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harpersessentials · 3 months

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i have been working on a little special trip with my harpers and i decided to explore the trip to egypt mod by nando. suddenly, the urge to have ancient egypt related cc (pharaos, pyramids, mummies...) became a thing. so i present you a selection of cc that i liked particularly. i hope it can help you in the future if you wish to explore a north african landscape in your sims game too.

p.s. all bullets with * mean it is a TSR link.

worlds & save files

trip to egypt (world modification) by nando

egyptian oasis save file by sims 4 collab

the sims medieval save by divan the simmer (oasis springs was turned into ancient egypt)

lots (no-cc)

trip to egypt lot by genkai haretsu*

maroccan mansion by mychqqq*

morocco by sharon337*

egyptian palace gardens by weekendbuilder

moroccan riad by weekenbuilder

egyptian bathhouse by beccatownsims

egyptian cocktails by camillevalentine

egyptian pyramid home by buddaguitarz

egyptian pyramid by oscarella

egyptian pyramid by kimmyal

ancient egyptian tomb by cutelilycat333

egyptian house alone by bankbest19482

super mansão marroquina by ac sims (dl here)

moroccan dream home by mr olkan (dl here)

moroccan oasis by amaranth sims stop motion (dl here)

maroccan riad by nolanasims

maroccan riad spa by nolanasims

maroccan house by nolanasims

maroccan souk by nolanasims

maroccan hammam hotel by nolanasims

maroccan house by nolanasims

arabian villa by the grim simmer (dl here)

tunisian house by simday

dream arabic villa by marmelad (dl here)

oasis retreat by sati sim

mansão marroquina by game simms (dl here)

the pyramids by sarahamina

ancient pyramid by virtualfairytales*

buy mode

egyptian stuff by sims 4 fun

egyptian relics by thejim07

a cat haiku by pforestsims

hair

hathor hair by sehablasimlish*

sahara sunset collab by savvysweet (part) /crypticsim/simtric

amani hair by alladin

monica hair by alladin

candice hair by alladin

ivy hair by simkatu

makeup & tattoos

egypt eyeliner by ngsims3*

treasures of hateshepsut by joliebean

grave digger - zobie facepaint by imtater

zombie stitches by pipco*

zombie skin overlay by imtater

princess ahmanet by overkillsimmer

agnes facepaint by magichand*

clothing

egyptian dress by tatyana name*

missandrei dress and cape by simmring

missandrei outfit by sifix

missandrei dress by sifix*

nemesis dress by sifix*

necklace top and panneled skirt by bustedpixels

cleo de nile outfit by colores urbanos*

mummy outfit 2 by pipco*

terses outfit by natalia auditore

pharaoh outfit 2 by natalia auditore

clothing for men ancient egypt by mara

mummy outfit by plumbobs n fries*

toddler egyptian formal dress by bekahluann*

egyptian robe for kids by bekahluann*

pyramid pals: egyptian kids set by clepsydra

accessories

spring/summer 2021 earrings by sentate

twisted alongated hoops by feyona*

keondra earrings by feyona*

medusa earrings by bluecraving

ariana earrings by solistair

coil necklace by bokchoijo*

egyptian collar necklace & males by bokchoijo*

egyptian bead collar necklace by bokchoijo*

keondra plate necklace by feyona*

helena necklace by feyona*

serpentine necklace by icecreamforbreakfast

leaves necklace by valley tulya

egypt snake upper arm tires by specialany

egyptian bangles by bokchoijo*

keondra cuff bracelets by feyona*

serpentine bracelet by icecreamforbreakfast

ds cuff bracelet by darknightt*

urmia rings by madlen

bandage set by nell

mummeh set by pinkpatchy

shoes

adriana feet by madlen*

life's a beach ibiza sandals by lvndrcc*

volos shoes by madlen*

babylon shoes by madlen*

gaspare sandals by madlen*

niella platform sandals by darknight*

gladiator sandals by clepsydra

jw sandals by mauvemorn*

premade sims

nikare & cat by jazmilia

egyptian cat by ratatanpan

#akitas picks #ts4 download #ts4 mods #ts4 historical #ts4 egypt #ts4 ancient egypt #dakarai

