#Netherlands 🇳🇱 Belgium 🇧🇪 and Scotland 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿

[xtruss]

Eurasian magpies typically build their nests from thorny branches, but some birds have discovered anti-bird spikes work just as well—if not better. Photograph By Auke Florian Hiemstra

'The Perfect Revenge'? Birds are Building Fortresses From Anti-bird Spikes

Despite a plethora of products designed to keep birds off buildings, our feathered friends are sending a clear message: Nice try.

— By Jason Bittel | July 17, 2023

In an example of “The Perfect Revenge,” European birds are ripping anti-bird barbs off buildings and using them to build armored nurseries for their chicks, scientists say.

“They take the stuff we use to try to deter birds, and they make a nest out of it, and then make more birds,” says Auke-Florian Hiemstra, a biologist at Naturalis Biodiversity Center in the Netherlands and lead author of a study on the phenomenon published this month in Deinsea, the online journal of the National History Museum Rotterdam.

“That’s just a brilliant way to fight the system. Nice to see some birds fighting back.”

While birds are a common urban neighbor, city residents don’t always appreciate the droppings and nesting materials our feathered friends leave behind. This has spurred an entire industry of products designed to keep birds off human infrastructure, such as light displays, netting, and even sharp metal spikes.

However, a new study shows that not only are some birds unbothered by long strips of barbs, but they’re actually ripping the skewers off buildings and using them to build armored nurseries for their chicks.

In the Netherlands, two instances so far show that carrion crows coiled the strips so that the spikes faced inward, possibly serving as a base for the nest and helping to bind other nesting materials, such as twigs and dry leaves.

Scientists want to know if these nests (Pictured, One Found in Antwerp, Belgium) ​are better at protecting chicks than those without spikes. Photograph By Auke Florian Hiemstra

Eurasian magpies, on the other hand, build nests with a roof. “Magpies are very worried about crows stealing their eggs and young, so to protect them, they make this dome,” says Hiemstra. “They can fly multiple kilometers trying to look for material. However, in cities, there’s not a lot thorny branches around.”

Perhaps this is why, in three separate instances described between 2021 and 2023 from the Netherlands, Belgium, and Scotland, Hiemstra found magpie nests that incorporated anti-bird spikes in the top of the dome. And this is intriguing, because magpies typically construct their roofs out of hawthorn, blackthorn, and rose stems.

In other words, it seems the magpies are not treating the anti-bird strips as just another building material. They’re using the spikes as spikes.

If true, it would be the first such documentation of its kind.

'Magpies are Nuts'

To be clear, birds build nests from human-made objects all the time. Hiemstra has personally seen nests from various species made out of everything from windshield wipers and headphones to hypodermic needles, cocaine packaging, and condoms.

“So even the wild side of Amsterdam, you will see reflected in the bird nests,” he says. “Almost anything can become nesting material.”

However, for his new research, Hiemstra dived into the scientific literature to find examples of corvids using anti-bird spikes. The first recorded example of this behavior appears to be from 2009 in Rotterdam, but overall the scientists gathered five instances in three countries.

“So even the wild side of Amsterdam, you will see reflected in the bird nests,” he says. “Almost anything can become nesting material.”

It has also been previously documented that some species, such as cockatoos in Australia, will actively rip anti-bird spikes from their moorings.

This strip of anti-bird spikes was taken from a nest in Antwerp, Belgium. Photograph By Auke Florian Hiemstra

However, what makes this new study different is the idea that the magpies, especially, may be using the anti-bird spikes in a functional capacity.

“I’ve seen birds who built on top of the spikes,” which are also used in the U.S., says Karina Sanchez, an urban ecologist at the University of New Hampshire not involved in the study. “But this was my first time seeing the spikes being yanked off of the structure and used in nests.”

Sanchez says she’s not surprised about the species involved. “Magpies are Nuts,” she laughs. “Their nests are very elaborate. We used to call them ‘condos.’”

While the photos included in the study are “somewhat convincing,” Sanchez says that right now, the idea that magpies might be using the spikes functionally is “still kind of anecdotal.”

For one, the behavior has only been documented a handful of times. And two, it would require further experimentation to prove that the magpies recognize the human-made materials as being similar in function to natural materials, such as thorny branches.

At the same time, Sanchez says, “I don’t see why that wouldn’t be a possibility.”

According to Hiemstra, the next step will be to design experiments that can figure out if thorny materials help magpies raise more chicks. Then, they’d want to see if anti-bird spikes produce similar, or maybe even better results.

Do Animals Feel Revenge?

The study comes among two recent examples of wildlife messing with people—an otter stealing surfboards in California and a spate of incidents in which orcas are attacking boats in Europe. These incidents have spurred headlines that wildlife is finally fed up with people.

Of course, scientists can’t say—yet—whether an animal actually feels revenge, Hiemstra says.

“If the birds themselves understand the irony of the whole situation, that is of course, impossible to say. But corvids do understand a lot, are real problem solvers, recognize themselves in mirrors, [and] understand tool use,” he says.

And it’s indisputable that wildlife have figured out how to live among us, especially in cities.

“It’s really sad that we’re fighting our urban wildlife so actively,” says Hiemstra, “while actually, it’s quite beautiful that these animals are living in cities, just like us.”

“So I would really like the people to embrace that urban wildlife, instead of fighting it with bird spikes.”

[bambooochan6]

Congratulations to Thailand 🏳️‍🌈

Countries Where same-sex marriage is legal: ⏬

2001: Netherlands 🇳🇱

2003: Belgium 🇧🇪

2005: Canada 🇨🇦, Spain 🇪🇸

2006: South Africa 🇿🇦

2009: Norway 🇳🇴, Sweden 🇸🇪

2010: Argentina 🇦🇷, Iceland 🇮🇸, Portugal 🇵🇹

2012: Denmark 🇩🇰

2013: Brazil 🇧🇷, England 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿, Wales 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁷󠁬󠁳󠁿, France 🇫🇷, New Zealand 🇳🇿, Uruguay 🇺🇾

2014: Luxembourg 🇱🇺, Scotland 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿

