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beinglibertarian · 7 years ago

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Before You Go To University: Logic

Editor’s note: This is the first installment of a new Being Libertarian series curated to help anyone who is beginning their journey through university. As Jordan Peterson alludes to in many of his lectures, the university can help a person read great books, absorb great thought, and develop their unique human ability to speak, argue, and articulate. But often we face a situation where rather than being taught how to critically think, students are instead being shown one-sided arguments, or being told what to think. This series intends to prepare future and current students so that they can move forward confidently into their university experience, one that will open their minds and challenge their presuppositions armed with critical thought, logic and reason.

Part 1: Logic

Libertarians and conservatives are becoming increasingly disenfranchised with universities. We tend to be fiscally-prudent, and universities aren’t necessarily geared toward vocational training and as such it’s potentially a bad monetary investment. They’re further viewed as propaganda machines for leftist thought.

Logic and truth can trump propaganda and so we wish to begin this series by delving into how logic operates and further suggest that universities tend to offer excellent classes on logic and critical thinking and would highly recommend this being your first selection of classes.

Logic is the path to truth. It’s developing an exactness with arguments to know that we’ve arrived at the destination of truth. Computer programming works with logic because it can’t permit any ambiguity or false implications. It’s the most useful thing any human being can learn, because we have to think every single day of our lives and ensuring we aren’t drawing false conclusions in politics, religion, with a business proposal, with a customer service agent, with health advice, with a loved one’s suggestions, is paramount.

We can arrive at truth by what philosophers call an argument. This is not an angry exchange, it’s a series of statements that are supposed to lead to some higher truth. If you want to prove that your cell phone company has given you an incorrect charge, you have to give them an argument as to why this is so, some sort of proof or justification, and knowing that your justification necessarily implies the conclusion is the business of logic.

An argument can go wrong in one of two ways, either the structure is bad or the content is bad. A bridge can have a perfect design, but if the government decides to cut corners and use jelly rather than concrete, that is, if the content was poor, it will be useless. Conversely, a bridge can be made of diamonds, but if the design is poor and the bridge is disconnected, the bridge is useless.

1. Validity

Step one is to ensure the structure is valid:

If P then Q.

It is the case that P.

Therefore: Q.

This is a valid argument. It’s saying that if premise one and premise two are correct, the conclusion has to be true. It doesn’t care about political bias, religious or atheistic passions, the authority someone has in a field, someone’s ethics or upbringing, and certainly not a person’s feelings or capability of handling offense, logic is logic and none of these are relevant, the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises.

P and Q can stand for literally any sentence:

If it is raining then I will wear my coat.

It is the case that it is raining.

Therefore: I will wear my coat.

If I am from Toronto then I am from Canada.

It is the case that I am from Toronto.

Therefore: I am from Canada.

If I am a Greek god, then I drive a Honda.

It is the case that I am a Greek god.

Therefore: I drive a Honda.

These are all valid arguments. Their structure is good. The content might be terrible, perhaps it’s wrong to say that all Greek gods drive Hondas, but when someone says an argument is valid they’re only saying that if the premises are true, then the conclusion must be true; they aren’t committing to the premises being true.

A valid argument, first and foremost, means that the premises generate the conclusion. Most of us have an intuitive sense of how logic works, or when violations of it arise.

The most splendid example of this in recent memory was Jordan Peterson’s famous interview with Cathy Newman. She continually interpreted him to be saying things he wasn’t actually saying, and he continually had to point out why his premises didn’t generate the conclusions she was drawing. Her deductions were illogical.

Newman: “What’s in it for the woman?” (a question about Peterson’s call for men to take responsibility for their lives)

Peterson: “Well, what sort of partner do you want? Do you want an overgrown child or do you want someone to contend with that’s going to help you?”

Newman: “So you’re saying women have some sort of duty to help fix the crisis of masculinity?”

Nothing of what Peterson had said generates the conclusion that she drew. It could be the case that Peterson believes this, her conclusion may or may not be correct, but the reason why she drew it is incorrect.

There are other examples to consider:

If P then Q

It is not the case that P

Therefore: It is not the case that Q

This would be an example of an invalid argument.

