#Interdigitated Back Contact Solar Cells

[electronalytics]

IBC Solar Cells Market Research Report ,by type,segmentations,applications In-depth Insights by 2032

Overview: The IBC (Interdigitated Back Contact) solar cells market refers to the market for solar cells that utilize an advanced design where the electrical contacts are placed on the backside of the cell, allowing for improved efficiency and aesthetics. IBC solar cells offer advantages such as higher conversion efficiency, reduced shading losses, and improved temperature coefficients, making them attractive for various solar energy applications.

Trends:

Increasing efficiency: IBC solar cells have demonstrated higher conversion efficiencies compared to conventional solar cells. The market is witnessing a trend of continuous improvement in IBC cell efficiency through advancements in materials, cell design, and manufacturing processes. Efforts are focused on reducing recombination losses and improving light absorption to enhance overall energy output.

Growing adoption in residential and commercial installations: IBC solar cells are gaining popularity in residential and commercial solar installations. Their aesthetic appeal, high efficiency, and excellent performance in limited space make them well-suited for rooftop and building-integrated applications. The market is witnessing an increasing demand for IBC solar cells in these segments.

Technological advancements and cost reduction: Continued research and development efforts are leading to technological advancements in IBC solar cell manufacturing. These advancements include improved passivation techniques, new cell architectures, and cost-effective production methods. As a result, the cost of IBC solar cells is gradually reducing, making them more competitive in the market.

Demand: The demand for IBC solar cells is driven by the growing global demand for clean and renewable energy sources, coupled with the need for higher energy conversion efficiency. Residential and commercial consumers, as well as utility-scale projects, are increasingly adopting solar energy solutions to reduce carbon emissions and achieve energy independence. The advantages offered by IBC solar cells, such as higher efficiency and improved performance, contribute to their growing demand in the market.

Key Factors: Key factors influencing the IBC solar cells market include:

Conversion efficiency: The high conversion efficiency of IBC solar cells is a key factor driving their demand. Higher efficiency allows for increased energy production and improved return on investment for solar installations.

Technological advancements: Ongoing technological advancements in IBC cell design, manufacturing processes, and materials contribute to improved performance and cost reduction, making IBC solar cells more attractive in the market.

Market incentives and government policies: Supportive government policies, incentives, and renewable energy targets play a crucial role in driving the demand for solar energy, including IBC solar cells. Subsidies, tax credits, and net metering policies can significantly impact market growth.

Forecast Analysis: The IBC solar cells market is expected to experience steady growth in the forecast period. Factors such as increasing demand for renewable energy, advancements in cell efficiency, and favorable government policies are anticipated to drive market expansion. Additionally, ongoing research and development efforts aimed at further improving efficiency and reducing manufacturing costs will contribute to the market's growth.

Key benefits for stakeholders in the IBC Solar Cells Market:

High Efficiency: IBC solar cells offer higher conversion efficiencies compared to conventional solar cells, leading to increased energy production per unit area. Stakeholders, such as solar project developers and operators, benefit from improved electricity generation and higher returns on investment.

Enhanced Performance in Diffuse Light Conditions: IBC solar cells are known for their superior performance in low-light and diffuse light conditions. This advantage ensures more consistent energy generation even under cloudy or overcast weather, making them suitable for a wide range of geographical locations.

Reduced Light-Induced Degradation (LID): IBC solar cells are less susceptible to Light-Induced Degradation (LID), a common issue that affects conventional solar cells. This benefit ensures better long-term performance and stability, reducing the need for frequent maintenance and maximizing the lifespan of solar installations.

Space Efficiency: IBC solar cells have a back-contact design, eliminating the front-side busbars and optimizing the active cell area. This space-efficient layout enables better land utilization and allows stakeholders to generate more electricity in a limited space, making them ideal for projects with space constraints.

Positive Environmental Impact: The adoption of IBC solar cells aligns with sustainability goals, as they promote clean energy generation and contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Stakeholders, including governments and environmentally-conscious investors, can support and invest in projects that advance the transition to renewable energy sources.

Technological Advancement and Innovation: The development and deployment of IBC solar cells drive technological innovation in the solar industry. Manufacturers and researchers benefit from advancements in cell design, materials, and manufacturing processes, leading to continuous improvements in performance and cost-effectiveness.

Market Competitiveness: IBC solar cells' high efficiency and performance make them attractive options for solar project developers and EPC companies looking to offer premium solar solutions. Stakeholders can gain a competitive advantage in the market by providing state-of-the-art solar installations.

Financial Incentives and Support: Governments and utility companies often provide financial incentives and support for the adoption of high-efficiency solar technologies, including IBC solar cells. Stakeholders can leverage these incentives to enhance the economic viability of solar projects.

Diversification of Solar Energy Portfolio: IBC solar cells provide an option for diversifying solar energy portfolios, especially in utility-scale projects and large commercial installations. Stakeholders, such as utility companies and investors, benefit from having a mix of solar technologies to mitigate risks and optimize energy generation.

Grid Integration and Energy Storage Compatibility: The high efficiency and stable performance of IBC solar cells facilitate smoother grid integration and make them compatible with energy storage systems. This benefit ensures reliable and stable power supply, enhancing grid stability and resilience.

Overall, the adoption of IBC solar cells offers a range of benefits for stakeholders, including improved energy production, cost-effectiveness, environmental sustainability, and market competitiveness. Embracing this advanced solar technology can accelerate the global transition to clean and renewable energy sources.

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Market Segmentations:

Global IBC Solar Cells Market: By Company • SunPower • AikoSolar • FuturaSun • SPIC Solar • Valoe • Topsky Energy • Trina Solar Global IBC Solar Cells Market: By Type • 120-Cell • 132-Cell • Other Global IBC Solar Cells Market: By Application • Commercial • Residential Global IBC Solar Cells Market: Regional Analysis All the regional segmentation has been studied based on recent and future trends, and the market is forecasted throughout the prediction period. The countries covered in the regional analysis of the Global IBC Solar Cells market report are U.S., Canada, and Mexico in North America, Germany, France, U.K., Russia, Italy, Spain, Turkey, Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium, and Rest of Europe in Europe, Singapore, Malaysia, Australia, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, China, Japan, India, South Korea, Rest of Asia-Pacific (APAC) in the Asia-Pacific (APAC), Saudi Arabia, U.A.E, South Africa, Egypt, Israel, Rest of Middle East and Africa (MEA) as a part of Middle East and Africa (MEA), and Argentina, Brazil, and Rest of South America as part of South America.

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Market Trends and Forecast: Market research reports provide insights into current market trends and future forecasts, enabling businesses to anticipate changes in the ULSFO market. This information is valuable for strategic planning, product development, investment decisions, and identifying emerging opportunities or potential threats in the market.

