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sergndt · 12 days

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Грунт питательный Двина - мешок 100 литров

Цена: 16.00 р.Состав: торф верховой, комплекс микроэлементов (Mn, B, Mo, Cu, Zn, F) Азот(N) - 100 - 180 мг, Фосфор (P2O5) - 110 - 190 мг, Калий (K2O) - 200 - 340 мг, pH - 5,5 - 6,5 на 100 г. сухого вещества pH - 5,5 - 6,5.Грунт торфяной питательный рекомендуются как для непосредственного использования при выращивании рассады и взрослых растений овощных и цветочно-декоративных культур, так и в качестве составной части для приготовления различных органоминеральных смесей в условиях открытого и закрытого грунта с добавлением дерновой земли, песка, опилок, коры и других компонентов. Грунт Двина рассадный универсальный это оптимальное решение для ваших садовых и дачных посадок. Этот грунт состоит из смеси перегноя, грунта и песка, которая обеспечивает отличные условия для роста рассады. Он идеален для создания почвы для выращивания овощей, цветов, кустарников и трав.Плюсы:- Обеспечивает отличное качество почвы для роста рассады - Содержит необходимые микроэлементы и органические вещества для роста растений - Имеет хорошую структуру и дренаж, что помогает растениям получать достаточно кислотности и влаги - Удобная упаковка по 100 литров для удобства использования Минусы- Может быть сложно находить на некоторых территориях. - Не подходит для выращивания каких-то конкретных видов растений, которым нужна специфическая почва.В целом, Грунт Двина рассадный универсальный является отличным вариантом для создания почвы для рассады, но необходимо учитывать его минусы при принятии решения о покупке.

https://xn--h1ad5a.xn--90ais/grunt/grunt-pitatelnij-dvina---meshok-100-litrov

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xiaoxiaopaya · 2 months

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The balanced NPK fertilizer formula of oil palm is 15-15-15, with the careful addition of 4% MgO and 0.7% B (boron). This scientific formula is designed to fully meet the needs of key nutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P2O5), potassium (K2O), magnesium (MgO) and boron (B) at different growth stages of oil palm. It is helpful to the healthy growth and high and stable yield of oil palm. The balanced NPK fertilizer formula of oil palm 15-15-15 + 4MgO + 0.7B, combined with the use of efficient fertilizer granulator, is an important practice for the sustainable development of modern agriculture, and also an effective way to enhance the economic benefits of oil palm planting.

Analysis of fertilizer formula

NPK ratio: 15-15-15 indicates that the content of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P2O5) and potassium (K2O) in the fertilizer is 15%, which is a balanced fertilizer formula that contributes to the overall growth and development of oil palm.

MgO content: An additional 4% MgO is added to meet the magnesium requirements of oil palm. Magnesium is an important component of chlorophyll, which is essential for oil palm photosynthesis, while also contributing to the activation of many enzymes in the plant.

B (Boron) content: The 0.7% boron content is designed for the specific boron requirements of oil palm. Boron plays an important role in flowering and fruiting, root growth and cell wall formation of oil palm.

Fertilization principles and precautions

Balanced fertilization: According to the growth needs of oil palm and soil nutrient status, reasonable collocation of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other nutrients to ensure the balanced supply of nutrients.

Appropriate fertilization: Avoid excessive fertilization to prevent soil compaction, fertilizer damage and environmental pollution. The amount of fertilizer applied should be determined according to the growth stage of oil palm and soil fertility, following the principle of "small amount and many times".

Fertilizer selection: Choose fertilizers suitable for oil palm growth, such as compound fertilizer or special fertilizer containing NPK and medium and trace elements (such as MgO, B, etc.).

Fertilization method: According to the growth cycle of oil palm and soil conditions, choose the appropriate fertilization time and way. Base fertilizer is usually applied before or immediately after planting, while topdressing is determined according to the growth of oil palm and soil fertility. The fertilization method can be used in ditch, hole or spreading, etc., to ensure that the fertilizer and the soil are fully mixed.

Fertilizer formulation advantage

Balanced nutrition: The formula provides a variety of nutrient elements required for oil palm growth, contributing to the overall growth and development of oil palm. Strong targeted: For the specific requirements of magnesium and boron elements in oil palm, an additional amount of MgO and B is added to meet its growth needs. Improve yield and quality: Through reasonable fertilization, the yield and quality of oil palm can be improved, and economic benefits can be increased.

Application of efficient granulation technology

Fertilizer Granules Compaction Machine: Through the tight extrusion of two rollers, the fertilizer raw materials are efficiently converted into dense particles, especially suitable for processing high-viscosity fertilizer mixture, to ensure that the particle strength is high and not easy to break.

Disc Granulator: Using the high-speed rotation and tilt Angle of the disc, the fertilizer raw materials are naturally formed into balls under the combined action of centrifugal force and gravity, the particles are uniform and the surface is smooth, which is conducive to the absorption of crop roots.

Rotary Drum Granulator: suitable for large-scale production, through the rotation of the roller and the role of the internal scraper, the fertilizer raw materials in the rolling gradually polymerization into particles, the process is stable, the output is large, is one of the core equipment in the NPK Fertilizer Production Line (generally refers to the Rotary, Disc, Compaction , etc.).