If I am from Toronto then I am from Canada.

It is not the case that I am from Toronto.

Therefore: It is not the case that I am from Canada.

This is clearly false. I could be from another part of Canada. Yet, if some ethical, religious, political passion is brought into the equation, some people might find an argument that takes this form to be a good argument and fall prey to propaganda.

This happens informally. Anytime a murder takes place with a gun there are those sure to get angry with the gun and claim, “If only they didn’t have a gun everyone would still be alive!” To put this in the terms of logic:

If person A didn’t own a gun, then person B would be alive. (If P then Q)

Person A does own a gun (Not P)

Therefore: Person B is dead.

This isn’t necessarily true; the conclusion doesn’t follow from the premises.

Another example:

If P then Q.

It is the case that Q.

Therefore, it is the case that P.

Consider the accusation that some Democrat is a communist:

If someone is a communist then they support socialized medicine.

It is the case that politician X supports socialized medicine.

Therefore, it is the case that politician X is a communist.

These premises might be entirely true, but they don’t generate the conclusion. When in office, Margaret Thatcher came to support Britain’s national health service and she was certainly not a communist, even though all communists support nationalized health service.

Another example:

If P then Q

It is not the case that Q

Therefore: It is not the case that P

This is a valid argument.

If I am from Toronto, then I am from Canada.

It is not the case that I am from Canada.

Therefore: It is not the case that I am from Toronto.

This is a valid conclusion. It might not be true even though the argument is valid – validity is only saying that if the premises are true then the conclusion follows.

2. Soundness

Not only should an argument be valid but it should also be sound. This is the next stage in logical arguments – our path to truth. This is the idea that not only is the structure of the argument valid, but the content is also true.

If I am a Greek god then I drive a Honda.

It is the case that I am a Greek god.

Therefore, it is the case that I drive a Honda.

This argument is valid and but it’s still remarkably awful (although, the conclusion might be true, I could drive a Honda, you can hold true beliefs and have terrible reasons for doing so).

If I am from Toronto then I am from Canada. It Is the case that I am from Toronto.

Therefore, it is the case that I live in Canada.

This argument is both valid and the conclusion is true. When teaching logic, I always ask my students if this means that the argument is sound.

The answer is no, further this is not even a sound argument. From this clue, you can logically deduce something about me. If it’s not a sound argument and both the conclusion is true while the structure is valid, then you know one of the premises has to be false. Given that the truth of premise one -Toronto is part of Canada, you can logically deduce I’m from somewhere else in Canada other than Toronto.

Provided someone hasn’t committed an egregious logical error in drawing conclusions, most political debates surround the truth of some premise, which generally requires evidential or scientific reasoning however, philosophy can weigh in on whether or not a premise is sound as well.

We do this by assuming a premise is true, and if we find a contradiction we know there is an error. A leftist might argue that equality of outcome is a good thing as it diminishes poverty. If this can be shown to have the logical implication of increasing poverty then a contradiction has been found and the initial assumption must therefore be false.

It’s never the case that we have P and Not P, as the truth of P implies the falsehood of Not P, and the truth of Not P, implies the falsehood of P. Logic might not be able to say whether it’s true or false that Dante wrote the Divine Comedy, history must do that, but logic can definitely say it’s false to claim that Dante both did and did not write the Divine Comedy.

3. Cogency

The third level of argumentation is when not only is the structure valid, and the premises are true, but it’s also the case that the premises are known to be true.

If the starting point of the argument is something the audience doesn’t agree with or is only potentially true, then the entire argument is worthless.

The abortion debate has two interesting premises. One side will contend that women should have the right to do what they want with their bodies. The other side will contend that it’s immoral to take a human life. The idea that women have the right to do what they want with their bodies, extending to an abortion, implies the unborn don’t have a right to do what they want with their bodies. The idea that it’s immoral to take a human life carries with it the notion that the unborn are human lives. I doubt either side would generally agree to the other’s premise and as a result, their arguments don’t go anywhere.

These are the three levels of argumentation. Validity, soundness, and cogency. If all three of these have been checked off, an argument must be agreed to. Logic is the most calloused of all fields.

