#Mittal Commerce Classes

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Mittal Commerce Classes

The Way to Success

Zenith of Success for You Our goal is to establish a platform that develops professionals who are successful, obedient, diligent, forward-thinking, and wise, contributing to the advancement of society.

Our goal is to provide top-notch educational facilities in order to bring out the best in each student and develop them in the best manner possible. Our single-minded goal is to foster a highly competitive, energetic environment that will make each aspirant's advancement more successful than ever. We truly think that an All India Rank must be achieved on the very first opportunity (try).

A rare combination of Zeal, Devotion, Integrity and Brilliance

The single most significant factor in how people are shaped is education. In light of this, the MCC Empire's original concept emerged. MCC as a business (Educational Corporate) was founded in 1998 with the goal of offering high-quality education that is goal-oriented. The founders have the most impressive academic credentials. MCC made a huge success by delivering quality to the student. Motivated by a deep desire to ‘work towards perfection, greater efforts were made which resulted in enhancement of results. Within a short period, MCC has been successful in spreading its wings with thousands of students maintaining quality with total dedication, devotion and commitment towards the success of the aspirants. It is the fastest growing institute with highly successful track-record known for its quality teaching, finest study material and quality test papers. Owing to its phenomenal success rate and result, the institute is ranked among the best in the country.

https://mccjpr.com/

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Top 10 CA Coaching Institutes in India 2025

The Chartered Accountancy (CA) course in India is highly respected but equally challenging. To improve their chances of success, many aspiring CAs seek support from top coaching institutes. With quality faculty, structured learning, and exam-focused strategies, these institutes can play a significant role in shaping a student’s CA journey.

Here are the Top 10 CA Coaching Institutes in India for 2025 that stand out based on faculty expertise, success rates, study materials, and student reviews:

1. ArivuPro Academy is known for its strong results and student-focused approach. With centers in Bangalore, Chennai, and Coimbatore, and affordable online classes, it offers flexible learning options. Their experienced faculty, engaging teaching methods, and personalized mentorship make it a top choice.

2. Vidya Sagar Institute (VSI), Jaipur has earned a reputation for personal attention and consistent exam success. Located near Durgapura Bus Stand, VSI’s small batches and supportive faculty ensure students get the guidance they need.

3. Yeshas Academy, Bangalore focuses on concept clarity and real-world application. With regular tests, updated material, and experienced faculty, it creates a nurturing environment for success across all CA levels.

4. Aldine CA operates across India with flexible learning formats including offline, online, and pen drive classes. Its rich resource library and expert-led teaching make it ideal for exam-focused preparation.

5. JK Shah Classes, Mumbai has over 30 years of CA coaching experience. Known for its deep conceptual teaching, mock exams, and tech-enabled learning, it is a trusted name for serious CA aspirants.

6. Nahata Professional Academy, Indore delivers quality coaching with strong faculty support. With regular mock tests and doubt-clearing sessions, it ensures full syllabus coverage and personalized mentorship.

7. Agrawal Classes, Pune specializes in coaching for the CA Foundation level. With a strong conceptual focus and exam strategies, it provides a solid base for students beginning their CA journey.

8. Mittal Commerce Classes supports students through a growth-oriented teaching model. Their up-to-date material, personalized feedback, and interactive classes have helped many clear competitive exams.

9. A.T. Academy blends discipline, guidance, and smart teaching to help students achieve success. Their mix of experienced faculty, real-life examples, and doubt-clearing support boosts exam readiness.

10. Ednovate is an ideal online platform for flexible, self-paced CA preparation. With live sessions, recorded lectures, and mock tests, it provides an accessible learning solution with expert-backed content.

Conclusion: Choosing the right CA coaching institute is a vital step toward achieving success in this demanding field. Each of these institutes offers unique strengths to support different learning styles—whether you prefer in-person instruction or online flexibility. Consider faculty quality, study materials, and past results when deciding. A good institute can lay the foundation for a bright career in chartered accountancy.

To know more in detail - https://www.arivupro.com/blogs/ca/top-10-ca-coaching-institutes-in-india

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Lovely Professional University], Jalandhar

Lovely Professional University (LPU), Jalandhar

Lovely Professional University (LPU) is one of the largest and most prestigious private universities in India. Located in Jalandhar, Punjab, LPU has gained significant recognition for its academic excellence, state-of-the-art infrastructure, and commitment to nurturing talent. Established in 2005, LPU has grown into a global educational hub, offering a wide range of undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programs across various fields, including engineering, management, law, humanities, social sciences, and more.

The university is known for its student-centric approach, cutting-edge research, industry collaborations, and world-class faculty. With a focus on holistic development and a modern approach to education, LPU prepares students to excel in their professional and personal lives, making it a top choice for students across India and abroad.

History and Overview

Lovely Professional University was founded by Dr. Ashok Mittal and Mrs. Rashmi Mittal with the vision of providing quality education and opportunities to students from all walks of life. The university is recognized by the University Grants Commission (UGC) and has been awarded numerous accolades for its academic achievements and contributions to the educational sector.

LPU offers a comprehensive and integrated learning environment, emphasizing practical knowledge, innovation, and industry exposure. The university’s sprawling campus is spread over 600 acres and is equipped with state-of-the-art facilities, providing students with a conducive environment to learn, grow, and succeed.