2015: Finland 🇫🇮, Ireland 🇮🇪, USA 🇺🇸

2016: Colombia 🇨🇴, Greenland 🇬🇱

2017: Australia 🇦🇺, Malta 🇲🇹, Germany 🇩🇪

2019: Austria 🇦🇹, Ecuador 🇪🇨, Taiwan 🇹🇼, Northern Ireland

2020: Costa Rica 🇨🇷

2021: Chile 🇨🇱

2022: Switzerland 🇨🇭, Slovenia 🇸🇮, Cuba 🇨🇺

2023: Andorra 🇦🇩

2024: Estonia 🇪🇪, Greece 🇬🇷, Thailand 🇹🇭

[eirxair]

why i hate countries in europe

(this is a shitpost)

portugal🇵🇹- brazillian portuguese 🔛🔝 (or so ive been told)

spain🇪🇸-odio españa porque comí tostadas yo no sé🤷

france🇫🇷- FRENCH PEOPLE AHHHHHH

belgium🇧🇪- reminds me of belgium so i dont like it

germany🇩🇪- i have a german friend and shes mean to me smh 😔😔✊✊

poland🇵🇱-i have a polish friend and theyre very mean to me smh😔😔✊✊

czech republic 🇨🇿 - defenestration+ that stupid goat

bulgaria🇧🇬-flag colours remind me of italy

italy🇮🇹-italian AHHHHHH (someone thought i was italian on tiktok this one time and im not forgetting it)

austria🇦🇹-i keep accidentally saying australia when i say it smh😔✊

hungary🇭🇺 - flag reminds me of italy😰😰

lithuania🇱🇹 - if i get another lithuanian meme sent to me i am going to combust

latvia🇱🇻-hello

ukraine🇺🇦- i keep accidentally getting it confused with that one flag thats for the german city thing yk the one its yellow then blue smh

slovakia🇸🇰- idk tbh, falg has the same colour as france ig😡

scotland🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿 - “i love eye r land” *starts playing flower of scotland on the bagpipes*-🇺🇸

wales🏴󠁧󠁢󠁷󠁬󠁳󠁿 - your flag is a NIGHTMARE to draw and i hate you so much for it

ireland🇮🇪 - “im actualy eye r ish!” *holds up 🇨🇮* -🇺🇸

england🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿- tories🤢

romania🇷🇴 - forgotten romance language smh (best one tbh)

greece🇬🇷 - please tell me youre as sick of americans as i am

norway🇳🇴 - WHY ARE YOU TELLING ME NO WAY IN AN AUSTRALIAN ACCENT.

sweden🇸🇪 - hi

finland🇫🇮 - i know someone from finland and he is very emo (dont tell him i told u im scared of him icl)

denmark🇩🇰 - if i see another cross on a flag im gonna sob

switzerland 🇨🇭- OH MY FUCKGIN GODV

the netherlands 🇳🇱- “thaats not a real place thaats where peter pan lives!” -🇺🇸

belarus🇧🇾 -hi

serbia🇷🇸 -french colours😰😰😰

moldova🇲🇩 -hi :)

albania🇦🇱 - your flag is also a NIGHTMARE TO DRAW YOU DONT HAVE TO BE WELSH PLEASE TURN TOWARDS THE LIGHT.

croatia🇭🇷 - one time i was playing that one guess draw game on roblox w my friend and they said they got croatia and i typed it in chat and everyone thought we were teaming and vote kicked me from drawing </3

bosnia🇧🇦- hi

macedonia🇲🇰-your flag isnt a NIGHTMARE to draw but its still a nightmare to draw

thats all for now bc im not writing out 44 different countries (since app theres 44 countries in europe i googled it)

[englishchinesetranslations]

AFC Soccer 2021 championship

OFC: New Zealand 🇳🇿 (2018 FIFA World Cup 3rd round qualifying winners) 1 team

AFC: Syria 🇸🇾, China 🇨🇳, Saudi Arabia 🇸🇦, UAE 🇦🇪, Australia 🇦🇺, Jordan 🇯🇴, Qatar 🇶🇦, Iran 🇮🇷, Oman 🇴🇲, Japan 🇯🇵, Thailand 🇹🇭, Iraq 🇮🇶, South Korea 🇰🇷, Uzbekistan 🇺🇿, Lebanon 🇱🇧 (2018 FIFA World Cup 2nd round qualifiers) 15 teams

Hosts: Bulgaria 🇧🇬, Serbia 🇷🇸, Romania 🇷🇴, Greece 🇬🇷

UEFA: Kosovo 🇽🇰, Bulgaria 🇧🇬, Serbia 🇷🇸, Luxembourg 🇱🇺, Northern Ireland ✋️, Belarus 🇧🇾, Republic of Ireland 🇮🇪, Georgia 🇬🇪, Norway 🇳🇴, Romania 🇷🇴, Slovenia 🇸🇮, Iceland 🇮🇸, Albania 🇦🇱, Cyprus 🇨🇾, Greece 🇬🇷, Bosnia-Herzegovina 🇧🇦 (UEFA Euro 2020 qualifiers) 16 teams

AFC Soccer 2016 championship

OFC: New Zealand 🇳🇿 (2014 FIFA World Cup OFC 3rd round qualifying winners)

AFC: Syria 🇸🇾, China 🇨🇳, Saudi Arabia 🇸🇦, UAE 🇦🇪, Australia 🇦🇺, Jordan 🇯🇴, Qatar 🇶🇦, Iran 🇮🇷, Oman 🇴🇲, Japan 🇯🇵 (Co-Hosts), Thailand 🇹🇭, Iraq 🇮🇶, South Korea 🇰🇷 (Co-Hosts), Uzbekistan 🇺🇿, North Korea 🇰🇵 (2018 FIFA World Cup 2nd round qualifiers) 15 teams

UEFA: Bosnia-Herzegovina 🇧🇦, Slovenia 🇸🇮, Norway 🇳🇴, Denmark 🇩🇰, Scotland 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿, Netherlands 🇳🇱, Finland 🇫🇮, Bulgaria 🇧🇬, Montenegro 🇲🇪, Estonia 🇪🇪, Serbia 🇷🇸, Belarus 🇧🇾, Cyprus 🇨🇾, Lithuania 🇱🇹, Georgia 🇬🇪, Armenia 🇦🇲 (UEFA Euro 2016 qualifiers)

AFC Soccer 2012 championship

UEFA: Turkey 🇹🇷, Bosnia-Herzegovina 🇧🇦, Montenegro 🇲🇪, Estonia 🇪🇪, Norway 🇳🇴, Hungary 🇭🇺, Armenia 🇦🇲, Switzerland 🇨🇭, Scotland 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿, Serbia 🇷🇸, Romania 🇷🇴, Belgium 🇧🇪, Belarus 🇧🇾, Slovakia 🇸🇰, Slovenia 🇸🇮, Wales 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁷󠁬󠁳󠁿 (UEFA Euro 2012 qualifiers) 16 teams

OFC: New Zealand 🇳🇿 (2010 FIFA World Cup qualifying play-off winner)

CONCACAF: USA 🇺🇸, Mexico 🇲🇽 (Co-Hosts)

AFC: Iraq 🇮🇶, South Korea 🇰🇷, Uzbekistan 🇺🇿, Australia 🇦🇺, Iran 🇮🇷, Jordan 🇯🇴, Japan 🇯🇵, Qatar 🇶🇦, Lebanon 🇱🇧, Oman 🇴🇲, China 🇨🇳, Kuwait 🇰🇼, Saudi Arabia 🇸🇦 (2014 FIFA World Cup 3rd round qualifiers) 13 teams