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naivelocus · 7 years

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The evolution of animal Argonautes: evidence for the absence of antiviral AGO Argonautes in vertebrates

Identification of three conserved Argonaute lineages in metazoans

The mode of action of Argonaute AGO proteins in C. elegans, D. melanogaster and Homo sapiens has been well studied9, 22, 23, but the evolution of the AGO family in animals remains largely undetermined. Therefore, we constructed a ML phylogenetic tree using Argonaute proteins found in different species of nematodes, arthropods and chordates, as well as of flatworms and more primitive metazoans like poriferans (sponges) and cnidarians (jellyfish, corals and sea anemones).

Besides the PIWI and SAGO clades, two groups of AGO proteins can be distinguished (Fig. 1). (I) the first AGO group forms a separate monophyletic group containing sequences found in all groups investigated (Figs 1 and 2). Interestingly, within this group we find all the chordate AGO proteins, as well as the miRNA-interacting AGOs of D. melanogaster (Dme-AGO1) and C. elegans (Cel-ALG1 and 2). These fly and nematode AGOs were experimentally shown to mediate silencing of endogenous transcripts, but not antiviral immunity9, 10. In fact, studies have demonstrated that also AGO1 orthologues of locusts24 and human AGOs25 play a role in miRNA-directed endogenous gene regulation. Therefore, this clade appears to contain miRNA-interacting AGO Argonautes and is for this reason termed the miRNA-class AGO lineage. In addition, the studied poriferan, cnidarian and flatworm species also encode AGO proteins that cluster within this group, which is supported by a high bootstrap value (Figs 1 and 2). (II) The second AGO group does not form a monophyletic group when all Argonautes (AGOs, SAGOs and PIWIs) are included in the dataset (Fig. 1). Yet, when focusing specifically on the AGO subfamily, the existence of two distinct families is supported by high confidence (Fig. 2). This second group contains the Ecdysozoan (nematodes and arthropods) AGOs that mediate siRNA-directed antiviral immunity, as experimentally demonstrated for Cel-RDE1 of C. elegans11, Dme-AGO2 of D. melanogaster11 and Isc-AGO2-4 of Ixodes scapularis26. For this reason, we termed this group the siRNA-class AGOs. In agreement with a role in antiviral defense, the length of the branches, which represent the relative amount of amino acid substitutions, is clearly longer in this group than in the miRNA-class AGO clade (Figs 1 and 2). Amino acid sequence alignment of miRNA-class AGOs of C. elegans (Ce-ALG1), D. melanogaster (Dme-AGO1) and H. sapiens (Hsa-AGO2) revealed ≥60% sequence identity in the entire protein and >80% sequence identity in their PIWI domain. In contrast, amino acid sequence identity between siRNA-class AGOs of C. elegans (Cel-RDE-1 and Cel-ERGO-1) and D. melanogaster (Dme-AGO2) is less than 15% and even AGO2 proteins belonging to different insect species have very low sequence identity. For example, D. melanogaster and B. mori AGO2 possess only 23% sequence identity, while their housekeeping AGO1 counterparts share 81% sequence identity. Also the studied Cnidarian AGO1 proteins, which group in the miRNA class AGO clade, share much higher sequence similarity than their AGO2 counterparts, 75% sequence identity between AGO1s versus 18% between AGO2s of Acropora millepora and Nemastella vectensis (Table 1). It is fascinating that also the most primitive metazoan phyla possess two different AGO-type with clear differences in the rate of molecular evolution. While a direct role in antiviral immunity for the cnidarian and sponge AGO2 Argonautes has not yet been demonstrated, it seems reasonable to assume that the most recent common ancestor of all animals possessed, at least, two types of AGOs, an ancestral siRNA-class and miRNA-class AGO. (III) Nematodes encode an additional Argonaute clade, termed the SAGOs. SAGO proteins were found in all studied nematode species, but were absent in the other animal groups under investigation. Finally, (IV) PIWI proteins were found in all studied animal phyla and cluster as a monophyletic group. Nevertheless, piwi genes were absent in the available genome sequence information of the nematodes Ascaris suum and Brugia malayi and the flatworms Schistosoma japonicum and Schmidtea mediterranea. Making a phylogenetic tree with only the PIWI Argonautes as query resulted in the observation of two well-supported monophyletic subgroups (Supplementary Fig. S1). Both groups contain members of poriferan, cnidarian, flatworm, arthropod and vertebrate species, suggestion that also subfunctionalization of the PIWI Argonaute subgroups accurred early in animal evolution.

