#Presidential Election of 1820

[ruminativerabbi]

Looking Forwards/Looking Backwards

For the last three months now, I have basically written about nothing other than the situation in Gaza and the impact that situation is having (and continues to have) on daily life in Israel. As a result, I haven’t focused overly on the slow deterioration of things on this side of the ocean as our own nation grapples with issues that, each in its own way, could end up proving just as fateful for our nation as the effort to decimate Hamas will surely be for Israel.

It's hard to know even where to start. The shocking image of the presidents of three of America’s most prestigious institutions of higher learning all (including the Jewish one) being unable to bring themselves unequivocally to condemn calls for genocide directed against Jewish people as outside the limits of bona fide free speech on campus was bad enough. But that dismal spectacle has focused the nation’s headlights on our university campuses in general, which experience has been infinitely more upsetting. And the picture that has emerged is both terrifying and sickening: a portrait of schools, including some of our most respected institutions of higher learning, that have lost their moral compass entirely, that have descended into an Orwellian mirrorscape of reality in which traditional values are ignored, only radical extremists are granted a voice, and racism directed directly against Jewish students is considered both legitimate and, when dressed up smartly enough in anti-Israel vitriol, even virtuous. And then there is the rising tide of anti-Semitism outside the academy in all fifty states, a phenomenon that will feel eerily and deeply disconcertingly familiar to anyone possessed of even a passing acquaintanceship with Jewish history. And then, on top of all that, we are about to plunge full-bore into a presidential election in which the winner will undoubtedly be a member of a party that has room in its Congressional ranks for overt anti-Semites and/or Israel-haters. So I apologize for not writing more about our American situation lately. I do want to keep writing about Israel, but I will also try to find time to write about these United States and the future of the American enterprise as we move into 2024.

I wanted to begin writing in a positive vein, if possible even optimistically. And so I thought we might begin, in that traditional Jewish way, by looking forwards by looking backwards and focusing on a time in our nation when the citizenry was united, when respect for our leader was basically universal, and when coin of the realm was optimism, confidence in the nation’s destiny, and hope in the future. Yes, it’s been a while. But, speaking candidly, what’s two hundred years between friends?

As we exit the time machine, the president of the United States is James Monroe. Later on, he would become a high school in the Bronx (the one from which my mother graduated in 1933) and a housing project. But, in 1820, James Monroe was a man, a politician. And his story is beyond instructive.

In those days, we had Election Month rather than Election Day: in a predigital world that was also pre-electric and pre-electronic, voting took place in 1820 from November 1 to December 6. All alone on the ballot was James Monroe, the incumbent candidate of the Democratic-Republican Party. Because his was the only name on the ballot, Monroe won in all twenty-two states. It’s true that Monroe was not the first to run for president unopposed (that would have been George Washington, who ran unopposed both in 1789 and in 1793), but Monroe was the first to do so after the passage of the Twelfth Amendment to the Constitution, which set in place the rules for presidential elections that we more or less still follow. He was also the last American President to run unopposed. Can you imagine the nation fully behind its elected leader? The man didn’t come out of the blue, however.

In his own way, Monroe personally embodied the American past such as it was in 1820. He served as a soldier in the Continental Army under Washington. He studied law under Thomas Jefferson. He was a delegate to the Continental Congress that ratified the Constitution. He had been our ambassador to France and he served as governor of Virginia. Then he decided to aim higher and he ran for president in 1816 and won. And then he ran again in 1820 and this time not only won, but received every electoral vote cast but one—and that naysayer, one William Plumer, was actually a so-called “faithless elector” who defied the election results in his state of  New Hampshire because he apparently wished to ensure that Washington would forever be the sole American President to be elected unanimously by the Electoral College.

So we had at the helm a leader who had won the confidence, more or less, of the entire American people. As noted, this was Monroe’s second term of office. In 1816, he beat Rufus King, the Federalist candidate, and he beat him soundly, getting more than double the votes King got. And now that he had proven himself in office, he put himself forward as candidate for a second term. No one chose to run against him. The split of the Democratic-Republican Party into the parties we know today was still in the future. The nation was at peace. And it was fully unified behind a proven leader.

At the time and since, these years were and are called the “Era of Good Feeling.” The War of 1812 had been won. The nation was prosperous and at peace. The great debate about slavery that led eventually to war had yet to begin in earnest. (Indeed, the nation had formally outlawed the slave trade in 1807 and this was widely thought of—at least by abolitionists—as a first step towards eradicating slavery totally. That that didn’t happen—and would probably never have happened other than in the way it did happen—was, of course, unknown to American voters at the time.) There seemed to be endless possibilities for expansion to the West.

I first became interested in this stretch of American history several years ago when I read Daniel Walker Howe’s masterful What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America 1815–1848, for which the author won the Pulitzer Prize in History. It’s a doorstopper of a book, coming in at just over 900 pages. But it is truly fascinating, a work of history distinguished (this is so rare) both by its author’s mastery of his subject and also by his great skill as an engaging author able to keep readers’ interest as they wade through material that the author surely understood would be unfamiliar to most. He paints a complex picture of a nation in its adolescence, one reminiscent in many ways of the nation today but with the huge difference that the native optimism that once characterized American culture was in its fullest flower in the 1820s. The belief that the Revolution had not solely ended with an independent United States, but had actually transformed the world by demonstrating the possibility of living free, of citizens living lives unencumbered by the will of despots and fully able to chart their own course into the future by using their own hands to wield their own tools, thus to fashion their own destiny—that distillation of the American ethos as freedom resting on a bedrock of decency, morality, and purposefulness was enough to bring the entire nation to support the man who, in the minds of all, served as the physical embodiment of that ideal. And that is how James Monroe came to run unopposed and to be elected by the entire electorate speaking as one.

How bizarre that all sounds now! Most people in the throes of crochety old age tend to idealize their adolescent years. Nations do that too. But there’s more to that thought than pathos alone. The hallmark of adolescence is fantasy unencumbered by restrictive reality—and that is true of nations as well as individuals. Nobody told the citizenry in the 1820s that they were “just” dreamers, that it could never work out as planned. And, yes, they were blind to many social issues that we now find it hard to believe they passed so blithely by—the slavery issue first and foremost, but also the harsh and terrible treatment of native Indian peoples, the degree to which women were denied a place in public life, the restrictive higher educational system to which only white males (and, generally speaking, only wealthy ones at that) were admitted. Yes, that’s all true. But the nation was also possessed of a deep, abiding sense of its own destiny. And, in the end, that’s what mattered.

It didn’t last. The nation grew up. The forced dislocation of countless thousands of native Indians from the lands they had farmed and occupied for centuries, the ongoing nightmare of slavery, the inability of the nation to keep from splitting in two and the unimaginable amount of blood that was spilt to put it back together—the resolution of all those issues was in the future when James Monroe was in the White House. And the foundation upon which his administration rested—the good feelings of the so-called “Age of Good Feelings”—was sturdy enough to support the weight of a nation.

As we embark on the 2024 Presidential election, this all seems so far away, so foreign, so unattainable. Maybe it is. Or maybe the right national leader, ideally one who has waded through Daniel Walker Howe’s giant book, is waiting in the wings to rescue us from ourselves. I suppose we’ll all find out soon enough!

[deadpresidents]

The End of the "Era of Good Feelings": Monroe vs. Crawford

James Monroe, 5th President of the United States, led the nation during the “Era of Good Feelings” (1817-1825) when partisan rancor was so diminished that Monroe ran unopposed for re-election in 1820 and was just one vote short of an unanimous Electoral College victory.

The “Era of Good Feelings” collapsed and fell right into regular American partisan bitterness with the 1824 Presidential election, and during that time, the popular President Monroe found some bad feelings in his own Cabinet which resulted in a bizarre confrontation in the White House that winter – the President of the United States vs. the Secretary of the Treasury, no-holds-barred.

Treasury Secretary William H. Crawford had been a front-runner to replace Monroe, but a stroke in 1823 ruined those chances.  Crawford had been serving as Secretary of the Treasury since 1816 when he was appointed by President James Madison and continued on throughout Monroe’s term.  Tired, frustrated, and ready to retire home to Georgia, Crawford called on Monroe at the White House to suggest a list of appointments he wished the President to approve for custom officers at ports in the Northeastern United States, some of the choicest political patronage positions available in the federal government.  However, Monroe objected to Crawford’s list and stated that he intended to name his own picks.  Crawford lost his temper and told the President, “Well, if you will not appoint persons well-qualified for the places, tell me whom you will appoint that I may get rid of their importunities!”.

The President – a Revolutionary War veteran of George Washington’s Army who carried a bullet in his body that had nearly killed him in 1776 – was not intimidated by Crawford’s language or temperament, coldly telling his Treasury Secretary, “Sir, that is none of your damn business."  Crawford was not easily intimidated, either.  The Treasury Secretary had killed a man in a duel years earlier and Monroe’s comment led Crawford to charge at the 67-year-old President with his cane, shaking it at Monroe while calling him a "damned infernal old scoundrel."  Monroe quickly grabbed two red hot tongs from a nearby fireplace for self-defense and threatened to personally throw Crawford – who was 15 years younger than the President – out of the White House.

Both men calmed down as President Monroe prepared to summon his servants to show the Treasury Secretary out.  Crawford apologized for his actions and stated that he did not intend to insult or threaten the President.  Before Monroe could ask him to leave, Crawford left the White House on his own.  The two men never spoke again. 

The "Era of Good Feelings” was over.

[spookyradluka]

"Susan Brownell Anthony (1820 - 1906).

Susan, one of the first leaders of both the owomen's suffrage movement and the aynti-slavery movement, travelled from srtate to state to give speeches about goender equality. Furthermore, she voted in pthe 1872 presidential election along with 15 outher women. They were later arrested for this act since women were not allowed to vote at that time."

-Feminism 101 by Ananya Pinnamaneni

[juliehowlin]

12 May

On this date in 1839, a Shawnee Indian uttered a curse on "The Great White Father" for violating Indian treaties, beginning a curious cycle of American Presidential deaths. Every president elected or re-elected in a year ending in 0 died in office from 1840-1960. Ronald Reagan (1980) survived an attempt on his life and hopefully broke the curse.

10 weird and wonderful things whichhappened on 12 May:

[whitepolaris]

Frankfort Cemetery

Situated on a hill with breathtaking view looking down on the state capitol, Frankfort Cemetery to home to such notables as:

Luke Blackburn-A former governor of Kentucky who pardoned the famous prostitute Belle Brezing (see "Local Heroes and Villains"), Blackburn is considered by some to be the "father of bioterrorism" because of rumors that he devised a plot during the Civil War to deliver clothing infected with yellow fever to northern states and even to Abraham Lincoln. Legend has its that Blackburn went to Bermuda during a yellow fever epidemic there in order to collect clothing from the sick and the dead for purposes of transporting it back to the United States. The plan was ultimately foiled, but it wouldn't have mattered anyway. What no one knew back then was that yellow fever was actually spread by mosquitos, not by contact with people or infected articles of clothing. Somehow, instead of being lynched for attempted mass murder and attempted presidential assassination, Blackburn went on to become governor of Kentucky.

William Goebel-Yet ANOTHER former of Kentucky, but one who held office for only for a few days. He was assassinated on January 30, 1900, after a highly contested election fraught with irregularities. He lived for a few days afterwards, but ultimately succumbed to his wounds while eating a dinner of oysters.

Paul Sawyier-The well-known Impressionists painter led a happy and productive life until the 1914 death of his lover, Mary "Mayme" Bull, who is also interred here. Sawyier lost all will to live after her death and quickly dissolved into despair and alcoholism until his own demise in 1917.

Daniel Boone-Well, there's a memorial with his name on it here, anyway, that much we can say for sure.

Daniel Boone's Grave-Or Is It?

By the end of his life, pioneer Daniel Boone, a beloved hero in Kentucky history, wasn't a big fan of the state he had helped create. He was hounded by creditors and lawsuits, wanted by the new governor Isaac Shelby, when a high-paying contract to widen Bone's Wilderness Road was given to someone else.

