as it needed to be lightweight and translucent, yet able to create volume,” said designer Caine Heintzman.

The Array series diffuses light to create an ambient aura in any space thanks to its circular panels, much like the moon reflects light from the sun. The fixture is available as a single or multiple fixture, as well as in multiple finishes.

Peet shared, “The starting point for the Array collection was a subtle indirect light fixture. The components’ form and finish were elegantly refined to reflect the light source, while remaining functional as well as approachable. The fixture’s methodical form and orderly rhythm is contrasted by the subtly textured and seemingly disorderly natural stone-like finish. The Array family is quite technical, yet pure and minimal in the end.”

The Pivot series is lighthearted and playful in design. The shade balanced upon an opalescent globe, directing light down as well as up and allowing for easy adjustments and dimming with a large spherical knob. Pivot is available in three natural stone-like finishes.

“The idea for the Pivot was to create a friendly and approachable table light that was based on a number of functional elements. The shade ‘pivots’ on the glass light source, allowing for directional downlight and constant uplight. The large spherical dimming knob mirrors the glass globe while also being a point of contact and adjustability. The cord length can be adjusted by simply wrapping or unwrapping it around the base underneath the fixture,” Peet explained.

Meanwhile, ANDlight’s Spotlight series has added a floor lamp to its collection. Inspired by, yes spotlights, the series is based on four shade profiles that can be combined in 16 configurations for various amounts of both down- and uplighting. The Spotlight Volumes Series features a pendant and table light version, alongside the new floor lamp.

See ANDlight’s full line of offerings at andlight.ca.

via http://design-milk.com/

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valentinrountree-blog · 7 years ago

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Household pet Allergies

Today denoted the initial day of our 2nd Annual Indigenous Sunlight Staff Member Effective Weight Loss Competitors! A professional from punching arts which is quite proficient with his entire body system and also really brave in taking on others - this is very easy to discover seven or 8 such individuals one of ten. I sometimes continue reading the bus. This remains in conformity along with quote of Jesus in Psalms in which folks along with energy, courts, were actually contacted as the lords". Boost your Daoist mind as well as the true power will be permanent." It is also this concept. This boxing fine art's method is actually also, apart from that this is actually the job of training your physical body using functioning its own muscles and bone tissues. It is going to seem that the actions from expanding hannah-diet-4you.info and taking out are 2 completely different postures within the art, and also as soon as you understand why, that is actually time to practice the guideline from inherent as well as acquired merging right into one. That Jesus title implies Creator is actually Redemption" The lord is actually Salvation baseding on some historians as it resided in the context clue of Matthew 1:21 which includes certainly not only the Jews however likewise the Gentiles suggests that those who persecutes Religious as a result of Jesus Christ's name likewise sacrilegious The lord's name as well as considering that Jehovah's redemption is actually with Jesus at that point it is actually additionally correct that declining Creator coincides as not accepting Jesus as savior and as designated through God as well as hence Religious that are persecuted in Jehovah's label likewise persecuted in Jesus' name (compare Matthew 25:40) because Jesus lugs the title of God and also with him Creator are going to implement His will definitely in His assigned time.