Figure 1

Rooted maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree (100 bootstraps) using the most conserved region between Argonaute superfamily members belonging to Porifera (: Amphimedon queenslandica; Aqu, Ephydatia fluviatillis; Efl, Oscarella lobularis; Olo), Cnidaria (: Acropora digitifera; Adi, Acropora millepora; Ami, Orbicella faveolata; Ofa, Nemastella vectensis; Nve), Chordata (: Homo sapiens; Hsa, Alligator mississippiensis; Ami, Gallus gallus; Gga, Danio rerio; Dre, Brachiostoma floridae; Bfl), Nematoda (: Caenorhabditis elegans; Cel, Ascaris suum; Asu, Brugia malayi; Bma, Necator americanus; Nam), Arthropoda (Insecta: : Drosophila melanogaster; Dme, Bombyx mori; Bmo, Tribolium castaneum; Tca, Schistocerca gregaria; Sgr, and Chelicerata: : Ixodes scapularis; Isc, Parasteatoda tepidariorum; Pte, Limulus polyphemus; Lpo) and Platyhelminthes (: Echinococcus multilocularis; Emu, Schistosoma japonicum; Sja, Schmistea mediterranea; Sme). Detailed information on the sequences used is presented in Suppl. Table S2. The Argonaute superfamily can be dissected into four distinct groups: (I) miRNA-class AGOs, (II) siRNA-class AGOs, (III) Secondary (s)AGOs and (IV) PIWI Argonautes.

Figure 2

Unrooted maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree (100 bootstraps) using the AGO Argonaute members belonging to Porifera (: Amphimedon queenslandica; Aqu, Ephydatia fluviatillis; Efl, Oscarella lobularis; Olo), Cnidaria (: Acropora digitifera; Adi, Acropora millepora; Ami; Orbicella faveolata; Ofa, Nemastella vectensis; Nve), Chordata (: Homo sapiens; Hsa, Alligator mississippiensis, Ami; Gallus gallus; Gga; Danio rerio; Dre, Brachiostoma floridae; Bfl), Nematoda (: Caenorhabditis elegans; Cel, Ascaris suum; Asu, Brugia malayi; Bma, Necator americanus; Nam), Arthropoda (Insecta: : Drosophila melanogaster; Dme, Bombyx mori; Bmo, Tribolium castaneum; Tca, Schistocerca gregaria, Sgr; and Chelicerata: : Ixodes scapularis; Isc, Parasteatoda tepidariorum; Pte, Limulus polyphemus; Lpo) and Platyhelminthes (: Echinococcus multilocularis; Emu, Schistosoma japonicum; Sja, Schmistea mediterranea; Sme). Detailed information on the sequences used is presented in Suppl. Table S2. The AGO Argonaute family can be dissected into two distinct groups: (I) miRNA-class AGOs and (II) siRNA-class AGOs.

Table 1: Sequence identity and similarity between different metazoan miRNA-class AGOs (upper table) and siRNA-class AGOs (lower table).