The perfect combination of fertilizer formula and granulation technology

The combination of oil palm's balanced NPK fertilizer formula and efficient granulation technology not only ensures the nutrient balance and pertinency of the fertilizer, but also improves the utilization rate of the fertilizer and the absorption efficiency of the crop by optimizing the physical form of the fertilizer. This scientific and reasonable fertilization scheme, supplemented by advanced granulation technology, provides a strong guarantee for the healthy growth and high and stable yield of oil palm.

#Fertilizer Granules Compaction Machine #disc granulator #NPK Fertilizer Production Line

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tcfertilizermachine · 2 months

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Analysis of fertilizer formula

Fertilization principles and precautions

Fertilizer selection: Choose fertilizers suitable for oil palm growth, such as compound fertilizer or special fertilizer containing NPK and medium and trace elements (such as MgO, B, etc.).

Fertilizer formulation advantage

Application of efficient granulation technology

The perfect combination of fertilizer formula and granulation technology

#Fertilizer Granules Compaction Machine #Disc Granulator #Rotary Drum Granulator #NPK Fertilizer Production Line

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lethimfertilise · 2 months

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I am trying to understand the rationale behind the latest decisions of the Indian government, and sometimes I think I do. However, the reality (and market) often react quite differently.

Firstly, the Indian government has refused to increase their subsidies for phosphate fertilisers. What does this mean? Importers are forced to continue losing money. With the current subsidies, the import breakeven value is no more than $505 per metric tonne CFR.

What is the government trying to achieve? Well, if I am correct, it's a move to intimidate phosphate producers with the potential loss of the world’s largest P2O5 consumer.

But is it the right moment? Absolutely not! Suppliers have successfully placed tonnes at least 60 days ahead and at levels well above the latest Indian business. This is evident from our own sales.

Indian offers have moved up from $550 per metric tonne CFR to $600-610 per metric tonne CFR in just a month, but even at $610 per metric tonne, the offered quantities are very limited.

And don’t forget, it’s not only importers who don’t want to lose money. Local farmers also face shortages of DAP.

This is a tough call for the recently formed government.

#fertilizers #fertilisers #imstory #india #dap #government #subsidies

#agriculture #fertilizer #fertilization #india #dap #phosphate #imstory #subsidy

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chemanalyst · 4 months

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Unlocking the Power of Phosphoric Acid: From Production Methods to Practical Applications

H3PO4, often referred to as Orthophosphoric acid or Phosphoric acid, is a silent hero in our daily routines that might not be well known but plays a vital role. This acid, which is very useful, finds uses in fertilizers that feed our crops, carbonated beverages we love, and many more! It is the same question that follows: how is this acid being manufactured and what are the places where we find it?

In this blog, we are going to take a glance at the really interesting world of phosphoric acid. We shall look at the two processes which are adopted for the production of it, i.e., wet and thermal processes. Following that, we will unravel the mystery behind its diverse uses, including its involvement in agriculture and the fact that it is surprisingly a component of our cosmetics and food!

We’ll explore handful of its many applications such as:

Food science: It gives a fresh and strong kick to processed foods and drinks, while also working as a preservative.

Plant power: Phosphoric acid, which is a main constituent of fertilizers, supplies the associated phosphorus which is required to sustain healthy plants.

Beyond the surface: Phosphoric acid is one of the key ingredients in personal care products to keep the right balance of the pH level.

In short, this is the time to fasten your seatbelt as you are going to unveil the power of H3PO4.

Introduction

Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4) is a versatile acid with a presence in countless industries. But before we delve into its uses, understanding its structure and properties is key. These characteristics, essentially its makeup and behavior, are what make phosphoric acid so valuable in fields like agriculture, personal care, and even beverages.

These are:

Rust removal: Phosphoric acid can convert the iron oxide layer (rust) on metal surfaces into a phosphate layer. This phosphate layer acts as a protective barrier, preventing further rust formation.

Food and Beverage: Food-grade phosphoric acid adds a tangy flavor and acts as a preservative in colas, jams, and processed meats.

Agriculture: The biggest use of phosphoric acid is in fertilizers. It provides essential phosphorus for plant growth.

Personal care: Phosphoric acid helps adjust the pH level in cosmetics and skincare products.

Pharmaceuticals: Phosphoric acid finds use in some medications and as a starting material for drugs.

Manufacturing Process

There are two main ways to make phosphoric acid: the wet process and the thermal process. The wet process is more common and used for fertilizers, while the thermal process creates a much purer form of phosphoric acid used in high-quality products like medicine, detergents, food, and beverages.

Wet Process

Treating sulfuric acid (H2SO4) with naturally occurring phosphate rock involves drying and crushing the rock before continuously introducing it into a reactor alongside sulfuric acid. This reaction leads to the combination of calcium from the phosphate rock with sulfate, resulting in the formation of calcium sulfate (CaSO4), commonly known as gypsum.