Academic Programs

LPU offers a wide variety of academic programs across multiple disciplines. With a focus on both academic excellence and skills development, the university offers undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral courses in fields such as engineering, management, law, education, design, pharmacy, arts, commerce, and sciences.

Undergraduate Programs:

Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech): LPU offers B.Tech degrees in various branches such as Computer Science, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Communication, and many more. The B.Tech program combines theoretical knowledge with practical experience, preparing students for careers in the rapidly evolving engineering sector.

Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA): The BBA program at LPU offers a solid foundation in business management. Students learn the fundamentals of management, finance, marketing, human resources, and operations, along with gaining the leadership and decision-making skills needed in the corporate world.

Bachelor of Design (B.Des): LPU offers a B.Des program with specializations in fields like Fashion Design, Product Design, and Interior Design. The program focuses on creativity, innovation, and technical skills, allowing students to become professionals in the design industry.

Bachelor of Hotel Management (BHM): The BHM program is designed to equip students with the skills necessary to pursue careers in the hospitality and tourism industry. The curriculum includes both theoretical learning and practical exposure, including internships in leading hotels and resorts.

Postgraduate Programs:

Master of Business Administration (MBA): LPU’s MBA program is designed to develop the managerial skills required to succeed in the global business environment. With specializations in Marketing, Finance, Human Resources, and Operations, the program focuses on building leadership and strategic thinking abilities.

Master of Technology (M.Tech): The M.Tech program at LPU allows students to specialize in various engineering disciplines, including Computer Science, Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, and Mechanical Engineering. The program offers advanced technical knowledge and practical research experience.

Master of Design (M.Des): LPU also offers a postgraduate program in Design, with specializations in various design fields. The M.Des program is ideal for students looking to enhance their creative and technical abilities in design.

Master of Pharmacy (M.Pharm): The M.Pharm program at LPU provides advanced knowledge in pharmaceutical sciences and prepares students for careers in the pharmaceutical and healthcare industries.

Master of Arts (MA): LPU offers a range of MA programs, including those in fields such as English, Psychology, and Journalism. These programs are designed to develop critical thinking, analytical skills, and effective communication abilities.

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The demand for quality CA coaching in Patna is rising, driven by economic growth and increased need for financial expertise. Mittal Commerce Classes (MCC) stands out for its commitment to result-oriented education, strategic problem-solving, and quality teaching. MCC's track record and success rate rank it among the best in India. Rankers Commerce, Chartered Commerce, Aarya Commerce, and Professional Commerce are other reputable options, each emphasizing personalized attention, expert faculty, and comprehensive exam preparation. Patna's expanding economy necessitates skilled chartered accountants, making the choice of coaching institute crucial for aspiring CAs to excel in their careers and contribute to the region's financial landscape.

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Best Online Coaching for the CA Foundation

Online CA Foundation

Building a solid foundation is essential in the field of chartered accounting, and Mittal Commerce Classes is the pinnacle of perfection when it comes to offering the finest online instruction for CA Foundation. You'll learn why Mittal Commerce Classes is your key to success in the difficult world of CA exams as we explore the details of what makes us unique.

Comprehensive Curriculum Tailored for Success

We at Mittal Commerce Classes take great satisfaction in offering a curriculum that has been painstakingly designed to exclusively prepare students for the CA Foundation test. Our online coaching courses are created by seasoned experts who have a deep comprehension of the subtleties of the test. We do all we can to make sure that our pupils have the thorough understanding required to succeed.

Expert Faculty Ensuring Mastery

Our team of very skilled and knowledgeable instructors, who provide a plethora of information to the virtual classroom, is essential to our success. Our teachers go above and beyond the call of duty by utilizing cutting-edge teaching strategies to simplify difficult subjects. You receive more from Mittal Commerce Classes than just education; you also get insights from professionals in the field who are committed to your success.

Cutting-Edge Technology for Seamless Learning

Mittal Commerce Classes embraces the digital age and makes use of state-of-the-art technology to provide a smooth online learning environment. Students may access recorded lectures, live sessions, and interactive study materials at any time using our user-friendly platform. We know how important flexibility is in the fast-paced world of today, and our tech-driven approach makes sure that our students can customize their learning plans to meet their requirements.

Personalized Attention, Proven Results

Mittal Commerce Classes go above and beyond to provide each student with individualized attention in the quest for academic achievement. Our small class sizes allow teachers to answer specific questions, creating a learning atmosphere where questions are answered and concepts are grasped. With a successful track record that puts Mittal Commerce Classes in a class by itself, the results speak for themselves.

Success Stories that Define Us

The success stories written by our students are what really make us stand out. Mittal Commerce Classes is proud of the large number of students who passed the CA Foundation exam with flying colors in addition to clearing the test. These success stories serve as evidence of the effectiveness of our instructional strategies and our steadfast dedication to ensuring every candidate succeeds.

Holistic Support Beyond the Classroom

Mittal Commerce Classes provide help outside of the virtual classroom since they recognize the holistic demands of CA aspirants. Our extensive study guides, practice exams, and one-on-one counseling sessions make sure that students are emotionally and psychologically ready for the difficulties that lie ahead.

Enroll Today, Transform Tomorrow

Mittal Commerce Classes is the clear winner when it comes to offering the best online instruction for the CA Foundation. For individuals hoping to pursue a lucrative career in chartered accounting, we are the best option due to our dedication to quality, experienced faculty, and tech-driven approach.

