#Midbrain Japan

[sciencespies]

Giant whale sharks have hundreds of tiny teeth-like structures around their eyes

https://sciencespies.com/nature/giant-whale-sharks-have-hundreds-of-tiny-teeth-like-structures-around-their-eyes/

Giant whale sharks have hundreds of tiny teeth-like structures around their eyes

Whale sharks, the majestic creatures that also happen to be the world’s largest fish, are far more gentle than the name suggests. They swim lazily around tropical waters, filter-feeding on plankton.

Now, biologists have discovered the enigmatic giants have a curious trick up their sleeve – teeth-like scales adorning their eyeballs. It appears to be the whale sharks’ version of eyelids, and one we haven’t seen in any other vertebrate.

“Eyeballs face a potential risk of damage from mechanical, chemical and biological hazards,” the researchers write in a new paper describing the find.

“This report elaborates on adaptations of the eyes of the whale shark (Rhincodon typus), including the discovery that they are covered with dermal denticles, which is a novel mechanism of eye protection in vertebrates.”

Dermal denticles, also known as placoid scales, are the tiny tough scales that cover sharks and rays. But although they are scales as we think of them, they’re also structurally very similar to teeth, and include an inner core of pulp, a middle layer of dentine or bony tissue, and a hard enamel-like coating on top.

We already knew that many sharks – including whale sharks – are covered with these denticles. However, finding them on the eyeballs of these fish is quite the surprise.

Eye denticles of the whale shark. (Tomita et al., PLOS One, 2020)

That’s partially because it’s long been assumed whale sharks don’t have to use their sense of sight much: their eyes are incredibly small compared to the rest of their body, and they don’t have a lot of midbrain, the part of the brain that processes vision.

“However, the highly protected features of the whale shark eye, in contrast to the traditional view, seems to suggest the importance of vision in this species,” the team argues in their study.

Researchers took a CT scanner to a preserved whale shark eyeball, as well as taking ultrasounds of two captive live whale sharks at the Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium in Japan.

3D rendering of the morphology of each eye denticle. (Tomita et al., PLOS One, 2020)

As well as discovering the eye denticles, the researchers also elaborated on the mechanisms whale sharks use to retract their eyes back into their head. Most of the time this can be for just a short period of time, however not always. Once, a particularly unfortunate shark ended up with its eyes retracted for 10 days after it was transferred to a new aquarium from Taiwan to Atlanta, Georgia.

“It is likely that whale sharks maintain their vision during eye retraction because the pupils of the whale sharks in this study were not completely covered with surrounding white tissues when their eyes had retracted, though their visual field would be much more restricted than when their eyes are positioned normally,” explain the researchers.

“In fact, the animal that kept its eyes retracted for approximately 10 days at the Georgia Aquarium appeared to have no problem navigating the exhibit space, until its eyes returned to their normal positions suddenly and, apparently, spontaneously.”

So, while whale sharks aren’t exactly a fearsome predator of the ocean, these two eye-protecting features are a fearsome competitor to… eyelids.

The research has been published in PLOS One.

#Nature

[explorelanguages]

Awareness: Parkinson's disease in Japan

Awareness: Parkinson's disease in Japan

Parkinson’s disease is quite a common NCD in Japan with over 150,000 people who suffer from the disease in Japan. But what exactly is it?

Parkinson’s disease is a progressive nervous system disorder is caused by the loss of dopamine production in the part of the brain called the substantia nigra- part of the midbrain.

Parkinson’s disease is not a life shortening disease alone but many…

[iteam360-blog]

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[minus229k]

A new approach in the fight against Parkinson’s disease proposes that replacing the cells that get impaired and eventually die in the substantial nigra might be a new way of treating the lack of mobility and the loss of motoric skills in the disease.

This brings the patient three key advantages; once diagnosed with a loss of dopamine production in their midbrain, the taks at hand is to save the remaining, healthy cells while they need to keep their bodies going. The portion of non-dopamine producing cells is still alive, so they continue to produce dopamine; this might be due to a misfiled protein called alpha-synuclein. In order to stop spreading, the dead cells have to be replaced, which has been most successful by stem cell therapy, which works by placing new dopamine producing cells into the affected part of the brain. If the first two steps are accomplished, the patient might not even need CRT, since they might be able to rescue enough of the damaged but still living cells, which brings back dopamine production at a level that allows normal movement.

As of now, we have IPS cells (induced pluripotent stem cells), which  have been chemically reprogrammed to be able to become every type of cell. Using them for transplantation not only eliminates the need for immune-suppressors, but also does not come with ethical issues.