Boone had seen this territory go from a wild, free, unoccupied forest to a growing hub of civilization, business, and government bureaucracy in just thirty years, and he'd had enough. Thumbing his nose at what Kentucky had become, he packed up his family in 1799 and left the Untied States for the territory of Missouri, in the year 1820, and was buried nearby in a small hamlet called Marthasville with his wife, Rebecca. In 1845, it was decided that he be reinterred in Kentucky, specifically in Frankfort. But according to Boone's relatives, the wrong body was dug up.

As the story goes, Boone had been buried at Rebecca's feet because the plot next to hers was already taken. At the time of the reinterment, Boone's family didn't correct the Frankfort officials , who made the assumption that Boone's body was the one buried next to Rebecca.

In 1983, forensic anthropologists who had studied the body in Frankfort's "Daniel Boone Grave" announced the results of their analysis: It was most likely that of an African American. Frankfort disputes this, however, and naturally maintains that their Daniel Boone grave is the real one. The Old Bryan Farm Graveyard in Missouri, meanwhile, still insists that it has Boone's true remains.

[bobmccullochny]

History

February 15, 1898 - In Havana, the U.S. Battleship Maine was blown up while at anchor and quickly sank with 260 crew members lost. The incident inflamed public opinion in the U.S., resulting in a declaration of war against Spain on April 25, 1898, amid cries of "Remember the Maine!"

February 15, 1933 - An assassination attempt on newly elected U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt occurred in Miami, Florida. A spectator deflected the gunman's aim. As a result, Chicago Mayor Anton Cermak was shot and killed instead. The gunman, an Italian immigrant, was captured and later sentenced to death.

February 15, 1989 - Soviet Russia completed its military withdrawal from Afghanistan after nine years of unsuccessful involvement in the civil war between Muslim rebel groups and the Russian-backed Afghan government. Over 15,000 Russian soldiers had been killed in the fighting.

Birthday - Astronomer and physicist Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) was born in Pisa, Italy. He was the first astronomer to use a telescope and advanced the theory that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the solar system.

Birthday - Inventor Cyrus McCormick (1809-1884) was born in Rockbridge County, Virginia. He invented the horse-drawn mechanical reaper, a machine that freed farmers from hard labor and contributed to the development and cultivation of vast areas of the American Great Plains.

Birthday - Susan B. Anthony (1820-1906) was born in Adams, Massachusetts. A pioneer in women's rights, she worked tirelessly for woman's suffrage (right to vote) and in 1872 was arrested after voting (illegally) in the presidential election. She was commemorated in 1979 with the Susan B. Anthony dollar coin, thus became the first American woman to have her image on a U.S. coin.

[novelsmini]

Numerous famous individuals have fought for women's rights and gender equality

Numerous famous individuals throughout history have fought for women's rights and gender equality. Here are some notable figures:

1. Susan B. Anthony (1820–1906): 

An American suffragist and abolitionist, Anthony played a key role in the women's suffrage movement in the United States.

Susan B. Anthony (February 15, 1820 – March 13, 1906) was a prominent American suffragist, social reformer, and advocate for women's rights. Here are some key details about her life and contributions:

1. Early Life and Education:

   - Susan Brownell Anthony was born in Adams, Massachusetts, into a Quaker family that believed in social equality and activism.

   - She received a limited formal education, as women's educational opportunities were restricted during that time.

2. Activism for Abolition:

   - Anthony became involved in the abolitionist movement at an early age. She advocated for the abolition of slavery and became acquainted with other prominent abolitionists of her time.

3. Women's Rights Advocacy:

   - Anthony became increasingly involved in the women's rights movement, focusing on issues such as women's suffrage (the right to vote) and equal pay.

   - Alongside Elizabeth Cady Stanton, she played a key role in organizing the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848, which is often regarded as the first women's rights convention in the United States.

4. Partnership with Elizabeth Cady Stanton:

   - Anthony formed a close and enduring partnership with Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Together, they worked tirelessly for women's rights for over five decades.

5. New York State Temperance Society:

   - In the 1850s, Anthony became involved in the temperance movement, advocating for the reduction or elimination of the consumption of alcoholic beverages.

6. Susan B. Anthony and the Women's Suffrage Movement:

   - Anthony dedicated much of her life to the cause of women's suffrage. She traveled extensively, giving speeches and lectures to promote the idea of equal voting rights for women.

7. Voting Rights Activism:

   - In 1872, Anthony famously attempted to vote in the presidential election in Rochester, New York, leading to her arrest and trial. She argued that the Fourteenth Amendment, which granted equal protection under the law, included women.

8. Formation of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA):

   - Anthony played a crucial role in the formation of NAWSA in 1890, which became a major organization advocating for women's suffrage in the United States.

9. Death and Legacy:

   - Susan B. Anthony did not live to see the ratification of the 19th Amendment in 1920, which granted women the right to vote.

   - She passed away on March 13, 1906, at the age of 86.

   - Anthony's contributions to the women's rights movement and her advocacy for social justice have left an enduring legacy. The Susan B. Anthony Amendment, which became the 19th Amendment, is often referred to as the "Anthony Amendment" in recognition of her efforts.

Susan B. Anthony's tireless dedication to the causes of women's rights and social justice continues to inspire activists and advocates for gender equality.

2. Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815–1902):

A pioneering figure in the American women's rights movement, Stanton co-organized the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848, which is often considered the birthplace of the women's suffrage movement.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton (November 12, 1815 – October 26, 1902) was a leading American social activist, abolitionist, and early advocate for women's rights. Here are key details about her life and contributions:

1. Early Life and Education:

   - Elizabeth Cady was born in Johnstown, New York, into a prominent family. Her father, Daniel Cady, was a judge.

   - She received an education that was considered advanced for a girl of her time, thanks to her father's encouragement.

2. Marriage and Family:

   - In 1840, she married Henry Brewster Stanton, an abolitionist and journalist. The couple shared progressive views on social issues.

   - Despite her marriage, Elizabeth Cady Stanton insisted on keeping her own name.

3. Seneca Falls Convention (1848):

   - Stanton, along with Lucretia Mott and others, organized the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848. This event is considered the birthplace of the women's suffrage movement.

   - The convention produced the Declaration of Sentiments, which called for equal rights for women, including the right to vote.

4. Partnership with Susan B. Anthony:

   - Stanton formed a lasting and influential partnership with Susan B. Anthony. They collaborated on various women's rights and suffrage initiatives for more than 50 years.

   - Together, they founded the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) in 1869.

5. Works and Writings:

   - Stanton was a prolific writer and speaker. Her speeches and writings often addressed issues such as women's suffrage, women's rights in general, and social equality.

   - She co-authored the first three volumes of "History of Woman Suffrage" with Susan B. Anthony and Matilda Joslyn Gage, documenting the suffrage movement's history up to 1885.

6. Focus on Legal Reforms:

   - Stanton advocated for legal reforms beyond suffrage, including changes in divorce laws and property rights for women.

   - She was critical of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution because they did not grant women the right to vote.

7. Later Activism:

   - Stanton remained active in the suffrage movement throughout her life, even as new generations of activists emerged.

   - She was involved in various organizations, including the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) after its formation in 1890.

8. Death and Legacy:

   - Elizabeth Cady Stanton passed away in 1902 at the age of 86.

   - Her legacy includes her pioneering efforts in the women's suffrage movement, her writings on women's rights, and her commitment to challenging societal norms that limited women's opportunities.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton's contributions to the women's rights movement, her advocacy for suffrage, and her emphasis on broader legal reforms have left a lasting impact on the ongoing struggle for gender equality in the United States.

3. Emmeline Pankhurst (1858–1928):

A British suffragette, Pankhurst was a leading figure in the women's suffrage movement in the United Kingdom. She founded the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) in 1903.

Emmeline Pankhurst (née Goulden; July 15, 1858 – June 14, 1928) was a British political activist and leader of the suffragette movement that campaigned for women's right to vote in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Here are key details about her life and contributions:

1. Early Life:

   - Emmeline Goulden was born in Manchester, England, into a politically active and reform-minded family.

   - She married Richard Pankhurst, a barrister and supporter of women's suffrage, in 1879.

2. Suffragette Movement:

   - Emmeline Pankhurst became a prominent figure in the suffragette movement, which sought to achieve women's suffrage through direct action and civil disobedience.

   - In 1903, she founded the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) with her daughters Christabel and Sylvia. The organization became known for its militant tactics.

3. Militant Activism:

   - The WSPU adopted militant tactics such as protests, hunger strikes, and property damage to draw attention to the suffrage cause.

   - Pankhurst and her followers were arrested multiple times for their actions, and they used imprisonment as a platform to protest and gain public sympathy.

4. Leadership Style:

   - Emmeline Pankhurst was a charismatic and forceful leader. She believed in the necessity of direct action to achieve political change.

   - Pankhurst's slogan, "Deeds, not words," reflected the WSPU's commitment to taking bold actions to advance the cause of women's suffrage.

5. World War I:

   - During World War I, Pankhurst shifted her focus to supporting the war effort, temporarily suspending suffrage activities. She encouraged women to contribute to the war industry and argued that women's sacrifices during the war should be rewarded with the right to vote.

6. Representation of the People Act 1918:

   - The efforts of suffragists and suffragettes, combined with the changing social and political landscape, led to the passage of the Representation of the People Act in 1918. This granted limited voting rights to certain categories of women in the UK.

7. Later Years and Legacy:

   - After the war, Pankhurst continued her activism for women's rights and social justice.

   - She died on June 14, 1928, shortly before the full extension of voting rights to women over the age of 21 in the United Kingdom.

   - Emmeline Pankhurst's contributions to the suffragette movement and her role in achieving women's suffrage in the UK have secured her a lasting place in history. Her activism and leadership continue to inspire those advocating for gender equality.

4. Sojourner Truth (c. 1797–1883);

An African American abolitionist and women's rights advocate, Truth is best known for her speech "Ain't I a Woman?" delivered at the 1851 Women's Rights Convention in Ohio.

Sojourner Truth (c. 1797 – November 26, 1883) was an African American abolitionist, women's rights activist, and preacher. Born into slavery, she escaped to freedom and became one of the most prominent and powerful advocates for the abolition of slavery and women's rights in the 19th century. Here is a detailed overview of her life and contributions:

1. Early Life and Enslavement:

   - Born Isabella Baumfree around 1797 in Swartekill, New York, she was one of several children born to enslaved parents.

   - She was sold multiple times, enduring harsh conditions and suffering physical abuse.

2. Escape to Freedom:

   - In 1826, Isabella escaped from slavery with her infant daughter, leaving her other children behind due to legal obstacles.

   - She found refuge with a Quaker family and took the name Sojourner Truth, inspired by her newfound religious convictions and her commitment to truth and justice.

3. Religious Conversion:

   - Sojourner Truth had a profound religious experience in 1843 that led her to become a Christian and a preacher.

   - She began traveling and preaching about her experiences and her faith.

4. Abolitionist Activism:

   - Sojourner Truth became a powerful and captivating speaker in the abolitionist movement. She spoke at abolitionist and women's rights conventions across the United States.

   - Her most famous speech, "Ain't I a Woman?" was delivered at the Women's Rights Convention in Akron, Ohio, in 1851, emphasizing the intersectionality of race and gender in the struggle for rights.

5. Narrative of Sojourner Truth:

   - In 1850, Sojourner Truth dictated her memoir, "The Narrative of Sojourner Truth: A Northern Slave," which detailed her life, experiences, and activism.

   - The book helped raise awareness about the abolitionist cause and garnered support for her speaking engagements.

6. Women's Rights Advocacy:

   - Sojourner Truth was an early advocate for women's rights and gender equality. She argued for equal rights, including the right to vote, for both black and white women.

   - She worked alongside prominent women's rights activists, including Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton.