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[fumpkins]

Imec Beats Silicon PV with 27.1 Percent Perovskite-Silicon Tandem

Imec, the world-leading research study and development center in nanoelectronics, energy and digital technology, within the collaboration of EnergyVille, today revealed a record outcome for its 4-terminal Perovskite/ silicon tandem photovoltaiccell With a power conversion effectiveness of 27.1 percent, the brand-new imec tandem cell beats the most effective standalone silicon solarcell Further mindful engineering of the Perovskite product will bring performances over 30% in reach.

Perovskite microcrystals are an appealing product system to make high-performance thin-film solar batteries. They can be processed into thin, light, semitransparent modules that can accomplish a high power conversion effectiveness, are economical to produce, and have a high absorption effectiveness for sunshine. Because they can be made semitransparent, perovskite solar batteries and modules can likewise be utilized on top of silicon solar batteries. When the Perovskite is thoroughly crafted, the absorbance in the Perovskite reduces the thermal losses that happen in the siliconcell As an outcome, a Perovskite- silicon tandem solar cell can possibly reach power conversion performances above 30 percent.

Imec’s brand-new record tandem cell utilizes a 0.13 cm ² spin-coated Perovskite cell established within our Solliance cooperation stacked on top of a 4 cm ² commercial interdigitated back-contact (IBC) silicon cell in a 4-terminal setup, which is understood to have a greater yearly energy yield compared with a 2-terminal setup. Additionally, scaling up the tandem gadget by utilizing a 4 cm2perovskite module on a 4 cm2IBC silicon cell, a tandem effectiveness of 25.3% was attained, going beyond the stand-alone effectiveness of the silicon cell.

ManojJaysankar, doctoral scientist at imec/EnergyVille, includes: “We have been working on this tandem technology for two years now, and the biggest difference with previous versions is in the engineering and processing of the Perovskite absorber, tuning its bandgap to optimize the efficiency for tandem configuration with silicon.”

“Adding Perovskite on top of industrial silicon PV may prove to be the most cost-effective approach to further improve the efficiency of photovoltaics,” concludes Tom Aernouts, group leader for thin-film photovoltaics at imec/EnergyVille. “Therefore, we invite all companies in the PV value chain that are looking into higher efficiencies, to partner with us and explore this promising path.”

About imec

Imec is the world-leading research study and development center in nanoelectronics and digital innovations. The mix of our extensively well-known management in microchip technology and extensive software application and ICT competence is exactly what makes us distinct. By leveraging our first-rate facilities and regional and international community of partners throughout a wide range of markets, we produce groundbreaking development in application domains such as health care, clever cities and movement, logistics and production, energy and education.

Imec is a partner in EnergyVille (www.energyville.be). EnergyVille is a cooperation of the Flemish research study focuses KU Leuven, VITO, imec and UHasselt in the field of sustainable energy and smart energy systems, and a partner in Solliance (www.solliance.eu), a collaboration of R&D companies from the Netherlands, Belgium and Germany operating in thin movie photovoltaic solar power.

As a relied on partner for business, start-ups and universities imec combines more than 4,000 dazzling minds from over 85 citizenships. Imec is locateded in Leuven, Belgium and has actually dispersed R&D groups at a variety of Flemish universities, in the Netherlands, Taiwan, U.S.A., China, and workplaces in India andJapan In 2017, imec’s income (P&L) amounted to 546 million euro. Further info on imec can be discovered at www.imec-int.com.

Imec is a signed up hallmark for the activities of IMEC International (a legal entity established under Belgian law as a “stichting van openbaar nut”), imec Belgium (IMEC vzw supported by the Flemish Government), imec the Netherlands (Stichting IMEC Nederland, part of Holst Centre which is supported by the Dutch Government), imec Taiwan (IMEC Taiwan Co.) and imec China (IMEC Microelectronics (Shanghai)Co Ltd.) and imec India (ImecIndia Private Limited), imec Florida (IMEC U.S.A. nanoelectronics style center).

Source: Imec

New post published on: https://livescience.tech/2018/07/24/imec-beats-silicon-pv-with-27-1-percent-perovskite-silicon-tandem/

[pogreensolar]

IBC solar cells (Interdigitated Back Contact)

The IBC solar cells (Interdigitated Back Contact) is one of the configurations of Rear Contact Solar Cells. The Rear contact solar cells can theoretically achieve higher efficiency by moving all of the front contact grids – or part of it – to the rear side of the device. The potential higher efficiency is realized due to the reduced shading on the front of the cell and this is specifically useful…

[realaussiesolar]

The Best Solar Panels in Queensland

Queensland is a great place to install solar panels as it receives an abundance of sunlight year-round. This means that your panels will often produce more energy than you need, and in return you will receive a 'feed-in tariff' (FiT).

For best solar panels in queensland, it is best to opt for north-facing solar panels to maximize your output. These panels will typically produce around 5% more electricity during the day than south-facing options.

Sunpower

SunPower has been around for a long time and they have some of the best solar panels on the market. Their Maxeon series panels are some of the highest efficiency solar panels you can buy, converting more sunlight into usable electricity.

They also have the industry best 25 year power warranty and if a panel fails they will replace it hassle free. They also have an Australian office so if you are in the middle of a warranty claim you can easily get help from someone local to you.

They use interdigitated back contact technology and a tin-copper metal system that makes them stronger than standard panels. This means that they are very efficient and can withstand the harsh Australian climate.

Jinko

Jinko is one of the largest and most innovative solar panel manufacturers on the planet. It manufactures silicon ingots, wafers, cells and modules.

The company has offices in Australia and is a great option for Australians looking to install a solar power system. This ensures a local presence and better customer service.

They have a wide range of products including their Cheetah series which are the cheaper panels and the premium Tiger series that offer industry leading technology and warranties. They also have a strong track record for reliability on solar projects here in Australia.

JA Solar

JA Solar is one of the world's largest solar panel manufacturers. They have a range of residential, commercial and utility scale modules in stock.

Among their best features, JA Solar has a 12 year product warranty and a 25 year performance guarantee. This is a good combination of coverage and value.

JA Solar use PERC (passivated emitter and rear contact) technology in their panels, which is an excellent technology for improving power output and efficiency. They also use half-cell configurations, which are a big improvement over traditional monocrystalline panels.

Panasonic

Panasonic is one of the best solar panel manufacturers in queensland. They manufacture a wide range of high-efficiency solar panels.

They also offer a great product warranty, which gives you peace of mind that the solar panels will work as expected in the long run. They also include a feature that enables rainwater to drain off the panels, which can prolong their lifespans in areas that get a lot of rainfall.

They also have a unique heterojunction technology that includes both crystalline and amorphous solar cells. This combines the best of both worlds, and allows the solar cells to retain more energy than conventional crystalline panels.