Gypsum is separated from the reaction solution through filtration. Facilities typically employ a dihydrate process, yielding gypsum in the form of calcium sulfate with 2 molecules of water (CaSO4.2 H2O, or calcium sulfate dihydrate)

Some other facilities utilize a hemihydrate process, which yields calcium sulfate with half a molecule of water (CaSO4.½ H2O). The one-step hemihydrate process offers the advantage of producing wet process phosphoric acid with a higher concentration of P2O5 and fewer impurities compared to the dihydrate process.

A simplified reaction for the dihydrate process is outlined below:

To produce the strongest phosphoric acid and reduce evaporation costs, typically 93 percent sulfuric acid is utilized. Maintaining the precise ratio of acid to rock in the reactor is crucial, so advanced automatic process control equipment is employed to regulate these two feed streams.

During the reaction, gypsum crystals are formed and separated from the acid through filtration. These crystals undergo thorough washing to ensure at least a 99 percent recovery of the filtered phosphoric acid. After washing, the gypsum slurry is transferred to a gypsum pond for storage. Water is extracted and recycled through a surge cooling pond to aid in the phosphoric acid process.

Considerable heat is generated within the reactor. In older plants, this heat was dissipated by blowing air over the hot slurry surface. However, modern plants employ vacuum flash cooling to cool a portion of the slurry, which is then recycled back into the reactor.

Wet process phosphoric acid typically contains 26 – 30% of P2O5. To meet phosphate feed material specifications for fertilizer production, the acid often requires further concentration. Depending on the intended fertilizer types, phosphoric acid is concentrated to 40-55% of P2O5 using two or three vacuum evaporators.

Thermal Process

The production of phosphoric acid by thermal process requires elemental (yellow) phosphorus, air, and water as raw materials. This manufacturing process involves three main steps: Combustion, Hydration, and Demisting.

During combustion, liquid elemental phosphorus undergoes oxidation in a combustion chamber, typically at temperatures ranging from 1650 to 2760°C. This combustion reaction forms phosphorus pentoxide. It is depicted in the following reaction:

The produced phosphorus pentoxide is then hydrated either with dilute H3PO4 or water to generate strong phosphoric acid liquid. This is depicted in the following reaction:

The final step, demisting, involves the removal of phosphoric acid mist from the combustion gas stream before it is released into the atmosphere. This is typically achieved using high-pressure drop demistors.

The phosphoric acid concentration typically falls between 75 – 85% in the output from the thermal process. Such a high concentration is necessary for the production of high-grade chemicals and various non-fertilizer products.

Applications of Phosphoric Acid

Agriculture

The phosphoric acid is considered as a crucial chemical in modern agriculture as it performs diverse functions including production of fertilizers, amendment of soils, animal nutrition, and environmental preservation. The majority of the phosphoric acid is applied to fertilizer production, where it plays the fundamental role of forming the phosphate fertilizers, which are essential for the healthy growth of crops and maintaining the soil fertility. Furthermore, phosphoric acid helps in poultry feed as a source of dietary phosphorus. Among the widely used phosphatic fertilizers are diammonium phosphate (DAP), monoammonium phosphate (MAP), NPKs, and SSP. DAP stands out as a valuable provider of both phosphorus and nitrogen, essential for plant growth and development, particularly in cereal grains, fruits, and vegetables. By improving soil fertility, DAP contributes to enhanced crop production efficiency.

2. Food & Beverages

Phosphoric acid finds application as a food additive, serving as an acidity regulator in various food products such as jams, cereal bars, processed meats, and cheese. Within the beverage industry, it acts as an acidic agent, playing a crucial role in preventing the growth of fungi and bacteria while imparting a distinctive flavor to these drinks.

3. Rust Removal

Phosphoric acid is among the various acids commonly employed for rust removal from metals like iron and steel. When applied, it initiates a chemical reaction wherein the reddish-brown ferric oxide, commonly known as rust, undergoes transformation into a black-colored compound known as ferric phosphate. This reaction effectively breaks down and reacts with the rust present on the metal surface. Subsequently, the resulting black ferric phosphate compound can be easily extracted, leaving the metal surface free from rust and restored to its original state.

4. Personal Care & Cosmetics

Phosphoric acid plays a crucial role in the production of a diverse range of personal care items, cleaning products, bath formulations, fragrances, hair care solutions, dyes, nail treatments, lipsticks, and skincare preparations. Its function extends to regulating the pH levels of these materials, ensuring their effectiveness and stability. However, it is advisable to seek guidance from reputable phosphoric acid suppliers to gain comprehensive insights into its proper usage, applications, and characteristics.

Market Outlook

The main reason for the market of phosphoric acid development is the rise of the demand for DAP phosphate fertilizers. Being the most essential intermediate product in the course of the phosphate fertilizer manufacture, phosphoric acid is employed to make DAP, MAP, NPKs and SSP. DAP plays a major role in fulfilling the fertilizer demand of which is due to its rich nutrient content and ability to increase the soil fertility and crop production. The rise of world population and consumers’ buying power is likely to lead to more agricultural output. Thus, DAP fertilizers are utilized to balance the soil phosphate deficiency and improve crop production. This is likely to be the reason behind the rise of phosphoric acid consumption in the near future.