7. Legal Battle for Her Son's Freedom:

   - After gaining her own freedom, Sojourner Truth went to court to successfully regain custody of her son Peter, who had been illegally sold into slavery.

8. Activism During the Civil War:

   - During the Civil War, Sojourner Truth supported the Union Army by recruiting black soldiers for the Union cause and working in hospitals caring for wounded soldiers.

9. Meeting with President Abraham Lincoln:

   - Sojourner Truth had a meeting with President Abraham Lincoln in 1864, where she advocated for better treatment of black soldiers and discussed issues of equality and justice.

10. Later Years and Death:

    - Sojourner Truth spent her later years in Michigan, where she purchased a home for former slaves.

    - She died on November 26, 1883, in Battle Creek, Michigan.

11. Legacy:

    - Sojourner Truth is remembered as a courageous and powerful advocate for the abolition of slavery, women's rights, and social justice.

    - Her legacy lives on in her speeches, writings, and the impact she had on both the abolitionist and women's rights movements.

Sojourner Truth's contributions to the struggle for freedom, equality, and justice continue to inspire generations of activists. Her life story reflects resilience, courage, and an unwavering commitment to truth and human rights.

5. Alice Paul (1885–1977):

An American suffragist and women's rights activist, Paul was a key figure in the U.S. suffrage movement and played a crucial role in the passage of the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, granting women the right to vote.

Alice Paul (January 11, 1885 – July 9, 1977) was a prominent American suffragist, women's rights activist, and advocate for gender equality. Her dedicated efforts played a crucial role in the U.S. women's suffrage movement and later in the fight for women's rights. Here are key details about Alice Paul's life and contributions:

1. Early Life and Education:

   - Alice Stokes Paul was born in Mount Laurel, New Jersey, into a Quaker family with a tradition of activism and community involvement.

   - She earned a bachelor's degree in biology from Swarthmore College in 1905 and later obtained a master's and a Ph.D. in sociology from the University of Pennsylvania.

2. Involvement in the British Suffrage Movement:

   - While in England, Paul became involved in the suffrage movement and was influenced by the militant tactics of the suffragettes, including hunger strikes and protests.

   - She joined the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) and worked closely with suffrage leaders like Emmeline Pankhurst.

3. Leadership in the U.S. Suffrage Movement:

   - Alice Paul returned to the United States and became a leader in the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA).

   - She later founded the National Woman's Party (NWP) in 1916, which advocated for a more radical and direct approach to achieving women's suffrage.

4. Silent Sentinels and White House Protests:

   - The NWP organized protests, including the "Silent Sentinels" picketing the White House, to pressure President Woodrow Wilson to support suffrage.

   - Demonstrators faced arrests, imprisonment, and harsh treatment, with Paul herself being arrested multiple times.

5. Hunger Strikes and Force-Feeding:

   - While in prison, Alice Paul and other suffragists engaged in hunger strikes to protest their imprisonment.

   - The authorities responded with force-feeding, a brutal practice that garnered public sympathy for the suffrage cause.

6. Role in the 19th Amendment:

   - Paul's advocacy and the persistence of suffragists contributed to the passage of the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1920, granting women the right to vote.

7. Continued Activism:

   - After the passage of the 19th Amendment, Paul continued her activism for women's rights. She drafted the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) in 1923, which aimed to guarantee equal rights regardless of gender.

   - Paul worked tirelessly for the ERA's ratification until her retirement from active leadership in the 1940s.

8. Later Life and Legacy:

   - Alice Paul earned numerous awards and honors for her contributions to women's rights and social justice.

   - She spent her later years at the forefront of international women's rights efforts and continued advocating for the ERA until her passing in 1977.

Alice Paul's legacy is marked by her unwavering commitment to women's rights, her strategic and determined leadership in the suffrage movement, and her contributions to shaping gender equality legislation. The Equal Rights Amendment, though not ratified during her lifetime, remains a symbol of her dedication to achieving legal equality for all genders.

6. Malala Yousafzai (born 1997):

A Pakistani activist for female education, Yousafzai is known for her advocacy of education for girls in her native Swat Valley in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, where the local Taliban had banned girls from attending school.

Malala Yousafzai (born July 12, 1997) is a Pakistani activist known for her advocacy of education, especially for girls, in her native Swat Valley in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Here is a detailed overview of her life and contributions:

1. Early Life:

   - Malala Yousafzai was born in Mingora, Swat Valley, Pakistan, into a Pashtun family known for its progressive views on education.

   - Her father, Ziauddin Yousafzai, is an educational activist who ran a girls' school in Swat.

2. Advocacy for Education:

   - Malala developed an early passion for education and started writing a blog for BBC Urdu under a pseudonym at the age of 11, documenting life under the Taliban's rule in Swat and her views on education for girls.

   - She openly campaigned for girls' education, which made her a target for the Taliban.

3. Attack and Recovery:

   - In 2012, at the age of 15, Malala was shot in the head by a Taliban gunman while returning home from school. The attack was in response to her activism.

   - Malala survived the attack and was flown to Birmingham, England, for medical treatment and rehabilitation.

   - Her recovery became a symbol of resilience and determination in the face of adversity.

4. Malala Fund:

   - After recovering, Malala co-authored the memoir "I Am Malala: The Girl Who Stood Up for Education and Was Shot by the Taliban," published in 2013.

   - In 2013, she co-founded the Malala Fund, a non-profit organization advocating for girls' education worldwide.

5. Nobel Peace Prize:

   - In 2014, Malala Yousafzai, along with Indian children's rights activist Kailash Satyarthi, was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education.

6. Continued Activism:

   - Malala continued her activism, speaking at various international forums and advocating for the importance of education for girls and women.

   - She has become a global symbol of girls' empowerment through education.

7. Education at Oxford University:

   - Malala enrolled at the University of Oxford in 2017, where she studied Philosophy, Politics, and Economics (PPE) at Lady Margaret Hall.

8. Philanthropy and Impact:

   - The Malala Fund works to secure 12 years of free, safe, and quality education for every girl.

   - Malala's advocacy has led to increased awareness and support for girls' education globally.

9. Recognition and Awards:

   - Malala has received numerous awards and honors, including honorary Canadian citizenship, the Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought, and being named one of TIME magazine's 100 most influential people.

Malala Yousafzai's journey from surviving a targeted attack to becoming a global advocate for education has inspired millions worldwide. Her commitment to girls' education and her resilience in the face of adversity have made her a powerful symbol for the rights of children and young girls around the world.

7. Gloria Steinem (born 1934): 

An American feminist, journalist, and social-political activist, Steinem co-founded Ms. Magazine and has been a prominent voice for women's rights and gender equality.

Gloria Steinem (born March 25, 1934) is an American feminist, journalist, and social-political activist who played a pivotal role in the women's liberation movement during the 1960s and 1970s. Here is a detailed overview of her life and contributions:

1. Early Life:

   - Gloria Marie Steinem was born in Toledo, Ohio, to a family of mixed German and Scottish descent.

   - Her early years were marked by her parents' separation, and she spent much of her childhood caring for her mentally ill mother.

2. Education and Journalism Career:

   - Steinem attended Smith College and graduated in 1956. She spent two years in India on a fellowship after college, where she worked as a freelance journalist.

   - Upon returning to the United States, she began her career in journalism, writing for various publications, including Esquire, New York, and Cosmopolitan.

3. Ms. Magazine:

   - Steinem co-founded Ms. Magazine in 1972, which quickly became a leading feminist publication.

   - The magazine addressed a wide range of women's issues and played a crucial role in shaping the feminist discourse of the time.

4. Women's Liberation Movement:

   - Steinem emerged as a prominent spokesperson and leader in the women's liberation movement of the 1960s and 1970s.

   - She advocated for women's rights, reproductive rights, and equality in the workplace.

5. Political Activism:

   - Steinem was involved in various political causes, including campaigning for the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) and supporting women's reproductive rights.

   - She co-founded the National Women's Political Caucus in 1971, encouraging women's participation in politics.

6. Role in the 1970 Women's Strike for Equality:

   - Steinem played a significant role in organizing and participating in the Women's Strike for Equality on August 26, 1970. The event marked the 50th anniversary of the 19th Amendment and called for equal rights and opportunities for women.

7. Books and Writing:

   - In addition to her work as a journalist and editor, Steinem is the author of several books.

   - Notable works include "Revolution from Within: A Book of Self-Esteem" (1992) and her memoir, "My Life on the Road" (2015).

8. Women's Media Center:

   - In 2005, Steinem co-founded the Women's Media Center, an organization focused on increasing the visibility and representation of women in media.

9. Awards and Honors:

   - Gloria Steinem has received numerous awards and honors for her contributions to feminism and journalism, including the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2013.

10. Legacy:

    - Steinem's impact on the women's movement is immeasurable. Her work has helped shape the feminist narrative and has contributed to significant advancements in women's rights.

    - She continues to be an influential voice in discussions around gender equality, reproductive rights, and social justice.

Gloria Steinem's dedication to advancing women's rights and her contributions to feminist thought have left an enduring legacy. Her work has inspired generations of activists and advocates for gender equality, and she remains an influential figure in the ongoing struggle for women's rights.

8. Rosa Parks (1913–2005):

While best known for her role in the Civil Rights Movement, Parks also contributed to the women's rights movement. She co-founded the Committee for Equal Justice for Mrs. Recy Taylor in the 1940s, advocating for justice for a Black woman who was raped.

Rosa Parks (February 4, 1913 – October 24, 2005) was an African American civil rights activist known for her pivotal role in the American civil rights movement. Here is a detailed overview of her life and contributions:

1. Early Life:

   - Rosa Louise McCauley was born in Tuskegee, Alabama, into a family that valued education and activism.

   - Her early experiences with racial segregation and discrimination had a lasting impact on her worldview.

2. Montgomery Bus Boycott:

   - On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a white man on a city bus in Montgomery, Alabama, in violation of the city's racial segregation laws.

   - Her act of civil disobedience led to her arrest, sparking the Montgomery Bus Boycott, a pivotal event in the civil rights movement.

3. Montgomery Bus Boycott Success:

   - The Montgomery Bus Boycott, coordinated by leaders such as Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., lasted for 381 days. African Americans refused to use the city's bus services until they were desegregated.

   - The Supreme Court eventually ruled that racial segregation on public transportation was unconstitutional, marking a significant victory for the civil rights movement.

4. Post-Boycott Activism:

   - After the success of the Montgomery Bus Boycott, Rosa Parks continued to be involved in civil rights activism.

   - She worked for the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) and served as secretary to John Conyers, the first African American member of the U.S. House of Representatives.

5. Move to Detroit:

   - Facing threats and difficulties in the South, Rosa Parks and her family moved to Detroit, Michigan, in 1957.

   - In Detroit, she continued her activism and worked on issues such as fair housing and employment opportunities.

6. Later Life and Recognition:

   - Rosa Parks received numerous honors and awards for her contributions to the civil rights movement, including the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal.

   - She published an autobiography, "Rosa Parks: My Story," in 1992.

7. Legacy and Impact:

   - Rosa Parks is often referred to as the "Mother of the Civil Rights Movement" for her pivotal role in challenging racial segregation.

   - Her courageous act and the subsequent Montgomery Bus Boycott became catalysts for a broader movement for civil rights and social justice.

8. Death and Funeral:

   - Rosa Parks passed away on October 24, 2005, at the age of 92.

   - Her funeral was attended by dignitaries, and her life and contributions were celebrated as a symbol of courage and determination in the face of injustice.

Rosa Parks's steadfast refusal to surrender her seat on a bus became a symbol of resistance against racial segregation and inspired generations of civil rights activists. Her legacy continues to be celebrated for its significant impact on the struggle for equal rights and justice in the United States.

9. Eleanor Roosevelt (1884–1962):

The former First Lady of the United States, Roosevelt was a strong advocate for human rights, including women's rights. She played a significant role in the drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

Eleanor Roosevelt (October 11, 1884 – November 7, 1962) was a prominent American political figure, diplomat, and social activist. She served as the First Lady of the United States from 1933 to 1945 during the presidency of her husband, Franklin D. Roosevelt. Here is a detailed overview of her life and contributions:

1. Early Life:

   - Born Anna Eleanor Roosevelt in New York City, she was the niece of President Theodore Roosevelt.