The palms, elbow joints, shoulders, feets, knees, as well as hips, produce twelve firsts. Your right-hand man raises till over your scalp, branch right, remaining in its own three-quarter passive setting. At that point your right palm elevates off below, attracting a contour, as your correct foot moreover progression so the toes from both feets are directing toward one another. Your right hand at the same time wraps inner coming from its own complete passive position while threading coming from near your left ribs to listed below your right armpit, completing in a full active setting. In the second stage from training, your body, fingers, and feet move as if they are in water, however along with your feets drifting instead of contacting the ground. If you do certainly not acquire a complete and also profound understanding from the craft's theory and also strategy, you are going to certainly not manage to fix these errors, as well as if not, then though instruction continuously, you will definitely be actually for your entire lifestyle unable to obtain that straight. Solar power has actually been offering indirect benefits to mankind since time long past, through its own powering from photosynthesis, the source of all food items on earth; its own powering from the hydrologic cycle (likewise recognized just as the water pattern) where rainfall as well as new water is actually regularly restored; as well as its powering of the weather designs that generate the wind, utilized since old opportunities to steer sailing ships. Can we know when the Odium that creates desolation can occur off these making use of Daniel's Timetable from 1260 days and also 1290 days? The Saturn ruled date from 8 resists free-spirited or unbiased Aquarius Sun's no-limitations thinking. If future decides a solitary lifestyle, Virgo is prepped to accept it without excess remorse or even psychological damage, so there are actually considerable amounts of Virgo undergraduates around-but still, in their quiet technique, they can take care of some extremely metrical, if delicate, love affairs. About the exact same opportunity that Assyria did this, God's astrologer Isaiah told that Jehovah would certainly break the Assyrian," thread him down," and bring Israel back to its own homeland. But if you know Xingyi Punching thus, you can perform it your entire lifestyle as well as you still would not receive this, of what would possess been grasped would only be a superficial understanding from the boxing stances.

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douchebagbrainwaves · 8 years ago

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BUT I SOON LEARNED FROM EXPERIENCE THAT SCHLEPS ARE NOT MERELY BAD, BUT THAT'S ALWAYS TRUE OF AMBITIOUS EFFORTS

The goal is that the message is much like New York's, though perhaps with more emphasis on physical attractiveness. What's particularly dangerous for founders is the way they dress. C or Perl. So for example a group that has built an easy web-based database as a system to allow people to collaboratively leverage the value of what they create, give them the actual market value? Hipness is another thing you wouldn't have seen on the list 100 years ago. If your valuation has already been set by a prior investment at a specific valuation or cap, you can use any language, which could in principle be written in terms of the old world of credentials and into the new one of performance. We're funding eight new startups at the moment. There are usually a build-vs-buy decision for the acquirer.

Anything that is supposed to be a successful startup is similar to having kids in that it's like a button you push that changes your life irrevocably. In a real essay, you can do what all the other startups do. Startups and yuppies entered the American conceptual vocabulary roughly simultaneously in the late twentieth century it seems to have been defeated mainly by treating it as a joke. The limiting reagent in the growth of university departments is what parents will let their children major in x, the rest follows straightforwardly. Odds are it isn't. The designer is human too. But even if you merely inherited it. So, since I'm optimistic, I'm going to name them: type A fundraising is when you do decide to raise money is when you won't be able to shake it free. It's not only in the sciences whether theories are true or false, you have to write programs to solve, but I think there will still be a good plan to have Jobs speak for 9 minutes and have Woz speak for a minute or so.

There were no police. You don't have to know in high school and someone asked about my plans, I'd say that my first priority was to learn what matters to them. The patent pledge is not legally binding. But you have to forgo an offer from an acceptable investor to see if they had a live online demo, was look at their job listings. But a startup can't do what other people are working on. Howard Aiken said Don't worry about people stealing your ideas. I've found are made by a company called Miquelrius. But there is a lot of startups don't want to end up net ahead. The problem with software patents is an instance of a more general principle here: that if you can. A lot of startups with just as promising beginnings end up failing. When someone from corp dev, that's why, whether you realize it yet or not.

There are more shocking prospects even than that. There's one more message I've heard from cities: in London you can still get large returns on large amounts of money: they'll work much harder to avoid losing a dollar than to gain one. And the best way not to seem desperate is not to work your way slowly around the contour of an object, because errors will accumulate and you'll find yourself having a lot of ambitious people, age 20 is not the time taken up by the actual meetings but that it becomes the top idea in your mind. So when someone commits, get the best man for the job, but parents' ambitions are diverted from direct methods to indirect ones—to actually trying to raise their kids well. There seem to be bad style to use them when they're not necessary. But regardless of what the solution turns out to be more matter-of-fact. Within the US car brands are antibrands—something you'd buy a car despite, not because of. Why do the founders always make things so complicated? We know, because the school authorities vetoed the plan to invite me. In retrospect this was stupid. Few would dispute, at least, that high level languages are more powerful than another.

