#Public health education in Zambia

[mariacallous]

Globally, local governments have significant responsibilities for delivering agriculture, education, and health services, and they increasingly are forging their own strategies for tackling climate change, supporting sustainable food systems, and promoting gender equality. In fact, over the last three decades, most regions of the world have experienced progressively greater decentralization, a trend sometimes christened the “silent revolution.” Despite this broader trend, decentralization faces various challenges that hinder its intended effectiveness. For example, high turnover and low retention of skilled civil servants at the local government level undermine continuity in service provision, reduce public sector accountability to communities for project implementation, and often necessitate additional outlays in scarce resources for training new staff.  

In our new journal article, we examine the factors affecting bureaucrats’ continued commitment to local government service in Zambia, which has a long tradition of pursuing greater decentralization. At the advent of multiparty democracy in 1991, the Local Government Act was introduced and stipulated the transfer of 63 functions to the country’s district councils. Successive government administrations, spanning the Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD), Patriotic Front (PF), and now the United Party for National Development (UPND), have prioritized enhanced decentralization in the country’s various national development strategies. In fact, the Eighth National Development Plan adopted by the National Assembly in April 2022 focuses on devolving responsibility for even more services to local authorities. Nonetheless, the country’s 116 district councils thus far have been unable to effectively fulfill all of their service delivery mandates, especially in poorly resourced rural areas. Among other factors, bureaucratic retention remains a binding constraint for improving local authorities’ capacity to deliver their assigned functions.   

To understand factors affecting bureaucratic retention, we conducted one-on-one surveys with more than 150 bureaucrats across 16 district councils in Zambia’s Central, Copperbelt, Lusaka, and Southern Provinces. The sample included councils with both high levels of poverty as well as relative affluence, urban and rural locales, and those with mayors from the two main political parties, UPND and PF. The respondents included professionals across three levels of seniority—director, midlevel, and general workers. In addition, the respondents represented six main departments within the sampled councils: town clerk’s office, finance department, human resources and administration, public health, housing and social services, and development planning.

[rimaakter45]

Empowering Communities: NGO Jobs in Zambia

Introduction

Zambia, a landlocked country in southern Africa, is known for its stunning landscapes, rich cultural diversity, and abundant natural resources. However, like many other countries in the region, Zambia faces numerous social and economic challenges, including poverty, healthcare disparities, and inadequate access to education. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) play a crucial role in addressing these issues, working tirelessly to improve the quality of life for Zambian communities.

The Role of NGOs in Zambia:

NGO Jobs in Zambia work on a wide range of issues, including education, healthcare, environmental conservation, human rights, and economic development. They often partner with local communities, government agencies, and international organizations to implement projects and programs that make a positive impact. These organizations are instrumental in addressing the following key areas:

Education: NGOs in Zambia focus on improving access to quality education, especially in rural areas. They build schools, provide scholarships, and train teachers to enhance the educational landscape.

Healthcare: NGOs run health clinics, provide medical supplies, and conduct health education campaigns to combat diseases and improve overall health in Zambia.

Poverty Alleviation: Many NGOs work on income-generating projects, vocational training, and microfinance programs to empower individuals and communities economically.

Human Rights: These organizations advocate for the rights of vulnerable populations, including women, children, and marginalized communities. They promote gender equality, fight against child labor, and address other social injustices.

Environmental Conservation: Zambia's rich natural resources are under threat from deforestation, poaching, and climate change. NGOs focus on environmental conservation and sustainable practices to protect these valuable assets.

Agriculture and Food Security: NGOs work to increase food production, improve farming techniques, and enhance food distribution networks to combat hunger and malnutrition.

Job Opportunities in NGOs in Zambia:

Working for an NGO in Zambia can be a rewarding and fulfilling experience. There are numerous job opportunities available, and here are some of the most common roles within these organizations:

Project Manager: Project managers are responsible for planning, implementing, and overseeing various projects. They ensure that projects are on track, within budget, and achieving their goals. Project managers often have backgrounds in fields like international development, social work, or public health.

Program Coordinator: Program coordinators work closely with project managers and are responsible for the day-to-day operations of specific programs or initiatives. They often interact with beneficiaries, community leaders, and other stakeholders.