Due to the highly expanded AGO-family in nematodes, there are two additional AGO orthologues for which homologues were not found in the other animal groups under investigation. The HPO-24-like sequences, present in C. elegans and A. suum, form a separate cluster closely related to the miRNA-class AGO clade (Figs 1 and 2). In addition, ALG3/4-like sequences cluster within a clade containing the siRNA-class Argonautes Cel-RDE1 and Cel-ERGO1 (Figs 1 and 2). Yet, Conine and coworkers demonstrated that the ALG3/4 play an important role in promoting the transcription of spermatogenesis genes of C. elegans22. Therefore, it appears that these additional nematode AGO-species are a result of duplication and (sub)functionalization of miRNA-class and siRNA-class ago genes, respectively, in the nematode phyla.

Finally, it appears that all chordates lack siRNA-class AGOs, since none of the available genome sequence information of chordates in Genbank possess siRNA-class AGO sequences. This is exemplified by the fact that the available chordate sequence with highest homology (represented by the lowest E-value) to the D. melanogaster AGO2 protein is B. floridae Bfl-AGO2 (Supplementary Table S1), an Argonaute that clusters within the miRNA-class AGO group (Fig. 2). Yet, due to the limited amount of chordate sequence information available on Genbank, it remains possible that siRNA-class AGOs are present in other primitive chordate species.

Elevated rates of molecular evolution in siRNA-class AGOs and PIWIs, but not in miRNA-class AGOs in insects

Immune proteins are under strong selective pressure, due to the host-pathogen arms race. Directional selective pressure can be identified by testing for an elevated rate of non-synonymous nucleotide substitutions (Ka) compared to synonymous substitutions (Ks)27.

Utilizing tree-based and pairwise comparison for the calculation of Ka/Ks values of Drosophila RNAi genes, elevated rates of molecular evolution were identified in the Drosophila sp. siRNA class-ago (ago2) and piwi genes (ago3, piwi and aub), while not in the miRNA-class ago gene (ago1), i.e. in comparison to the studied housekeeping genes alpha-tubulin1a and gapdh (Fig. 3A and B). However, the ratio averaged over all sites is almost never >1, since positive selection is heterogeneous in nature, unlikely to affect all codons. Therefore, site-specific models in the Codeml package were used to allow the Ka/Ks value to vary among sites. Statistics for codon-specific selection were positive for ago2, ago3 and aub (Table 2).

Figure 3

The evolutionary rate of argonaute sequences within the Drosophila genus, estimated by determining the Ka versus Ks substitutions by pairwise (Fig. 3A) and ML-tree based (Fig. 3B) comparison and using sequence information of D. melanogaster, D. simulans, D. sechellia, D. yakuba and D. erecta. Figure 3C: Rate of molecular evolution of argonaute sequences within the Insecta class. For this, sequence information of the D. melanogaster, Bombyx mori, Tribolium castaneum and Schistocerca gregaria argonaute coding regions was used as query. The bars represent the mean +/− SEM of individual Ka/Ks values per gene. Statistics (MWU-test) support difference with the housekeeping genes glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh) and apha-tubulin1a (tubu); **p < 0.01, ***p < 0,0001.

Table 2: Likelihood ratio tests (LRTs) for codon-specific evolutionary selection in argonaute sequences within Drosophila sp. and primates.

To test whether positive evolutionary selection in ago2 and piwi sequences is specific for Drosophila sp. or whether this represents a more general characteristic of these genes in the entire insect class, the Ka/Ks values were estimated for argonautes of insect species belonging to different insect orders, namely of D. melanogaster (Diptera), B. mori (Lepidoptera), T. castaneum (Coleoptera) and S. gregaria (Orthoptera) (Fig. 3C). Elevated Ka/Ks values were detected for the tested siRNA-class ago and piwi genes, but not for ago1. Due to the high sequence divergence of these genes, pairwise comparison, as well as tests for codon-specific selection, could not be performed.