   - Her childhood was marked by the loss of her parents and the influence of her strict grandmother. She attended Allenswood Academy in England for part of her education.

2. Marriage to Franklin D. Roosevelt:

   - Eleanor married her fifth cousin, Franklin D. Roosevelt, in 1905. They had six children together.

   - Franklin was elected President of the United States in 1932, and Eleanor became the First Lady.

3. First Lady of the United States:

   - As First Lady, Eleanor transformed the role by being actively involved in social and political issues.

   - She held regular press conferences, wrote a newspaper column called "My Day," and used her platform to advocate for social justice, civil rights, and economic reforms.

4. Human Rights Advocacy:

   - Eleanor was a driving force behind the drafting and adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) in 1948.

   - She chaired the United Nations Human Rights Commission and played a crucial role in shaping the UDHR as a foundational document for global human rights.

5. Civil Rights Activism:

   - Eleanor Roosevelt was a vocal advocate for civil rights, and she worked to advance the rights of African Americans.

   - She resigned from the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) in 1939 when they refused to allow African American singer Marian Anderson to perform at Constitution Hall.

6. World War II and Redefining the First Lady's Role:

   - During World War II, Eleanor visited troops, hospitals, and defense plants. She became a strong voice for the rights of women and minorities in the workforce.

   - She traveled extensively and became the eyes and ears of the President, reporting back on conditions and concerns of ordinary Americans.

7. Post-White House Years:

   - After Franklin's death in 1945, Eleanor continued her public service.

   - She served as the United States Delegate to the United Nations General Assembly and chaired the Human Rights Commission.

8. Legacy:

   - Eleanor Roosevelt is remembered as one of the most influential and transformative First Ladies in American history.

   - Her advocacy for human rights, civil rights, and social justice left a lasting impact, and her contributions to the development of the United Nations' Universal Declaration of Human Rights are particularly significant.

9. Death:

   - Eleanor Roosevelt passed away on November 7, 1962, at the age of 78.

   - Her legacy lives on, and she is often remembered as a champion of justice, equality, and human rights.

Eleanor Roosevelt's legacy extends beyond her time as First Lady, and her dedication to human rights and social justice continues to inspire activists and leaders around the world.

10. Simone de Beauvoir (1908–1986):

A French existentialist philosopher, de Beauvoir wrote extensively on women's rights and is best known for her seminal work, "The Second Sex," which examined the historical and cultural oppression of women.

Simone de Beauvoir (January 9, 1908 – April 14, 1986) was a French existentialist philosopher, writer, and feminist intellectual. She is best known for her influential works in existentialist philosophy and her groundbreaking contributions to feminist thought. Here is a detailed overview of her life and contributions:

1. Early Life:

   - Simone Lucie Ernestine Marie Bertrand de Beauvoir was born in Paris, France, into a bourgeois family.

   - She studied philosophy at the Sorbonne and became acquainted with Jean-Paul Sartre, who would later become her lifelong partner.

2. Partnership with Jean-Paul Sartre:

   - De Beauvoir had a complex and unconventional relationship with philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre. Although they never married, they maintained a significant intellectual and romantic partnership for over 50 years.

3. Existentialist Philosophy:

   - Alongside Sartre and Albert Camus, de Beauvoir played a key role in the development of existentialist philosophy.

   - Her influential work, "The Second Sex" (1949), is a foundational text in feminist philosophy. In it, she critically examines women's oppression and argues for women's liberation.

4. "The Second Sex":

   - "The Second Sex" is a landmark work in feminist literature. De Beauvoir analyzes the social, historical, and existential dimensions of women's oppression and argues for women's autonomy and self-determination.

   - The book is often credited with laying the groundwork for second-wave feminism.

5. Literary Works:

   - Apart from her philosophical writings, de Beauvoir was a prolific author of novels, essays, and memoirs.

   - Her novels, including "She Came to Stay" (1943) and "The Mandarins" (1954), explore existentialist themes and human relationships.

6. Existentialist Ethics:

   - De Beauvoir extended existentialist philosophy to include a feminist perspective. She argued that women, like men, should embrace their freedom and responsibility for creating their own meaning in life.

   - She explored themes of individualism, freedom, and authenticity in her ethical writings.

7. Political Engagement:

   - De Beauvoir was politically engaged and involved in various social and political causes.

   - She supported the French feminist movement and advocated for reproductive rights, gender equality, and sexual freedom.

8. Later Years and Death:

   - Simone de Beauvoir continued her intellectual and literary pursuits throughout her life.

   - She died on April 14, 1986, in Paris, at the age of 78.

9. Legacy:

   - Simone de Beauvoir is remembered as a pioneering figure in existentialist philosophy and feminism.

   - "The Second Sex" remains a seminal work in feminist literature and continues to be studied and discussed in the fields of philosophy, gender studies, and literature.

   - De Beauvoir's writings have inspired generations of feminists and intellectuals, and her exploration of existentialist themes has left a lasting impact on philosophy and literature.

Simone de Beauvoir's contributions to existentialist philosophy and feminist thought have made her a central figure in intellectual history. Her work continues to be influential, and her exploration of freedom, responsibility, and gender equality remains relevant in contemporary discussions of ethics and feminism.

These individuals, among many others, have made significant contributions to the advancement of women's rights and have left a lasting impact on the ongoing struggle for gender equality.

[drwilfredwaterson]

The Mystery of How Scott Borchetta, Scooter Braun, Kanye West, Kim Kardashian, Tree Paine, Joe Alwyn, Joe Alwyn's psychotherapist mother, Joe's brother, and Joe's father Successfully Brutalized, Brainwashed, Exploited, and Extorted Taylor Swift for Six Miserable Years and How That's Affecting Taylor's Life Today: Part 2/2.

The Germans attempted to disguise their intentions. They sought to portray the deportations as a "resettlement" of the Jewish population in labor camps in the "East." In reality, the "resettlement in the East" became a euphemism for transport to the killing centers and mass murder. https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/deportations-to-killing-centers

X-Men : Apocalypse (May 27, 2016/148th day): Magneto Destroys Holocaust Camp Auschwitz

Published: January 11, 2022 Duration: 3:29 (209 seconds) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ucd60jao1wA ucd60jao1wA (60, 1) ucdjaowA aacdjouw 1+1+3+4+600+50+200+900=1759. 1759+60+1=1820. 1820+209=2029. 2029+148=2177.

Strong's Concordance #2177 zan: from zuwn; properly, nourished (or fully developed), i.e. A form or sort, kind, manner of store. kind, sort Original Word: זַן

TANAKH (Jewish Publication Society, Hebrew-English) Pages 984 and 985: Isaiah 60:1 Arise, shine, for your light has dawned; The Presence of the Lord has shone upon you! Isaiah 60:2 Behold! Darkness shall cover the earth, And thick clouds the peoples; But upon you the Lord will shine, And His Presence be seen over you. Isaiah 60:3 And nations shall walk by your light, Kings by your shining radiance. Isaiah 60:4 Raise your eyes and look about: They have all gathered and come to you. Your sons shall be brought from afar, Your daughters like babes on shoulders. Isaiah 60:5 As you behold, you will glow; Your heart will throb and thrill--For the wealth of the sea shall pass on to you, The riches of nations shall flow to you.

The Math is Mathing… Newton's Third Law: Action & Reaction His third law states that for every action (force) in nature there is an equal and opposite reaction. If object A exerts a force on object B, object B also exerts an equal and opposite force on object A. In other words, forces result from interactions. (NASA.gov)

TANAKH (Jewish Publication Society, Hebrew-English) Page 322: Numbers 16:30 But if the Lord brings about something unheard of, so that the ground opens its mouth and swallows them up with all that belongs to them, and they go down alive into Sheol, you shall know that these men have spurned the Lord."

The Lincoln Project - The Loser in Chief is Broke

Published: October 2, 2023 (275th day) Duration: 1:01 (61 seconds) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SjwzT6M73pM SjwzT6M73pM (6, 73) SjwzTMpM jmmpstwz 600+30+30+60+90+100+900+500=2310. 2310+6+73=2389. 2389+61=2450. 2450+275=2725.

Strong's Concordance #2725 cherabon: from charab; parching heat -- drought. Original Word: חֲרָבוֹן

TANAKH (Jewish Publication Society, Hebrew-English) Page 1447: Psalm 32:4 For night and day Your hand lay heavy on me; my vigor waned as in the summer drought. Selah.

Anti-American MAGA Nazi Fundraising League (NFL) Influence on presidential elections: September 25, 2020: 2020 presidential election: donald trump vs. Joe Biden: Anti-American MAGA Nazi Fundraising League (NFL) owners have donated millions this election cycle to Republicans who disapprove of the protests, including president donald trump. Anti-American MAGA Nazi Fundraising League (NFL) team owners and their spouses have donated $4.2 million to politicians and PACs so far this election cycle, with 85 percent ($3.6 million) going to Republicans. Source: https://www.opensecrets.org/news/2020/09/nfl-owners-2020/

The Chiefs-Jets game put up BIG numbers:

27 million average viewers

Teen girl (12-17) viewership up 53%

Women (18-24) viewship was up 24%.

Most watched Sunday show since Super Bowl LVII Source: ESPN

Toy Story - Some Quality Cowboy Time with Sidney "Sid" Phillips (November 22, 1995/326th day)

Published: Jun 19, 2017 Duration: 2:34 (154 seconds) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LezuZjXA5OY LezuZjXA5OY (5) LezuZjXAOY aejlouxyzz 1+5+600+20+50+200+300+400+500+500=2576. 2576+5=2581. 2581+154=2735. 2735+326=3061.

Strong's Concordance #3061 Yehud: contracted from a form corresponding to Yhuwdah; properly, Judah, hence, Judaea -- a Jew, Jewry, Judah, Judea. Original Word: יְהיּד

Sid Phillips dhiiillppss 4+8+9+9+9+20+20+60+60+90+90=379.

Strong's Concordance #379 Ishhod: "man of majesty/renown/grace," a man of Manasseh Original Word: אִישְׁהוֹד

“The worst kind of person is someone who makes someone feel bad, dumb or stupid for being excited about something.” ~ Taylor Swift

Okay, so you're a MAGA cult member. That don't impress me much.