Community Outreach Officer: These individuals are essential for building relationships within the communities NGOs serve. They gather information, communicate program details, and assess community needs.

Health Educator: NGOs often employ health educators to conduct awareness campaigns, workshops, and training programs to promote healthy behaviors and prevent diseases.

Education Specialist: Education specialists work on projects related to improving access to quality education. They may focus on curriculum development, teacher training, or infrastructure improvement.

Environmental Officer: In a country as ecologically diverse as Zambia, environmental officers play a critical role in promoting sustainable practices and protecting natural resources.

Fundraising and Grant Writing: NGOs rely on funding to carry out their work. Fundraising and grant writing professionals are responsible for seeking and securing financial support from donors and grants.

Research and Monitoring: Research and monitoring officers collect data, conduct assessments, and evaluate the impact of NGO programs to ensure they are effective.

Legal Counsel: NGOs need legal experts to navigate regulatory issues, draft contracts, and ensure compliance with local laws and international regulations.

Administrative and Support Staff: Like any organization, NGOs require administrative and support staff for tasks such as accounting, human resources, and logistics.

Conclusion:

NGOs in Zambia are instrumental in addressing a wide range of social and economic challenges faced by its communities. Working for an NGO in Zambia offers a unique opportunity to make a meaningful impact on people's lives and the environment. If you are passionate about making a difference and have the necessary skills and qualifications, consider exploring job opportunities in the NGO sector in Zambia. Your work can contribute to the ongoing efforts to empower communities, reduce poverty, improve healthcare, and protect Zambia's natural beauty. Please visit here NGO Jobs in Zambia for more information.

[princessanneftw]

Princess Anne’s organisations ➔ Save the Children Fund

Princess Anne began her work with the Save the Children Fund on 15 August 1970 - her 20th birthday - when she accepted their offer to become their new President. She immediately wanted to see the kind of work the Fund were doing on the ground, and so embarked on her first overseas trip with the Fund to their Centre in Nairobi, which was filmed by the BBC’s Blue Peter team. This was the first in a long line of trips which would see her travel to some of the most remote, poverty-stricken, and dangerous places around the world, and which saw a colossal growth for the charity. 

While the majority of her engagements for the Fund are in the UK, it is on foreign tours that she gets involved with the Fund’s most important work and witnesses at first hand how the money she helps raise is used. These extensive tours for which she became famous for, beginning in the 1980s, were when people really began to sit up and take notice.

Visiting Nepal in 1981, the Princess spent ten days visiting the SCF’s four projects in the foothills and valleys of the Himalayas, which provide basic health care for mothers and children and are run by the locals, having been educated in modern health practices by the Fund workers. Around 300 children attended the clinics daily, trekking long distances to do so. To visit one clinic, Anne had a strenuous four-hour walk through the mountains, proving her stamina. 

In 1982, Anne undertook her most extensive tour with the Fund yet, which was to be a major turning point for the Fund. It took her to Swaziland, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Kenya, Somalia, Djibouti, North Yemen and Beirut. Covering 14,000 miles in three weeks by air, road and boat, she was met with poverty, starvation and disease. She visited immunization centres in places where typhoid and polio were rife, camps with tens of thousands of starving refugees, and children who were on the brink of death.

She was advised to abandon the tour halfway through when continuing hostilities between Ethiopia and Somalia had begun to reach breaking point, and the Foreign Office deemed it too dangerous. “Damn them, I’m going on” was her response. If that wasn’t enough, she rejected further warnings that she should cancel her visit to Beirut when, the day before her arrival, 62 people had been killed by a bomb close to the point where she would be travelling. It only gave her further determination. The duration of her visit to the capital, where civil war had killed hundreds, was extended by several hours which she spent touring refugee camps, medical centres and some of the worst hit areas. 

Throughout the tour, the press - who had only tagged along to try and get a scoop because Mark Phillips hadn’t gone with her - were admittedly shocked and impressed by where she went, what she saw and what she did. It was a first for a member of the Royal family. Startling, shocking pictures of human suffering, highlighted by her visit, were sent around the world, alerting a previously unaware public to the plight of the impoverished, disease-ridden conditions under which vast numbers of Africans were living - and dying, thus pointing the way to a massive relief effort. The Fund organisers were delighted with the impact of the tour, and it also gave great hope to those working for the children on the ground. 