AFC Soccer 2009

UEFA: Bulgaria 🇧🇬, Scotland 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿, England 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿, Norway 🇳🇴, Serbia 🇷🇸, Finland 🇫🇮, Republic of Ireland 🇮🇪, Northern Ireland ✋️ (UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying) 8 teams

AFC: Japan 🇯🇵, South Korea 🇰🇷, Uzbekistan 🇺🇿, Saudi Arabia 🇸🇦, Iran 🇮🇷, Australia 🇦🇺 (Hosts), North Korea 🇰🇵, Bahrain 🇧🇭 (2010 FIFA World Cup 3rd round qualifying) 8 teams

UEFA-AFC Soccer 2005

UEFA: Turkey 🇹🇷 (Hosts), Scotland 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿, Slovenia 🇸🇮, Norway 🇳🇴, Wales 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁷󠁬󠁳󠁿, Serbia & Montenegro 🇷🇸, Belgium 🇧🇪, Ukraine 🇺🇦 (UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying) 8 teams

OFC: Australia 🇦🇺, New Zealand 🇳🇿 (invited)

AFC: Saudi Arabia 🇸🇦, Uzbekistan 🇺🇿, Iran 🇮🇷, Kuwait 🇰🇼, Bahrain 🇧🇭, South Korea 🇰🇷 (2006 FIFA World Cup qualifying 2nd round) 6 teams

UEFA-AFC Soccer 2001

UEFA: Scotland 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿, Ukraine 🇺🇦, Republic of Ireland 🇮🇪, Croatia 🇭🇷, Russia 🇷🇺 (Hosts), Switzerland 🇨🇭 (UEFA Euro 2000 qualifiers) 6 teams

OFC: New Zealand 🇳🇿 (2000 OFC Nations Cup runners-up)

AFC: China 🇨🇳, Saudi Arabia 🇸🇦, Iran 🇮🇷, Oman 🇴🇲, Thailand 🇹🇭, Qatar 🇶🇦, Bahrain 🇧🇭, Iraq 🇮🇶, Uzbekistan 🇺🇿 (2002 FIFA World Cup qualifying 1st round) 9 teams

UEFA-AFC Soccer 1997

AFC: Syria 🇸🇾, China 🇨🇳 (Hosts), Kuwait 🇰🇼, South Korea 🇰🇷, Uzbekistan 🇺🇿, Iran 🇮🇷, Iraq 🇮🇶, Japan 🇯🇵 (1996 Asian Cup) 8 teams

OFC: New Zealand 🇳🇿 (invited)

UEFA: Norway 🇳🇴, Greece 🇬🇷, Republic of Ireland 🇮🇪, Northern Ireland ✋️, Lithuania 🇱🇹, Sweden 🇸🇪, Belgium 🇧🇪 (UEFA Euro 1996 qualifying) 7 teams

UEFA-AFC Soccer 1993

AFC: Japan 🇯🇵, Saudi Arabia 🇸🇦, Qatar 🇶🇦, UAE 🇦🇪, Iran 🇮🇷, North Korea 🇰🇵, China 🇨🇳, Thailand 🇹🇭 (1992 AFC Asian Cup)

CONCACAF: USA 🇺🇸 (Hosts)

OFC: Australia 🇦🇺 (1991 Trans Tasman Cup winner)

UEFA: RCS (Czech & Slovaks) 🇨🇿, Switzerland 🇨🇭, Italy 🇮🇹, Wales 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁷󠁬󠁳󠁿, Portugal 🇵🇹, Rep of Ireland 🇮🇪 (UEFA Euro 1992 qualifiers)

UEFA-AFC Soccer 1989

AFC: South Korea 🇰🇷, Iran 🇮🇷, Qatar 🇶🇦, Saudi Arabia 🇸🇦, China 🇨🇳, Syria 🇸🇾, Kuwait 🇰🇼 (1988 AFC Asian Cup)

UEFA: Italy 🇮🇹 (Hosts)

OFC: Australia 🇦🇺 (1988 Trans Tasman Cup winner)

UEFA: Romania 🇷🇴, Sweden 🇸🇪, East Germany 🚩, Yugoslavia 🏳, Greece 🇬🇷, Czechoslovakia 🇨🇿, Bulgaria 🇧🇬 (UEFA Euro 1988 qualifying)

UEFA-AFC Soccer 1985

UEFA: Switzerland 🇨🇭, Soviet Union 🚩, England 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿, Wales 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁷󠁬󠁳󠁿, Sweden 🇸🇪, Northern Ireland ✋️, Netherlands 🇳🇱 (UEFA Euro 1984 qualifying) 7 teams

CONCACAF: Mexico 🇲🇽 (Hosts)

OFC: New Zealand 🇳🇿 (1983 Trans Tasman Cup winners)

AFC: Saudi Arabia 🇸🇦, Kuwait 🇰🇼, Qatar 🇶🇦, China 🇨🇳, UAE 🇦🇪, Iran 🇮🇷, Singapore 🇸🇬 (1984 AFC Asian Cup) 7 teams

UEFA-AFC Soccer 1981

UEFA: Northern Ireland ✋️, Austria 🇦🇹, Yugoslavia🏳, Poland 🇵🇱, France 🇫🇷, Hungary 🇭🇺, Turkey 🇹🇷 (UEFA Euro 1980 qualifying) 7 teams

Hosts: Soviet Union 🚩

OFC: Australia 🇦🇺 (1980 Oceania Cup winners)

AFC: Iran 🇮🇷, North Korea 🇰🇵, Syria 🇸🇾, China 🇨🇳, Malaysia 🇲🇾, Kuwait 🇰🇼, South Korea 🇰🇷 (1980 AFC Asian Cup) 7 teams

UEFA-AFC Soccer 1977

AFC: Iran 🇮🇷 (Hosts), Kuwait 🇰🇼, China 🇨🇳, Iraq 🇮🇶 (1976 AFC Asian Cup semi-finals)

CONCACAF: USA 🇺🇸, Mexico 🇲🇽, Haiti 🇭🇹 (invited)

OFC: Australia 🇦🇺 (invited)

UEFA: Wales 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁷󠁬󠁳󠁿, Soviet Union 🚩, Spain 🇪🇸, Belgium 🇧🇪 (UEFA Euro 1976 quarter-finals)

Soccer 1973

Hosts: USA 🇺🇸

CONCACAF: Mexico 🇲🇽, Canada 🇨🇦, Haiti 🇭🇹, Costa Rica 🇨🇷, Cuba 🇨🇺

AFC: Iran 🇮🇷, Thailand 🇹🇭, Iraq 🇮🇶, South Korea 🇰🇷, Kuwait 🇰🇼, Khmer Republic 🇰🇭

CONMEBOL: Brazil 🇧🇷, Argentina 🇦🇷, Peru 🇵🇪, Uruguay 🇺🇾

Soccer 1969

Hosts: Spain 🇪🇸 & France 🇫🇷

UEFA: Bulgaria 🇧🇬 & Hungary 🇭🇺

CONCACAF: Guatemala 🇬🇹, Mexico 🇲🇽, Honduras 🇭🇳, Trinidad & Tobago 🇹🇹

AFC: Iran 🇮🇷, Burma 🇲🇲, Israel 🇮🇱, Rep of China (Taiwan) 🇹🇼

CONMEBOL: Uruguay 🇺🇾, Argentina 🇦🇷, Chile 🇨🇱, Paraguay 🇵🇾

[emphaticallyyes]

here's every flag that emojis have to offer.