Students recognizing the failures of logic is incredibly important. It will help them in all fields of study. It is the most effective safeguard against propaganda.

The post Before You Go To University: Logic appeared first on Being Libertarian.

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businessplanrestaurantufpa8-blog · 5 years ago

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The smart Trick of Business Plan Consultant That Nobody is Discussing

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When it comes to working with an expert, sincerity absolutely is the very best policy. The only method to evaluate a prospect's credibility is in person. Prior to you start functioning with a consultant you ought to speak with them as a lot as possible. If it takes you numerous interviews to choose if you can deal with a person, so be it.

Many professionals function only with specific kinds of companies. Some deal with companies of a specific dimension. Others are experts in a particular area or niche. Before coming close to a consultant, see to it they do deal with services like your own. Or else, you'll be squandering your precious time. Beyond that, it's not essential that a consultant have details experience of your area.

Particularly if what you're searching for is support in certain areas like IT or Human Resources. If a consultant does recognize your specific niche, however, it can be a benefit. They will be much better put to supply sector specific understandings as well as ideas. What's more crucial, though, is that they can use experience or a viewpoint that's not already available within your company.

The Facts About Business Management Consultant Uncovered

It might seem strange that an organisation professional's individuality must matter to you. The truth is, nevertheless, that they require to be a person you're completely comfy dealing with. Over the full training course of your partnership, you will certainly be in call a lotYour interactions with a specialist will be so a lot extra fruitful if you obtain along.

If an expert bothers you, for example, you're less most likely to pay attention to what they tell you. If they drag down your mood, you'll really feel much less favorable concerning their suggestions. When it comes to just how you gel with an expert, the personality type to keep an eye out for will certainly be various for each and every relationship.

Some organisation proprietors might search for humour from a consultant, others may react much better to specialists who always bring positivity to the table. There are some characteristic, however, which it is always preferable for a business specialist to possess. Empathy is one such trait. The ideal organisation consultants understand that a business will usually be a great deal more to its owner than just a method of earning money.

An Unbiased View of Top Consulting Companies

If a specialist understands the feelings behind building a business, they can give far better advice across the board. An additional desirable characteristic that's indelibly connected with that of compassion, is patience. By comprehending the emotional add-ons of company owner, a consultant will be able to patiently accept and deal with decision that may not make immediate feeling.

Such perseverance can be essential in making a consultancy relationship work. A good consultant is one that can plainly communicate ideas to the people they deal with. They can condense the view they take of a company right into concise, workable understandings. They can after that deliver these insights either orally or in written kind to their calls.

To provide the very best possible suggestions, they require to take in as well as recognize your demands. That may sound straightforward, yet in practice is vice versa. A consultant has to actively pay attention to what you tell them. They need to completely comprehend what you communicate and also recognise the subtlety and also value of what is not claimed.

Not known Incorrect Statements About Biggest Consulting Firms

To reach that type of recognizing with you, specialists have to have the ability to http://www.bbc.co.uk/search?q=business consultant ask the best inquiries at the correct time. They ought to then be experienced in assisting you find answers, as opposed to merely informing you what they think the responses to be. If they do proffer a viewpoint or strategy, they need to be able to describe the just how along with the what.

What you require from your expert is likewise a movable banquet. Sometimes you'll desire them to supply concrete plans or useful suggestions. On other events, what you require may be as basic as a fast chat or someone to function as a sounding board. The best specialists can acknowledge when they require to be a consultant, a trainer or an advisor.

A prospective expert who communicates in cliches or by utilizing service double-speak and also buzzwords is frequently best avoided. Oftentimes, they toss that routine, over-commercial language at customers to try to conceal their shortages. A professional with all of the above traits is no excellent to you if you can not pay for to employ them.

The 10-Minute Rule for Biggest Consulting Firms

For example, do they charge in the manner that you favor? Expert's costs can be billed per hour, by project or on a retainer basis. Each of those trio of various plans will suit some firms far better than others. Some experts, too, may be willing to work on a part-fee, part-bonus basis.