In 1984, she embarked on a ten-day tour of Morocco, Gambia and Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso), which she described herself as the most harrowing trip she’s ever made. When asked if she would ever consider a full-time career with the Fund, she said: “I have actually thought about it, but I think really I would only last about a year. What I saw, for instance, in Upper Volta made me realise I would not have the stamina to do it for much longer than that.”

What she saw was thousands of children who faced death within weeks. Life was in the hands of the weather: if the rains don’t come, the people starve. At the hospital in Gorom Gorom, she saw children with spindly legs and pot bellies through lack of food. Those too weak to move lay on rush mats, covered with flies. She brushed the swarming insects from one child’s face, but it was a futile task. “You have to stay remote,” she said, “or you’d just crack.”

There were no frills attached to these tours. Anne stayed in the refugee camps with the Fund workers. When asked about things like washing, her lady-in-waiting, the Hon. Shân Legge-Bourke, who often accompanied her, said: “We just stand under the shower with our clothes on - if there is a shower. But a bucket will do.” Anne neither expected nor received any special treatment for her Royal status. She slept in the same huts, was bitten by the same bed bugs - “little ‘friends’ who shared my sleeping bag” as she called them - and ate the same food.

Mark Bowden, who coordinated the African campaign, said: “There is a communal kitchen where the local staff prepare food that is either tinned, dried or heavily dominated by the only meat available - goat. There is goat stew, goat spaghetti bolonaise, goat everything you can think of... [Anne] is the most marvellous person who makes the most difficult conditions fun. Her presence gives everyone an enormous boost.” 

Her position gave her immediate access to presidents and other government heads who might never have been persuaded to discuss their country’s problems. Here, she demonstrated a knowledge acquired from her experience: the need for village food banks, water schemes, locally trained health workers.

On a trip to India, Fund workers had been trying to negotiate the building of a new nutritional centre for which they were being asked to pay £200,000 for. The day after Anne arrived, it was reduced to £40,000. A donation of £750,000 from the Townswomen’s Guild, of which she is patron, was used to build other health centres. She managed to secure a further £70,000 which was used to finance long-term relief projects in Bangladesh.

In Uganda, the Fund had been trying without success for months to obtain permission to go to a certain area. When Anne visited the country, she spoke to the President personally and within days, permission was given. “That is the sort of help she can give to us which no one else can do,” said Nicholas Hinton, the Director General of the Fund at the time.

When she wasn’t on a tour, she utilized her engagements in Britain to further the cause wherever she could. When she addressed a conference of freight hauliers in Brighton, she obtained donations of services from a worldwide courier company who promised to deliver medicines to any SCF project anywhere in the world free of charge. She extracted a sizeable donation from the delegates she addressed at a meeting of the Inland Revenue Staff Federstion. When Michael Parkinson invited her on to his chat show in Australia, she only agreed after a donation of £6000 was sent to the Fund.

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She has since made further visits to Tanzania, Mozambique, Zambia, Sudan, Uganda and Somalia. Her extensive work with the Fund has been recognised worldwide, so much so that in 1990, she was nominated by President Kaunda of Zambia for the Nobel Peace Prize.

Most recently, Anne has travelled to Bangladesh, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Mozambique, Ethiopia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina. In addition to her trips overseas, she regularly meets fundraisers and volunteers, and visits SCF shops around the UK. She also attends and speaks at many of their special events every year. 

In 2016, after serving as their president for 46 years, Anne became Patron of Save the Children, taking on the role from the Queen. Accepting her new role, she said:

"I am proud of my long association with Save the Children, and I am honoured to succeed Her Majesty as its Patron. It is an organisation that embodies a spirit of compassion, openness and excellence. Its values are an inspiration; its achievements, a source of hope for millions of children. From significantly reducing malnutrition in some of the poorest parts of Bangladesh to sheltering, feeding and vaccinating the young people affected by the devastating winds and rain of typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines and ensuring children in the UK leave primary school reading competently and able to fulfil their potential, their efforts to ensure that every child survives to live a happy, healthy life are outstanding.”