Hyundai

Hyundai is a well-established solar panel manufacturer that's part of South Korea's Hyundai Heavy Industries Group. They produce competitively priced tier 1 modules for Australia's residential market, available in the SG, VG & UF Series with PERC shingled cells; up to 400W.

They offer a 25-year product warranty and 30-year performance warranty, which is one of the longest in the industry. This is a major step up from the standard 10-year or 12-year product warranty that most Chinese manufacturers provide, which makes it a good choice for Australians seeking long-term confidence in their solar panels.

They also use a shingled cell design, which allows more solar cells to be covered on the surface of the module, improving efficiency. This eliminates the need for bus bars, which can increase light exposure and reduce power output.

Trina

Trina is a solar panel manufacturer that offers one of the best values in the industry. They also provide great customer service and have a head office in Sydney to support their customers.

Founded in 1997, this Chinese company is a worldwide leader in PV modules and eco solutions. It has more than 800 approved patents and a 50 GW+ company-wide production capacity.

Trina is a top 5 global supplier and has been ranked as one of the world most bankable solar panels installation Brisbane manufacturers by Bloomberg New Energy Finance. Its highperformance and reliable solar panels are sold throughout the world, including Australia.

[isoluxsolar]

SunPower Solar Panels Review: The Complete Review

If you are a homeowner planning for solar panel installation in Sydney, this SunPower solar panels review article is for you. SunPower is a trusted brand in the solar panel market and has long topped the segment of premium solar panels. They have perfected the technique of producing solar panels, and as a result, SunPower solar panels maintain the distinction of manufacturing remarkable panels with a 22.6% efficiency rate, the highest in the home solar panel category.

This SunPower solar panels review will help you make an informed decision about why you should consider SunPower solar panels for your residential premises.

A Brief History of the Company

SunPower began its journey in 1985 and strives to be a reliable and reputable company in Australia. It is now a leading residential and commercial solar panel manufacturing company with its headquarters in San Jose, California.

The Bloomberg Tier 1 ranking indicates that SunPower is a well-known and financially stable company that has been effectively serving clients all around the world for a long time.

In 2020, SunPower split into SunPower and Maxeon Solar. The solar panels are currently manufactured by Maxeon Solar, while the SunPower branding remains.

The solar cells are mostly produced in Malaysia and the Philippines; the cells are then shipped to Maxeon facilities in France and Mexico, where they are assembled and supplied via. channels designed for the world market.

SunPower Solar Panels Review: The Differentiating Points

The following are the main reasons that distinguish SunPower solar panels as a preferred choice for solar panel installation:

IBC Solar Cell Technology

SunPower Maxeon Series solar panels feature interdigitated back contact (IBC) solar cells. IBC technology uses back-contact energy conversion as opposed to the more common front-contact conversion.

Read More: SunPower Solar Panels Review: The Complete Review

[juniperpublishers-imst]

Life Cycle Analyses of PV Solar Systems: Nowadays, Forecast, Process and Replacements

Abstract

Taking advantage of the technology’s fiercely improved competitiveness in Solar Power, Portugal is investing solid in this type of technology. Solar energy has been presented as a key solution for satisfying the energy demand with environmental and social benefits. Being true on energy production (electricity and thermal), on the remaining life cycle one can find evidences far from it. The electric components of a PV panel are still based on rare elements, such as Silicium. The manufacturing the Solar panels requires cooper, iron, steel and other metals. The electricity by PV production obliges the use of storage devices, mainly batteries, that uses elements dangerous for the environment, such as acids. Also, modern batteries are based on rare elements, such as lithium. The exploration of raw materials, such as silicium and lithium, is very controversial because of the local social impacts on agriculture, forestry, and landscape of rural areas, for example.

The present paper presents the different principal technologies on market (monocrystalline, polycrystalline and thin film), the necessary devices (load regulator, protections, e.g.), the common devices (such as storage devices and backup systems), and focus on their materials impact, based on a life-cycle analyses. The present paper also presents the process of full recycling a PV solar system. It is possible to realize that, despite the high energy impact and environmental impact in mining and manufacturing, the PV solar systems fully compensate in the short run. Thereby, there is not only the economic advantage.

Keywords: Life cycle analyses; Environmental impact; Recycling; Waste management; Solar PV panels; DC cables; Inverter

    Introduction

Around the world, 2018 brought the PV industry many ups and downs, policy shift, tariffs, cancellations and lack of clarity about the future of solar PV with or without storage. The industry’s extreme uncertainty had impacted every section of the PV supply chain. Global solar PV installations will reach a new high of 114.5GW by the end of 2019, up 17.5% on 2018. The market is now back on a strong growth trajectory after a slowdown in 2018. Annual installations are expected to rise to around 125GW per year by the early 2020s (Figure 1).

Technological innovations will reduce the cost of electricity (LCOE) by source in the next decade. Since 2010, prices for photovoltaic solar panels have dropped by approximately 90%, an incredible reduction that makes this technology attractive. Figure 2 [1] shows the evolution of the prices of photovoltaic solar panels. It was in 2010 that solar energy grew at a giant pace. In the last decade alone, solar installations worldwide have grown more than 6 times, from 16GW in 2010 to 105GW in 2019 (annual values). Meanwhile, prices for silicon solar panels have dropped from just over €2 / W to just over €0.20 / W in the third quarter of 2019! A price reduction of around 90% has become one of the most important factors driving the worldwide expansion of solar energy. No other electricity generation technology has been able to keep up with this pace of reducing solar energy costs during this period.

Decade of 2010 witnessed the following improvements in solar panels: More efficient monocrystalline silicon panels began to replace polycrystalline silicon panels, becoming the predominant panels. Solar panels began to use advanced cell architectures, such as the passive emitter and posterior contact (PERC) and interdigital posterior contact (IBC), the straight union with an intrinsic thin layer and double-sided cell technologies. Panels based on larger cells (158mm and above) and N-type cells begin to dominate the market. Innovative panel techniques, such as medium-cut panels and solar tiles, are starting to have their market share.

China and the United States, as leaders in the solar sector, will need to build recycling plants or find an alternative way to deal with this waste. Figure 3 [3] shows the cumulative waste volumes of the leading countries in solar installations and the volume of end-of-life waste by 2050. [2] analysis has detected a variety of developments and some thoughts on the top 10 trends to watch this year:

a) The market will (finally) crack 100 GW for the first time b) More sub-$30/MWh bids—and maybe even another record low

c) Revised policy targets will determine the market’s longterm growth

d) Another entrant to the subsidy-free club in Europe.

e) Big business goes big on corporate solar procurement in the U.S.

f) More projects trading hands, particularly in the U.S.

g) Large-scale solar-plus-storage comes into the spotlight but remains a niche solution in emerging markets.

h) Mono PERC and bifacial modules keep CapEx costs marching down.

i) A make-or-break year for mega-project plans.

j) Oil and gas majors embrace solar in upstream and power.