In addition to the increased revenues for MAGA political donations for the anti-American MAGA Nazi Fundraising League (NFL) and MAGA Kansas City Chiefs, this is where Swifties' money from supporting the Chiefs-Jets game on October 1, 2023 is also going to be funneled to: Billionaire and New York Jets owner Woody Johnson is a rare figure in donald trump's inner circle: A wealthy donor working behind the scenes to convince other rich Republicans to back the former president in 2024. (CNBC) A longtime Republican Party donor, Woody Johnson was a supporter of donald trump's presidential campaign, and was appointed by trump to the post of United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom. By August 2019, Woody Johnson donated $1.5 million to trump's campaign and inaugural committee. In February 2020, Johnson gave $575,000 to a fundraising committee for trump's 2020 re-election campaign, and $355,000 to the RNC. In May 2020, he gave $1 million to America First Action, Inc., a pro-trump super PAC. (Wikipedia)

Aaron Rodgers, employee of Johnson & Johnson heir, Woody Johnson, calls Travis Kelce “Mr. Pfizer” Appearing with Pat McAfee, Rodgers snidely referred to Chiefs tight end/Taylor Swift love interest Travis Kelce as “Mr. Pfizer.” Kelce appears in a new COVID vaccine commercial, which advocates getting both the COVID shot and the flu shot at the same time. The irony in the not-so-subtle derision from Rodgers is that he currently collects a healthy weekly paycheck from Woody Johnson, an heir of Johnson & Johnson. Appearing previously with McAfee, Rodgers suggested that the Big Pharma triumvirate of Pfizer, Moderna, and Johnson & Johnson cajoled the sports media to vilify Rodgers for his anti-science stance. Amazingly, Rodgers has never been asked a single question by anyone about the apparent hypocrisy from his anti-science stance and his employment by a Big Pharma heir. Not one. Not ever. And since he won’t face a press conference for months, he likely never will be (especially given the kid gloves the New York media has applied to him since the moment he was traded to the Jets.). Source: https://www.nbcsports.com/nfl/profootballtalk/rumor-mill/news/aaron-rodgers-employee-of-johnson-johnson-heir-calls-travis-kelce-mr-pfizer

Anti-Vaxxers Think an Emergency Phone Alert Will Cause a Zombie Apocalypse The latest paranoia to grip online fringe communities is about FEMA supposedly sending harmful 5G signals to your phone “Is there a Zombie Apocalypse activated by 5G towers on the way?!?!” wrote the QAnon influencer behind a Telegram channel called The Patriot Voice, which is followed by more than 50,000 people, in a post shared at the end of September. The message cites a supposed military expert’s claim that Covid-19 vaccines contain “sealed pathogens” including E. coli bacteria and the viruses Marburg and Ebola, all of which can be released by an “18 Gigahertz 5G frequency.” “FEMA plans on doing a ‘test’ of the EBS on Oct 4 or 11 at 2:22PM. I would turn OFF ALL 5G devices,” the writer concluded. Similar claims about a test alert that will “activate” deadly diseases within vaccinated people — and warnings to turn off phones — have been viewed hundreds of thousands of times on X, the platform formerly known as Twitter. Turn off your cell phones on October 4th. The EBS is going to "test" the system using 5G. This will activate the Marburg virus in people who have been vaccinated. And sadly turn some of them into zombies.— gina shirah (@GinaShirah81815) October 1, 2023 Source: https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/oct-4-fema-alert-test-5g-anti-vaxx-conspiracy-theory-1234838377/

Taylor Swift - cowboy like me Published: December 10, 2020 (345th day) (the 3 year anniversary of the Tree Paine and Joe Alwyn London drink spiking incident)

Duration: 4:40 (280 seconds) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YPlNBb6I8qU YPlNBb6I8qU (6, 8) YPlNBbIqU bbilnpquy 2+2+9+20+40+60+70+200+400=803. 803+6+8=817. 817+280=1097. 1097+345=1442.

Strong's Concordance #1442 gadaph: to hack (with words), i.e. revile, blaspheme, reproach. Original Word: גָּדַף

Someone decided to fool around and any second now, there's going to be an inevitable, inescapable, and very unpleasant finding out situation…

When Swifties get excited about anything, they dig deep into every single detail about it; and when they dig into the anti-American MAGA Nazi Fundraising League (NFL) and the MAGA Kansas City Chiefs to check for any toxic issues, they're going to find what I did within a couple of minutes. A few minutes after that, the truth will spread like a raging wildfire. And then that wildfire will become a Swiftie Berzerker Swarm. This is how you start an all-out vicious war with the Swifties: Taylor Swift and her friends are literally fundraising for MAGA and MAGA candidates to permanently end American Democracy, women's rights, human rights, and civil rights in the United States.

As a Swiftie who loves the idea of happily-ever-afters, I believe the Kelce family and Taylor are far more likely to have those opportunities in a pro-American football league that isn't actively attempting to end democracy in the United States of America, exterminate, erase, and enslave the actual two-thirds Real American Majority, and install MAGA Nazi cult dictators-for-life over Real Americans known as the actual united We the People of the United States of America. Dwayne Johnson has been passionate about all-American football and the well-being of American football players for the majority of his life, so I believe that if the Kelce family, Taylor Swift, and the Swifties are transplanted into that fertile, well-tended, and well-loved environment, the pro-American cornucopia of prosperity that comes from everyone being where they're supposed to be in that love-based environment will be far more likely to result in happily-ever-afters all around. I'm hoping the Kelce family and Taylor Swift situation is completely separate from the realities of the anti-American MAGA Nazi Fundraising League (NFL) and MAGA Kansas City Chiefs, so I have a Swiftie "fearlessly believing in happy endings" idea pertaining to Travis Kelce's "Getaway Car" comment and "switching to the other side." The Kelce family needs to contact Dwayne Johnson immediately before they end up getting wrecked and crippled by the MAGA NFL and MAGA Kansas City Chiefs. Even the Philadelphia Eagles couldn't, wouldn't, and won't be an island of safety for the Kelce brothers once the MAGA NFL and MAGA NFL team owners declare them abominations and traitors to their MAGA agendas. Dwayne Johnson understands everything about this dynamic and ending up where you're supposed to be, so I believe the Kelce family needs to contact him immediately for their and Taylor Swift's safety and well-being.

The Minnesota Vikings don't appear to have strong MAGA and trump connections, they've stood up to donald trump before, and I'm hoping this is just typical sports trash-talking: Vikings cornerback Byron Murphy already is getting Swift questions. He's grown up hearing Swift and her unprecedented rise to superstardom, but he's planning on making things tough for Kelce if she comes. "Oh man, the social media is going crazy," Murphy said, via ESPN. "And I'm not hating against it. That's the world we're living in. Is she going to come to this game? We're locked in, but that would be something. I've been watching her since I was a kid. That would be cool, for sure. "Not for him, because we're going to try to get our hands on him in front of her." https://www.cbssports.com/nfl/news/taylor-swift-travis-kelce-romance-vikings-byron-murphy-plans-on-poking-fun-at-chiefs-te-to-get-him-going/

Irrespective of whether or not that's typical and healthy sports trash-talking, considering the environment and risk factors at play, that really just highlights and underscores my suggestion that the Kelce family needs to contact Dwayne Johnson immediately. And it definitely confirms the MAGA NFL and MAGA Kansas City Chiefs intentions to attempt to break Taylor Swift and her Swifties by breaking Travis while they watch, blaming and shaming Taylor and all successful women for it, funneling Swiftie support dollars to MAGA candidates to exterminate, erase, and enslave large segments of the Swifties population, neutralize Taylor's influence over any MAGA women, teens, and children, and try to set Taylor up for a fatal Amy Winehouse "misadventure." It doesn't look like Dwayne Johnson's football organization would pose anywhere near the threat to Taylor, the Kelce family, the Swifties, and the United States of America; and the potential for greatness due to Dwayne and Taylor's existing relationship and Dwayne being a girls dad is enormous. So this is my Swiftie "fearlessly believing in happy endings" Speak Now and Lorax idea to help bring something nice into the world that the world is missing; because I'm hoping Travis Kelce is actually a Swiftie, but even if he isn't 100% Swiftie now, he probably would be once he experiences the true essence and reality of the transformative and life-changing Swiftie "Love Wins!" experience.

As for how the MAGA cult actually sees the Kelce family, all you have to do is look at the list of donald trump's former "Only the Best People" appointees and him calling for them to be hung or shot to understand the Kelce family and Taylor Swift are only worth something to the anti-American MAGA Nazi Fundraising League (NFL) and MAGA Kansas City Chiefs as long as they're fundraising and funneling Swiftie money into their MAGA political donations. After that, just like with every MAGA situation, MAGA always seeks the death penalty for those they deem to be traitors. Once again, MAGA is engaging in self-implosion and self-owning, because this is going to register in the Swiftie Hive Mind sooner than later, and it isn't going to end well for the anti-American MAGA Nazi Fundraising League (NFL) or the MAGA Kansas City Chiefs; because the intention was for Swifties to be and feel violated, victimized, helpless, and broken both individually and as a whole; and everyone who's ever seen the Swiftie Berzerker Swarm in action knows exactly what's about to kick off once Swifties realize what's being done to them through people attempting to discredit and exploit Taylor against her own best interests. I wouldn't be surprised if this becomes one of the worst, longest, and most vicious Swiftie Berzerker Swarms in Swiftie history due to the fact that the MAGA cult literally wants to exterminate and erase large segments of the Swiftie fanbase and then enslave the rest while having Swifties pay for their own demise by supporting Taylor's anti-American MAGA Nazi Fundraising League (NFL) and MAGA Kansas City Chiefs connections. This is exactly what nazis do, and karma's not going to be a relaxing thought; because the anti-American MAGA Nazi Fundraising League (NFL) and the MAGA Kansas City Chiefs have poisoned the well so that Taylor Swift's music therapy can't exist in Swifties' safe, vulnerable, relaxing, enjoyable, lovable, and joyful spaces until the MAGA taint and poison has been purged via a collective Swiftie immune system response.

Anti-American MAGA Nazi Fundraising League (NFL) Influence on presidential elections: September 25, 2020: 2020 presidential election: donald trump vs. Joe Biden: Anti-American MAGA Nazi Fundraising League (NFL) owners have donated millions this election cycle to Republicans who disapprove of the protests, including president donald trump. Anti-American MAGA Nazi Fundraising League (NFL) team owners and their spouses have donated $4.2 million to politicians and PACs so far this election cycle, with 85 percent ($3.6 million) going to Republicans. Source: https://www.opensecrets.org/news/2020/09/nfl-owners-2020/

The owners of the Kansas City Chiefs, the Hunt family (worth more than $15 billion, according to Forbes), has donated approximately $900,000 to candidates and committees – almost exclusively conservative/Republican – over the last decade, according to federal and state filings. The most politically active Hunts are family matriarch Norma, who has given nearly $500,000 to federal campaigns since 2016, and her son, Chiefs CEO Clark Hunt, who has donated more than $200,000 to federal campaigns during that time. Among the dozens of Republican campaigns the Hunts have helped: prominent senators Josh Hawley (R-Mo.), Ted Cruz (R-Texas), Marco Rubio (R-Florida), Ron Johnson (R-Wisc.) and the late John McCain (R-Ariz.). The Chiefs' organization also contributed more than $80,000 to state political committees over the last 10 years, according to Missouri election records. Recipients include committees focused on electing Republicans to the state legislature Source: https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/politics/super-supporters-which-political-teams-do-the-eagles-and-chiefs-help-fund/3273405/

MAGA (including the anti-American MAGA Nazi Fundraising League (NFL) and the owners of the Kansas City Chiefs) is afraid Taylor Swift could cost them the 2024 presidential election and keep them and donald trump from being installed as dictators-for-life. They're still pissed off about her helping Joe Biden and Kamala Harris win in 2020. And they're most recently infuriated about her encouraging her fanbase to register to vote and then vote. donald trump has been calling for the executions of anyone and everyone who stands up to and against him. It's entirely possible that both Taylor and Travis have targets on their backs and that Travis is about to get hurt. Here's what donald trump just said about Taylor Swift and Travis Kelce: "I wish the best for both of them. I hope they enjoy their life, maybe together, maybe not — most likely not" I'm almost 100% sure that MAGA is intending to attempt to put Taylor Swift and all of their women and girl Swifties "in their place" by ending Travis Kelce's career in some kind of brutal on-field "accident," having all anti-American MAGA Nazi Fundraising League (NFL) fans, Travis, his family, and all of Travis' fans blame it on Taylor, hope that Taylor will blame it on herself, and hope that Taylor will drink heavily enough in public and on record to set her up for an Amy Winehouse "misadventure" because of "what SHE and her piggy ways and liberal mind-rot caused to happen to poor, sweet, Travis Kelce". Plus, because MAGA cult cruelty is the point, they'll probably end Travis' brother first to start Travis and Taylor fighting and eliminating Taylor Swift's influence with MAGA women and girls for the 2024 presidential election. These final laps toward the finish line and victory for Taylor Swift and her family, all creative artists past, present, and future, and all Swifties and underdogs are extremely dangerous and need to be considered and treated as such to avoid and neutralize any and all plots by the MAGA cult, Taylor's own employees, and Taylor's entertainment industry enemies who keep growing more numerous and more enraged as she out-wits them all, steals their thunder and profits, and encourages everyone to do the same. Anyone who thinks that Taylor Swift's enemies aren't that vicious isn't, and hasn't been, paying attention. The only path to a lasting victory in this situation is a 24/7/365 perfect and impenetrable global Swiftie Swarm defense, so I'm doing my best to do my part and I'm hoping other Swifties will do the same.