[texila123]

LUSAKA, Zambia, September 03, 2021, -/African Media Agency (AMA)/- The pandemic has left a mark in everyone’s lives, and the student community has seen one of the most massive disruptions, with educational institutions switching to online platforms to ensure continuity in learning.

Along with this, students are struggling to meet educational expenses – a problem that some colleges are resolving through scholarships. Among the institutions that went the extra mile to help students is Texila American University (TAU).

The university has been supporting students to democratize education, and the pandemic has only intensified its initiatives to take the deserving students under its wings. Texila offers scholarships with a 10% to 20% waiver on tuition fees for eligible students enrolling in undergraduate or postgraduate degree programs.

Texila American University has been pushing the boundaries of medical and management education in Africa and South America and has set its sights on 23 other countries in the region to widen access to higher education of aspiring students to attire the vision and mission of our envision Founder & President Mr. Saju Bhaskar and Co-Founder & Executive Vice President Mrs. Chitra Lakshmi.

Supported by a state-of-the-art infrastructure, a stellar line-up of faculty and mentors, and a well-structured curriculum, Texila has made education accessible to deserving students. The university has awarded 100s of scholarships in its fledgling 10-year journey to recognize academic excellence and financial needs.

The extensive range of scholarships has rewarded academic excellence and enabled students from many backgrounds to study at an international university, ensuring equity in education. Though the scholarship programs are highly competitive, offered several partial scholarships to support eligible students as much as possible. Both the local and international students are eligible for a partial scholarship based on academic achievements. The partial scholarships cover 10% to 20% of the tuition fees.

The various scholarship programs that helped students carve a path in the career of their choice include Texila American University – Kenneth Kaunda Scholarship, Academic Excellence Scholarship, MD Scholarship, TAU Global Citizen Grant, TAU- CARICOM Scholarship, and TAU- Guyana Scholarship.

With a rising presence in Zambia, Texila has been providing new hopes for medical aspirants who wished to make a difference in healthcare delivery in their country. As an alumnus of Texila American University (TAU) said, “I decided to not wait for patients in my screening room, rather go out there to salvage whatever health left in them.”

Texila American University is socially invested in Zambia and is committed to building human resource capability in the country whose meritorious students with partial, complete, and discount-based scholarships.

The university would primarily aim at increasing access to medical education in Zambia that according to the World Health Organization, has a doctor-patient ratio of 1:12,000. Texila hopes to support the efforts of the Zambian government, whose National Human Resources for Health Strategic Plan (2018-2024) plans to double the human workforce within this period.

The following full-time and part-time programs offered by Texila American University Zambia campus is accredited by Higher Education Authority (HEA).

Undergraduate Programs in Medicine · Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery Degree

Bachelor’s Degrees · Bachelor of Public Health · Bachelor of Business Administration · B.Sc. in Project Management · B.Sc. in Marketing · B.Sc. in Finance and Accounting

Master’s Degrees · Master of Public Health · Master of Business Administration · Master of Science in Banking and Insurance · Master of Science in Project Management

The following part-time Bachelor of Science in Human Resource Management, Banking & Insurance and Master of Science in Marketing, Human Resource, Finance and Accounting programs are in anticipation of Higher Education Authority accreditation.

Texila American University also offers online and Blended learning programs from Bachelors to Doctoral levels modes in collaboration with the Central University of Nicaragua.

Bachelor’s Degree · Bachelor of Business Administration

[ayittey1]

How Socialism Destroyed Africa

How Socialism Destroyed Africa George B N Ayittey, PhD

(Presentation at the Heritage Foundation on March 11, 2019 in Washington DC).

A. Introduction

I would like to thank David Burton for the invitation to speak at the Heritage Foundation and I would also like to thank you for finding some time to come and listen to this lecture.

It may interest to know that exactly 30 years ago I was a Bradley Scholar here at the Heritage Foundation. I was on loan from Bloomsburg University, Bloomsburg, PA and was supposed to return after a year. I chose not to return. I am sure you would like to know why but let me just say that it was because the intellectual environment was extremely hostile. Even today, I still meet a hostile reaction when I say African leaders failed and betrayed their people.

One must always make a distinction between African leaders and the African people. The two are not synonymous. The leaders have been the problem, not the people. There have been exactly 309 African heads of state since independence in 1960. I will challenge anyone to name me just 20 good leaders out of the lot. Nobody has been able to do so, meaning that the vast majority – over 90% – were utter failures.