Phosphoric Acid Major Global Producers

Main players in the Global Phosphoric Acid market are Mosaic Company, IFFCO, Nutrien, Ma’aden, J.R. Simplot Company, ICL-YTH Group, OCP Group, Wengfu Group Co., Ltd., ICL(Rotem), Indorama (Industries Chimiques du Senegal), PhosAgro, Foskor Group, Rotem Amfert Negev Ltd., Yara, Coromandal International limited, JIFCO, and Indo Maroc Phosphore SA (IMACID), and Others.

Conclusion:

Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) has a range of uses which are reflected by the fact that it provides the sharp fizz of your favorite cola and the fertilizer that nourishes your crops. It fights rust, brings out the shine of metal surfaces, and lengthens their life. In food science, it can do the trick of adding flavor and preserving the food. The phosphorus it provides for plant growth is one of the main constituents of fertilizers. Besides food and agriculture, phosphoric acid is used for the maintenance of proper pH level in personal care products and also is in the list of vital components in dentistry and pharmaceuticals. Therefore, the next time you sip a beverage, marvel at a rust-free piece, or maintain your garden, remember the hidden ability of phosphoric acid to bring its magic to everyday life.

#phosphoricacid #phosphoricacidprices #phosphoricacidmarket #phosphoricacidnews #phosphoricacidpricetrend #phosphoricacidpriceforecast #phosphoricaciddemand #phosphoricacidsupply

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aaaholdinggroupus · 6 months

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Integrating Single Super Phosphate into Sustainable Farming Practices

Accepting sustainable agriculture among farmers and growers has seen them shift towards practices that not only give rise to the production of huge bands of crops but also protect the environment. A single product, which is known as single super phosphate (SSP)among fertilisers, has become valuable for this reason as it is a low-cost and versatile source of phosphorus. Phosphorus is one of the main nutrients of plants.

The requirement for sustainable ways of agriculture becomes more critical than ever; thus, as the use of SSP is a part of these new approaches, it's imperative to cover how to integrate SSP into an environmentally friendly way of agriculture production. In this article, we will seek to discuss the pluses and minuses of the use of SSP, how and with which organic fertilisers and soil amendments can be combined and the possibilities for reducing potential detrimental environmental impacts.

Benefits and Drawbacks of Using Single Super Phosphate

Super phosphate as a single granular, which is SSP, is made from a phosphoric acid reacting with rock phosphate. On average, phosphate fertiliser has up to 18-20% P2O5 (phosphorus) content in it, so it would provide plants with a good percentage of this necessary nutrient. The lowest price among phosphoric fertilisers from the group of single super phosphate and triple super phosphate is the primary advantage of the former.

Another valuable bonus that the application of SSP brings is its effect on the soil quality, making its phosphorus more available than before, which in most agricultural soils might lack the phosphorus. Such root systems give strength to the whole plant. As a result, fruits and seeds sprout up, and the plant grows vigorously.

Nevertheless, the fact should be emphasised that applying a SSP in a way that is too much or/and in the correct manner may bring problems to the environment. Agriculture field runoffs cause eutrophication of waterbodies in turn blossoms them with algae and nullify the entire water ecosystem. As an illustration, carbon footprints of the manufacturing process of the SSP are capable of becoming large and rely on the processes involved in them.

Combining Single Super Phosphate with Organic Fertilisers and Soil Amendments

Though SSP is a good P-source that may be recommended, it is often seen to be used together with natural fertilisers and soil corrections to give more nutrition and elements in the fertilisation program. Namely, the compost, manure and other organic materials can improve the soil aeration elements such as water holding capacity and microbial activity as well as be a ready source of nutrients.

This process, for example, mixing the SSP with the aged compost or the composted manure, produces a synergistic effect resulting in the plants getting both the readily available and slow release forms of phosphorus. Furthermore, the addition of rock phosphate or bone meal to the soil can provide further nutritional value in addition to the phosphorus content of the soil while soil biology effects continue to increase.

Further, an alternative method is to make a combination with the SSP and ammonium sulphate, a nitrogen source fertiliser which will cover the nitrogen deficiency to encourage optimal performance and health of the plants. The synergy of these three systems brings about an improvement effected on crops which require high amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus as these include cereals, vegetables and fruits.

Case Study: Sustainable Vegetable Production with Single Super Phosphate

In the way to describe the successful integration of SSP into sustainable farming, we shall use the UK farms as a case study of vegetable farming.

This farm is systematically executing a full safety plan with integrated rotating crops, cover crops and pest management. The agroecology component of their fertility plan includes a mix of SSP, aged compost, and ammonium sulphate.

The application of SSP, which is done at planting time or shortly before planting based on soil test records, is aimed at mulching the soil to make the involved phosphorus available immediately for vegetable crops. The compost provides a slower-release source of nutrients, including phosphorus, together with the other two. Also, its core function is improving soil structure and water-holding capacity.