[mccdelhi04]

BEST CA COACHING IN DELHI

Mittal Commerce Classes

                             Best Classes in New Delhi:   https://mccjpr.com/ca-coaching-in-new-delhi/

Mittal Commerce Classes was established in the year 1998 by CA Manoj Gupta (Mittal). Mittal Commerce Classes offer comprehensive and result-oriented training to aspiring Chartered Accountants. Our experienced and knowledgeable faculty helps the students to prepare for the various exams of CA. We provide CA online classes and study material to ensure that students can access the same anywhere, anytime. Our study material is curated by experienced professionals who have in-depth knowledge of the CA exam syllabus and knowledge of the CA exam syllabus.

Our Mission

We are focused on providing a platform that creates successful, disciplined, hardworking, progressive and prudent professionals helping in making  a better and progressive society.

Our mission is to bring out the best from every student and to train them in the best possible way by providing educational facilities of the highest order.

Our vision

Education is the single most important tool that shapes mankind. Keeping this in mind was born a unique concept of the MCC Empire. MCC as a company (Educational Corporate) came into existence in 1998 with an intention and passion to provide result oriented quality education. The founders have the best of academic backgrounds. MCC made a huge success by delivering quality to the students. Motivated by a deep desire to ‘work towards perfection, greater efforts were made which resulted in enhancement of results.

  Mittal Classes Unique Selling Proposition

We are glad to tell you about our unique selling proposition , we provide free demo classes ,  online classes and students opt online batch according to their comfort , you can access all recorded videos 

You can check our blog section for  CA preparation and study tips. https://mccjpr.com/blog/

Contact Details: +919929325016, +919314055518

Website link: https://mccjpr.com/

Services: Our services are CA , CMA and 11th &12th classes with foundation courses , intermediate courses and final coaching.

[mittal055]

Mittal Commerce Classes in Delhi provide coaching for the foundation, Intermediate and final levels of the CA course.

https://mccjpr.com/ca-coaching-in-new-delhi/

[mittalcommerceclass]

Which are the Best CA Online Classes in India?

Embarking on a journey to become a Chartered Accountant (CA) requires dedication, the right guidance, and access to quality resources. With the rise of digital education, CA Online Classes have become an invaluable asset for students across India, offering flexibility and comprehensive learning experiences. These classes have transformed the way you can prepare for your CA exams, making it possible to study from the comfort of your home while accessing top-notch educational content and expert mentoring.

The availability of CA online classes ensures that geographical barriers no longer limit your access to quality education. Whether you are in a bustling city or a remote town, you can gain access to the same level of instruction as anyone else. This democratization of education has opened doors for many aspiring CAs who otherwise might not have had the opportunity to receive the best education possible.

In this article, we'll explore some of the best CA online classes available in India, focusing on different stages of the CA journey, from foundation to final coaching. We'll also delve into key factors to consider when selecting an online class and discuss the advantages of online learning for CA aspirants.

Overview of CA Foundation Classes

The CA Foundation is the first step in your CA journey and lays the groundwork for your future studies. MCC’s CA Foundation Classes are meticulously crafted to cover all the essential subjects, ensuring you build a strong foundation of knowledge. The classes include interactive video lectures, detailed study materials, and self-assessment tests that help you gauge your understanding.

MCC's approach to teaching the CA Foundation is holistic, focusing not only on theoretical knowledge but also on practical applications. This approach ensures that you are well-prepared to tackle the challenges of higher-level CA exams. Additionally, MCC offers doubt-clearing sessions and personalized feedback, which are crucial for understanding complex concepts and improving your performance.

The flexibility of online classes allows you to learn at your own pace, revisiting lectures and materials as needed. This personalized learning experience is invaluable, especially when preparing for exams that require a deep understanding of diverse subjects.

Exploring CA Intermediate Coaching Institutes

The CA Intermediate level is a significant milestone in your journey, involving more complex subjects and requiring a deeper understanding of accounting principles. Finding the right coaching institute is critical for success at this stage. MCC stands out as a premier choice, offering a structured curriculum that covers all aspects of the CA Intermediate syllabus.

Best CA Intermediate Coaching Institute in Jaipur

In Jaipur, Mittal Commerce Classes is recognized as the Best CA Intermediate Coaching Institute in Jaipur for its exceptional teaching methods and impressive track record of student success. The institute provides both live and recorded lectures, allowing you to choose the mode of learning that best suits your schedule and learning style.

The faculty at MCC Jaipur comprises experienced professionals who bring real-world insights into the classroom, enhancing your learning experience. The institute also offers extensive practice sessions, mock tests, and personalized mentoring to help you develop the skills necessary to excel in your exams.

With a focus on interactive learning and continuous assessment, MCC Jaipur ensures that you are well-prepared for the challenges of the CA Intermediate exams. Their commitment to student success makes them a top choice for aspiring CAs in Jaipur and beyond.

Best CA Intermediate Coaching Institute in Delhi

For students in Delhi, MCC is widely recognized as the Best CA Intermediate Coaching Institute in Delhi due to its comprehensive curriculum and experienced faculty. The Delhi branch of MCC offers a conducive learning environment with state-of-the-art facilities and a strong emphasis on student-centric teaching methodologies.