Elevated rates of molecular evolution in PIWI proteins, but not in AGO proteins in vertebrates

To study directional selection in vertebrate argonaute genes, Ka/Ks values were estimated for argonaute genes of different primate species. Elevated Ka/Ks values were found in primate piwi genes (piwil2, 3 and 4), but not in their ago genes (Fig. 4A and B). In agreement with these observations, testing for site-specific directional selection was positive for piwil2 and piwil3 (Table 2), but negative for the ago genes. Furthermore, piwil2 and piwil4 are under elevated rates of selective pressure within vertebrates belonging to different classes (Fig. 4C). Similar as for the insect species with too high sequence divergence, pairwise comparison as well as tests for codon-specific selection could not be performed.

Figure 4

The evolutionary rate of argonaute sequences within the primates, determined by means of pairwise (Fig. 4A) and ML-tree based comparison (Fig. 4B). The nucleic acid sequence of Argonautes of Homo sapiens, Pan troglodytes, Pan paniscus, Gorilla gorilla, Pongo abelli, Macaca mulatta and Callithrix jacchus were used for Ka/Ks estimations. Figure 4C: Rate of molecular evolution of Argonautes within vertebrates. Ka/Ks values are estimated by means of ML-tree based comparison and by using sequence information of H. sapiens, Mus musculus, Alligator mississippiensis, Gallus gallus and Danio rerio. Noteworthy, Piwil4 is absent in the G. gallus and D. rerio genome sequence. The bars represent the mean +/− SEM of individual Ka/Ks values per gene. Statistics (MWU-test) support difference with the housekeeping genes glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh) and apha-tubulin1a (tubu); **p < 0.01, ***p < 0,0001.

Elevated rates of Ka/Ks substitutions in siRNA-class ago and sago genes, but not in miRNA-class ago and piwi genes in nematodes

Elevated rates of molecular evolution were also identified in siRNA-class agos (rde1 and ergo1), hpo24 and the sago genes of different Caenorhabditis species (Fig. 5A). Since C. elegans encodes 19 SAGO proteins, only four sago genes were selected for Ka/Ks estimations. Interestingly, ppw1 and sago1 displayed significantly higher Ka/Ks values than wago1 and csr1. Noteworthy, most studied Caenorhabditis species appear to lack clear ALG-2 orthologues. Furthermore, in contrast to the situation in insects and vertebrates, we did not observe elevated Ka/Ks values for the nematode piwi genes (prg1 and prg2). Unfortunately, we could not estimate the Ka/Ks values by means of pairwise comparison, nor study codon-specific directional selection, due to too low sequence similarity between the siRNA-class ago and sago genes of different Caenorhabditis species. Finally, the rate of molecular evolution between argonautes of species belonging to different nematode classes, namely of C. elegans, A. suum, Necator americanus and B. malayi was determined. Yet, we could only identify orthologues for ALG1 and RDE1 in the studied nematodes. The estimated Ka/Ks values for rde1 were strongly elevated, but not these for the nematode alg1 sequences (Fig. 5B).

Figure 5

Figure 5A: Evolutionary rate of argonaute transcript sequences within the Caenorhabditis genus. Ka/Ks values are estimated by means of ML-tree based comparison and by using sequence information of C. elegans, C. briggsae, C. remanei and C. brenneri. Figure 5B: The evolutionary rate for Argonaute proteins in nematodes, determined by estimating the Ka/Ks values by means of ML-tree based comparison and by using sequence information of C. elegans, Ascaris suum, Brugia malayi and Necator americanus. Due to the enormous complexity and variation in the Argonaute AGO family present in nematodes, we could only find orthologs of the miRNA-class AGO alg1 and the siRNA-class AGO rde1 in all studied nematode species. The bars represent the mean +/− SEM of individual Ka/Ks values per gene. Statistics (MWU-test) support difference with the housekeeping genes glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh) and apha-tubulin1a (tubu); **p < 0.01, ***p < 0,0001.

— Nature Scientific Reports

#Nature Scientific Reports #The evolution of animal Argonautes: evidence for the absence of antiviral

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