An international assembly of labs is currently working on CRT for Parkinson’s, including top-research facilities from the US, Japan and England to Sweden.

[iteam360-blog]

Career Counseling By Scientific Analysis Of Finger Prints

In order to improve the educational standards in our country, we are trying to take the help of advanced countries such as USA, SINGAPORE, etc. It has already helped to improve the student’s educational standards to a great extent.

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It has been observed that the parents are usually anxious about the appropriate career selection of their children which is quite natural on their part. This subject is a bit complicated but not so technical. The secret of a successful life of any person depends to a great extent on the right selection of the career. Usually, the student’s views substantially differ from that of their parents. Parents choose the career on their long and first – hand experience about their own life whereas the students would like to choose a different career of their own likings. It results in a lot of tussle and difference of opinion between the parents and their children. If the child is compelled to opt a career chosen by his/her parent’s wishes and if he/she does not succeed in the life, then the child will be blaming the parent's whole life for spoiling the career. The child will have a grudge throughout life, had he opted “x” as a career, he/she would have been more successful. Sometimes we feel that the parents, as well as the children both, are right if we perceive the things from their own angels.

In this competitive era, the students are trying to give their 100% efforts in their academic life but still could not achieve the desired level of success and sometimes even get failed. In such a situation, the students go in too deep mental depression and in some extreme cases even commit suicide also. One survey reveals that every year about 14000 students commit suicide due to heavy mental tension of academics. Recently news published in a newspaper disclosed that in the city of KOTA which is one of the largest educational hubs of coaching institutes preparing students for Engineering & Medical entrance examination for national level admissions, every week one student commits suicide as he/she could not sustain the academic pressure. Is it not an alarming situation? Can such incidences be avoided? Is it not advisable to guide a student according to his/her nascent skills (God gifted skills) and chose appropriate career option so that he/she becomes successful in it to a great extent and live a happy life? How can it be possible? Is it an easier task?

My dear parents, students and whosoever is concerned with the right selection of the career of anybody, I will now elaborate about the time-tested, the most scientific and well-acknowledged method already being used for last four decades in many of the advanced countries.

For you, it may seem to be unknown but most of the advanced countries like Japan, Singapore, USA, Taiwan, Russia, Korea, Indonesia, etc. are using this method as a compulsory technique to identify the nascent skills of a child before they admit them in the schools and colleges. This technique had been used in the selection of prospective and competent participants for the Olympic games by Russia since 1972, This technique is known as “DERMATOGLYPHICS MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCE TEST”(DMIT). This technique is being elaborated later on. After knowing about it, you may also wish that your child must also have to undergo DMIT TEST.

Whether you are facing following, problems of your child?

1. Making excuses about not going to school. 2. Disobedient behavior in the school. 3. After reading any content, he/she is unable to remain in the mind for a longer duration. 4. Forgets the content while appearing for the examinations. 5. Scared of examinations (Exam Phobia). 6. Avoiding participation in any type of activity, like in school or any other family function. 7. Does not express a keen interest in studies. 8. Distracted mind by making friendship with undesired persons. 9. If parents rebuke the child for wrongdoings, he/she keep a grudge about it for a longer duration. 10. Being too much sentimental/sensitive/over-reactive. 11. Being lazy in all activities. 12. Ready to play anytime but reluctant to study. 13. Lack of concentration. 14. Behaves like a crank or crazy. 15. Adamant and ignores the advice of parents/ teachers. 16. Spends excessive time on TV. 17. Unable to complete homework in time. 18. Has Stage Phobia. 19. Has inferiority complex. 20. Too much distracted by the surroundings.

Literally, most of the parents are worried about any one or more of above-mentioned problems relating to their children. We can find the solution to these problems through the DMIT TEST by detecting the real causes of these problems well in advance. Now we elaborate on the “DERMATOGLYPHICS MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCE TEST” (DMIT). The term “DERMATOGLYPHICS” consists of two words. In this word “DERMA” related to Skin and “GLYPHICS” related to prints. It means the test conducted by taking the printouts of skin (i.e. Fingerprints). In the DMIT test, ridges of one finger of the hand are scanned from three different angles. Thus a total of 30 fingerprints are taken of all 10 fingers and the scanned data is stored in a Laptop/P.C. Then a detailed Scientific Report is prepared. The report contains details about the Strengths and Weaknesses of the concerned person’s Brain.

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