Africans are angry – angry at the condition of Africa. When Africans fought for independence, they expected to have freedom and development. But true freedom never came to much of Africa after independence. All we did was to trade one set of masters (white colonialists) for another set of masters (black neo-colonialists) and the oppression and exploitation of the African people continued unabated.

In 1990, only 4 African countries – Botswana, Gambia, Mauritius and Senegal – were democratic.  In January 2017, only 17 out of 54 countries are democratic –  Benin, Botswana, Cape Verde Islands, Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Sao Tome & Principe, Senegal, Seychelles Islands, South Africa, Tanzania and Zambia. At this rate – 12 democracies in 27 years – it will take Africa exactly 94.5 years to become fully democratic, other things being equal.

Where is our freedom? The truth about postcolonial Africa is ugly, embarrassing and not politically correct, which is why some people in the West do not want to hear it. But we can’t sweep it under the rug.

“Free at last!” was the euphoric freedom chant that rang across Africa in the 1960s. Africa had won its independence from white colonial rule. New national flags were unfurled to the sounds of new national anthems. Leaders who fought gallantly and won independence were hailed as heroes and deified. Their pictures were hung in every government building. Currencies bore their portraits. Statues were erected for them. Then they settled down to develop Africa in its own image, not to satisfy the dictates of European metropolitan centers. But with what model? The challenge was daunting.

After independence, the first generation of African leaders launched a frontal assault on what they perceive to be Western institutions. Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, for example, rejected democracy as an “imperialist dogma” while others dismissed it as “luxury Africa could not afford.” Capitalism was rejected as a Western colonial ideology in one monumental syllogistic error. Colonialism was evil and since the colonialists were capitalists, it too was evil. Socialism, the antithesis of capitalism, was adopted by nearly every African leader and was advocated as the only road to Africa's prosperity. Nkrumah surmised that "socialist transformation would eradicate completely the colonial structure of our economy" (Nkrumah 1973; p.189). Additionally, Nkrumah believed "Capitalism is too complicated for a newly independent state; hence, the need for a socialist society" (Nkrumah,1957; p.9).

A wave of socialist ideologies swept across the continent as almost all the new African leaders succumbed to the contagious ideology, copied from the East. The proliferation of socialist ideologies that emerged in Africa, ranged from the "Ujamaa" (familyhood or socialism in Swahili) of Julius Nyerere of Tanzania; the vague amalgam of Marxism, Christian socialism, humanitarianism and "Negritude" of Leopold Senghor of Senegal; humanism of Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia; scientific socialism of Marien N'Gouabi of Congo (Brazzaville); Arab Islamic socialism of Ghaddafi of Libya; "Nkrumaism" (consciencism) of Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana; and "Mobutuism" of Mobutu Sese Seko of Zaire. Only a few African countries such as Ivory Coast, Nigeria and Kenya were pragmatic enough to eschew doctrinaire socialism.

Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, generally regarded as the "father of African socialism," was convinced that "only the socialist form of society can assure Ghana of a rapid rate of economic progress without destroying that social justice, that freedom and equality, which are a central feature of our traditional way of life" (Seven Year Development Plan. Accra: Government of Ghana, 1963; p.1).

Julius Nyerere of Tanzania, on the other hand, misread the communalism of African traditional society as readiness for socialism, which he was first exposed to during his schooling in Scotland. He castigated capitalism or the money economy, which in his view, "encourages individual acquisitiveness and economic competition." The money economy was, in his purview, foreign to Africa and it "can be catastrophic as regards the African family social unit." As an alternative to "the relentless pursuit of individual advancement", Nyerere insisted that Tanzania be transformed into a nation of small scale communalists ("Ujamaa") (Nyerere, 1962).