The point 4 (Another entrant to the subsidy-free club in Europe) refers to Spain, Portugal, and Italy have been at the vanguard of subsidy-free utility-scale solar PV, with multiple gigawatts in the development pipeline. This year will see the first wave of those projects delivered. As costs continue to come down, 2019 is also set to be the year that the trend spreads beyond Southern Europe. In the UK, there has been no support scheme available for large-scale solar PV since the Renewables Obligation closed in the first quarter of 2017. Nevertheless, there are projects of 2.3GW that either already have or are awaiting planning permission in the development pipeline that could be delivered without subsidy. This is of special importance for Portugal in the short run subject to energy production in terms of energy and in the long run for waste management in terms of recycling. The renewable energy new investments are shown in Figure 4. [4] It is possible to observe that solar energy has the major new investments, followed by close by small hydro.

Figure 5 [5] shows the past investments by Country groups. It is possible to observe that the total investment in solar power was down almost a quarter in 2017, partly due to changes in Chinese solar policy, which restricted new projects’ access to the feed-in tariff.

    Solar Technologies

Energy Trend believes that the PV industry has faced several critical challenges as well as reshufflings in 2018. In the face of these developments, the industry is expected to become healthier and more stable in the long run. As the supply chain’s prices continue to decline, the PV industry is expected to approach grid parity with fewer subsidies. The popularity of non-subsidized systems and the actual uniform power cost (LCOE) will become the price indicators for supply chains in the future. Further price decline expected and sales increase.

Although the whole PV supply chain suffered from low margin and oversupply in 2018, the Rank companies still reported strong operating results driven by their advanced technologies, competitive cost structure and wide global distributions. Most of their capacity expansion plans can still be put into practice. Because of that, the upstream sectors have continuously become more concentrated and Mono-Si wafers to be the mainstream supply. With mono-Si wafers becoming mainstream and taking up to 60% of the annual wafer supply in 2019, their supply chain will play a more dominant role in the market. It will also reverse the situation that multi-Si products are more competitive than mono-Si ones in recent years, and multi-Si manufacturers with less market competitiveness will gradually be eliminated in the future. For decades thin film modules have struggled to grow or even maintain market share, however, new approaches to largearea module production and other advances show that thin film is gaining ground on its inherently superior cost and performance profiles.

Thin solar panels use solar cells produced from Cadmium Telluride, a compound that makes them flexible, light and environmentally friendly. As they have a flexible feature, and because they are thin, they have several applications. In terms of value, they are cheaper than poly or mono solar modules, but with an efficiency of only 16%. Ideal for outdoor activities as they allow you to charge mobile phones or tablets. Polycrystalline solar panels use polycrystalline silicon solar cells, which are cheaper than monocrystalline silicon cells. They have a better efficiency when compared to thin solar panels, about 17%, but being a fixed solar module, it cannot walk from one side to the other. Monocrystalline solar panels are produced from high purity silicone, which is cut into pieces and then used to create a highly efficient solar module. Panasonic currently offers solar panels with an efficiency of 19.7%, with solar cells of 21.7% efficiency. Double-sided solar panels can provide a bonus between 5% to 15% of the output power with only a price premium of 2% to 3%. Because fewer solar panels will be used to produce the same amount of electricity, double-sided panels can reduce system balance (BoS) costs by 3% to 7%. [7-10].

    How fast do solar panels degrade/lose their efficiency?

Solar panel manufacturers put a lot of effort into making their solar panels robust. They need to be able to withstand heat/cold cycles and heavy weather. However, solar panels are not flawless, and they will inevitably age. The rated power output of solar panels typically degrades at about 0.5%/year. However, thin-film solar panels (a-Si, CdTe and CIGS) degrades faster than panels that are based on mono- and polycrystalline solar panels. Table 1 [11] shows the output loss in percentage per year, where Pre and Post refer to installations prior to and post 2000.

Solar panels typically degrade faster in the first couple of years of their life. It is difficult to precise the life expectancy of solar panels and the real Lifecycle of Solar Panels. However, one can find interesting to associate it to the warranties given by the manufacturers. Figure 6 [12] shows different solar panel warranties on the market nowadays for different manufacturers based on the guarantee that the performance of their solar panels will stay above the presented ranges. Most manufacturers offer the 25-year standard solar panel warranty, which means that power output should not be less than 80% of rated power after 25 years. So, the question that raises is what will happen to solar panels after those 25 years? The truth is one doesn`t really know since there is not really a lot of data to look at since photovoltaics is a relatively new technology (most of all solar panels are less than 10 years old). What can one do to extend the life of my solar panels?

a) Avoid physical damage (e.g. trees and bushes blowing in the wind and creating scratches). The more surface scratches, the more performance degradation. In the worst-case, water can seep through the surface, which can short-circuit the solar panels.

b) Regular maintenance and cleaning are important.

c) The more weather and wind the solar panels are exposed to, the faster they will degrade (e.g. think about shelter from the wind when evaluating placement).

With the rapid growth of solar energy in recent years, some concerns are raised, such as the analysis of the life cycle of photovoltaic panels and their useful life.

a) After reaching their time limit, can they be recycled or reused?

b) How much energy does a photovoltaic system need in its production?

c) And how much CO2 is released into the environment for its production? [13]

    LCA- life cycle assessment

A life cycle assessment (LCA - also called a ‘life cycle analysis’) examines every aspect of a product’s life from the gathering of raw materials right up to its disposal and eventual breakdown. Life cycle analysis is a technique for measuring the environmental impacts associated with a product’s life stages from raw material extraction, production, distribution, use, final disposal, and recycling. This involves the amount of material and energy required by all these steps in addition to the emission of pollutants and waste during use. Even environmentally ‘friendly’ technologies like solar panels have some impact on the environment, and it is well worth considering how much energy goes into their manufacture. A proper LCA will by necessity be as specific as possible to measure the total influence of the product, especially considering things like how and where materials and components are produced, and what sorts of emissions are associated with transport.

First the quartzite is mined and refined into silicon, then further processed to make a silicon cell. Components are then assembled and shipped in bulk around the world to individual retailers. From there, the products are purchased and installed in people’s homes where they will begin to pay back the energy used in their production. At the end of their lives - normally somewhere between 25 and 30 years, some components may be recycled, reversing any energy used in the initial gathering and others will need to be scrapped. In addition to the cell itself, glass for the covering, aluminium for the framing and copper for the wiring as well as various rubbers and plastics all go into making the completed kit. Nearly all the energy ‘consumed’ across a solar panel setup’s life cycle (close to 85%) comes from turning the quartzite rock into a silicon wafer. More specifically, about half of this energy is consumed turning the silicon from metallurgic grade silicon (MG-Si) into a refined solar-grade silicon (SoG-Si) required in solar cells.