Misc

🏁 Chequered Flag

🚩 Triangular Flag

🎌 Crossed Flags

🏴 Black Flag

🏳️ White flag

🏳️‍🌈 Rainbow Flag

🏴‍☠️ Pirate Flag

🏳️⚧️ Transgender Flag

Countries & Territories

🇦🇨 Ascension island

🇦🇩 Andorra

🇦🇪 United Arab Emirates

🇦🇫 Afghanistan

🇺🇲 United States of America

🇦🇬 Antigua & Barbuda

🇦🇮 Angullia

🇦🇱 Albania

🇦🇲 Armenia

🇦🇴 Angola

🇦🇶 antarctica

🇦🇷 Argentina

🇦🇸 American Samoa

🇦🇹 Austria

🇦🇺 Australia

🇦🇼 Aruba

🇦🇽 Åland Islands

🇦🇿 Azerbaijan

🇧🇦 Bosnia & Herzegovina

🇧🇧 Barbados

🇧🇩 Bangladesh

🇧🇪 Belgium

🇧🇫 Burkina Faso

🇧🇬 Bulgaria

🇧🇭 Bahrain

🇧🇮 Burundi

🇧🇯 Benin

🇧🇱 Saint Barthélemy

🇧🇲 Bermuda

🇧🇳 Brunei

🇧🇴 Bolivia

🇧🇷 Brazil

🇧🇸 Bahamas

🇧🇹 Bhutan

🇧🇻 Bouvet Island

🇧🇼 Botswana

🇧🇾 Belarus

🇧🇿 Belize

🇧🇶 Caribbean Netherlands

🇰🇲 Comoros

🇨🇨 Cocos Island

🇭🇷 Croatia

🇨🇩 DR Congo

🇨🇰 Cook Islands

🇨🇱 Chile

🇨🇲 Cameroon

🇨🇳 China

🇨🇴 Columbia

🇨🇵 France

🇨🇷 Costa Rica

🇨🇺 Cuba

🇨🇽 Christmas Islands

🇨🇼 Curaçao

🇭🇷 Croatia

🇹🇩 Chad

🇨🇾 Cyprus

🇨🇿 Czechia

🇨🇫 Central African republic

🇩🇪 Germany

🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 Denmark

🇩🇬 Diego Garcia

🇩🇯 Djibouti

🇩🇲 Dominica

🇩🇰 Denmark

🇩🇴 Dominican Republic

🇩🇿 Algeria

🇪🇦 Spain

🇪🇨 Ecuador

🇪🇪 Estonia

🇪🇬 Egypt

🇪🇭 Western Sahara

🇪🇷 Eritrea

🇪🇸 Spain

🇪🇹 Ethiopia

🇪🇺 European Union

🇫🇮 Finland

🇫🇯 Fiji

🇫🇰 Falkland Islands

🇫🇴 Faroe Islands

🇳🇮 Guam

🇬🇩 Grenada

🇬🇪 Georgia

🇬🇫 French Guiana

🇬🇬 Guernsey

🇬🇭 Ghana

🇬🇮 Gibraltar

🇬🇱 Greenland

🇬🇲 Gambia

🇬🇳 Guinea

🇬🇵 Guadeloupe

🇬🇶 Equatorial Guinea

🇬🇹 Guatemala

🇬🇷 Greece

🇬🇺 Guam

🇬🇾 Guyana

🇬🇼 Guinea-Bissau

🇬🇸 South Georgia & South Sandwich Islands

🇭🇲 Heard & McDonald islands

🇭🇰 Hong Kong

🇭🇳 Honduras

🇭🇺 Hungary

🇮🇨 Canary Islands

🇮🇩 Indonesia

🇮🇪 ireland

🇨🇮 Ivory coast

🇮🇳 India

🇮🇱 Israel

🇮🇴 British Indian Ocean Territory

🇮🇶 Iran

🇮🇷 Iraq

🇮🇸 Iceland

🇮🇹 Italy

🇯🇪 Jersey

🇯🇲 Jamaica

🇯🇴 Sudan

🇯🇵 Japan

🇰🇪 Kenya

🇰🇬 Kyrgyzstan

🇰🇭 Macedonia

🇽🇰 Kosovo

🇰🇮 Kiribati

🇰🇳 St. Kitts & Nevis

🇰🇵 North korea

🇰🇷 South korea

🇰🇼 Kuwait

🇰🇾 Cayman Islands

🇰🇿 Kazakhstan

🇱🇧 Lebanon

🇱�� Laos

🇱🇨 Saint lucia

🇱🇮 Liechtenstein

🇱🇷 Liberia

🇱🇸 Lesotho

🇱🇹 Lithuania

🇱🇺 Luxembourg

🇱🇻 Latvia

🇲🇦 Morocco

🇾🇹 Mayotte

🇱🇾 Libya

🇲🇨 Poland

🇲🇩 Moldova

🇲🇪 Montenegro

🇫🇲 Micronesia

🇫🇷 St. martin

🇲🇬 Madagascar

🇲🇭 Marshall islands

🇲🇰 North Macedonia

🇲🇱 Mali

🇲🇲 Myanmar

🇲🇳 Mongolia

🇲🇵 North Mariana Islands

🇲🇴 Macao SAR china

🇲🇶 Martinique

🇲🇷 Mauritania

🇲🇹 Malta

🇲🇺 Mauritania

🇲🇻 Maldives

🇲🇼 Mali

🇲🇽 Mexico

🇲🇾 Malaysia

🇲🇿 Mozambique

🇳🇦 Namibia

🇳🇨 North Macedonia

🇳🇪 Niger

🇳🇫 Norfolk Island

🇳🇬 Nigeria

🇳🇱 Netherlands

🇳🇵Nepal

🇳🇷 Nauru

🇳🇺 Niue

🇳🇿 New Zealand

🇴🇲 Oman

🇵🇦 Panama

🇵🇫 Paraguay

🇵🇬 Papua New Guinea

🇵🇭 Philippines

🇵🇱 Poland

🇵🇲 St. Pierre and Miquelon

🇵🇳 Pitcairn islands

🇵🇷 Puerto Rico

🇵🇸 Palestine

🇵🇹 Portugal

🇵🇼 Paulu

🇵🇾 Paraguay

🇶🇦 Qatar

🇷🇪 Réunion

🇷🇴 Romania

🇷🇼 Rwanda

🇷🇺 Russia

🇸🇦 Saudi arabia

🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿 Scotland

🇼🇸 Samoa

🇸🇧 Solomon islands

🇸🇨 Seychelles

🇸🇩 Sudan

🇸🇪 Sweden

🇱🇰 Sri Lanka

🇿🇦 South africa

🇸🇬 Singapore

🇨🇭 Switzerland

🇸🇭 St. Helena

🇸🇯 Svalbard & Jan Mayen

🇸🇮 Slovenia

🇸🇰 Slovakia

🇸🇱 Sierra Leone

🇸🇲 San Marino

🇸🇳 Sengal

🇸🇴 Somalia

🇸🇸 South Sudan

🇸🇻 El Salvador

🇸🇽 Sint Maarten

🇸🇾 Syria

🇸🇿 Eswatini

🇹🇦 Tristan Da Cunha

🇹🇨 Turks & Caicos Islands

🇹🇫 French Southern Territories

🇹🇬 Togo

🇹🇯 Tajikistan

🇹🇰 Tokelau

🇹🇱 Timor-Leate

🇹🇲 Turkmenistan

🇹🇳 Tunisia

🇹🇴 Tonga

🇹🇷 Turkey

🇹🇹 Trinidad & Tobago

🇹🇻 Tuvalu

🇹🇼 Taiwan

🇹🇿 Tanzania

🇻🇪 Ecuador

🇻🇬 British Virgin Islands

🇻🇮 United States Virgin Islands

🇻🇳 Vietnam

🇻🇺 Vanuatu

🏴󠁧󠁢󠁷󠁬󠁳󠁿 Wales

🇼🇫 Wallis & Futana

🇾🇪 Yemen

🇿🇲 Zambia

🇿🇼 Zimbabwe

thanks

[thedimpause]

Where Have I Been

@Manton started this …

I see something, I have to join in 🤣

🇧🇪 Belgium 🇧🇼 Botswana 🇮🇨 Canary Islands 🇨🇻 Cape Verde 🇨🇾 Cyprus 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 England 🇸🇿 Eswatini (when it was Swaziland) 🇫🇷 France 🇬🇲 The Gambia 🇩🇪 Germany 🇬🇷 Greece 🇮🇩 Indonesia 🇮🇹 Italy 🇰🇪 Kenya (Nairobi airport only) 🇱🇸 Lesotho 🇳🇱 Netherlands 🇵🇹 Portugal 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿 Scotland 🇸🇬 Singapore (airport only) 🇿🇦 South Africa 🇪🇸 Spain 🇹🇷 Turkey 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁷󠁬󠁳󠁿 Wales 🇿🇼 Zimbabwe (when it was Rhodesia)