Accordingly, the Tanzania African National Union Constitution acknowledged as the first socialist principle "that all human beings are equal" and pledged that the government would give "equal opportunity to all men and women”, and would eradicate "all types of exploitation" so as to "prevent the accumulation of wealth which is inconsistent with the existence of a classless society" (Republic of Tanzania, 1967, p.1). Tanzania’s Second Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development laid emphasis on the fact that "considerable benefit will accrue in the long run from the expansion of public ownership because (a) it will be possible to create a genuine Tanzanian industrial know-how faster than under conditions of unrestricted private enterprise; (b) it will be possible to pursue a more effective industrial strategy than is possible under private enterprise; (c) the profits made in industry will be re-invested in United Republic of Tanzania". Thus, the Government as the representative of the people regarded ownership of the means of production by Tanzanians as an "antidote to capitalist exploitation" (Second Five-Year Development Plan 1964-69; p.iix).

B. The Socialist Transformation

Under Nkrumah, socialism as a domestic policy in his Seven-Year Development Plan was to be pursued toward "a complete ownership of the economy by the state." A bewildering array of legislative controls and regulations were imposed on imports, capital transfers, industry, minimum wages, the rights and powers of trade unions, prices, rents, and interest rates. Some of the controls were introduced by the colonialists but they were retained and expanded by Nkrumah. By 1970, nearly 6,000 prices, relating to more than 700 product groups, were controlled in Ghana (World Bank, 1989; p.114). Private businesses were taken over by the Nkrumah government and nationalized. Numerous state enterprises were established.

In 1967, Tanzania's ruling party’s Arusha Declaration established a socialist state where the workers and peasants controlled and owned the means of production. The Arusha Declaration sought to encourage self reliance primarily through an expansion of agricultural production for domestic consumption.

Banks, insurance companies, and foreign trading companies were nationalized. A "villagization" program was adopted to encourage the communal production, marketing, and distribution of farm crops. In 1973, Tanzania undertook massive resettlement programs under "Operation Dodoma", "Operation Sogeza", "Operation Kigoma" and many others. Peasants were loaded into trucks, often forcibly, and moved to new locations. Many lost their lives in the process and to prevent a return to their old habitats, abandoned buildings were destroyed by bulldozers. By 1976, some 13 million peasants had been forced into 8,000 cooperative villages and by the end of the 1970s, about 91 percent of the entire rural population had been moved into government villages (Zinsmeister, 1987). All crops were to be bought and distributed by the government. It was illegal for the peasants to sell their own produce.

Ethiopia adopted a similar program  forced resettlements on government farms. In Mozambique, the Mozambican Liberation Front (FRELIMO) sought to establish a socialist state replete with collectivized agriculture, crop growing schemes and village political committees. According to Libby (1987):

The centerpiece of Frelimo's rural social program for Mozambique was the collectivization of agriculture into communal villages and cooperative farms. Agricultural cooperatives were intended to provide an integrated production base for the communal villages. Hence, villagization was designed to increase food and cash crop production and to make available common facilities for farming as well as provide social services such as education and health comparable with Ujamaa villages in Tanzania (p.216).

In the rest of Africa, planned socialist transformation of Africa meant the institution of a battery of legislative instruments and controls. All unoccupied land was appropriated by the government. Roadblocks, passbook systems were employed to control the movement of Africans. Marketing Boards and export regulations were tightened to fleece the cash crop producers. Price controls were imposed on peasant farmers and traders to render food cheap for the urban elites. Under Sekou Toure of Guinea's program of "Marxism in African Clothes,"

"Unauthorized trading became a crime. Police roadblocks were set up around the country to control internal trade. The state set up a monopoly on foreign trade and smuggling became punishable by death. Currency trafficking was punishable by 15 to 20 years in prison. Many farms were collectivized. Food prices were fixed at low levels. Private farmers were forced to deliver annual harvest quotas to `Local Revolutionary Powers.' State Companies monopolized industrial production" (The New York Times, Dec 28, 1987; p.28).

In Francophone Africa, industries were nationalized, tariff barriers erected and the state assumed near-total control of the national economy (Africa Analysis, Oct 2000). Rather interestingly, the World Bank, US AID, the State Department and even development experts from Harvard University supported these policies and channeled much aid resources to African governments (Bandow, 1986).

In Guinea, a state dominated socialist economy was set up beginning with independence in 1958, in Congo Brazzaville, a similar decision was taken in 1967, and in Benin, a socialist state was proclaimed in 1975. Even in avowedly capitalist countries like Ivory Coast, Kenya and Nigeria, the result became the same: government ownership of most enterprises, and a distrust of private-sector initiative and foreign investment, state controls as well as increasing state intervention in the economy.