As well as the solar panels themselves, a complete assessment also needs to consider other supporting hardware like DC to AC inverters. The amount of energy used in the production of a 1kW solar PV system creates nearly two tonnes of greenhouse gases. The next largest contributor to energy use is the production of the inverter, but at only around 7% of the total, it pales in comparison to the production of the solar panels. Batteries and inverters typically must be replaced every 5 to 10 years. Solar panels are relatively quick to generate enough energy to offset the amount used in their own production, so they are quite efficient.

The European Union was the first world body to adopt specific laws for future solar panel waste. The European directive included specific objectives for the collection and recycling of solar panels and obliges all producers to finance the costs of this collection. This Directive introduced the legal obligation to recycle photovoltaic panels, across Europe. In Portugal, the transposition of the directive into the national legislative framework attributed this responsibility to producers of this type of equipment, as of 8 May 2014 (Decree-Law No. 67/2014, of 7 May). [14-22].

    Recycling process

The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) carried out a study and published in 2015, a report that says that the volumes of photovoltaic panel waste in 2050 could be worth millions of euros in the world market for basic products, whenever appropriate recycling is done and the materials are reused. For example, the project CABRISS of Horizonte 2020 [23] that was launched in July 2015 showed that it is possible to use three main techniques to extract reusable materials of high value and efficiency from recycled panels:

a) A process to remove the blade and to recover recyclable materials such as silver, silicon and high purity glass with thin photovoltaic film at the end of its useful life and photovoltaic module

b) A technique for the recovery of solid waste from solar manufacturing

c) It is a kerf process for drying photovoltaic silicon waste from material lost during the cutting process.

To identify the component characterization some steps are made. The first part to remove from the different types of components present in the modules is the frame, which is easily removed manually. All the material can be fully recycle. The glass layer present in the modules is thus easily accessible to be removed manually and is then comminated in an aluminum mortar. After comminution, the powder is sieved through a sieve and sent for X-ray fluorescence analysis.

The photovoltaic cells present in the modules are coated with different polymeric materials, so a process using solvents is required to remove the material. Preliminary tests are carried out with several types of solvents (Hydrofluoric Acid, Sulfuric Acid, Alcohol, Acetone and a solution mentioned in the literature containing 300ml of HF 40% PA, 30 ml of HNO365% PA, 90 ml of H2O DI and 3g of NH4F (65 )). There are two procedures that best detach the cell from the module:

a) Pieces of about 1cm² are dipped in HF 40% P.A. and left for 48 hours. The glass of these pieces is previously removed manually. This immersion resulted in the precipitation of small amounts of a black coloured powder. This procedure is repeated until approximately 10g of material is obtained. Then, the solution was filtered by gravity on 45μm filter paper. The filtered material was washed with distilled water, dried in an oven at 100oC and ground in an aluminum mortar, for further analysis by X-ray diffraction and fluorescence.

b) For encapsulating material of the module with greater surface area (rough), pieces with about 2 cm² were dipped in PA sulfuric acid and left for 48 hours, subjected to constant magnetic stirring to facilitate the removal of silicon. There is no prior separation of the module glass. Once the desired material has precipitated, the solution is filtered by gravity on 45 μm filter paper. The filtered material is washed with distilled water, dried in an oven at 100oC and ground in an aluminum mortar, for further analysis by X-ray diffraction and fluorescence. The final material consists of a fine black powder. The material is sieved, so that the particles had a size less than or equal to 0.044mm. This material was analyzed by X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence. X-ray diffraction analysis can be performed on a diffractometer employing Cu-Kα radiation, θ-θ goniometer (theta-theta) and graphite monochromator at the detector entrance.

In order to better analyze the constitution of the photovoltaic cell, a sample of module A is taken to the optical microscope. To do this, the front glass layer and the adhesive layer of a 2cm² sample from the module are manually removed. The metallic filaments present in the modules are the following elements: Copper, lead and tin. The Silver Concentration / Extraction processes start with the segregation of the materials present in order to allow the proposition of a recycling route. Grinding, granulometric separation, leaching, precipitation and thermal process (pyrolysis) procedures are used. Initially, grinding is carried out together in knife mills in order to make a comminution of all parts without any prior separation (except for the external aluminum frames). The modules pass through a knife mill several times with different opening grids. After the grinding step, a granulometric separation is made using a sieve on a sieve shaker, obtaining three different fractions: smaller (<0.5mm), intermediate (0.5mm  1 , 0mm), then being digested in a 3: 1 solution of aqua regia (3 parts of 38% hydrochloric acid to 1 part of 64% nitric acid), with stirring. There is a risk of precipitation of silver chloride but using aqua regia is a common solution in works for the characterization of metals in waste electrical and electronic equipment. In order to concentrate the silver identified in the photovoltaic cell, leaching with nitric acid is carried out. Digestion takes place at room temperature for two hours, under magnetic stirring. The solution is filtered, the precipitate is reserved. The filtered solution was analyzed via atomic absorption spectrometry (AA) to quantify the silver in solution. The amount of sodium chloride (NaCl) to be added can be determined empirically by making the addition in two steps and observing precipitation. If precipitation does not occur in the second step, it appears that all ionic silver reacted with the chloride. Thus, 1.5g of NaCl is added to the filtered solution to precipitate silver in the form of Silver Chloride (AgCl).

The main difficulty encountered in separating the components is due to the polymeric adhesive material that joins the glass layer and the semiconductor layer (cell). Even when the glass layer is removed manually, the polymeric adhesive remains attached to the semiconductor layer. Therefore, the idea of using a previous pyrolysis aims at removing this adhesive layer beforehand to facilitate a later concentration of silver. [24-29].

    Conclusion

Technological innovations, lower prices, widespread market opportunities and small-scale investments lead to a massive introduction of PV solar systems and forecasted to grow exponentially. This amazing primary energy is not neutral, and the life cycle is required to be considered.

a) It is possible to conclude that solar PV full cycle proves that the environmental impact and cost of these technologies is low. Also, the recycling process is quite simple and low-cost. Although the solar PV systems are not neutral, the environmental impact allied with the energy and economic benefits are a boost for this primary energy on the mix.

To Know More About Insights in Mining Science & Technology Please click on: https://juniperpublishers.com/imst/index.php 

For more Open Access Journals in Juniper Publishers please click on: https://juniperpublishers.com/index.php

For more about Juniper Publishers Please click on: https://www.zoominfo.com/c/juniper-publishers-inc/370428819

[buynsellsolar-blog]

Imported bifacial solar modules now excluded from general solar panel tariff

New Post published on http://roofnrays.com/imported-bifacial-solar-modules-now-excluded-from-general-solar-panel-tariff/

Imported bifacial solar modules now excluded from general solar panel tariff

After 30% tariffs on imported solar panels via Section 201 were initiated in January 2018, the U.S. Trade Representative (USTR) announced in September 2018 a small list of solar products exempt from the duties. Advocacy group SEIA has been hard at work lobbying for more exclusions, and USTR just today announced another exemption winner: all brands of bifacial solar modules.