MCC Delhi provides a robust support system for students, including doubt-clearing sessions, interactive workshops, and motivational seminars. These resources are designed to keep you engaged and motivated throughout your CA preparation journey.

The institute's emphasis on practical learning, combined with rigorous academic training, ensures that you are adequately prepared for both theoretical and practical aspects of the CA Intermediate exams. With MCC Delhi, you gain access to a world-class education that can help you achieve your CA aspirations.

Insights into CA Final Coaching

The CA Final is the ultimate test of your knowledge and skills, and choosing the right coaching class is crucial for success. MCC offers specialized CA Final Coaching that addresses the unique challenges of this stage, providing you with the guidance and resources needed to excel.

MCC’s CA Final Coaching focuses on advanced topics and complex problem-solving, ensuring you are prepared for the rigorous demands of the final exam. The classes include comprehensive study materials, expert-led workshops, and regular assessments to monitor your progress.

The institute's focus on practical training and real-world applications helps you develop the competencies necessary for a successful career as a Chartered Accountant. With MCC's CA Final Coaching, you can approach your exams with confidence, knowing you have received the best possible preparation.

Factors to Consider When Choosing CA Online Classes

Selecting the right CA online classes involves considering several factors to ensure you receive the best education possible. Here are some key considerations:

Faculty Expertise: Look for classes led by experienced educators who have a proven track record of success in teaching CA students.

Course Content: Ensure the curriculum is comprehensive and up-to-date, covering all aspects of the CA syllabus.

Flexibility: Opt for classes that offer flexibility in terms of scheduling and access to recorded lectures, allowing you to learn at your own pace.

Student Support: Choose classes that provide robust support systems, including doubt-clearing sessions, personalized mentoring, and regular assessments.

Reputation: Research the institute's reputation and read reviews from past students to gauge the quality of education and support offered.

By keeping these factors in mind, you can select the CA online classes that best meet your needs and help you achieve your career goals.

Advantages of Online Learning for CA Aspirants

Online learning offers numerous advantages that make it an attractive option for CA aspirants. Here are some key benefits:

Flexibility: Online classes allow you to learn from anywhere, at any time, making it easier to balance your studies with other commitments.

Access to Quality Education: You can access top-notch educational resources and expert faculty, regardless of your geographical location.

Cost-Effective: Online classes often cost less than traditional in-person classes, making quality education more affordable.

Interactive Learning: Many online platforms offer interactive features like live chat, forums, and collaborative tools that enhance the learning experience.

Self-Paced Learning: You can revisit lectures and materials as needed, allowing you to learn at your own pace and reinforce your understanding of complex topics.

These advantages make online learning an ideal choice for CA students looking to maximize their learning potential and achieve their career aspirations.

Conclusion

CA online classes in India offer a wealth of opportunities for aspiring Chartered Accountants. Institutes like Mittal Commerce Classes provide comprehensive, flexible, and high-quality education that caters to the diverse needs of students at different stages of their CA journey. Whether you are in Jaipur, Delhi, or any other part of India, you can access the best education and resources to help you succeed.

When choosing a CA online class, consider factors such as faculty expertise, course content, flexibility, and student support to ensure you receive the best possible education. Embrace the advantages of online learning, and take the first step towards a successful career as a Chartered Accountant.

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Best CA Coaching Institute Of Jaipur(MCC)

Elevate Your chartered accountancy(CA) Career with the help of Best CA Coaching Institute Of Jaipur. Are you really eager to carve a path to success in the world of finance? Discover the key to your aspirations at mittal commerce classes! We stand as a beacon of excellence, offering comprehensive courses and unwavering support for budding chartered accountants.

MCC boasts a talented faculty, modern infrastructure, and a commitment to practical knowledge. Here, you'll gain the skills and insights necessary for a thriving career in chartered accountancy. Join us now and unlock a world of great opportunities right here in Jaipur.

Your journey to success starts with us! For further information, contact us on - 9929325016.

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Best CA Coaching Classes In Jaipur

Choosing the right coaching institute is a critical decision on the path to becoming a Chartered Accountant. In the bustling city of Jaipur, one name stands out for its commitment to excellence in CA coaching - Mittal Commerce Classes. With a sterling reputation and a track record of success, Mittal Commerce Classes has firmly established itself as the best CA coaching institute in Jaipur.

What sets Mittal Commerce Classes apart from the rest? Let's delve into what makes us the top choice for aspiring CAs in the Pink City.

1. Experienced Faculty: Mittal Commerce Classes boasts a team of highly experienced and qualified faculty members who are experts in their respective fields. We not only teach the subjects effectively but also provide valuable insights and tips to excel in CA examinations.

2. Comprehensive Study Material: The institute provides meticulously crafted study materials that cover the entire CA syllabus comprehensively. These materials are updated regularly to ensure they align with the latest examination patterns.

3. Personalized Attention: Mittal Commerce Classes believes in the power of personalized attention. We keep their batch sizes small to ensure that each student gets individual attention, making it easier to address doubts and concerns.

4. Regular Mock Tests: To prepare students for the rigorous CA examinations, the institute conducts regular mock tests. These tests help students assess their progress and identify areas that need improvement.

5. Excellent Results: The track record of Mittal Commerce Classes speaks for itself. Year after year, their students achieve exceptional results in CA examinations, with many securing top ranks.