What Was Taylor Swift Drinking at the Kansas City Chiefs Game? …the social media world is confident they know what red drink was in the artist’s plastic cup: a vodka cranberry. Social-media posts galore have agreed the singer was sipping a vodka cran, with one X post of Swift sipping the drink through a straw garnering more than 530,000 views and 28,500 likes. The post was captioned “chicken tenders and ranch then a vodka cran that’s my girl fr like.” The drink does indeed look like a vodka cranberry, and the theory is strengthened by the fact that we know Swift is partial to vodka. In 2016, the singer told Vogue her favorite cocktail was vodka and Diet Coke. Source: https://whiskeyraiders.com/cocktail/taylor-swift-travis-kelce-chiefs-vodka-cranberry/

Here's a 27 as we approach the October 27th, 2023 Taylor's Version release for 1989 (that's probably pissing her enemies off and costing them considerable treasure hoardes of past, present, and future profits): September 24, 2023: "Getaway Car" reference: 7/7 was Speak Now Taylor's Version release party at Arrowhead Stadium, 27 is 1989 Taylor's Version release party. "Nothing good starts in a getaway car…" That was a really weird thing to say on a first date with Taylor Swift. Why would a Swiftie say that in that particular instance knowing how both of those relationships turned out, and that they're a rebound relationship for both of those relationships? Arrowhead Stadium Kansas City Chiefs: 7, 27, 7, 0: 41 Chicago Bears: 0, 0, 0, 10: 10

Beginning with the deaths of several 27-year-old popular musicians between 1969 and 1971 (such as Brian Jones, Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, and Jim Morrison), dying at the age of 27 came to be, and remains, a perennial subject of popular culture, celebrity journalism, and entertainment industry lore. This cultural phenomenon, which came to be known as the "27 Club," attributes special significance to popular musicians, artists, actors, and other celebrities who died at age 27, often as a result of drug and alcohol abuse or violent means such as homicide, suicide, or transportation-related accidents. (Wikipedia)

Amy Winehouse's death at age 27 prompted media comparisons to other musician deaths at the same age, collectively named the 27 Club. Investigators recovered one small and two large bottles of vodka from Amy Winehouse's room. A coroner's inquest reached a verdict of misadventure. The report released on 26 October 2011 explained that Winehouse's blood alcohol content was 416 mg per 100 ml (0.416%) at the time of her death, more than five times the legal drink-drive limit. According to the coroner, "The unintended consequences of such potentially fatal levels was her sudden death." Amy Winehouse's record label, Universal Republic, released a statement that read in part: "We are deeply saddened at the sudden loss of such a gifted musician, artist and performer." After the singer's death by alcohol intoxication in July 2011, the Amy Winehouse Foundation was set up by Winehouse's family and launched on 14 September 2011 (which would have been Winehouse's 28th birthday). (Wikipedia)

MetLife Stadium is an open-air multi-purpose stadium at the Meadowlands Sports Complex in East Rutherford, New Jersey, 5 mi west of New York City. (Wikipedia) 10/1/2023: MetLife Stadium Kansas City Chiefs: 17 3 0 3: 23 New York City Jets: 0 12 8 0: 20

TANAKH (Jewish Publication Society, Hebrew-English) Pages 1638 and 1639: Proverbs 23:20 Do not be of those who guzzle wine, Or glut themselves on meat; Proverbs 23:21 For guzzlers and gluttons will be impoverished, And drowsing will clothes you in tatters.

42 U.S. Code § 17303 - Enforcement by the Federal Trade Commission (a) Enforcement This part shall be enforced by the Federal Trade Commission in the same manner, by the same means, and with the same jurisdiction as though all applicable terms of the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 41 et seq.) were incorporated into and made a part of this part. (b) Violation is treated as unfair or deceptive act or practice The violation of any provision of this part shall be treated as an unfair or deceptive act or practice proscribed under a rule issued under section 18(a)(1)(B) of the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 57a(a)(1)(B)). Source: https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/17303

TANAKH (Jewish Publication Society, Hebrew-English) Page 1619: Proverbs 12:8 A man is commended according to his intelligence; a twisted mind is held up to contempt.

[bananatrack]

Mac vs pc commercials criticism

#Mac vs pc commercials criticism for mac#

#Mac vs pc commercials criticism Pc#

#Mac vs pc commercials criticism free#

#Mac vs pc commercials criticism mac#

Sheep are often buying with daddy’s money so price is of little concern to them. Why? Because they cost too much and business people buy on value not style. Almost never do I ever see Macs in offices and businesses. Now let’s look at what people do to actually get things done. Another reason is a lot of video editors (usually low end) seem to prefer OS X video programs and YouTube/TikTok/Twitch/Instagram are extremely popular right now.

#Mac vs pc commercials criticism mac#

They buy Mac because Mac right now is regarded as more stylish and cool and we’re sheep when we’re at that age. And if you haven’t guessed it yet, “I’m a Mac.”

#Mac vs pc commercials criticism Pc#

So, would you consider passing on a job if you had to use a PC instead of a Mac or vice-versa? I have to admit, I probably would. Most are already familiar with Apple products, and the majority believe Mac offers the highest value.” I’m down with that.

#Mac vs pc commercials criticism free#

This leaves them free to be more productive, creative and collaborative. The researchers also state that “next generation job seekers see Mac as more intuitive, more modern and more easily integrated with their other devices. If 2/3 of fresh, young, and motivated talent would consider passing on a job if they had to work on a PC, companies better be prepared to offer a Mac alternative. The report declares that “67% of students, regardless of what computer they own, agree they are more likely to choose and stay at an organization that offers them a choice in work computer.” That’s fairly significant. They see Mac as more modern, intuitive and reliable – and would like to continue to use it as they launch their careers,” said Dean Hager, CEO, Jamf. “The next generation of job seekers wants their tech to just work so that they can focus on their job. In essence, they are targeting employers with this data. Now granted, Jamf is an Apple Device Management company, so they do have a vested interest in touting Mac usage. (I won’t go into the Total Cost of Ownership rant here – there is plenty written on that subject elsewhere.) Employers Better Be Mac Friendly However, it’s not exactly a news flash that people use PC because they think they’re cheaper.

#Mac vs pc commercials criticism for mac#

The students were asked to select the primary reasons for choosing their platform, and here are the results:Īll reasons rate higher for Mac versus PC, and the only reason rated higher for PC was price. In fact, it’s the gift that keeps on giving. But c’mon, the guy basically ran unopposed. * Just so you history buffs don’t start flaming me… Yes, I am well aware that James Monroe captured 98.5% of the vote in 1820. And Mac exceeded Roosevelt’s margin by 10%? I’m just sayin… * That’s a ridiculous margin of “it’s not even a contest” success. Now consider this… The largest margin of victory in a presidential election was Franklin Roosevelt’s 60.8% to Alf Landon’s 36.5% in 1936. What makes the number look even more unbalanced is when you consider the other side of the equation: only 29% would choose PC over Mac. By any scale, this is a huge preference over the alternative. In a new study of over 2,200 college students released by Jamf this week, 71% either have a Mac or wish they did. And though they may sometimes act like party animals, they are still, in fact, people. For the sake of argument (and this article), when I say “people,” I am referring to college students. You may think this is a trick question because most people prefer PC over Mac, right? Well, more people may use PCs, but it doesn’t necessarily mean they are preferred.

[thaimains]

Battle cry of freedom

Oh we're springing to the call for three hundred thousand more, Īnd we'll fill the vacant ranks with a million freemen more, While we rally round the flag, boys, we rally once again, Oh we'll rally round the flag, boys, we'll rally once again, Īnd we'll rally from the hillside, we'll gather from the plain,ĭown with the traitors, up with the stars The first line boldly endorsed a perpetual Union – "The Union forever" – followed by a strong dismissal of secession: "Down with the traitor, up with the star." However, the battle cry Root shouted was one of "freedom." Freedom had many meanings in the Civil War – for instance, freedom from Confederate political tyranny or the oft-perceived "slaveholders' conspiracy" – but, in the context of Root’s political beliefs and other activities, he clearly meant to suggest some degree of abolitionism. The chorus was the key, for it was there that Root described why Northerners rallied around the flag. Those looking for anti-slavery sentiments could find them, but these elements were not so pronounced as to offend those who were solely unionists. The song's definition of the Northern cause is purposely open-ended. The ability of "The Battle Cry of Freedom" to bridge divisions over emancipation is not surprising. Thus, both groups of Unionists, those opposed to slavery and secession, could utilize the song without reservation: McWhirter, the song's success and popularity among the Union was due to its even-handed references to both abolitionism and unionism. Henry Stone, The Century Illustrated, "Memoranda on the Civil War: A Song in Camp" (1887), emphasis added Īccording to historian Christian L. Charles Ives quoted the song in several compositions, including his own patriotic song, "They Are There". Louis Moreau Gottschalk thought so highly of the song that in his diary he confided that he thought "it should be our national anthem" and used it as the basis for his 1863 concert paraphrase for solo piano "Le Cri de délivrance," opus 55, and dedicated it to Root, who was a personal friend. It is estimated that over 700,000 copies of this song were put in circulation. The song was so popular that the music publisher had 14 printing presses going at one time and still could not keep up with demand. Ī modified Union version was used as the campaign song for the Lincoln- Johnson ticket in the 1864 presidential election, as well as in elections after the war, such as for Garfield in the 1880 U.S. A patriotic song advocating the causes of Unionism and abolitionism, it became so popular that composer H. The " Battle Cry of Freedom", also known as " Rally 'Round the Flag", is a song written in 1862 by American composer George Frederick Root (1820–1895) during the American Civil War. Keith and Rusty McNeil perform both the Battle Cry of Freedom and Southern Battle Cry of Freedom on "Civil War Songs with Historical Narration" (WEM Records, 1989, ISBN 1-87)īilly Bragg wrote a song based upon the 'Battle Cry of Freedom' with a socialist slant called There is power in a Union on the Talking with the Taxman about Poetry album.Cover of the 1862 sheet music for "Battle Cry of Freedom" Ry Cooder performed this song as Rally 'Round the Flag on his Boomer's Story album. While we rally round the cause, boys, we'll rally in our might, Our noble women also have aided them at home.Ĭhorus Chorus (1864 election campaign) įor Lincoln and Johnson, hurrah, boys, hurrah!ĭown with the rebellion and on with the war, While our boys have responded and to the fields have gone. Their motto is resistance - "To tyrants we'll not yield!" They have laid down their lives on the bloody battle field. Our gallant boys have marched to the rolling of the drums.Īnd the leaders in charge cry out, "Come, boys, come!" We'll rally 'round the bonny flag, we'll rally once again, Our Dixie forever! She's never at a loss!ĭown with the eagle and up with the cross! Our flag is proudly floating on the land and on the main,īeneath it oft we've conquered, and we'll conquer oft again! So we're springing to the call from the East and from the West,Īnd we'll hurl the rebel crew from the land we love best, We will welcome to our numbers the loyal, true and brave,Īnd although he may be poor, not a man shall be a slave, We are springing to the call with a million freemen more,Īnd we'll fill our vacant ranks of our brothers gone before, While we rally round the flag, boys, rally once again, We will rally from the hillside, we'll gather from the plain, Yes we'll rally round the flag, boys, we'll rally once again, This is notable, because their citizens were enemies but sung the same patriotic song. There are two lyrics, a Union and a Confederate version.

[amongussussyimpostors]

Week 3 - Glory

Presenters: Dasha and Anna 

Between 1861 and 1865, the United States fought a long war against the Confederate States of America in order to end slavery in the country. It initially began with the secession of Southern pro-slavery states from the Union and the subsequent formation of the Confederacy. 