[sexysabby33]

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🇮🇸 Iceland

🇳🇱 Netherlands

🇵🇪 Peru

🇵🇾 Paraguay

🇵🇭 Philippines

🇺🇦 Ukraine

🇦🇷 Argentina

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🇰🇪 Kenya

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🇺🇸 united states

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🇮🇹 Italy

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🇻🇳 Vietnam

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[onlydeadcells]

blessings of the world tags:

austria 🇦🇹 belgium 🇧🇪 croatia 🇭🇷 czech republic 🇨🇿 denmark 🇩🇰 españa 🇪🇸 france 🇫🇷 germany 🇩🇪 italia 🇮🇹 greece 🇬🇷 japan 🇯🇵 malta 🇲🇹 portugal 🇵🇹 scotland 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿 serbia 🇷🇸 south korea 🇰🇷 switzerland 🇨🇭 the netherlands 🇳🇱 the uk 🇬🇧 turkey 🇹🇷 usa 🇺🇸 paris. travel. city lights. to see from above. sunset. aqua. skies. architecture. taiao. flores. cats. doggos. animals. el sol ☀️ la luna🌙 food. drinks. sakura 🌸 perspective.

[xtruss]

Ramadan 2024: Fasting Hours And Iftar Times Around The World

The Dawn-To-Dusk Fast Lasts Anywhere From 12 to 17 Hours, Depending on Where in the World You Are.

— By AJLabs | 7 March 2024 | Al-Jazeera

Following the sighting of the crescent by the moon-sighting committee, Saudi Arabia has announced that the first day of fasting will be Monday, March 11.

The dawn-to-dusk fast lasts anywhere from 12 to 17 hours, depending on which part of the world you are in.

Muslims believe that Ramadan is the month when the first verses of the holy book Quran were revealed to the Prophet Muhammad more than 1,400 years ago.

The fast entails abstinence from eating, drinking, smoking and sexual relations during daylight hours to achieve greater “taqwa”, or consciousness of God.

Why Does Ramadan Start On Different Dates Every Year?

Ramadan begins 10 to 12 days earlier each year. This is because the Islamic calendar is based on the lunar Hijri calendar with months that are 29 or 30 days long.

Because the lunar year is shorter than the solar year by 11 days, Ramadan will be observed twice in the year 2030 – first beginning on January 5 and then starting on December 26.

The next time Ramadan will start after March 12 will be 33 years from now – in the year 2057.

Fasting Hours Around The World

The number of daylight hours varies across the world.

Muslims living in the world’s southernmost countries, such as Chile or New Zealand, will fast for about 12 hours, while those living in northernmost countries, such as Iceland or Greenland, will have 17-plus hours fasts.

For Muslims living in the Northern Hemisphere, the number of fasting hours will be a bit shorter this year and will continue to decrease until 2031, which is the year Ramadan will encompass the winter solstice – the shortest day of the year. After that, fasting hours will increase until the summer solstice – the longest day of the year in the Northern Hemisphere.

For fasting Muslims living south of the equator, the opposite will happen.

In extreme northernmost cities, such as Longyearbyen in Norway, where the sun does not set from April 20 to August 22, religious rulings have been issued to follow timings in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, or the nearest Muslim country.

Cities That Share The Same Iftar Times

The predawn meal to start the daily fast is called suhoor, while the breaking of one’s fast after sunset is called iftar.

Cities situated roughly along the same longitude will have similar iftar times, while those on the opposite side of the globe will be preparing to start their fast with suhoor.

The infographic below shows which cities are having suhoor while others are having their iftar.

Fasting Times Around The World

The table below shows the suhoor and iftar times on the first and last days of Ramadan 2024. Use the arrows or search box to find your city.

Which Cities Have The Longest And Shortest Fasting Hours?