6. State-of-the-Art Facilities: The institute provides a conducive learning environment with modern classrooms, a well-equipped library, and access to online resources.

7. Career Guidance: Mittal Commerce Classes doesn't just focus on exam preparation; they also provide valuable career guidance and counselling to help students make informed decisions about their future.

Choosing the best CA coaching classes in Jaipur is a vital step towards your CA journey, and Mittal Commerce Classes offers the perfect blend of expertise, guidance, and resources to ensure your success. Join Mittal Commerce Classes today and embark on your path to becoming a successful Chartered Accountant. Your dreams are closer than you think.

[mccjpr]

Mittal Commerce Classes are best CA coaching in India, providing courses for CA foundation, Inter/ IPCC, and CA final and providing highest all India ranks in each segment of ca. Join one of the leading coaching institutes for chartered accountancy in India.

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Déclaré en état de mort clinique après la mobilisation des « gilets jaunes », le mouvement syndical a retrouvé quelques forces dans la lutte pour la défense des retraites. Toutefois, face à un gouvernement qui accélère le cours des réformes néolibérales, le rapport de forces nécessaire pour le faire reculer doit être porté à un niveau très haut — et peut-être même hors de portée dans les conditions actuelles. La grève générale reste présente dans bien des représentations militantes, mais elle semble inaccessible, alors que bloquer l’activité économique demeure le moyen le plus décisif de peser sur le patronat, et donc sur le gouvernement.

Au cours des vingt-cinq dernières années – en 1995, en 2003, puis en 2010 –, de grandes mobilisations, scandées par une succession d’impressionnantes manifestations, ont eu lieu pour la sauvegarde des retraites. En novembre et décembre 1995, la participation aux cortèges était corrélée à un important mouvement de grève dans de nombreuses entreprises et administrations : la Société nationale des chemins de fer français (SNCF), la Régie autonome des transports parisiens (RATP), Électricité de France (EDF), La Poste, France Télécom, Air France et Air Inter (dans une moindre mesure), les impôts, la fonction publique territoriale… Le secteur privé n’était pas absent, avec quelques journées d’arrêt de travail dans l’automobile (Renault, Peugeot, Ford) et dans l’électronique (Alcatel, Thomson), mais de façon beaucoup plus limitée.

En 2003, le mouvement s’était étendu sur cinq mois, avec neuf journées nationales interprofessionnelles, quatre manifestations rassemblant près de deux millions de personnes et une grève de presque six semaines dans l’éducation nationale. Dans ce secteur, le rejet du mouvement de décentralisation des personnels administratifs, techniques, ouvriers, sociaux et de santé (Atoss) s’ajoutait à celui d’une réforme des retraites qui alignait en partie le régime des fonctionnaires sur le privé.

L’ampleur des manifestations sur l’ensemble du territoire, y compris dans de petites localités, constitue le trait marquant de cette période. Cependant, on commence à voir des salariés qui y participent en posant des heures ou des jours de réduction du temps de travail (RTT), et donc en évitant la grève. Le gouvernement avait alors pris la précaution de laisser à l’écart la question des régimes spéciaux afin de ne pas bloquer le pays.

Il fera de même en 2010. Cette année-là, le mouvement s’étale sur six mois, avec quatorze manifestations, mais un fond gréviste extrêmement réduit, sauf à Marseille, dans les cantines. Une grève reconductible d’ampleur limitée se déroule à la SNCF. Après quelques semaines, la Confédération générale du travail (CGT) et Force ouvrière (FO) se tournent vers les raffineries dans l’espoir que quelques équipes mobilisées bloquent l’approvisionnement en essence, comme lors d’un épisode important de 1968. Les acteurs syndicaux voient alors les limites de leur stratégie. À elle seule, la puissance des manifestations ne vaut pas manifestation de la puissance.

« À elle seule, la puissance des manifestations ne vaut pas manifestation de la puissance. »

Depuis 2003, la question de la construction de grèves reconductibles et de la convergence des luttes est présente dans les débats militants. D’autant que le gouvernement a multiplié les mesures contre les blocages menés par de petits groupes : retrait immédiat de permis de conduire par la police pour les chauffeurs routiers – lesquels avaient été actifs en 1995 – lorsqu’ils cherchent à bloquer la circulation ; recours à la réquisition dans les raffineries et, depuis 2010, constitution préalable de stocks. Cette politique de containment s’est étendue au droit de manifester, avec des pressions considérables lors du mouvement contre la loi travail en 2016, et surtout la répression des « gilets jaunes » et des manifestations de cet hiver. Une stratégie de la tension a été adoptée dans le maintien de l’ordre, par l’utilisation disproportionnée de grenades et de gaz lacrymogènes surpuissants et par le « nassage » des manifestants.

Dans ce contexte, les directions syndicales ont poussé leurs équipes militantes à construire des mouvements de grève reconductibles dans divers secteurs, sans parvenir à y entraîner de façon décisive les salariés du privé.