Before the war, the Union was divided in many ways. For instance, The North was far more urban and relied heavily on industry with regard to its economy. The South on the other hand, were far more dependent on an agricultural economy. The capitalism which was present mostly in the North provided a perfect climate for ending slavery which allowed for a capitalist system to take place. The South’s agriculture was used as an excuse by Confederates for the preservation of slavery. The North was also more populated with 17 million people and the South had 13 million, 4 million of whom were slaves. 

Abolitionism in the USA increased steadily in the 19th century. Eventually, Congress passed a law which prevented the sale of American slaves to other countries. William Lloyd Garrison was a very notable abolitionist figure who was known as The Liberator and who also founded the American Anti-Slavery Society in 1833. 

When Missouri was due to receive statehood, Congress was divided on whether it should be a free state or a slave state. Northern senators wished to make it a free state while Southerners wanted to give them a choice. It was then proposed that Maine be made a free state while Missouri a slave state, making the number of free and slave states equal. With the Missouri Compromise in 1820, all slavery was abolished in states acquired with the Louisiana Purchase with Missouri as the only exception. 

The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 dictated that fugitive slaves would not be allowed to testify on their own behalf nor be granted a trial by jury. This meant that runaway slaves were still under danger if they were to be caught. 

The Underground Railroad is a term used to decide pathways and escape routes for runaway slaves from the American South to the Northern States or Canada. The “railroad” had several stations in people’s homes who allowed them as they moved North. The practice was dangerous due to slave catchers. The most famous conductor was Harriet Tubman who went on 13 trips, helping many runaway slaves to freedom. 

Dred Scott was an enslaved man who is famous for having filed for freedom in court with his wife. They both sought their freedom because they had lived in Illinois which was a free state. In 1857, the couple was formally freed in St. Louis. 

In 1861, the 11 Southern states seceded from the USA, forming the Confederate States of America after the victory of Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Party in the presidential election. The Southern states saw the Republicans as a threat to them being allowed to own slaves and therefore seceded. Jefferson Davis was the president of the Confederate States and Alexander H. Stephens was the Vice President. 

The primary cause for the Civil War was the Southern States’ state’s rights to slavery. The Confederates knew that Lincoln, the abolitionists, and the Republicans would not let them keep slaves. 

The war was fought between 1861 and 1865 and claimed over 365,000 Union deaths and 290,000 Confederate deaths. The first battle of the war was that of Fort Sumter in South Carolina in which no one died and the Union side under Major Rober Anderson was forced to surrender when resupplying of the Fort failed. The most notable battle of the war was the Battle of Gettysburg in which Major General Meade defeated General Lee, turning the tide of the war in the Union’s favor. After the battle, General Lee led his men on a retreat to Virginia. The war ended after Robert E. Lee surrendered the entirety of the Army of Northern Virginia in Appomattox County Courthouse. 

The Emancipation Proclamation was a presidential proclamation and executive order by Abraham Lincoln in 1863 which freed all slaves in the seceeeded states. The slaves were therefore considered permanently free if they escaped slavery in the South and stepped foot on American soil. In addition, it also dictated that the Union Army could enlist former slaves. 

The American Civil War changed world history. The abolition of slavery in the USA was relatively late compared to Western European countries but paved the way to a full democracy in the country. Despite the abolition, African Americans still faced prejudice and racism especially in the South were racist groups were founded, some of which exist to this day. The Jim Crow Laws which legally oppressed black people in the South only ended in 1965, 100 years after the end of America’s war to free black people from slavery. Nonetheless, the Civil War was a major step in the road to legal and constitutional equality which the American people enjoy today. Regrettably, there are people who are racists to this day who believe people are not equal simply based off of the color of their skin, but those people, who believe in these unconstitutional, undemocratic and racist ideas are a small minority who will not prevail over the majority of Americans who believe in freedom for all. 

[deadpresidents]

The End of the “Era of Good Feelings”: President Monroe vs. His Treasury Secretary

James Monroe, 5th President of the United States, led the nation during the "Era of Good Feelings" (1817-1825) when partisan rancor was so diminished that Monroe ran unopposed for re-election in 1820 and was just one vote short of an unanimous Electoral College victory.

The "Era of Good Feelings" collapsed and fell right into regular American partisan bitterness with the 1824 Presidential election, and during that time, the popular President Monroe found some bad feelings in his own Cabinet which resulted in a bizarre confrontation in the White House that winter -- the President of the United States vs. the Secretary of the Treasury, no-holds-barred.

Treasury Secretary William H. Crawford had been a front-runner to replace Monroe, but a stroke in 1823 ruined those chances.  Crawford had been serving as Secretary of the Treasury since 1816 when he was appointed by President James Madison and continued on throughout Monroe's term.  Tired, frustrated, and ready to retire home to Georgia, Crawford called on Monroe at the White House to suggest a list of appointments he wished the President to approve for custom officers at ports in the Northeastern United States, some of the choicest political patronage positions available in the federal government.  However, Monroe objected to Crawford's list and stated that he intended to name his own picks.  Crawford lost his temper and told the President, "Well, if you will not appoint persons well-qualified for the places, tell me whom you will appoint that I may get rid of their importunities!".

The President -- a Revolutionary War veteran of George Washington's Army who carried a bullet in his body that had nearly killed him in 1776 -- was not intimidated by Crawford's language or temperament, coldly telling his Treasury Secretary, "Sir, that is none of your damn business."  Crawford was not easily intimidated, either.  The Treasury Secretary had killed a man in a duel years earlier and Monroe's comment led Crawford to charge at the 67-year-old President with his cane, shaking it at Monroe while calling him a "damned infernal old scoundrel."  Monroe quickly grabbed two red hot tongs from a nearby fireplace for self-defense and threatened to personally throw Crawford -- who was 15 years younger than the President -- out of the White House.

Both men calmed down as President Monroe prepared to summon his servants to show the Treasury Secretary out.  Crawford apologized for his actions and stated that he did not intend to insult or threaten the President.  Before Monroe could ask him to leave, Crawford left the White House on his own.  The two men never spoke again.

The "Era of Good Feelings" was over.

[peashooter85]

How not to vote in early America,

Today in the United States it seems there is an emphasis on "getting out the vote", with the idea that voting is not only an American right but an American duty.  Complaints abound that American voter turnout is dismally poor, among the lowest rates of developed nations.  Several programs and campaigns have been created to convince non voters, especially younger adults, to go to the polls and vote.  Even governments have taken steps to ease the difficulties of voting, such as early voting programs, mail in voting, and absentee ballots.  While we may think voter turnout numbers are dismal today, in early American history voting rates were especially bad. With America's first national presidential election (1789), less than 1.3% of the population voted.  In the presidential election of 1792, .88% of the population voted, less than one percent! In the presidential election of 1796 between Thomas Jefferson and John Adams, around 2.2% of the population voted, and that was heated election.  From 1789 up to the 1820's and 30's, this trend continued, with small percentages of the population, often single digits, turning at the polls to vote.

So what accounted for such low voter turnouts?  Of course late 18th century transportation may account for some numbers, as many citizens could not travel to a polling place, however there were larger reasons at work. The fact of the matter was that while America was founded on the ideals of liberty and freedom, universal voting rights was not a part of that freedom (among others), and the vast majority of Americans could not legally vote.  Today voting is a basic right taken for granted, however in the late 18th and early 19th century, voting was a privilege reserved only for an elite few.

When the Constitution was ratified in 1787, it made no mention of voting except for the electoral college.  The rules of voting determining who can vote, who can't, and how voting was to be conducted was to be determined by the individual states.  Each state could determine voting regulations as they saw fit.  In addition, the US Constitution and Bill of Rights was only to be respected by the Federal Government.  Individual states did not have to respect the Constitution, it was a free for all where states could establish their own state religions, limit free speech or the press despite the 1st Amendment, could have legal slavery, and create their own regulations defining who was and wasn't a citizen.  It wouldn't be until the adoption of the 14th Amendment in 1868 that US Citizenship was officially defined, and all states were forced to recognize the Constitution and Bill of Rights.  The implication of this system was that most states set severe restrictions on voting which limited the voting population to an elite few.  While each state had its own regulations, there were many that were in common, most of which survived from earlier colonial voting regulations.  So in early America could vote?  Who couldn't vote?

The largest group of people who couldn't vote were women.  So right off the bat, at least 50% of the US population was disqualified from voting.  In most states only men had the right to vote.  The only exception was New Jersey, which defined all voting citizens as male or female, and believe it or not women commonly voted in New Jersey at the time.  Unfortunately, women's suffrage was brought to a screeching halt in 1807 when a law was passed banning women from voting in New Jersey.  Over the decades some states would allow women to vote, especially western states such as Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, and Idaho.  National women's suffrage would not occur until the ratification of 19th Amendment in 1920.

Another gaping maw in America's early voting population were minorities.  First and foremost, slaves could not vote.  Free black men could only vote in a few states, such as New York.  However, the vast majority of African Americans could not vote whether slave or free.  Nor could Native Americans.  Religion could also disqualify a prospective voter, as many states had religious requirements that barred certain groups such as Jews, Catholics, Quakers, non-Christians, and other non-Protestant Christian sects. It would take a Civil War to bring about 15th Amendment (1869), which prohibits the denial of the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude.  A century later the Voting Rights Act of 1965 would prohibit discrimination in voting.

So while women and minorities couldn't vote, what about white men?  Again most white males couldn't vote.  First there was an age restriction.  Back then one had to be at least 21 to vote, today thanks to the 26th Amendment (1971), it is now down to 18.  While this weeded out a few prospective voters, by far the regulation that prohibited most white males from voting were property requirements.  For centuries in colonial American, English, and European tradition going back to the ancient Roman Republic, owning a minimum amount of property or wealth was a requirement for citizenship.  The logic behind this was the idea that the best citizens were those who had the largest economic stake in the country.  During America's colonial era this tradition passed on until eventually most states adopted property requirements for voting as well.  Generally, the requirement stood at either 50 acres of land or its equivalent value in wealth.   A very strict regulation, such property requirements ensured that only upper class could vote.  Property requirements would be in effect in most states in the late 18th and early 19th century.  After the War of 1812 some states began to drop property requirements.  Then in the 1820's and 30's the election of Andrew Jackson as president sounded a death knell for property requirements.  Jackson advocated a system of popular suffrage, a part of "Jacksonian Democracy", and many Jacksonian Democrats rewrote state constitutions and laws to do away with property requirements. It wouldn't be until the late 1820's and 1830's when a relatively sizable percentage of the white male population could vote.  As a result of Jacksonian Democracy, by the Civil War most white men over the age of 21 could vote.  Some states would try a backdoor route to prevent poor whites from voting by instituting poll taxes, or poll fees.  Later, this method would also be used to prevent poor blacks and minorities from voting as well.  Poll taxes would be outlawed with the 24th Amendment in 1964.

So in early America, say between 1788 and 1830, who were the elite few who had the inalienable right to vote?  White men 21 and over who were wealthy and most likely Protestant.  If you don't fit into that category, go home! No voting for you!

[96thdayofrage]

Women’s rights activists like Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Betsy Ross, who championed gender equity, didn’t feel the same about race. While many white suffragists worked to help eradicate the institution of slavery, they did not work to ensure that former slaves would have citizenship or voting rights.

“Black women were not accounted for in white women’s push for suffrage. Their fight wasn’t about women writ large. It was about white women obtaining power – the same power as their husbands, black women and black men be damned,” says Howard University Assistant Professor Jennifer D. Williams.

Stanton and Ross and other high-profile leaders in the movement didn’t support the 14th and 15th amendments, which granted former slaves citizenship rights and gave black men voting rights. Given this chasm, a black women’s suffrage movement developed alongside the mainstream movement.

“There was a concerted effort by white women suffragists to create boundaries towards black women working in the movement,” says historian and author Michelle Duster. “White women were more concerned with having the same power as their husbands, while black women saw the vote as a means to improving their conditions.”