“Over the past year, we have relentlessly lobbied the Administration to grant additional exemptions, with a particular focus on bifacial modules. Today’s decision is a significant win for SEIA’s trade advocacy efforts,” said SEIA president and CEO Abigail Ross Hopper in an email to SEIA members.

In addition to “bifacial solar panels that absorb light and generate electricity on each side of the panel,” the USTR also exempted 250-W to 900-W flexible fiberglass solar panels without other glass components and solar panels with cell-rows separated by more than 10 mm of an optical film.

The office said it will not be making any more exclusions. So that brings the final exclusion list to:

45-W off-grid solar panels

4-W solar panels

60-W panels

120-W flexible and semi-flexible panels used for motor vehicles and boats

90-W frameless solar panels in colors other than black or blue

certain IBC and busbar-less solar panels

modules using only U.S.-made solar cells

bifacial modules

flexible fiberglass solar panels

panels with 10-mm optical film strips between cell-rows

The initial exclusion list was a big win for SunPower and its interdigitated back contact (IBC) modules (read our story about why other IBC modules were not excluded). Now almost all companies have some breathing room when importing bifacial solar panels, which are increasing in popularity. There were many new bifacial product announcements at Intersolar Europe last month.

USTR said the 48 product exclusion requests the office received in 2018 generally fell into seven categories: (1) products that can be mounted to solar products; (2) 72-cell or larger panels; (3) products with particular configurations for additional performance; (4) products with specialized functions; (5) consumer and specialty products; (6) bifacial panels and bifacial solar cells; and (7) solar cells without busbars. The office has since responded favorably to exemptions for almost all groups except the industry-favorite: 72-cell panels.

[fumpkins]

Imec Beats Silicon PV with 27.1 Percent Perovskite-Silicon Tandem

Imec, the world-leading research and innovation hub in nanoelectronics, energy and digital technology, within the partnership of EnergyVille, today announced a record result for its 4-terminal Perovskite/silicon tandem photovoltaic cell. With a power conversion efficiency of 27.1 percent, the new imec tandem cell beats the most efficient standalone silicon solar cell. Further careful engineering of the Perovskite material will bring efficiencies over 30% in reach.

Perovskite microcrystals are a promising material system to make high-performance thin-film solar cells. They can be processed into thin, light, semitransparent modules that can achieve a high power conversion efficiency, are inexpensive to produce, and have a high absorption efficiency for sunlight. Because they can be made semitransparent, perovskite solar cells and modules can also be used on top of silicon solar cells. When the Perovskite is carefully engineered, the absorbance in the Perovskite minimizes the thermal losses that occur in the silicon cell. As a result, a Perovskite-silicon tandem solar cell can potentially reach power conversion efficiencies above 30 percent.

Imec’s new record tandem cell uses a 0.13 cm² spin-coated Perovskite cell developed within our Solliance cooperation stacked on top of a 4 cm² industrial interdigitated back-contact (IBC) silicon cell in a 4-terminal configuration, which is known to have a higher annual energy yield compared to a 2-terminal configuration. Additionally, scaling up the tandem device by using a 4 cm2perovskite module on a 4 cm2IBC silicon cell, a tandem efficiency of 25.3% was achieved, surpassing the stand-alone efficiency of the silicon cell.

Manoj Jaysankar, doctoral researcher at imec/EnergyVille, adds: “We have been working on this tandem technology for two years now, and the biggest difference with previous versions is in the engineering and processing of the Perovskite absorber, tuning its bandgap to optimize the efficiency for tandem configuration with silicon.”

“Adding Perovskite on top of industrial silicon PV may prove to be the most cost-effective approach to further improve the efficiency of photovoltaics,” concludes Tom Aernouts, group leader for thin-film photovoltaics at imec/EnergyVille. “Therefore, we invite all companies in the PV value chain that are looking into higher efficiencies, to partner with us and explore this promising path.”

About imec

Imec is the world-leading research and innovation hub in nanoelectronics and digital technologies. The combination of our widely acclaimed leadership in microchip technology and profound software and ICT expertise is what makes us unique. By leveraging our world-class infrastructure and local and global ecosystem of partners across a multitude of industries, we create groundbreaking innovation in application domains such as healthcare, smart cities and mobility, logistics and manufacturing, energy and education.

Imec is a partner in EnergyVille (www.energyville.be). EnergyVille is a collaboration of the Flemish research centers KU Leuven, VITO, imec and UHasselt in the field of sustainable energy and intelligent energy systems, and a partner in Solliance (www.solliance.eu), a partnership of R&D organizations from the Netherlands, Belgium and Germany working in thin film photovoltaic solar energy.

As a trusted partner for companies, start-ups and universities imec brings together more than 4,000 brilliant minds from over 85 nationalities. Imec is headquartered in Leuven, Belgium and has distributed R&D groups at a number of Flemish universities, in the Netherlands, Taiwan, USA, China, and offices in India and Japan. In 2017, imec’s revenue (P&L) totaled 546 million euro. Further information on imec can be found at www.imec-int.com.

Imec is a registered trademark for the activities of IMEC International (a legal entity set up under Belgian law as a “stichting van openbaar nut”), imec Belgium (IMEC vzw supported by the Flemish Government), imec the Netherlands (Stichting IMEC Nederland, part of Holst Centre which is supported by the Dutch Government), imec Taiwan (IMEC Taiwan Co.) and imec China (IMEC Microelectronics (Shanghai) Co. Ltd.) and imec India (Imec India Private Limited), imec Florida (IMEC USA nanoelectronics design center).

Source : Imec

New post published on: https://www.livescience.tech/2018/07/24/imec-beats-silicon-pv-with-27-1-percent-perovskite-silicon-tandem/

[climatesamurai]

IBC Solar, SunPower partners for distribution solar panels in Germany and selected European countries

#IBCSolar, #SunPower partners for distribution #SolarPanels in #Germany and selected European countries

IBC Solar has partnered with SunPower for the distribution of its solar panels in Germany and selected European countries.

IBC Solar thus expands its portfolio with three monocrystalline high-efficiency modules between 360 and 400 Watt for residential installations: the Maxeon 2 (360Wp) as well as the Maxeon 3 (390Wp and 400Wp).