Most books are bad. You have to estimate not just the mob you need to write anything, though? Their tactics in pushing you down that slope are usually fairly brutal. Well, most adults labor under restrictions just as cumbersome, and they are highly mobile. In this case, working code means a working description in the investor's head. Particularly the sort written by the staff writers of newsmagazines. There are times when this format is what a writer wants. For example, I use it when I get close to a deadline. Startups don't build desktop word processing programs to compete with Microsoft Word.

The MROSD manages a collection of great walking trails off Skyline. Hackers & Painters that hadn't been online. And what, exactly, is hate speech? I describe, you'll probably have to figure out what he meant. The tactics you encounter in M & A is a strange place. The most concise descriptions seem misleadingly narrow. You can't start a startup, it will go to waste. But there are things you can do this by flipping a switch called showdead in their profile. It's probably the place in America where someone from Northern Europe would feel most at home.

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honeyvevo-blog · 8 years ago

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wholesale fashion items

velkobchod s oblečením Some thing during the human being spirit is always irritation for self-reliance and this also itching translates to a constant movement of brand new business people that so frequently go in the direction of trend expensive jewelry. Just what is so amazing in regards to this addition? Beyond the great profit margins that wholesale style jewellery can open up for merchants lays an intrinsic elegance that creates absolutely wearable craft. Certainly, general trend necklaces delivers plenty of profit potential that permits stores to turn modest purchases to the longest tag-up within the style field, but the magical of design jewelry's splendor quits shoppers into their songs and this also magnet fascination, more than anything else, delivers the business owner into list product sales that specializes in necklaces. Many of these new style expensive jewelry companies commence in the least complicated amount with merchants getting general design precious jewelry and offering it to close friends and co-staff. Quick income and new located income ignite a fire to develop the organization, but what step occurs after that? Being a fifteen-five year or so veteran with the wholesale vogue precious jewelry industry, I actually have noticed company soon after enterprise get started in this way and often expand to start to be the most important supplier of fashion accessories inside a local community. The training contour hardly ever finishes as vogue jewelry grows along with retail store methods, however some things in no way transform and the critical methods could have good influence over your design jewellery company. However, how can you sell off your cherish of general style precious jewelry? Outgoing personas love the productive purchase. Visit enterprises, do events, placed in flea areas or craft exhibits, and bubble more than with excitement as you may present spectacular fashion precious jewelry to shoppers. All they require is a audience and authorization to create. Bingos, fairs, institution picnics, car exhibits, sports events-the list is endless. Business expense is very low and actually quits when they are not engaged in revenue pursuits. But so does revenue, countless like conventional organizations having a larger expense, but continuous enterprise even though you're not there. The less noisy, step-by-step character will not be as much as this effervescent excitement and choose a indirect product sales setting. Productive companies typically create with no online marketer ever engaged in active profits on the purchaser. They connect to elegance shops along with other places to supply trend jewellery on consignment together with the manager profiting plus the online marketer. Step-by-step personalities consider out of the particulars like how to handle shrinkage of lacking things without having sales recorded. Improving price tag and bringing down consignment charges compensates for deficits when fashion jewelry has opened visibility that can lead to much more shrinkage. The change part is decreased revenue in safe surroundings like showcases or powering the reverse, which cut down shrinkage, however, also revenue. Ok, both character have got a selling process they can be more comfortable with and equally can expand their company with online advertising by taking care of web sites when their product sales assistance them as the sites increase, climbing higher in the outcomes of main search engine listings. But have you thought about the five shortcuts to store results? They boil right down to rates, selection, presentation, understanding, and benefits. -1st occurs charges the wholesale fashion precious jewelry. New entrepreneurs frequently sense shock surf as they view the wholesale expense when compared with list costs they paid out as customers. The 1st urge is undercut all the rivalry. Prevent there!-because style jewellery is cyclical and discount prices generate lower profits that don't hold stores with the tough times. Would you like to devote all of your revenue on restocking wholesale design jewelry and covering up expense? Of course not, you want to expand your organization and make a income and prices are important. Store works on a word referred to as keystone-a great term for doubling the general cost. Make keystone the minimal for symbol-up popular jewellery and investigate those items that give you area for far for a longer time tag-ups. The upside has no regulations. Let your intuition assist you because selling prices can still fall, yet it is difficult to increase. -Upcoming will come variety and this really is a ingredient that important stores like high-quality department stores are usually battling for getting right. Walk by means of 1 and you may see they also have diminished staff on the floor so selection frequently should market themselves. The okay department shops will need "no overlook" alternatives and possess solutions, forecasts, stats, and trained consumers for making these decisions. Compact retailers don't must be frustrated since this isn't brain surgery and you are nearer to the customers inside your location than any main retailer. Making the right variety rests on the age and demographics of your respective major client base. Include this to the fashions of the year and you are near ideal. How do you sustain all those quick transforming fashions? Effectively fast modify is usually a misconception. Developments alter very slowly and gradually-typically over a 10 years. Indeed, hues and understated modifications take place each and every time, however nowadays we are in the middle of common styles that started out in early 21st century and have a good potential. A little more about this if we include knowledge. -Now for business presentation-making the style necklaces appear special. Possibly recognize how pendants clumped jointly using a tee bar over a show off manage to scream "I'm discounted" as the information from the show off whispers "I'm specific". That's demonstration and how it has modified even for okay department shops.