La faiblesse des implantations syndicales en est la première cause : en effet, quand l’enjeu est la mobilisation, et non plus la seule participation aux organismes officiels de l’entreprise, la capacité d’action passe d’abord par la présence de syndiqués au sein du salariat, et par l’existence de collectifs, lieux de discussion et d’émulation. Si 37,6 % des établissements du secteur privé disposaient d’au moins un délégué syndical en 2005, ce chiffre était passé à 30,6 % en 2017 (1). Même là où la couverture syndicale est assurée, il s’agit le plus souvent de petits collectifs aptes à mener la négociation annuelle obligatoire, mais rarement à même d’aller au-delà de l’information des salariés.

Les adhérents se trouvent très majoritairement dans de grands établissements, et ceux qui s’investissent sont très vite aspirés par l’activité de représentation dans les instances. Selon une étude de la direction de l’animation de la recherche, des études et des statistiques (Dares) consacrée aux 11 % de salariés syndiqués en France, moins d’un tiers d’entre eux participent régulièrement aux activités de leur organisation (2). Le plus souvent, les équipes militantes se résument au noyau dur des élus et des mandatés, avec très peu de temps disponible pour mener un travail de sensibilisation et de discussion avec les autres salariés.

Cette situation s’est encore aggravée avec les ordonnances Macron de 2017, qui ont supprimé les anciens comités d’entreprise, les délégués du personnel et les comités d’hygiène, de sécurité et des conditions de travail (CHSCT) pour les fondre dans une instance unique, les comités sociaux et économiques (CSE). Les équipes militantes ont été accaparées par de longues négociations pour en définir le périmètre et le fonctionnement ; elles en sont sorties exsangues. D’autant que ces ordonnances ont entraîné une diminution du nombre des élus et du temps de représentation des travailleurs (jusqu’à 30 % ou 40 % de moins dans la plupart des entreprises).

Dans les plus petites structures, une part croissante des adhérents sont des « isolés », seuls syndiqués de leur entreprise. C’est le cas pour ceux de la CGT, notamment, en particulier dans le commerce et les services, où des luttes localisées existent, mais où l’absence de communauté militante rend difficile une participation à une action longue. La décision de faire grève devient plus difficile à prendre lorsqu’elle est strictement individuelle et qu’elle peut se traduire, au mieux, par une participation en pointillé.

Cet isolement pourrait être compensé par le rôle actif d’organisations de proximité, telles les unions locales. Ces structures interprofessionnelles se sont affaiblies ; lorsqu’elles demeurent actives, elles n’ont souvent qu’une vie limitée, car elles reposent sur l’implication de quelques retraités.

De nouvelles initiatives voient le jour. À Malakoff, en région parisienne, l’union locale CGT a créé un syndicat multientreprises pour organiser les isolés, leur fournir un cadre de débat et de décision commun, permettre un développement de la syndicalisation et donner de l’énergie à ces adhérents dispersés. Mais de tels cas sont encore très rares.

Au cours des dernières années, des implantations ont été créées dans des secteurs peu habitués aux luttes sociales, comme celui de l’aide à domicile, des établissements d’hébergement pour les personnes âgées dépendantes (Ehpad) ou encore dans la grande distribution. Mais, dans ces secteurs, les salaires sont très bas, et la répression est forte. Se mobiliser dans la durée, à travers une grève reconductible, demeure une pratique exceptionnelle.

Simultanément, dans les anciens bastions syndicaux – l’industrie ou les fonctions publiques –, le développement de la sous-traitance a conduit à une externalisation des emplois ouvriers vers de petites entreprises dépourvues de présence syndicale. Quant aux entreprises plus grandes, elles connaissent des réorganisations permanentes qui conduisent à l’éclatement des collectifs de travail, avec un fort recours à des salariés mis à disposition, en intérim ou en contrat précaire. Ainsi, à EDF, des restructurations ont contribué à affaiblir les solidarités de corps ou de métier. Et dans l’industrie automobile, à quoi bon faire grève si les lignes de production, qui emploient en permanence entre 30 % et 50 % d’intérimaires, voire davantage, ne s’arrêtent pas ?

Surtout, les syndicats n’ont plus la puissance suffisante pour entraver le fonctionnement du cœur du capitalisme français, celui des sociétés du CAC 40, largement internationalisées, et dont le rapport au territoire national et à ses conflits s’est largement distendu. Renault a délocalisé ses lignes de production en Espagne, en Turquie, en Slovénie ou au Maroc : les grèves en France affectent de moins en moins ses produits-phares. De même, en cas d’arrêt de la production sidérurgique en France, M. Lakshmi Mittal s’empresserait de redistribuer ses commandes au sein des autres usines – en Europe ou au-delà – du gigantesque groupe ArcelorMittal.

Une implantation solide demeure dans les transports. D’ailleurs, le gouvernement a eu l’habileté de céder très vite sur les revendications des navigants – qui, à Air France, en 2018, ont montré leur capacité à mener une grève longue. Au passage, les déplacements des élites auront été moins affectés par les grèves que ceux des classes moyennes et populaires…

Mais les freins à l’action longue résultent aussi de facteurs plus généraux. Les formes d’individualisation et d’évaluation du travail, la gestion par le stress et la dégradation des conditions de travail conduisent un grand nombre de salariés à redouter les effets de la grève, celle-ci impliquant de laisser des tâches s’accumuler ou d’aggraver les contraintes pesant déjà sur les collègues. Cette pression s’exerce encore plus fortement sur ceux qui produisent des services pour autrui (éducation, santé, aide à la personne) (3). De plus, en contraignant une partie des cadres à prendre en charge le travail des grévistes — comme à la RATP ou à la SNCF, où certains ont appris à conduire des trains —, ou en ayant recours à des intérimaires, les directions utilisent des procédés classiques de contournement qui nient le droit de grève et ostracisent ceux qui s’en saisissent.