The robust and interdigitated back contact cells of the…

[nisusolar]

Đánh giá về tấm pin mặt trời LG đến từ Hàn Quốc

Đánh giá về tấm pin mặt trời LG đến từ Hàn Quốc

Lịch sử công ty

LG có một lịch sử lâu đời về quang điện mặt trời bắt đầu từ hơn 30 năm trước khi họ lần đầu tiên nghiên cứu về các tế bào tinh thể silicon. 20 năm nghiên cứu và phát triển tiếp theo đã đặt nền tảng vững chắc trước khi LG bắt đầu sản xuất tấm pin mặt trời quy mô lớn trong năm 2009 tại nhà máy ở Gumi, Hàn Quốc. LG solar là một công ty con của tập đoàn LG- công ty đa quốc gia Hàn Quốc với hơn 220.000 nhân viên trên toàn cầu và tổng doanh thu trong hàng chục tỷ đô.

Sau gần 10 năm sản xuất tấm pin mặt trời, LG hiện đã lên tấm pin thế hệ thứ tư và sản xuất hơn 2GW pin vào năm 2017. Là nhà sản xuất Cấp 1 có nhiều giải thưởng, công nghệ cell cực kỳ hiệu quả và bảo hành hàng đầu trong ngành. Có rất ít công ty về năng lượng mặt trời có thể cạnh tranh ở mức độ chất lượng, dịch vụ và độ tin cậy này.

Ở Úc và Bắc Mỹ, các mô-đun LG mặc dù đắt hơn so với đối thủ cạnh tranh nhưng rất phổ biến và không khó để thấy được lý do vì sao. Tấm pin LG được đánh giá cao bởi khách hàng và những nhà lắp đặt năng lượng mặt trời bởi chúng không chỉ trông ấn tượng với khung nhôm màu đen mà chất lượng, chi tiết và cấu trúc đã đạt những tiêu chuẩn cao nhất.

Tấm pin và công nghệ cell PV

Trong khi hầu hết các nhà sản xuất sản xuất một loạt các tấm mono và poly, LG chỉ sản xuất các tế bào đơn tinh thể có hiệu quả cao hơn và suy thoái thấp hơn so với các loại pin poly hoặc đa tinh thể chi phí thấp thông thường. LG cũng sử dụng công nghệ Lily (kết hợp boron với hydro) để giảm tỷ lệ suy giảm ánh sáng (LID) trong các tế bào loại P được sử dụng trong các dòng pin LG Mono X.

Các tấm pin mặt trời Neon 2 thế hệ mới nhất đã giúp LG trở thành thương hiệu dẫn đầu trong công nghệ 12 busbars và thiết kế độc đáo được tích hợp vào tất cả các pin mặt trời hai mặt Neon 2 Bifacial và Neon 2. Các tế bào 'Cello' loại N trông ấn tượng và cải thiện hiệu suất và hiệu suất chuyển đổi. Công nghệ Cello được giải thích chi tiết hơn trong bài viết đánh giá công nghệ tế bào PV.

Hiệu suất mô-đun năng lượng mặt trời LG:

Hiệu suất Mono X - lên đến 18,3%

Hiệu suất Neon 2 - lên đến 19,6%

Hiệu suất Neon R - lên đến 21,4%

Tế bào IBC

LG cùng với SunPower là hai nhà sản xuất duy nhất sản xuất khối lượng lớn IBC hoặc Interdigitated Back Contact N-type cells. Các tế bào LG Neon R IBC sử dụng 30 busbars tích hợp vào phía sau của cell có nghĩa là không thể nhìn thấy busbars trên mặt trước của tế bào và lần lượt không có bóng tế bào. Thiết kế này sử dụng silicon pha tạp loại N có độ tinh khiết cực thấp, làm giảm điện trở, cải thiện hiệu suất nhiệt độ cao và cho phép các mô-đun R đạt hiệu suất 21,4% ấn tượng (370W).

  LG Solar Panels

Mono X Plus - 300W

Tấm pin mặt trời Mono X sử dụng 4 tế bào Mono loại Busbar loại P trong bảng điều khiển 60 ô tiêu chuẩn, tuy nhiên bảo hành sản phẩm 15 năm và bảo hành hiệu suất 25 năm là trên mức trung bình.

Xem chi tiết đầy đủ và bảng đặc điểm kỹ thuật tại đây.

Neon 2 - 330-335W

Phạm vi tấm pin Neon 2 với công suất từ ​​330 đến 335W sử dụng công nghệ 'Cello' đa dây phức tạp trong bảng điều khiển 60 cell chuẩn. Với bảo hành sản phẩm 25 năm và bảo hành hiệu suất 25 năm. Neon 2 là một số tấm pin mặt trời hiệu suất cao nhất. Xem thêm về các tế bào Cello trong bài viết về công nghệ tế bào PV của chúng tôi.

Xem chi tiết đầy đủ và bảng đặc điểm kỹ thuật tại đây.

Neon R - 360-370W

Tấm pin mặt trời Neon R là sản phẩm cao  cấp ( flagship) của LG Solar. Với hiệu suất mô-đun là 21,4%, mô-đun Neon R tạo ra 370W ấn tượng từ tấm pin chỉ lớn hơn một chút so với tấm pin mặt trời 60 cells tiêu chuẩn. Hiệu suất này là do các tế bào loại N IBC loại cao được sử dụng. Đương nhiên, các tấm pin Neon R cũng có giá cao hơn, đắt hơn khoảng 35% so với các bảng loại P đơn phổ biến hơn. Tuy nhiên, Neon R cung cấp tấm pin chất lượng cao, vòng đời tấm pin lâu dài, hiệu suất và hiệu quả.

Lưu ý các tấm pin mặt trời LG Neon R 370W hiện chỉ có sẵn ở châu Âu và Bắc Mỹ. LG cũng đang nghiên cứu các tiến bộ công nghệ để tăng hiệu quả và tăng sức mạnh tấm pin Neon R lên tới 380W vào đầu năm 2019.

Xem chi tiết đầy đủ và bảng đặc điểm kỹ thuật ở đây.

Tấm pin mặt trời LG Bifacial

LG cũng sản xuất một loạt các mô-đun năng lượng mặt trời khổ lớn (72 cell) cho các ứng dụng thương mại quy mô lớn hơn sử dụng công nghệ đa dây cello tiên tiến, cũng như các tấm pin mặt trời hai mặt hai mặt có thể tăng sản lượng điện lên thêm 27%. Xem thêm về công nghệ bifacial ở đây.

Xem đầy đủ chi tiết và thông số kỹ thuật:

LG Neon 2 - 405W 72 Cell tại đây.

LG Neon 2 - 390W bifacial tại đây.

Sức mạnh và độ bền tấm pin mặt trời LG

LG đã thiết kế khung nhôm gấp đôi sức mạnh trên tất cả các tấm pin mặt trời LG và được đánh giá cao hơn mức trung bình với 6.000 Pa tải trọng ở mặt trước và 5400 Pa ở phía sau để chịu sức gió, gấp đôi so với tiêu chuẩn công nghiệp 2400 Pa .