Below are the average number of fasting hours in cities around the world. Actual fasting hours and times will vary by day, as well as calculation methods:

– Nuuk, Greenland 🇬🇱: 16 hours

– Reykjavik, Iceland 🇮🇸: 16 hours

– Helsinki, Finland 🇫🇮: 15 hours

– Oslo, Norway 🇳🇴: 15 hours

– Glasgow, Scotland 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿: 15 hours

– Berlin, Germany 🇩🇪: 15 hours

– Dublin, Ireland 🇮🇪: 15 hours

– Moscow, Russia 🇷🇺: 15 hours

– Amsterdam, The Netherlands 🇳🇱: 15 hours

– Warsaw, Poland 🇵🇱: 15 hours

– Astana, Kazakhstan 🇰🇿: 15 hours

– Brussels, Belgium 🇧🇪: 14 hours

– London, UK 🇬🇧: 14 hours

– Zurich, Switzerland 🇨🇭: 14 hours

– Stockholm, Sweden 🇸🇪: 14 hours

– Bucharest, Romania 🇷🇴: 14 hours

– Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina 🇧🇦: 14 hours

– Sofia, Bulgaria 🇧🇬: 14 hours

– Rome, Italy 🇮🇹: 14 hours

– Madrid, Spain 🇪🇸: 14 hours

– Paris, France 🇫🇷: 14 hours

– Lisbon, Portugal 🇵🇹: 14 hours

– Ankara, Türkiye 🇹🇷: 14 hours

– Ottawa, Canada 🇨🇦: 14 hours

– Tokyo, Japan 🇯🇵: 14 hours

– Beijing, China 🇨🇳: 14 hours

– Athens, Greece 🇬🇷: 14 hours

– New York City, US 🇺🇸: 14 hours

– Washington, DC, US 🇺🇸: 14 hours

– Los Angeles, US 🇺🇸: 14 hours

– Tunis, Tunisia 🇹🇳: 14 hours

– Algiers, Algeria 🇩🇿: 14 hours

– Tehran, Iran 🇮🇷: 14 hours

– Kabul, Afghanistan 🇦🇫: 14 hours

– New Delhi, India: 14 hours

– Dhaka, Bangladesh 🇧🇩: 14 hours

– Rabat, Morocco 🇲🇦: 14 hours

– Damascus, Syria 🇸🇾: 14 hours

– Islamabad, Pakistan 🇵🇰: 14 hours

– Baghdad, Iraq 🇮🇶: 14 hours

– Beirut, Lebanon 🇱🇧: 14 hours

– Amman, Jordan 🇯🇴: 14 hours

– Gaza City, Forever Palestine 🇵🇸: 14 hours

– Cairo, Egypt 🇪🇬: 14 hours

– Doha, Qatar 🇶🇦: 13 hours

– Dubai, UAE 🇦🇪: 13 hours

– Khartoum, Sudan 🇸🇩: 13 hours

– Riyadh, Saudi Arabia 🇸🇦: 13 hours

– Abuja, Nigeria 🇳🇬: 13 hours

– Aden, Yemen 🇾🇪: 13 hours

– Dakar, Senegal 🇸🇳: 13 hours

– Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 🇪🇹: 13 hours

– Buenos Aires, Argentina 🇦🇷: 13 hours

– Colombo, Sri Lanka 🇱🇰: 13 hours

– Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 🇲🇾: 13 hours

– Mogadishu, Somalia 🇸🇴: 13 hours

– Ciudad del Este, Paraguay 🇵🇾: 13 hours

– Nairobi, Kenya 🇰🇪: 13 hours

– Harare, Zimbabwe 🇿🇼: 13 hours

– Jakarta, Indonesia 🇮🇩: 13 hours

– Luanda, Angola 🇦🇴: 13 hours

– Bangkok, Thailand 🇹🇭: 13 hours

– Brasilia, Brazil 🇧🇷: 13 hours

– Johannesburg, South Africa 🇿🇦: 13 hours

– Montevideo, Uruguay 🇺🇾: 13 hours

– Canberra, Australia 🇦🇺: 13 hours

– Puerto Montt, Chile 🇨🇱: 13 hours

– Christchurch, New Zealand 🇳🇿: 13 hours

Ramadan Greetings In Different Languages

Various Muslim-majority nations have a personalised greeting in their native languages.

“Ramadan Mubarak” and “Ramadan Kareem” are the most common greetings exchanged in this period, wishing the recipient a blessed and generous month, respectively.

— SOURCE: AL JAZEERA

[englishchinesetranslations]

New Champions League format

UEFA Champions League- 8 regional champions

UEFA Europa League- 8 regional runners-up & 8 UEL Qualifying Round 4 winners

UEFA Conference League- 8 regional bronze medalists & 8 UEL Qualifying Round 4 losers

UEFA Intertoto Cup- 16 UEL Qualifying Round 3 losers & 8 regional losing semi-finalists

UEFA Trophy League- 32 clubs who lost in UEL Qualifying Rounds 2 & 16 clubs who finished 3rd in their regional cup group stage

Only League champions and domestic cup winners can compete in European competitions. All competitions will feature play-off rounds, followed by quarter-finals, semi-final and a final. All rounds will be played home-and-away except for the UEFA sanctioned finals, which will be single leg matches at neutral venues.

All regional cups will feature a preliminary play-off Round, a group stage (where 8 clubs in 2 groups of 4 teams will compete for a place in the regional finals), a bronze medal play-off and the final.

IBI (Irish-British-Icelandic) Cup 🇬🇧- England 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿, Scotland 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿, Wales 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁷󠁬󠁳󠁿, Northern Ireland ✋️, Rep of Ireland 🇮🇪 & Iceland 🇮🇸 (14 teams inc 2 League Cup winners from ENG & SCO)

Franco-Nordic Cup- France 🇫🇷, Luxembourg 🇱🇺, Faroe Islands 🇫🇴, Denmark 🇩🇰, Sweden 🇸🇪, Norway 🇳🇴 & Finland 🇫🇮 (14 teams)

Portugal Cup- Portugal 🇵🇹, Kosovo 🇽🇰, Albania 🇦🇱, Romania 🇷🇴, Austria 🇦🇹 & Gibraltar 🇬🇮 (12 teams)

Spanish Cup- Spain 🇪🇸, Andorra 🇦🇩, Georgia 🇬🇪, Malta 🇲🇹, Croatia 🇭🇷, Israel 🇮🇱 & Belarus 🇧🇾 (14 teams)

German-Baltic Cup- Germany 🇩🇪, Estonia 🇪🇪, Lithuania 🇱🇹, Latvia 🇱🇻, Belgium 🇧🇪, Slovakia 🇸🇰 & Czech 🇨🇿 (14 teams)

Italo-Balkan Cup- Italy 🇮🇹, San Marino 🇸🇲, Cyprus 🇨🇾, Armenia 🇦🇲, Bosnia 🇧🇦, Ukraine 🇺🇦 & Macedonia 🇲🇰 (14 teams)

Dutch-European Cup- Netherlands 🇳🇱, Liechtenstein 🇱🇮, Slovenia 🇸🇮, Poland 🇵🇱, Greece 🇬🇷, Montenegro 🇲🇪 & Switzerland 🇨🇭 (13 teams. Liechtenstein do not have an official league)

UEFA Shield Cup 🛡- Turkey 🇹🇷, Kazakhstan 🇰🇿, Azerbaijan 🇦🇿, Moldova 🇲🇩, Hungary 🇭🇺, Serbia 🇷🇸 & Bulgaria 🇧🇬 (14 teams)

UEFA Europa League Qualifying rounds

Non-champion route- 53 highest ranked teams (Preliminary Round with 10 lowest ranked clubs, Round 1 with 32 lowest ranked clubs, Round 2 with 16 Round 1 winners against 16 highest ranked clubs) from every nation who didn't win their league nor domestic cups

Regional cup play-off losers route- 46 teams (Round 1 with 28 lowest ranked clubs, Round 2 with 14 Round 1 winners against 18 highest ranked clubs)

Round 3 will see 16 non-champion Round 2 winners compete against 16 Regional cup play-off losers Round 2 winners for a place in Round 4.