Some black suffragists you should know

Sojourner Truth (About 1797-1883)

Born into slavery as Isabella Baumfree, she gained her freedom in the 1820s and supported herself through menial jobs and selling a book written by Olive Gilbert, “Narrative of Sojourner Truth: a Northern Slave, Emancipated from Bodily Servitude by the State of New York in 1828. At the 1851 Women’s Rights Convention held in Akron, Ohio, Sojourner Truth delivered what is now recognized as one of the most famous abolitionist and women’s rights speeches in American history, “Ain’t I a Woman?” In 1872, Truth was turned away when trying to vote in the U.S. presidential election in Battle Creek, Michigan.

Harriet Tubman (About 1820-1913)

Tubman, whose birth name was Araminta Ross, is commonly known as an emancipator who led hundreds of slaves to freedom along the underground railroad. She also was a staunch supporter of women’s suffrage, giving speeches about her experiences as a woman slave at various anti-slavery conventions, out of which the voting rights movement emerged.

Coralie Franklin Cook (1861-1942)

Cook founded the National Association of Colored Women and was known as a committed suffragist. In 1915, she published “Votes for Mothers” in the NAACP magazine The Crisis discussing the challenges of being a mother and why women need the vote.

Angelina Welde Grimke (1880-1958)

A well-known feminist in the District of Columbia, Grimke was a journalist, playwright, poet, lesbian, suffragist and teacher. Grimke wrote for several journals such as Margaret Sanger’s Birth Control Review. Educated at Wellesley College, Grimke’s literary works exposed her ideas about the pain and violence in black women’s lives, and her rejection of the double standards imposed on women.

Charlotta (Lottie) Rollin (1849-unknown)

After the Civil War, the woman suffrage movement split into two separate organizations: the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) —a more radical group and the more mainstream American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA). Rollin joined the AWSA. During Reconstruction, Rollin became active in South Carolina politics working for congressman Robert Brown Elliott. Rollin spoke on the floor of the South Carolina House of Representatives in 1869 in support of universal suffrage. By 1870, Rollin chaired the founding meeting of the South Carolina Woman’s Rights Association and was elected secretary. Several of Rollin’s family members — sisters Frances, Kate and Louisa also were active in promoting women’s suffrage at both the state and national levels.

Mary Ann Shad Cary (1823-1893)

Cary was perhaps the first black suffragist to form a suffrage association. During the 1850s, she was a leader and spokesperson among the African American refugees who fled to Canada after passage of the Fugitive Slave Act in 1850. In 1853, she founded the Provincial Freeman, a newspaper dedicated to the interests of Blacks in Canada. Cary spoke at the 1878 convention of the NWSA applying the principles of the 14th and 15th Amendments to women and men. She called for an amendment to strike the word “male” from the Constitution. In 1871, Cary unsuccessfully tried to vote in Washington, but she and 63 other women prevailed upon officials to sign affidavits attesting that women had tried to vote. In 1880, she organized the Colored Women’s Progressive Franchise Association, which promoted suffrage and educated people on finance and politics.

Gertrude Bustill Mossell (1855–1948)

A journalist, Mossell, wrote a women’s column in T. Thomas Fortune’s newspaper, The New York Freeman. Her first article, “Woman Suffrage” published in 1885, encouraged women to read suffrage history and articles on women’s rights.

Ida B. Wells (1862-1931)

Wells, who worked with white suffragists in Illinois, founded the Alpha Suffrage Club, the first suffrage group for black women. They canvassed neighborhoods and educated people on causes and candidates helping to elect Chicago’s first black alderman. In 1913, Wells and some white activists from the Illinois delegation traveled to Washington to participate in the historic suffrage parade where women gathered to call for a constitutional amendment guaranteeing women the right to vote. Black suffragists were initially rejected from the event. Wells and other suffragists including white suffragists like Stanton wrote letters asking the parade to allow black women to participate. Event leaders acquiesced, requiring black suffragists to march in the back of the parade to assuage the feelings of white women in the movement who did not want them there. Despite the conditions, black suffragists participated. However, Wells refused to march at the back.

Mary Church Terrell (1863-1954)

In 1896, Terrell and fellow activists founded the National Association of Colored Women and Terrell served as the association’s first president. After the passage of the 19th Amendment, Terrell turned her attention to civil rights.

Anna Julia Cooper (1858-1964)

Anna Julia Cooper was a prominent African American scholar and a strong supporter of suffrage through her teaching, writings and speeches. Cooper worked to convince black women that they required the ballot to counter the belief that ‘black men’s’ experiences and needs were the same as theirs.

Rosa Parks (1913-2005)

Known as the “Mother of the Civil Rights Movement,” because of her role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott, Parks continued to work for civil rights which included voting rights. Parks served as an aide to Congressman John Conyers and used her platform to discuss many issues, including voting rights.

Charlotte Vandine Forten (1785 –1884)

An abolitionist and suffragist, Forten came to Washington in the late 1870’s with her husband, James Forten, a wealthy sail maker and abolitionist. She was a founder and member of the interracial Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society, many of whose members became active in the women’s rights movement.

Harriet Forten Purvis (1810 – 1875)

Daughter of wealthy sailmaker and abolitionist reformer James Forten and Charlotte Forten, Forten Purvis and her sisters were founding members of the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society, and members of the American Equal Rights Association, where Harriet served as a member of the executive committee. Affluent and educated, the sisters helped lay the groundwork for the first National Woman’s Rights Convention in October 1854 and helped organize the Philadelphia Suffrage Association in 1866.

Margaretta Forten (1806 -1875)

Forten was an educator and abolitionist. She and her mother, Charlotte Forten and her sister, Harriet, were founders and members of the interracial Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society.

Harriet “Hattie” Purvis (1810-1875)

A niece of the Forten family of reformers, Purvis was active in the Pennsylvania Woman Suffrage Association and a member of their executive committee. Between 1883 and 1900, she served as a delegate to the National Woman Suffrage Association. She also served as Superintendent of Work among Colored People for the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union, championing reforms.

Sarah Remond (1826-1887)

Remond was an antislavery lecturer and physician. The Remonds were a noted abolitionist family, well known in antislavery circles and, as a child, Sarah had attended abolitionist meetings. She was an activist in the Salem and Massachusetts Antislavery Societies, and a member of the American Equal Rights Association, where she served as a guest lecturer, and toured the Northeast campaigning for universal suffrage. Discouraged by the split in the women’s suffrage movement after the Civil War, she left the United States, becoming an expatriate in Florence, Italy, in 1866, where she studied medicine.

Frances Ellen Watkins Harper (1825-1911)

Frances Ellen Watkins Harper was an early abolitionist and women’s suffrage leader. She was one of the few African American women present at conferences and meetings about these issues between 1854 and 1890. She also wrote protest poetry that referenced which included musings about voting rights.

Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin (1842 –1924)

Ruffin was a Massachusetts journalist and noted abolitionist before the Civil War. She joined the Massachusetts Woman Suffrage Association in 1875 and was affiliated with the American Woman Suffrage Association. She was a black woman’s club leader in Massachusetts and the wife of George L. Ruffin, one of the woman’s suffrage representatives from Boston in the state legislature. She challenged the opposition to woman’s suffrage in Boston, writing an editorial co-authored with her daughter, Florida Ridley.

Nannie Helen Burroughs (1879-1961)

Burroughs, an educator, church leader and suffrage supporter, devoted her life to empowering black women. She helped establish the National Association of Colored Women in 1896 and founded the National Training School for Women and Girls in 1909.

Ella Baker (1903-1986)

Civil rights activist and freedom fighter, Ella Baker played a key role in some of the most influential organizations of the time, including the NAACP, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. In 1964, SNCC helped create Freedom Summer, an effort to both focus national attention on Mississippi’s racism and to register black voters. Baker and many of her contemporaries believed that voting was one key to freedom.

[bobmccullochny]

History

February 15, 1898 - In Havana, the U.S. Battleship Maine was blown up while at anchor and quickly sank with 260 crew members lost. The incident inflamed public opinion in the U.S., resulting in a declaration of war against Spain on April 25, 1898, amid cries of "Remember the Maine!"

February 15, 1933 - An assassination attempt on newly elected U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt occurred in Miami, Florida. A spectator deflected the gunman's aim. As a result, Chicago Mayor Anton Cermak was shot and killed instead. The gunman, an Italian immigrant, was captured and later sentenced to death.

February 15, 1989 - Soviet Russia completed its military withdrawal from Afghanistan after nine years of unsuccessful involvement in the civil war between Muslim rebel groups and the Russian-backed Afghan government. Over 15,000 Russian soldiers had been killed in the fighting.

Birthday - Astronomer and physicist Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) was born in Pisa, Italy. He was the first astronomer to use a telescope and advanced the theory that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the solar system.

Birthday - Inventor Cyrus McCormick (1809-1884) was born in Rockbridge County, Virginia. He invented the horse-drawn mechanical reaper, a machine that freed farmers from hard labor and contributed to the development and cultivation of vast areas of the American Great Plains.

Birthday - Susan B. Anthony (1820-1906) was born in Adams, Massachusetts. A pioneer in women's rights, she worked tirelessly for woman's suffrage (right to vote) and in 1872 was arrested after voting (illegally) in the presidential election. She was commemorated in 1979 with the Susan B. Anthony dollar coin, thus became the first American woman to have her image on a U.S. coin.

[xhxhxhx]

"But in Either Event ...”

In November 1820, President James Monroe won the last uncontested presidential election in American history. One faithless elector voted for James Quincy Adams, denying him the unanimity that only George Washington would ever win. But Monroe won every other electoral vote. 

We just don’t know how many electoral votes he won.

That was all thanks to Missouri. Although the “Missouri Compromise” would ultimately admit the slave state of Missouri to match the free state of Maine, maintaining parity between the slave South and the free North in the Senate, in early 1821, Congress was divided on whether Missouri was already a state.

Missouri had written a plainly unconstitutional state constitution, which required its state assembly “to prevent free negroes and mulattoes from coming to and settling in this State, under any pretext whatsoever.” Congress took some time to digest that provision.

Congress ultimately acknowledged Missouri statehood on the “fundamental condition” that its constitution “shall never be construed to authorize the passage of any law” that would abridge the privileges and immunities of citizens of the United States. Missouri would ultimately ban free Blacks anyways. But that was in the future. 

On February 14, 1821, when Congress convened to count its electoral vote for President and Vice President of the United States, Missouri’s statehood was still contested. That created a dilemma: If Missouri’s electoral votes were counted, it would mean recognizing its statehood. If they were rejected, it would mean rejecting its statehood.

It was an impossible problem. But as Vasan Kesavan reviews in Is the Electoral Count Act Unconstitutional?, 80 N.C. L. Rev. 1653, 1681-83 (2002), Congress tried to thread the needle:

On February 13, 1821, the Senate resolved that if any objection was made to the electoral votes of Missouri and if the result of the electoral count did not turn on counting or omitting the Missouri votes, then the President of the Senate would announce the winners of the presidential and vice presidential electoral vote, plus a conditional tally—that is to say, if Missouri’s votes were counted, the tally would be x; if Missouri’s votes were not counted, the tally would be y.

The House adopted that resolution too. It didn’t help. Everything still ended in acrimony, as the lively report in 37 Annals of Cong. 1164-66 (1821) for February 14, 1821 shows: 

Even after the Senate withdrew, Randolph continued to rage, introducing two resolutions declaring the electoral count illegal:

Before Randolph could put his resolutions in writing, however, another member successfully moved for an adjournment. It passed, 95 to 50 against. The House never voted on the resolutions.

Congress ultimately published two different electoral vote counts. The House, without Missouri, in 37 Annals of Cong. 1154 (1821):

The Senate, with Missouri, in Senate Journal, 16th Cong., 2nd sess., 14 Feb. 1821, 10 Senate Journal 191 (1821):

How many electoral votes did James Monroe win? We don’t know. Maybe it doesn’t matter. “But, in either event,” as they said, “James Monroe, of Virginia, is elected President.” 

The Era of Good Feelings continued.