To make the composition of the nutrients and to help bright leaves, the farm also applies ammonium sulphate, which provides nitrogen and sulphur. The synergy of the grades of fertilisers has led to better outputs, high quality production, as well as better soil conditions.

Not only that, the farm has set buffer zones along the waterways and uses these precision application techniques to mishandle the risk of nutrient runoff. They do that by keeping a watch on soil pH and replenishing as required to achieve the best ratings for nutrient accessibility and uptake.

By means of this integrated and sustainable approach, the farm has actually maximised the benefits of SSP and at the meantime has minimised the potential impact to the environment otherwise the crop productivity will last a long time and stewardship of the environment is ensured.

Conclusion

As the increasing rates of sustainability in the agricultural sector become evident, the single super phosphate might become the particular factor in farming that pushes this process on. Blending this economical phosphorus source with organic fertilisers, soil amendments, and recommended practices that bring system effectiveness will see farmers and growers create a balanced and environmentally friendly nutrition program.

#single super phosphate #triple super phosphate #ammonium sulphate

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dokumtek · 7 months

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Çelik Üretiminde Ergitme ve Rafinasyon Nasıl Olmalıdır?

Çelik üretiminde ergitme ve rafinasyon metali arıtmak için uygulanır. Çünkü pirometalürjik süreçlerle cevherden metal üretilirken, metalde bir miktar safsızlıklar oluşur. Bu safsızlıklar; - Yan ürün şeklinde ortaya çıkan elementler - Tek başına bir etkisi olmayan ama metalin özelliklerine ve değerine olumsuz etki eden elementler - Tek başına bir etkisi olmayan ama metalin özelliklerine ve değerine olumsuz etki etmeyen elementler - Arıtmanın sonraki adımlarında kullanılacak safsızlıklar şeklinde sınıflandırılabilir. ¹

Çelik üretimi genellikle iki aşamada gerçekleşir: ergitme ve rafinasyon

Kaynatmalı Ocak Ergitmesi İle Çelik Döküm İmali Prensipleri: Ergitme ve Rafinasyon Pek çok dökümhane iyi kalitede çelik üretmeyi sağlamak için ocakta madenin şiddetli kaynamasını oluştururlar. Bu kaynama hurdadan gelen pas ile (yani özellikle paslı hurda kullanılarak) ve HADDEHANE TUFALININ ocağa ilave edilmesiyle sağlanır. Bu ergitme yöntemine tam-oksidasyonlu (kaynatmalı ocak ergitmesi) denir. Kısmi-oksidasyon ergitme tekniği kullanıldığında; madende orta şiddette bir kaynama olur. Bu kaynama karbonun, şarjda normal olarak az miktarda var olan oksitler ve hurdadan gelen pas üzerine FeO ile reaksiyona girmesiyle oluşur. Bu yöntem hızlı üretim avantajı sağlar. Ancak zayıf mekanik özelliklere sebep olabilir ve darbe-çentik mukavemeti düşük, kırılgan parçaların üretilmelerine neden olabilir. Çelik Yapının Fiziksel Kimyası Çelik yapım süreci üç basamağa ayrılabilir ama ilk iki basamak arasında net bir ayırım yoktur. Bunlar; - Ergitme - Oksidasyon ve Rafinasyon (Kaynatmalı ocak metodu ile maden ergitme) - Deoksidasyon’ dur. Çeliğin ergitilme sıcaklığında Karbon, Silis ve Mangan oksitlenmeye hazır elementlerdir. (Eğer bazik cüruf yapılmış ve ergitme sırasında sağlanabiliyorsa Fosfor da oksitlenir ve P2O5 çözünür.) Demir gibi oksitlenen bu elementlerin nisbi miktarı; - Temel oksitlenme eğilimlerine - Oksitlenme eğilimi sıcaklıkla değiştiği için maden sıcaklığına - Var olan bu elementlerin nisbi miktarlarına ya da yoğunluklarına bağlıdır. Standart Serbest Enerji Temel oksitlenme eğilimi “oksit oluşumu o elementin standart serbest enerjisi” tarafından belirlenir. Bu termodinamik fonksiyonun negatif değeri büyüdükçe, elementin oksitlenme eğilimi de büyür. Buna göre 1600°C de Si + O2 < -----> SiO2 ( -126 kcal) 2Mn + O2 < -----> 2MnO ( -117 kcal) Bunun anlamı bir atom gram Silis ’in sabit olan bir miktar oksijenle iki molekül gram Mangan ’dan da daha kolay oksitlenebileceğidir. Bir reaksiyon için standart serbest enerji değişimi, sıcaklık ile değişir ve bu nedenle “denge kat sayısı” da değişir. Sıcaklığın Etkisi: Çelik üretiminde eğer tüm oksidasyon reaksiyonları aynı yönde ve aynı derecede değişse, sıcaklığın etkisi bu kadar önemli olmazdı. Fakat durum böyle değildir. Standart serbest oluşum enerjisi değişimin negatif değeri sıcaklık yükseldikçe azalır. Konsantrasyonun Etkisi Sıralanan üçüncü faktöre göre her elementin nisbi yoğunlukları (konsantrasyonları)dikkate alınmalıdır. Çelik üretiminde reaksiyonlar gerçekte çelik içinde çözünmüş elementlerle, çelik içinde çözünmüş oksijen arasında olur ve meydana gelen oksidasyon ürünü cüruf ile birleşir. Ergitme Ergitme esnasında Demir, Mangan, Silis ve Karbon elementlerin oksitlenmesi olur. Maden içindeki Oksijen ’in bir kısmı atmosferden bir kısmı da paslı hurda ile şarj edilen pas gibi katı oksitlerden gelebilir. Cüruf oluşur oluşmaz içinde çözünmüş FeO ile metal içindeki metalikler arasında oksidasyonun başladığı düşünülür. Cüruftaki Oksijen ’in kaynağı da yine atmosferdir. FeO, SiO_2 ,MnO ürünleri cürufun bir parçasını oluştururlar. Ergitme sonunda elde edilen karbon miktarı şarjla ilave edilen ve ergitme esnasında reaksiyona girerek harcanmış karbon miktarı ise ocak ergitme operasyonuna bağlı, yaklaşık olarak bilinebilir. Rafinasyon Çelik rafine etme, saf olmayan bir metalin, bu durumda çeliğin, safsızlıkları gidermek ve özelliklerini iyileştirmek için saflaştırılması işlemidir. Rafinaj, Pota Metalurji Fırınında gerçekleştirilen çelik eritme işleminin son fakat en önemli aşamasıdır. Süreç, üretimini tamamlamak ve onu döküm ve şekillendirmeye hazırlamak için çeliğe alaşımların eklenmesini içerir. Rafinasyon işleminde karbonla ocak kaynatılmasına yetecek kadar karbon bulunması için önlem alınmalıdır. Nihai malzeme genellikle kimyasal olarak orijinaliyle aynıdır ancak geliştirilmiş özelliklere sahiptir. Rafinasyon aynı zamanda malzeme özellikleri üzerinde en büyük etkiye sahip alaşım elementi olan pik demirdeki karbonun kütle konsantrasyonunu azaltmak için de kullanılabilir. Ergitme sırasındaki düşük sıcaklık nedeniyle (belirli bir yoğunluk için) Mangan ve Silis oksitlenme eğilimi Karbon ‘dan da daha fazladır. Bu nedenle karbon bu elementler gibi harcanmaya hazır değildir. Diğer yönden bazik ocaklarda Silis genel olarak sıvı metal içinde düşük miktarlardadır. Mangan kaybı Silis kaybı kadar büyük değildir. İşlem, katı veya sıvı haldeki demire uygulanabilir ve karbon içeriğini azaltmak ve pik demirden diğer kirleticileri çıkarmak için oksijen kullanımı da dahil olmak üzere, çeliğin rafine edilmesi için çeşitli yöntemler vardır. Bu işlemler arasında dekarbonizasyon (karbonun azaltılması), deoksidasyon (oksijenin giderilmesi), desülfürizasyon (kükürtün azaltılması), deazotizasyon (azotun giderilmesi) gibi kimyasal ve termal işlemler bulunur. Bu aşamada, çelik üreticileri genellikle istenilen çelik özelliklerini elde etmek için farklı rafinasyon tekniklerini kullanırlar.