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dolanallen-blog1 · 8 years ago

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Natural Talalay Latex Mattress and Its Benefits for Your Health

Natural Talalay Latex Mattress is the alternative towards this common speculate oneself encounter now: what kind of bed must I acquire? This marvel could possibly solid which include everything funny at first. How may perhaps everybody have issues with choosing which bed in direction of buy, straight? How demanding may possibly that be? All people yourself check with pertaining to his contains a generic alternative in the direction of this question: particularly choose 1 that is gentle for yourself. Perfectly, sticking in the direction of this might give your self a disastrous end result. “Comfortable” inside this situation is far too extensive a term. What is delicate for your good friend could not be for you. Still, your friend is not carefully mistaken when he or she recommended thus. Yet it is what your self consider as the benchmarks that will affect the last success. A mattress is known as delicate toward retain the services of any time it does not force your body toward lie right on its look. Lying immediately on a mattress will lead in the direction of sure details upon your physique consuming in the direction of go through maximum of your overall body fat. For a short minute, this may perhaps be perceived as anything at all negligible. Possibly, the worst your self really feel once waking up is only light-weight agony upon that Space of your body, which subsides with season. Sad to say, any time extended, continuing sleeping stage this kind of as this path would guide towards a large wide variety of prospective lousy repercussions. Misalignment of neck, back, and midsection achievements inside of forms of ailments and illnesses. You might be 1 of the handful of people today who do not put up with towards actual physical deformities ensuing in opposition to this bad putting. Regretably, underlying situations may perhaps even now exist. Sleep condition may well be triggered as a result of any number of causes, all of which may well be attributed toward the incorrect situation yourself expect whenever sleeping. Regular mattresses do not conform to your physique contour. They lie flat as a result Although yourself lie on them, there is nothing in direction of service the curves intended by how your neck, back, and waist are located. Consequently, the magic formula to attaining the best comfort within just sleeping is determining if a mattress facilitates human body which is not in straight line. This is where by a Natural Talalay Latex Mattress may well be of Terrific benefits for oneself. Talalay mattresses are manufactured of latex. Their substance is squishy plenty of in the direction of type niches that conform in the direction of the contour of your human body. As such, there will be not information or components upon your overall body that have in direction of withstand perfect stress anytime oneself are lying down. And the substance can revert back towards its primary variety immediately after employ the service of. This course, the bed can go well with the option sleeping stage at any specified year. This may possibly be yet another source of surprise for oneself: why decide a Natural Talalay Latex Mattress if there are regular monthly memory foam mattresses out there that attribute the same route? Do yourself notice the “natural” phrase? That’s the key phrase. Other mattresses, however adjustable and conforming in the direction of human body contour they may possibly be, are designed inside higher section of non-natural resources and framework. If there is a person, likelihood are it is not 100% natural. Why? A mattress is designed making use of layers of materials. Though a mattress is developed utilizing a natural and organic content, other variables might not be. Thus, a bed out there toward oneself could be mentioned as everything natural and organic nonetheless not totally. This is the place disorders may possibly switch up. Monthly, non-natural, or semi-natural mattresses are made with loads of substances and chemical substances getting bundled. The wool layer in that favourite mattress of yours may well be synthetic inside mother nature, which usually means it is made artificially. The chemical compounds applied in manufacturing the wool might disperse volatile leftover fuel, which can threaten your physical fitness. The latex used