Rounds 4 will see 16 winners from Round 3 compete: 8 Round 4 winners qualify for UEFA Europa League Last 16; 8 Round 4 losers qualify for UEFA Conference League Last 16.

16 losers from Round 3 qualify for UEFA Intertoto Cup play-off round. 8 play-off Round winners will compete against 8 losing regional semi-finalists who lost their bronze medal matches in the Last 16.

UEFA Trophy League Qualifying Rounds

Round 3 will pit 32 UEL Q R2 losers together.

Round 4 (Last 32) will see 16 UTL Q R3 winners against 16 clubs who finished 3rd in their regional group stages.

109 regional cup teams (+53 Europa League non-champion Qualifying Round clubs)

[englishchinesetranslations]

UEFA NEW TOURNAMENTS

NORTH

England 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 (5 UCL, 2 UEL, 1 UECL, 0 UIT)

Netherlands 🇳🇱 (3 UCL, 2 UEL, 1 UECL, 0 UIT)

Belgium 🇧🇪 (3 UCL, 2 UEL, 1 UECL, 0 UIT)

Luxembourg 🇱🇺 (2 UCL, 1 UEL, 1 UECL, 1 UIT)

Faroe Islands 🇫🇴 (2 UCL, 0 UEL, 2 UECL, 1 UIT)

Denmark 🇩🇰 (3 UCL, 2 UEL, 1 UECL, 0 UIT)

Iceland 🇮🇸 (1 UCL, 0 UEL, 2 UECL, 1 UIT)

Norway 🇳🇴 (3 UCL, 2 UEL, 1 UECL, 0 UIT)

Sweden 🇸🇪 (3 UCL, 2 UEL, 1 UECL, 0 UIT)

Finland 🇫🇮 (2 UCL, 1 UEL, 1 UECL, 1 UIT)

Estonia 🇪🇪 (1 UCL, 0 UEL, 2 UECL, 2 UIT)

Lithuania 🇱🇹 (2 UCL, 1 UEL, 1 UECL, 1 UIT)

Latvia 🇱🇻 (2 UCL, 1 UEL, 1 UECL, 1 UIT)

32 UCL teams, 16 UEL teams, 16 UECL teams, 8 UIT teams

CENTRAL

Germany 🇩🇪 (5 UCL, 2 UEL, 1 UECL, 0 UIT)

France 🇫🇷 (4 UCL, 2 UEL, 1 UECL, 0 UIT)

Poland 🇵🇱 (3 UCL, 2 UEL, 1 UECL, 1 UIT)

Czech Republic 🇨🇿 (3 UCL, 2 UEL, 1 UECL, 0 UIT)

Slovakia 🇸🇰 (3 UCL, 2 UEL, 1 UECL, 1 UIT)

Gibraltar 🇬🇮 (1 UCL, 0 UEL, 2 UECL, 1 UIT)

Kosovo 🇽🇰 (2 UCL, 1 UEL, 1 UECL, 1 UIT)

Bosnia-Herzegovina 🇧🇦 (2 UCL, 1 UEL, 1 UECL, 1 UIT)

North Macedonia 🇲🇰 (1 UCL, 0 UEL, 2 UECL, 1 UIT)

Austria 🇦🇹 (3 UCL, 2 UEL, 1 UECL, 0 UIT)

San Marino 🇸🇲 (1 UCL, 0 UEL, 1 UECL, 1 UIT)

Montenegro 🇲🇪 (1 UCL, 0 UEL, 1 UECL, 1 UIT)

Cyprus 🇨🇾 (3 UCL, 2 UEL, 1 UECL, 0 UIT)

WEST

Spain 🇪🇸 (5 UCL, 2 UEL, 1 UECL, 0 UIT)

Portugal 🇵🇹 (4 UCL, 2 UEL, 1 UECL, 0 UIT)

Rep of Ireland 🇮🇪 (2 UCL, 1 UEL, 1 UECL, 1 UIT)

Wales 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁷󠁬󠁳󠁿 (1 UCL, 0 UEL, 2 UECL, 1 UIT)

Scotland 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿 (3 UCL, 2 UEL, 1 UECL, 0 UIT)

Andorra 🇦🇩 (1 UCL, 0 UEL, 1 UECL, 2 UIT)

Switzerland 🇨🇭 (3 UCL, 2 UEL, 1 UECL, 0 UIT)

Slovenia 🇸🇮 (2 UCL, 1 UEL, 1 UECL, 1 UIT)

Serbia 🇷🇸 (3 UCL, 2 UEL, 1 UECL, 0 UIT)

Greece 🇬🇷 (3 UCL, 2 UEL, 1 UECL, 0 UIT)

Liechtenstein 🇱🇮 (0 UCL, 0 UEL, 1 UECL, 0 UIT)

Belarus 🇧🇾 (2 UCL, 1 UEL, 1 UECL, 1 UIT)

Hungary 🇭🇺 (2 UCL, 1 UEL, 1 UECL, 1 UIT)

Northern Ireland ✋️ (1 UCL, 0 UEL, 2 UECL, 1 UIT)

SOUTH

Italy 🇮🇹 (5 UCL, 2 UEL, 1 UECL, 0 UIT)

Malta 🇲🇹 (1 UCL, 0 UEL, 1 UECL, 1 UIT)

Turkey 🇹🇷 (3 UCL, 2 UEL, 1 UECL, 0 UIT)

Armenia 🇦🇲 (2 UCL, 1 UEL, 1 UECL, 1 UIT)

Georgia 🇬🇪 (2 UCL, 1 UEL, 1 UECL, 1 UIT)

Israel 🇮🇱 (2 UCL, 1 UEL, 2 UECL, 0 UIT)

Azerbaijan 🇦🇿 (2 UCL, 1 UEL, 1 UECL, 1 UIT)

Kazakhstan 🇰🇿 (2 UCL, 1 UEL, 1 UECL, 1 UIT)

Moldova 🇲🇩 (2 UCL, 1 UEL, 1 UECL, 1 UIT)

Romania 🇷🇴 (2 UCL, 1 UEL, 2 UECL, 0 UIT)