If a consultant is prepared to work by doing this, it's a good indication. It shows that they're confident sufficient in the solution they supply, to make a few of their cost section on its success. They're fairly literally placing their money where their mouth is. You need to additionally check that a consultant wants to sign a significant agreement.

Finally, consider if the candidate is available to function when you need them. Can they start functioning with you directly away? Will you have the ability to call them whenever you want? When speaking regarding expense, it's additionally essential to mention value. A consultant ought to have the ability to clearly verbalize the value that their input is going to include in your service.

Unknown Facts About Strategy Consulting

That's just how to avoid being caught in a partnership that might feel excellent, however provide little in regards to substantial advantage. What we have actually chatted about up until now have been traits and also aspects to look for from a consultant, which are rather concrete. At least, they have actually been points that you can reasonably evaluate before deciding whether to work with a prospective consultant or otherwise.

These are the important things that the very best business consultants supply and also therefore, it's still vital to know and to think of them prior to you become part of a consultancy relationship. One of one of the most essential of these intangibles is the ability to help specify a clear vision for your company.

They need to additionally have the ability to help you build plans that can organise short-term service procedures in such a means regarding function towards that lasting objective. Exactly how a professional will certainly work to accomplish your goals is another crucial aspect to take into consideration. Offered the moment stress as well as obligations on small company proprietors, you desire your professional to be able to make progress individually.

Not known Details About Boutique Consulting Firms

Preferably they will certainly be self-motivated as well as possess the management high qualities to relocate points ahead without constantly needing your input. On the other side, however, you don't desire a specialist's interactions with your company to bypass you totally. The very best experts will certainly not only bring concrete advantages to your business, however additionally aid foster renovation in you as an individual and also specialist.

Experts are a vital part of a local business proprietor's tactical plan. Whether it's to assist manage Search Engine Optimization initiatives, accountancy, or content manufacturing, these individuals help alleviate much of the tension linked with those daily tasks. Yet when you're assuming about hiring your first tiny business consultant, it's hard to know where to start.

Simply put, your consultant is there for you to support and press you to attain more.' But you still might have other questions. You might ask on your own, 'What should I try to find?' or,' [pullquote] Exactly how do I recognize if one specialist is better than another? [/pullquote] That's why we have actually created a small company expert checklist for you.

The smart Trick of Business Advisor That Nobody is Discussing

Certainly, the embarking on point is to research the specialist's resume as well as see what his/her track record looks like. This will certainly offer you a concept of the experience level in addition to what significant success are under the consultant's belt. Also seek: Educational background & continuous qualifications Experience within your details sector Any kind of on-going learning chances Search for testimonies from other entrepreneurs as a type of social evidence.

Try to find testimonies on: The expert's website In the kind of Linkedin referrals When searching for a professional, you wish to maintain an eye out for a person who has been a tiny organisation owner. A major red flag is when you find specialists that claim years of experience helping others yet who have never ever really remained in the footwear of the individuals they get in touch with for.

That might be a sign that they have too lots of clients as well as are spreading themselves slim. Make certain to figure out what hours they are conveniently available to deal with you on any offered week and also try to assess what their current workload appears like, also. If your professional has expert condition (like she or he should, if in consulting), look for the products they are creating.

Get This Report about Business Strategy Consultant

The majority of specialists have a well-defined target market. They collaborate with local business with less than 50 workers, create about the monetary sector, etc. Make sure you discover a consultant that aligns with your organisation so you're both on the exact same page. Any type of specialist that claims to be a professional for anything as well as any person could be a little over confident. Working with an excellent expert can save time and also cash, and ultimately attain a better result.: In many cases, your business may have grown extremely promptly and recognize there are whole lots of points you might be doing far better, however you do not also know where to begin. A specialist can come in and generate some fresh point of view, evaluate any type of or all locations of your company, and also establish the processes and also treatments to raise performance levels.

You can always search online directories such as elance.com or ask for referrals from friends or service suppliers like your accountant or lawyer. Finding the right specialist is the tough part. This is why I can not worry sufficient the value of the "common consulting interview". Whether you talk with your specialist in individual or by phone, a live communication will certainly tell you a lot more about that consultant than any type of internet site or review will.