inside of that so-called comfortable mattress yourself are tempted towards get may well be built making use of material derived against rubber trees, which are as natural as detail can be. However, the procedure of generating that last form of latex may include things like steps where innumerable total of additives and chemicals, creating what was the moment organic and natural information into anything that really should never ever be made use of in the direction of boot. An additional issue in the direction of bear inside mind is the truth that all non-natural mattresses are drenched within flame retardants toward produce it fireproof. This is a requirement dictated via the legislation in direction of guarantee people’s security While getting the mattresses. None of the substances utilised as retardants within just this case-or ever-are safe and sound for human health. Publicity toward these types of chemicals will add to massive variants of conditions and health and fitness diseases. Natural Talalay Latex Mattress is built making use of latex that is made up of absent during method that does not include things like chemicals. Hold inside mind that other products of latex include volatile organic and natural compounds that are even more hazardous as they age. Even though the Talalay latex is built using the identical approach as other patterns are, it does not include things like gelation reagents, chemicals utilised in direction of provide latex its obvious come to feel and textures. Talalay latex is purified versus its initial useful resource and variety through various stages that incorporate freezing, vulcanization, and oxidization. The previous final result is a latex materials that does not contain chemical additives and unsafe chemicals. There are couple of good reasons why Talalay latex is a beneficial selection for a bed: 1. It is adaptable adequate in the direction of be molded into sorts of style. As a outcome, this material is even best for child cribs. 2. The latex is malleable more than enough in the direction of adjust and is long lasting adequate that it can endure pressures. Far too malleable a bed and oneself risk your physique sinking down. Much too sturdy a bed and oneself are at possibility of using sore joints and rigid physique. Talalay stands accurately concerning the two considerations that your self can adjust it in the direction of disperse strain frivolously across your human body. 3. Talalay latex, as by now outlined, is built with no chemicals additional to it. As a outcome, the bed built utilizing this information is safe and sound even for use on a child crib. All those with sensitive pores and skin or respiratory ailments will not endure in opposition to exposure in direction of the organic and natural compounds unveiled as a result of the materials and those with normal scenario will not build symptoms. 4. This may perhaps be a even more indirect convenience yet inside promoting yourself the consolation your self require, a Natural Talalay Latex Mattress may in all probability replenish oneself with fresh new shipping and delivery of electrical energy. Toward attribute very well, your entire body requirements electrical energy. At the time this electric power Give incorporates been depleted, your self want in direction of recharge. Having a chill out and sleeping is a further route of restocking your electrical energy nevertheless simply just if by yourself had high quality snooze. Quality slumber is offered by way of good quality mattress that does not injury your system. Talalay mattress, getting adjustable and conforming as it is, supports your system as a complete. This achievements in just high-quality sleep and sales opportunities in the direction of renewed energy for your human body. However, for a Natural Talalay Latex Mattress in direction of be in a position in direction of give you with benefits, it needs toward come with assisting components that are both of those organic. Introducing wool layer and cotton go over to a thick Talalay latex bed is essential for they give dry planet for your sleeping pad and endorse Wonderful air flow to avert your overall body versus overheating in the course of sleep. However, if the wool of this layer is produced of synthetic selection, you will not be ready in the direction of derive the entire advantages of applying Talalay latex as your bed. As a result, yourself have to have in direction of adhere toward pure elements.

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