Çelik Üretiminde Ergitme ve Rafinasyon Neden Yapılır?

Çelik üretiminde ergitme ve rafinasyon işlemleri bir dizi önemli nedenle yapılır: - Ham malzemelerin dönüşümü: Ergitme işlemi, demir cevheri gibi ham malzemelerin eritilerek daha işlenebilir bir form olan erimiş demire dönüştürülmesini sağlar. Bu, çelik üretimi için temel bir adımdır. - Katı ve dökme demirin rafinasyonu: Ergitme işlemi aynı zamanda katı veya dökme demirin, istenmeyen katkı maddelerinden ve bileşenlerden arındırılması için bir fırsattır. Rafinasyon işlemi, demirin kalitesini artırarak son ürünün özelliklerini iyileştirir. Katı ve dökme demir, çelik üretimi sürecinde ergitme ve rafinasyon işlemlerine tabi tutulurlar, ancak bu iki malzeme arasında önemli farklar vardır. İşte bu farklar: - Fiziksel Durum: - Katı demir: Katı demir, genellikle demir cevherinin ergitilmesiyle elde edilen, sert ve kırılgan bir malzemedir. Dökme demirin öncülüğünü yapar ve çoğu zaman ergitme işlemi sırasında kullanılır. - Dökme demir: Dökme demir, ergitme işleminden sonra kalıplara dökülerek katılaştırılan bir malzemedir. Dökme demirin, daha sonra çelik üretimi için rafinasyon işlemine tabi tutulması gerekir. - Bileşim: - Katı demir: Katı demir, genellikle yüksek karbon içeriğine sahiptir (%2 ila %4 arasında) ve diğer katkı maddelerine sahip olabilir. Bu yüksek karbon içeriği, malzemenin kırılganlığını artırır. - Dökme demir: Dökme demir de yüksek karbon içeriğine sahiptir, ancak genellikle daha düşük bir karbon yüzdesine (%2.1 ila %4 arası) sahiptir. Ayrıca, dökme demirde tipik olarak silikon, manganez, kükürt ve fosfor gibi diğer elementler de bulunur. - Kullanım Alanları: - Katı demir: Katı demir, özellikle döküm endüstrisinde ve yapı malzemeleri üretiminde kullanılır. Genellikle kalıpların içine dökülerek şekillendirilir. - Dökme demir: Dökme demir, ağır sanayi, otomotiv ve makine imalatı gibi alanlarda kullanılır. Dayanıklı, basınç ve darbe dayanıklılığı gerektiren uygulamalarda yaygın olarak kullanılır. - Rafinasyon Gereksinimi: - Katı demir: Katı demirin rafinasyon gereksinimi yoktur, çünkü bu işlem için zaten ergitilmiş bir malzeme kullanılır. - Dökme demir: Dökme demirin rafinasyon gereksinimi vardır çünkü ergitme işlemi sırasında içerdiği istenmeyen katkı maddelerini ve kusurları gidermek için rafinasyon işlemine tabi tutulması gerekir. Bu farklılıklar göz önüne alındığında, çelik üretimi sürecinde katı ve dökme demir arasında rafinasyon işlemi için farklı stratejiler ve süreçler kullanılır. - Çelik özelliklerinin ayarlanması: Rafinasyon işlemi, erimiş demirin içeriğini kontrol ederek çelik ürünlerin özelliklerini ayarlamayı sağlar. Karbon, kükürt, fosfor gibi elementlerin miktarı, çelikteki mukavemet, sertlik, korozyon direnci gibi özellikleri belirler. - Kalite kontrolü: Ergitme ve rafinasyon işlemleri, çelik üretiminin her aşamasında kalite kontrolünü sağlar. Hammaddelerin kalitesi, ergitme sürecinin kontrolü, rafinasyon işlemleri ve son ürünün kalitesi sürekli olarak izlenir ve iyileştirilir. - Uygun maliyetli üretim: Ergitme ve rafinasyon işlemleri, çelik üretiminin verimliliğini artırmaya ve üretim maliyetlerini düşürmeye yardımcı olur. Daha iyi kalitede çelik üretmek için gerekli olan işlemlerle birlikte, atıkların azaltılması ve enerji verimliliğinin artırılması gibi iyileştirmeler de yapılır. Bu nedenlerden dolayı, çelik üretiminde ergitme ve rafinasyon işlemleri, kaliteli ve uygun maliyetli çelik üretimi için kritik öneme sahiptir. ¹Matal Arıtma (Rafinasyon) Read the full article

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phuongdg · 7 months

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Bazo là gì? Tính chất hóa học, phân loại và ví dụ bazo

Bazo dùng để phân tích và lý giải nhiều hiện tượng nảy sinh trong hoá học cũng như trong đời sống và sản xuất. Tuy nhiên không phải ai cũng hiểu rõ bazo là gì. Phân loại? Tính chất? Ứng dụng của bazo. Trong bài viết này hãy cùng với chúng tôi tìm hiểu chi tiết về hóa chất này nhé!

Bazo là gì?

Bazơ là hợp chất hóa học gồm có một nguyên tử kim loại liên kết cùng với một hay nhiều nhóm -OH (hydroxit). Ngoài ra, cũng có thể hiểu bazơ là chất mà khi hòa tan vào trong nước sẽ tạo thành dung dịch có độ pH lớn hơn 7. Đây cũng chính là đặc trưng cơ bản của dung dịch bazơ.

Bazo - X(OH)n Bazơ có công thức tổng quát thường gặp ở dạng X(OH)n. Trong đó: X chính là một kim loại trong bảng tuần hoàn các nguyên tố hóa học. Khác với axit là hợp chất của các nguyên tố phi kim thì bazơ là hợp chất của các nguyên tố kim loại. n chính là hóa trị của kim loại trên. Sở dĩ nhóm -OH có hóa trị 1 vậy nên số nhóm -OH đính kèm với một nguyên tử kim loại cũng sẽ tương ứng với số hóa trị của kim loại đó. Ngoài ra thì còn có một số dạng thức bazơ không có cấu tạo từ nguyên tố kim loại nhưng nó vẫn mang đầy đủ các tính chất của một bazơ (tính chất của nhóm -OH). Có thể kể đến như: amoniac (NH3OH), bazơ có chứa vòng thơm (C6H5OH)... Để gọi tên một bazơ, danh pháp hóa học của bazơ sẽ được tạo nên từ: Tên kim loại (kèm hóa trị nếu kim loại có nhiều hóa trị) + hydroxit (tên nhóm -OH). Ví dụ: Ca(OH)2: Canxi hydroxit. Cu(OH)2: Đồng (II) hydroxit.

Phân loại bazo là gì?