Enfin, la faiblesse des « restes à vivre » dans la comptabilité des ménages a été mise au jour avec les « gilets jaunes ». Elle affecte une grande partie des travailleurs, y compris ceux qui ne sont pas au bas de l’échelle. L’endettement et le surendettement des familles sont devenus des réalités communes dans le monde du travail : selon la Banque de France, en 2018, si 25,7 % des surendettés étaient des chômeurs, 28,6 % étaient des actifs en contrat à durée indéterminée (CDI) (4). L’absence ou la faiblesse des collectifs syndicaux sur les lieux de travail ne permet pas de surmonter ces obstacles.

De plus, le lieu où l’on vit coïncide de moins en moins avec celui où l’on travaille. Cela contribue à affaiblir des solidarités territoriales (de la part des municipalités, des agriculteurs, des commerçants…) qui continuent à exister lors de conflits localisés contre des fermetures d’entreprise. Le succès des caisses de grève en ligne renoue avec une longue tradition de soutien aux grévistes, les réseaux sociaux remplaçant les solidarités collectives construites dans la proximité (5).

Une communauté protestataire

Malgré – ou à cause de – ces handicaps, le mouvement social de cet hiver fait preuve d’une vitalité exceptionnelle et d’une capacité à élargir le répertoire d’action traditionnel. L’animation des cortèges, les flashmobs, les « marées de meufs », les démonstrations artistiques, les banderoles ou affiches individuelles témoignent d’une créativité impressionnante, même si le phénomène n’est pas entièrement nouveau : les charivaris et les carnavals d’autrefois s’accompagnaient fréquemment de mises en scène grotesques du pouvoir des dominants.

On le voit depuis 1995 : les syndicats ne sont pas des armées en campagne qui déplacent des troupes à volonté, et les mobilisations montrent une grande part d’autonomie par rapport à leurs mots d’ordre. Le mouvement de l’hiver 2019-2020 renforce encore le trait. Des communautés semblent s’être constituées, comme par capillarité ; par exemple, les collèges et les lycées d’un même territoire, ou encore ces collectifs féministes qui ont donné tant de couleurs aux cortèges. Souvent, ce sont des syndicalistes qui ont impulsé ces formes d’auto-organisation locales, mais on ne peut pas ramener la contestation à une lutte syndicale classique. Le mouvement des « gilets jaunes » avait montré la voie de modes d’action affranchis de toute forme de représentation ; le mouvement de l’hiver suivant a revêtu lui aussi la forme d’une mobilisation autant citoyenne que syndicale.

Ces mises en mouvement n’ont certes pas débouché sur une grève générale, largement mythique (6), mais elles ont contribué au façonnement d’une communauté protestataire, par-delà les différences statutaires et les inégalités qui structurent le monde salarial : médecins hospitaliers et avocats ont fait cortège avec les égoutiers, les employés municipaux et bien d’autres, la convergence étant assurée par le rejet fédérateur du président de la République.

À ce titre, les manifestations se sont révélées autant politiques et idéologiques que syndicales. Pour autant, on est loin d’un processus de politisation de larges fractions de la population tel qu’il s’était produit en 2005 autour du référendum sur le projet de traité constitutionnel européen, lorsque des militants associatifs, syndicaux et politiques avaient réussi à percer le mur des médias et du pouvoir. Le sujet des retraites n’est pas moins politique, et, pris séparément, les syndicats ne manquaient pas de propositions alternatives. Mais ils n’ont pas réussi à les rendre audibles, à imprimer leurs idées dans l’espace public. Et la question de la pression effective sur le pouvoir ou sur l’économie reste posée.

―――――――――――――――――

Sophie BÉROUD, professeuse de sociologie à l’université Lumière Lyon-II, membre du laboratoire Triangle, & Jean-Marie PERNOT, chercheur associé à l’Institut de recherches économiques et sociales (IRES) et au Centre d’histoire sociale des mondes contemporains.

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Amazon’s Antitrust Paradox

*It’s not Amazon’s paradox, it’s the legal profession’s paradox.  They haven’t yet figured out what would happen to them if Amazon started displacing lawyers the way they’ve displaced everybody else.

https://www.yalelawjournal.org/note/amazons-antitrust-paradox

Amazon’s Antitrust Paradox

Lina M. Khan

ABSTRACT. Amazon is the titan of twenty-first century commerce. In addition to being a retailer, it is now a marketing platform, a delivery and logistics network, a payment service, a credit lender, an auction house, a major book publisher, a producer of television and films, a fashion designer, a hardware manufacturer, and a leading host of cloud server space. Although Amazon has clocked staggering growth, it generates meager profits, choosing to price below-cost and expand widely instead. Through this strategy, the company has positioned itself at the center of e-commerce and now serves as essential infrastructure for a host of other businesses that depend upon it. Elements of the firm’s structure and conduct pose anticompetitive concerns—yet it has escaped antitrust scrutiny.