The Single Strategy To Use For Business Analyst Consultant

Is the person thrilled about your company, and also about dealing with you? Do you think they can accomplish what they state they can accomplish in the timeframe they priced estimate? Currently, having said all this, despite the ideal intentions there may be some consulting connections that end up just not functioning out.

The Greatest Guide To Business Advisor

To put it simply, do not feel poor for parting methods with a specialist if things aren't working outchances are, they know it's for the best, also. Agreements are normally for 3-6 months, with the option to restore the contract as required. SUGGESTION: Style your consulting agreement in stages that provide you all-natural quits in the operations, so that you can part means with your consultant amicably if it winds up being a bad match.

A common consulting contract includes seeking advice from parameters, names of the liable celebrations, settlement routines, and any kind of pertinent deliverables and due dates. This is just one of my favored inquiries due to the fact that the answer is rather easy: Giving you the statistics on fees alone is not really beneficial to you when getting in touch with charges can range from $150-$ 10,000 per hr and projects fees can vary from $1,000-$ 250,000.

The complying with graph lays out the underlying distinction in the value of a "specialist" vs. the value of a "specialist". Comprehending this essential difference will not just assist you obtain more out of your expert yet additionally aid you have cash by knowing when it is best to employ a "professional".

Marketing Consultant Can Be Fun For Anyone

For example, if your month-to-month sales are $10,000, it is not wise to pay $5,000 each month to a professional. On the various other hand, if your month-to-month sales are $200,000, and you want that number to expand to $500,000, then $5,000 per month for a 6-month agreement with a consultant seems a great deal extra sensible.

As an example, if you are wanting to upgrade your marketing initiatives for several product, possibly you should tackle each product separately as opposed to at one time. This might not only lower the price needed to employ a professional, however also minimize your general demand for a consultantif you can gain from their approach to the very first line of product, you may have the ability to execute their approaches for the other line of product yourself.

Your preliminary discussions with a specialist are a wonderful means to test the waters with your prospective working relationship, also. A tiny organisation professional can assist you run your company, by preparing your service approach as well as sometimes also executing it. I'm a big follower in small organisation consulting, because I see the favorable results of it every single day! However not all specialists are produced equivalent, as well as not all services or company jobs are produced equal, either.

What Does Business Consulting Services Do?

After that, you need to locate a professional that you truly click with. When all of that integrates, you have actually placed yourself for success. Mayra Ceja is the founder of Adeptly Insights, a system where company owner can talk with live organisation experts, on-demand.

Yearly administration consultants in the USA get greater than $2 billion for their solutions. 1 Much of this money spends for not practical information and also inadequately executed suggestions. 2 To minimize this waste, clients need a far better understanding of what speaking with jobs can accomplish. They require to ask a lot more from such consultants, who in turn has to discover to please expanded expectations.

It likewise originates from my experience supervising beginning consultants and from the many discussions and also associations I have actually had with experts and also customers in the USA and also abroad. These experiences lead me to propose a method of clarifying the functions of management consulting. When quality https://snir1.org.il יועץ שיווקי concerning purpose exists, both parties are more probable to take care of the engagement procedure satisfactorily.

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missagirl-blog1 · 7 years ago

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Unit 1 Draft

Source Analysis #1:

Barron, Dennis. "Pencils to Pixels." University of Illinois English Department,

http://www.english.illinois.edu/-people-/faculty/debaron/essays/pencils.htm. Accessed 7

June 2018.

My first impression of this source was conflicting. The domain ends with “.edu”, which I thought was one of the best sources. However the layout and appearance of the website was less than impressive. The background is complicated, and in my opinion makes it harder to read. The font was also really small for me, and had no way of easily zooming in. The author, Dennis Barron gave no introduction into who he is or even a title, and I was hesitant considering this a good source. However once reading the work, it was very well done. Pictures and quotations were cited, and Barron did an excellent job giving us a basis to work off of on technology and writing. It appears to be a scholarly essay, as it was originally published by Utah State University. The project was extremely successful because it made me think outside of my original notion of technology. By referring to the pencil as technology, etc, I was able to expand my perception of what is considered technology over time. I also appreciated the notion that we should not fight technology.