Bulgaria 🇧🇬 (2 UCL, 1 UEL, 1 UECL, 1 UIT)

Albania 🇦🇱 (1 UCL, 0 UEL, 1 UECL, 1 UIT)

Croatia 🇭🇷 (3 UCL, 2 UEL, 1 UECL, 0 UIT)

Ukraine 🇺🇦 (3 UCL, 2 UEL, 1 UECL, 0 UIT)

[englishchinesetranslations]

UEFA North, Central, West, South tournaments

NORTH (13)

England 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿, Netherlands 🇳🇱, Belgium 🇧🇪, Luxembourg 🇱🇺, Faroe Islands 🇫🇴, Denmark 🇩🇰, Iceland 🇮🇸, Norway 🇳🇴, Sweden 🇸🇪, Finland 🇫🇮, Estonia 🇪🇪, Lithuania 🇱🇹, Latvia 🇱🇻

CENTRAL (13)

Germany 🇩🇪, France 🇫🇷, Poland 🇵🇱, Czech Republic 🇨🇿, Slovakia 🇸🇰, Gibraltar 🇬🇮, Kosovo 🇽🇰, Bosnia-Herzegovina 🇧🇦, North Macedonia 🇲🇰, Austria 🇦🇹, San Marino 🇸🇲, Montenegro 🇲🇪, Cyprus 🇨🇾

WEST (14)

Spain 🇪🇸, Portugal 🇵🇹, Rep of Ireland 🇮🇪, Wales 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁷󠁬󠁳󠁿, Scotland 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿, Andorra 🇦🇩, Switzerland 🇨🇭, Slovenia 🇸🇮, Serbia 🇷🇸, Greece 🇬🇷, Liechtenstein 🇱🇮, Belarus 🇧🇾, Hungary 🇭🇺, Northern Ireland ✋️

SOUTH (14)

Italy 🇮🇹, Malta 🇲🇹, Turkey 🇹🇷, Armenia 🇦🇲, Georgia 🇬🇪, Israel 🇮🇱, Azerbaijan 🇦🇿, Kazakhstan 🇰🇿, Moldova 🇲🇩, Romania 🇷🇴, Bulgaria 🇧🇬, Albania 🇦🇱, Croatia 🇭🇷, Ukraine 🇺🇦

TIER 1 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿🇪🇸🇫🇷🇮🇹🇩🇪 3 foreign players (1 non-UEFA homegrown maximum)

TIER 2 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿🇳🇱🇧🇪🇵🇹🇨🇭🇺🇦🇹🇷🇭🇷🇸🇪🇫🇮🇳🇴🇩🇰🇮🇱🇷🇸🇬🇷🇵🇱🇨🇿🇮🇪🇷🇴🇧🇬🇰🇿🇦🇿🇨🇾🇸🇰🇭🇺🇦🇹🇧🇾 6 foreign players (2 non-UEFA homegrown maximum)

TIER 3 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁷󠁬󠁳󠁿🇸🇮🇱🇮🇸🇲🇦🇩🇽🇰🇦🇱🇲🇰🇲🇩🇦🇲🇬🇪🇫🇴🇮🇸🇬🇮🇱🇺🇱🇻🇱🇹🇪🇪✋️🇲🇪🇲🇹🇧🇦 10 foreign players (2 non-UEFA homegrown maximum) + 3 naturalised players (to be negotiated with UEFA)

Every player must declare their homegrown status by their 16th birthday

UEFA "Top" League Qualifying Round 1

16 teams enter home-and-away qualifying round 1. 8 winners progress to Top League Qualifying Round 2; 8 losers progress to "Region" Cup Qualifying Round 2

UEFA "Top" League Qualifying Round 2

8 new teams enter home-and-away qualifying round 2 against 8 Top League Qualifying Round 1 winners. 8 winners qualify for Top League group stage; 8 losers qualify for "Region" Cup group stage

UEFA "Top" League Group stage

16 teams divided into 4 groups of 4 teams. 4 group winners & 4 runners-up progress to quarter finals; 4th third placed teams head to the Play-off Round of UEFA "Region" Cup

Quarter-finals & semi-finals to be contested over home-and-away legs. Single leg final.

Winners of UEFA North, Central, West & South Leagues will progress to UEFA Champions League. This will consist of home-and-away semi-finals and a single leg final.

UEFA "Region" Cup Qualifying Round 1

16 teams enter home-and-away qualifying round 1. 8 winners qualify for "Region" Cup Qualifying Round 2; 8 losers qualify for "Region" Conference group stage

UEFA "Region" Cup Qualifying Round 2

8 "Top" League Qualifying Round 1 losers play against 8 "Region" Cup Qualifying Round 1 winners. 8 winners qualify for "Region" Cup group stage; 8 losers qualify for "Region" Conference group stage

UEFA "Region" Cup Group stage

16 teams divided into 4 groups of 4 teams. 4 group winners progress to Quarter-finals; 4 runners-up progress to the Play-off Round; 4 third placed teams head to the Play-off Round of UEFA "Region" Conference

Play-off Round to be contested over a single leg match, with "Region" Cup runners-up handed home advantage. Quarter-finals to be contested over home-and-away legs. Semi-finals & final to be contested over single leg matches at neutral venues.

Winners of UEFA North, Central, West & South Cup tournaments will progress to UEFA Europa League. This will consist of home-and-away semi-finals and a single leg final.

UEFA "Region" Conference Qualifying Round 1

16 teams enter home-and-away qualifying round. 8 winners qualify for "Region" Conference group stage; 8 losers from each region (North, West, South, Central) will partake in UEFA Intertoto Cup Qualifying Round 2

UEFA "Region" Conference Group stage

24 teams divided into 6 groups of 4 teams. 6 group winners & 6 runners-up progress to Play-off Round; 6 third placed teams from each region (24 teams in total) will enter UEFA Intertoto Cup Last 32 round

Play-off Round to be contested over a single leg match, with 6 "Region" Conference group winners & 2 highest ranked runners-up handed home advantage. Quarter-finals to be contested over home-and-away legs. Semi-finals & final to be contested over single leg matches at neutral venues.

Winners of UEFA North, Central, West & South Conference tournaments will progress to UEFA Europa Conference League. This will consist of home-and-away semi-finals and a single leg final.

UEFA Intertoto Cup qualifying round 2

8 losers from each UEFA "Region" Conference (North, Central, West & South) will play 8 new teams within their own region. 32 winners progress to the group stage; 32 losers are out of European football for the rest of the season

UEFA Intertoto Cup group stage

8 play-off winners from each UEFA "Region" Conference (North, West, Central & South) will play each other, making it 32 teams divided into 8 groups of 4 teams.

8 group winners will play 24 third placed teams from UEFA "Region" Conference group stage in the last 32.

Last 32, Last 16, quarter-finals & semi-finals will be played over home-and-away legs. Teams can be drawn against teams from other regions. The final will be hosted at a neutral venue.

288 teams