Các tấm pin mặt trời Neon 2 gần đây đã trải qua thử nghiệm tải tĩnh bởi tư vấn kỹ thuật SECAust ở Darwin Úc và có thể chịu được tải trọng 10.000 Pa đáng kinh ngạc mà không bị lỗi. Độ bền và độ cứng cực cao của Neon 2 sẽ cho phép các tấm pin mặt trời LG được lắp vào bất kỳ khu vực tải trọng gió lớn nào trên thế giới. Các Neon R tuy nhiên có một khung nhôm mạnh mẽ hơn với thiết kế góc.

Các tấm pin LG được đánh giá ở mức độ chống ăn mòn cao nhất và có thể được lắp đặt ở các vị trí ven biển với mức độ sương muối cao (mức độ nghiêm trọng tối đa là 6), ngoài khả năng kháng amoniac.

Chất lượng và hiệu suất

Để đảm bảo không có các tế bào bị khuyết tật hoặc các vết nứt nhỏ. LG sử dụng hai thử nghiệm flash EL trong quá trình sản xuất cả trước và sau khi cán. Các tế bào loại N cao cấp được LG sử dụng có hiệu suất lâu dài đặc biệt liên quan đến sự xuống cấp do ánh sáng yếu (LID). LID là một vấn đề phổ biến khi tất cả các tế bào mặt trời giảm sản lượng theo thời gian với tổn thất điện năng trung bình là 3% trong năm đầu tiên và khoảng 0,8% mỗi năm sau khi đạt trung bình 80-82% công suất định mức ban đầu sau 25 năm. Tuy nhiên, các tế bào LG đảm bảo tỷ lệ suy thoái thấp hơn nhiều, giúp cải thiện hiệu suất tổng thể và tăng cường năng lượng với công suất được đánh giá là 86-88% sau 25 năm.

Để đảm bảo độ tin cậy và hiệu suất lâu dài, LG thực hiện kiểm soát và kiểm tra chất lượng nghiêm ngặt trong suốt quá trình sản xuất với phòng thí nghiệm kiểm tra LG được chứng nhận bởi 4 phòng thí nghiệm chính VDE, UL, TUV Rheinland và Intertek. Kết quả 2018 mới nhất từ ​​tổ chức thử nghiệm độc lập DNV GL đã đánh giá LG Mono X là một 'Hiệu Suất Hàng Đầu’trong Báo cáo Scorecard về Độ tin cậy của Mô-đun PV hàng năm.

Bảo hành và dịch vụ

LG là một trong hai nhà sản xuất duy nhất cung cấp cả sản phẩm và bảo hành hiệu suất 25 năm, được cung cấp trên các bảng Neon 2 và Neon R. SunPower là nhà sản xuất khác cung cấp bảo hành sản phẩm và bảo hành 25 năm trong khi đa số các nhà sản xuất khác chỉ cung cấp thời hạn bảo hành sản phẩm 10 năm. Bảo hành hiệu suất của LG cũng cao hơn mức trung bình với khả năng giữ lại tối thiểu 86% sau 25 năm trên Mono X & Neon 2 và 88% ấn tượng trên Neon R. Để cung cấp loại bảo hành này cho thấy mức độ tin cậy cao mà LG nắm giữ trong sản phẩm của họ.

Bảo hành sản phẩm LG

LG Mono X - 15 năm

LG Neon 2 - 25 năm

LG Neon R - 25 năm

Bảo hành hiệu suất của LG

LG Mono X - 25 năm đến 86%

LG Neon 2 - 25 năm tới 86%

LG Neon R - 25 năm đến 88%

  Việc chăm sóc được thực hiện cũng được nhấn mạnh trong cách LG phân phối và vận chuyển các tấm trên toàn thế giới với tất cả các mô-đun xếp chồng lên nhau và được bảo đảm bằng các phần góc bằng nhựa cứng để vận chuyển an toàn. Điều này rất quan trọng vì nhiều người trong ngành biết rằng tải hoặc áp lực đặt trên các tấm pin mặt trời trong quá trình vận chuyển có thể dẫn đến vết vi nứt và suy tế bào thường không nhận ra cho đến vài năm sau khi lắp đặt.

Với sự hỗ trợ mạnh mẽ của công ty, yêu cầu bảo hành cực kỳ thấp và danh tiếng rất tốt cho dịch vụ, các tấm pin năng lượng mặt trời của LG chắc chắn là một trong những lựa chọn tốt nhất có sẵn.

Tính bền vững

LG Electronics đã được Hiệp hội doanh nghiệp đề cử nhiều lần là một trong 100 tập đoàn bền vững nhất và đã tuyên bố họ cam kết không ngừng nâng cao tính bền vững, giảm phát thải và tiến gần hơn đến nền kinh tế thông tư. Tuy nhiên, LG chỉ đánh giá như trên mức trung bình trên Bảng điểm năng lượng mặt trời để có thể thực hiện thêm một số công việc.

 'Nó có thể được lập luận rằng chỉ đơn giản bằng cách sản xuất các tấm pin mặt trời lâu bền cao cấp hơn LG có hiệu lực bền vững hơn so với nhiều nhà sản xuất khác.'

Kết luận

Giống như hầu hết mọi thứ, thiết bị cao cấp có giá cao. Các tấm pin LG có giá cao hơn so với đối thủ cạnh tranh với Neon 2 đến ở mức cao hơn khoảng 25% so với các tấm pin mặt trời mono tiêu chuẩn nhưng bạn nhận được nhiều tiền hơn cho tiền của mình. Năng lượng mặt trời là một khoản đầu tư dài hạn, do đó cần phải tính đến hiệu suất và tỷ lệ suy thoái trong suốt vòng đời của hệ thống.

Dựa trên lịch sử vững chắc của LG về độ tin cậy, chúng ta có ít nghi ngờ sau 10-15 năm, các bảng N-type Neon 2 và Neon R của LG sẽ đáng chú ý khi thực hiện hầu hết các bảng loại P giá thấp khác trên thị trường. Ngay cả một số lượng dường như nhỏ của sản lượng điện cao hơn 6-8% thêm vào một số lượng đáng kể năng lượng bổ sung khi tổng cộng trên thế hệ hàng năm.

Vì Vậy tấm pin mặt trời LG rất phù hợp cho lắp đặt hệ thống điện mặt trời cho hộ gia đình, cho doanh nghiệp. Tuy giá thành cao hơn so với những tấm pin mặt trời thông thường nhưng sự bền bỉ và độ tin cậy cao của  pin LG với việc lắp đặt hệ thống điện mặt trời  có chi phí lớn và sử dụng trong một thời gian dài từ 25-30 năm là sự đầu tư hiệu quả. Để xem chi tiết hệ thống điện mặt trời phù hợp xin vui lòng xem tại đây.

Source: Cleanenergyreviews

Tham khảo bài nguyên mẫu tại đây : Đánh giá về tấm pin mặt trời LG đến từ Hàn Quốc