Source Analysis 2:

Berkowitz, Joe. “Why ‘So Sad Today’ Is The Only Twitter Book That Might Save Lives.” Fast Company, Fast

Company, 22 Mar. 2016,

www.fastcompany.com/3058006/why-so-sad-today-is-the-only-twitter-book-that-might-save-lives.

This article describes Melissa Broder’s impact on modern writing with her use of technology. It has quotations from Melissa, but is not in interview format. I particularly liked this passage from the article: “Broder’s tweets tapped into a primal panic center she also accessed for her poems, but the anonymity afforded her the chance to pair these feelings with something previously absent from her poetry: Internetspeak and Twitter memes. She was using ephemeral, disposable language to describe some of the most ancient, scary feelings known to humans. The juxtaposition clicked.” This statement really sums up what I had trouble portraying about the twitter/writing parallel and the style used in Melissa’s writing. I believe the author’s project was successful. It was unbiased, as it brought up some of the critiques against Melissa’s work (like that it may glorify mental illness), as well as calling attention to its success.

Source Analysis #3

account, so sad today. “So Sad Today (@Sosadtoday).” Twitter, Twitter, 6 May 2018,

twitter.com/sosadtoday?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor.

This is the twitter account of award winning author, Melissa Broder. Melissa is an example of the connection between writing and technology; better yet how technology can create a better platform for writing to be seen by a large audience. Her tweets are often seen as poetry, yet still fall under twitter's 140 character limit. After getting followed and retweeted by celebrities such as Miley Cyrus and Katy Perry, the public connected with Melissa’s “modern day” descriptions of her anxiety and depression. The success of her twitter account led her to write her debut book named after the account, So Sad Today. Not only does her platform mirror modern technology's effect on writing, but her tweets themselves illustrate modern writing through technology. Melissa’s tweets often are short, usually a sentence, and often have little or no punctuation. It is almost like the author is jotting down quick thoughts while shes driving, or in the middle of some other task. She also uses abbreviations made common by the internet, yet attaches something deep or concerning like “brb, regretting major life decisions”.

I believe she clearly succeeds in her project, as her twitter account led her to publish an extremely successful book and built a large fanbase. I am confident that this is a great source because twitter is extremely well-known. The only issue I can think of is that periodically, some users have their account hacked. It is usually cleared in a timely matter if reported, but during the time the account is hacked anything can be posted under a user’s account, often deceiving followers.

Source Analysis #4:

Tiffany, Kaitlyn. “How Darcie Wilder's Stunning Debut Novel Was Born on Twitter.” The Verge,

The Verge, 31 Mar. 2017, www.theverge.com/2017/3/31/15125102/literally-show-me-a-healthy-person-interview-darcie-wilder.

This article introduces author Darcie Wilder, and follows with an interview with her. Darcie is a young author who wrote for MTV tv shows, VICE online, and found success through her twitter account (cite??). She is changing what is seen as the traditional format of writing, as her book does not have traditional chapters or any organizational method. She also often uses incorrect grammar and punctuation in her writing; for example her book title is not capitalized, nor does she regularly capitalize the letter “i” in her work. . I am trying to form a topic on these unconventional authors that found success through other modern technological outlets, such as twitter, and exploring what effect it has on modern writing.

The questions the interviewer asks are not typical, and do an excellent job on highlighting my “topic”. The author emphasizes how twitter is constantly revolving and changing and the effect that it has on Darcie’s work. I believe this could have been expanded upon more, but I am assuming the interview had a limit on questions. I also think it would have been appropriate to expand on Darcie’s background further. The article mentions that they follow Darcie’s account and the MTV News account, but they do not state the connection: Darcie writes for the MTV News twitter account. I thought this was an important source to use, as when you google her name, it is the first result that comes up after her official website. I had previously never heard of “The Verge”, but the format looked clean and professional, other than a giant ad on the top of the page. I thought it was suspicious that the interview states it was “edited and condensed for clarity”, and wonder if there are any regulations in writing that keep people from editing an interview to say anything they want, as long as they state that it was edited.

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