Bazơ được cấu tạo từ các nguyên tố kim loại và có các đặc tính vật lý, tính chất hóa học khác nhau. Dựa vào các tính chất đó chúng ta có thể phân loại bazơ theo các nhóm dưới đây:

Phân loại bazo Căn cứ vào tính chất hóa học của bazơ, có thể phân thành 2 loại như sau: Bazơ mạnh. Ví dụ: NaOH, KOH… Bazơ yếu. Ví dụ: Fe(OH)3, Al(OH)3… Căn cứ vào tính tan của bazơ trong nước (H2O) thì có thể chia bazơ thành 2 loại như sau: Bazơ tan (hay còn gọi dung dịch hòa tan của bazơ là kiềm). Ví dụ: NaOH, KOH… Bazơ không tan. Ví dụ: Ba(OH)2, Cu(OH)2… Căn cứ vào cấu tạo của bazơ có thể phân chia thành 2 loại như sau: Bazơ kim loại. Ví dụ: NaOH, Al(OH)3… Bazơ không chứa kim loại. Ví dụ như amoniac (NH3OH), các amin mang tính bazơ hay các hợp chất có tính bazơ chứa vòng thơm như C6H5OH…

Tính chất của bazo là gì?

Tính chất vật lý Bazơ tồn tại ở dưới dạng rắn, bột hay đôi khi là ở trạng thái dung dịch.

Bazo tồn tại ở dạng rắn Bazơ có nồng độ cao. Đặc biệt, bazơ mạnh có tính ăn mòn chất hữu cơ và tác dụng mạnh với các hợp chất axit. Bazơ sẽ gây ra cảm giác nhờn hoặc một số sẽ nhớt. Bazơ có mùi và có vị đắng. Bazơ tan được trong nước thường không màu và bazơ không tan trong nước (kết tủa) thường có màu. Tính chất hóa học Đổi màu chất chỉ thị Đổi màu quỳ tím chuyển sang xanh.

Bazo làm quỳ tím chuyển xanh Đổi màu dung dịch Phenolphthalein sang thành màu hồng. Đổi màu Methyl sang thành màu vàng. Bazo tác dụng với oxit axit Khi bazơ tác dụng với oxit axit thì sẽ tạo thành muối và nước. Ví dụ: 2NaOH + SO2 → Na2SO3 + H2O 3Ca(OH)2 + P2O5 → Ca3(PO4)2↓ + 3H2O Bazo tác dụng với axit Khi tác dụng với axit thì bazơ sẽ tạo ra muối và nước. Ví dụ: KOH + HCl → KCl + H2O Cu(OH)2 + 2HNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + H2O Bazo tác dụng với muối Khi cho bazơ tác dụng với muối thì sẽ tạo thành muối mới và bazơ mới. Ví dụ: 2KOH + CuSO4 → K2SO4 + Cu(OH)2↓ 2NaOH + CuSO4 → Na2SO4 + Cu(OH)2↓ Bazơ nhiệt phân hủy Đối với bazơ không tan thì sẽ bị nhiệt phân hủy thành oxit và nước. Ví dụ: Cu(OH)2 → CuO + H2O 2Fe(OH)3 →Fe2O3 + 3H2O Có thể bạn quan tâm: Oxit là gì? Có mấy loại oxit? Tính chất hóa học và cho ví dụ Muối axit là gì? Công thức, tính chất hóa học và phân loại

Ứng dụng của bazo là gì?

Bazơ hiện có khá nhiều ứng dụng trong các ngành nghề khác nhau. Có thể kể đến như: ngành y dược, ngành thực phẩm, ngành dầu khí, ngành công nghiệp dệt, ngành công nghiệp hoá chất, cụ thể: Xử lý nước hồ bơi: Bazơ có thể làm tăng độ pH cho nước khi hoà tan. Xử lý nước trong ống dẫn nước: Bazơ giúp trung hòa cũng như khử sạch cặn bẩn có trong đường ống dẫn nước. Trong ngành công nghiệp hóa chất, ngành dược: Bazơ có thể được sử dụng để điều chế ra các sản phẩm làm trắng răng, chất khử trùng… Bazơ được dùng để sản xuất nước rửa chén nhờ vào tính năng thuỷ phân chất béo trong dầu mỡ động vật.

Bazo dùng làm xà phòng hoặc chất tẩy Bazơ dùng để sản xuất các hóa chất xử lý mối mọt cho gỗ hay tre nứa… Trong công nghiệp dệt may: Bazơ được dùng để làm chất phân huỷ pectins, sáp để xử lý vải thô giúp cho vải có độ bóng, sáng và dễ nhuộm màu hơn. Trong khai thác dầu: Bazơ được sử dụng để làm chất cân bằng độ pH cho dàn khoan dầu khí. Bazơ được sử dụng trong pha chế dung dịch kiềm để rửa rau, hoa quả trước khi chế biến và đóng gói. Bazơ còn được dùng để làm chất hỗ trợ nghiên cứu, làm các thí nghiệm trong phòng thí nghiệm hóa học của các viện nghiên cứu, công ty hoặc là nhà trường. Trên đây là những thông tin liên quan đến bazo là gì. Hy vọng bài viết này sẽ giúp bạn có cái nhìn tổng quan về bazo để ứng dụng nó trong quá trình học tập và nghiên cứu. Read the full article

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