This Note argues that the current framework in antitrust—specifically its pegging competition to “consumer welfare,” defined as short-term price effects—is unequipped to capture the architecture of market power in the modern economy. We cannot cognize the potential harms to competition posed by Amazon’s dominance if we measure competition primarily through price and output. Specifically, current doctrine underappreciates the risk of predatory pricing and how integration across distinct business lines may prove anticompetitive. These concerns are heightened in the context of online platforms for two reasons. First, the economics of platform markets create incentives for a company to pursue growth over profits, a strategy that investors have rewarded. Under these conditions, predatory pricing becomes highly rational—even as existing doctrine treats it as irrational and therefore implausible. Second, because online platforms serve as critical intermediaries, integrating across business lines positions these platforms to control the essential infrastructure on which their rivals depend. This dual role also enables a platform to exploit information collected on companies using its services to undermine them as competitors.

This Note maps out facets of Amazon’s dominance. Doing so enables us to make sense of its business strategy, illuminates anticompetitive aspects of Amazon’s structure and conduct, and underscores deficiencies in current doctrine. The Note closes by considering two potential regimes for addressing Amazon’s power: restoring traditional antitrust and competition policy principles or applying common carrier obligations and duties.

AUTHOR. I am deeply grateful to David Singh Grewal for encouraging me to pursue this project and to Barry C. Lynn for introducing me to these issues in the first place. For thoughtful feedback at various stages of this project, I am also grateful to Christopher R. Leslie, Daniel Markovits, Stacy Mitchell, Frank Pasquale, George Priest, Maurice Stucke, and Sandeep Vaheesan. Lastly, many thanks to Juliana Brint, Urja Mittal, and the Yale Law Journal staff for insightful comments and careful editing. All errors are my own.

INTRODUCTION

“Even as Amazon became one of the largest retailers in the country, it never seemed interested in charging enough to make a profit. Customers celebrated and the competition languished.”

—The New York Times1

“[O]ne of Mr. Rockefeller’s most impressive characteristics is patience.”

—Ida Tarbell, A History of the Standard Oil Company2

In Amazon’s early years, a running joke among Wall Street analysts was that CEO Jeff Bezos was building a house of cards. Entering its sixth year in 2000, the company had yet to crack a profit and was mounting millions of dollars in continuous losses, each quarter’s larger than the last. Nevertheless, a segment of shareholders believed that by dumping money into advertising and steep discounts, Amazon was making a sound investment that would yield returns once e-commerce took off. Each quarter the company would report losses, and its stock price would rise. One news site captured the split sentiment by asking, “Amazon: Ponzi Scheme or Wal-Mart of the Web?”3

Sixteen years on, nobody seriously doubts that Amazon is anything but the titan of twenty-first century commerce. In 2015, it earned $107 billion in revenue,4 and, as of 2013, it sold more than its next twelve online competitors combined.5 By some estimates, Amazon now captures 46% of online shopping, with its share growing faster than the sector as a whole.6 In addition to being a retailer, it is a marketing platform, a delivery and logistics network, a payment service, a credit lender, an auction house, a major book publisher, a producer of television and films, a fashion designer, a hardware manufacturer, and a leading provider of cloud server space and computing power. Although Amazon has clocked staggering growth—reporting double-digit increases in net sales yearly—it reports meager profits, choosing to invest aggressively instead. The company listed consistent losses for the first seven years it was in business, with debts of $2 billion.7 While it exits the red more regularly now,8 negative returns are still common. The company reported losses in two of the last five years, for example, and its highest yearly net income was still less than 1% of its net sales.9

Despite the company’s history of thin returns, investors have zealously backed it: Amazon’s shares trade at over 900 times diluted earnings, making it the most expensive stock in the Standard & Poor’s 500.10 As one reporter marveled, “The company barely ekes out a profit, spends a fortune on expansion and free shipping and is famously opaque about its business operations. Yet investors . . . pour into the stock.”11 Another commented that Amazon is in “a class of its own when it comes to valuation.”12

Reporters and financial analysts continue to speculate about when and how Amazon’s deep investments and steep losses will pay off.13 Customers, meanwhile, universally seem to love the company. Close to half of all online buyers go directly to Amazon first to search for products,14 and in 2016, the Reputation Institute named the firm the “most reputable company in America” for the third year running.15 In recent years, journalists have exposed the aggressive business tactics Amazon employs. For instance Amazon named one campaign “The Gazelle Project,” a strategy whereby Amazon would approach small publishers “the way a cheetah would a sickly gazelle.”16 This, as well as other reporting,17 drew widespread attention,18 perhaps because it offered a glimpse at the potential social costs of Amazon’s dominance. The firm’s highly public dispute with Hachette in 2014—in which Amazon delisted the publisher’s books from its website during business negotiations—similarly generated extensive press scrutiny and dialogue.19 More generally, there is growing public awareness that Amazon has established itself as an essential part of the internet economy,20 and a gnawing sense that its dominance—its sheer scale and breadth—may pose hazards.21 But when pressed on why, critics often fumble to explain how a company that has so clearly delivered enormous benefits to consumers—not to mention revolutionized e-commerce in general—could, at the end of the day, threaten our markets. Trying to make sense of the contradiction, one journalist noted that the critics’ argument seems to be that “even though Amazon’s activities tend to reduce book prices, which is considered good for consumers, they ultimately hurt consumers.”22. (((etc etc etc)))

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