In Nigeria, the state, in April 1971, acquired 40 percent of the largest commercial banks, and the Nigerian National Oil Company (NNOC) was established, with the government keeping a majority participation. Four years later the government acquired 55 percent of the petroleum industry and 40 percent of National Insurance Company of Nigeria (NICON). The following year the acquisition was extended to other insurance companies when the government took 49 percent of their shares.

Nigeria's Second Development Plan (1970 74) was unequivocal, declaring that: The interests of foreign private investors in the Nigerian economy cannot be expected to coincide at all times and in every respect with national aspirations. A truly independent nation cannot allow its objectives and priorities to be distorted or frustrated by the manipulation of powerful foreign investors. It is vital therefore for Government to acquire and control on behalf of the Nigerian society the greater proportion of the productive assets of the country. To this end, the Government will seek to acquire, by law if necessary, equity participation in a number of strategic industries that will be specified from time to time" (The Second National Development Plan, 1970 74: Program of Post War Reconstruction and Development, 1970, p.289).

C. The Results

Problems emerged soon after independence. State controls created artificial shortages and black markets. State-owned enterprises could not deliver, achieving very low rates of capacity utilization. Most of them were inefficiently run and unprofitable. At the time of the coup in Ghana in 1966, which overthrew Nkrumah, only 3 or 4 of the 64 state enterprises were paying their way (Garlick 1971; p.141). Consider the performance of these enterprises taken over by the state:

• In 1972, the government took over the African Timber and Plywood Company. Before the take over, "production was 75 percent of installed capacity but this has fallen to a woeful 13 percent" (West Africa Oct 12, 1981; p.2422).

• In 1976, the government of Ghana took over R. T. Briscoe, a foreign company. "Before the take over, the company was producing 241 buses in 1974. After the take over, production was 12 buses in 1977 and only 6 buses in 1978" (Daily Graphic, Jan 18, 1979; p.1).

In 1982, the Kenyan Government estimated the annual average rate of return on the $1.4 billion (1981 dollars) invested in SOEs since independence, in 1963, to be 0.2 percent——a return greatly less than what could have been obtained by depositing the sum in an interest-bearing account (World Bank, 2005).

In Tunisia, the government ran the airline, the steel mill, the phosphate mines, and 150 factories, employing a third of Tunisian workers. After 1990, the government sold off 35 companies and, Private businessman Afif Kilani bought one such company called Comfort, a featherbed for 1,200 workers who built 15,000 refrigerators a year. Mr. Kilani paid $3.3 million for the place in 1990. Five years later, he had whittled the workforce down to 600 workers who made 200,000 refrigerators a year. "Like all state companies, its point had been to support the maximum number of jobs”, he said. "It was social work. A sort of welfare”. (The Wall Street Journal June 22, 1995; p.A11).

In 1958, when Guinea gained its independence from France, it was considered to have the richest potential of Francophone Africa. It had one quarter of the world's bauxite as well as copious reserves of gold and diamonds. Prior to independence, Guinea was exporting food to neighboring French colonies, thanks largely to its fertile land. In addition, thousands of tons of bananas, pineapples, and coffee were shipped to Europe.

Proclaiming a doctrine of "Marxism in African clothes”, the first president, Ahmed Sekou Toure, set the country on a rigid course of state planning and controls. Recall that unauthorized trading became a crime. Private farmers were forced to deliver annual harvest quotas to "Local Revolutionary Powers”. Thousands of Guineans, who protested Toure's dictatorial rule, were imprisoned or executed. By 1984, at the time of Toure's death after 26 years of tyrannical rule, Guinea, once a food exporter, was spending a third of its foreign exchange earnings from bauxite on food. Further, saying “Nyet!” to Toure’s crass revolution, as many as two million Guineans fled to neighboring countries and Europe to live as voluntary exiles.

Study after study produced a damning indictment of SOE performance continent-wide. For example, in twelve West African countries, 62 percent of surveyed SOEs showed net losses, and 36 percent were in a state of negative net worth. By the end of the 1970s, cumulative SOE losses in Mali amounted to 6 percent of GDP. A 1980 study of eight Togolese SOEs revealed that losses in this group alone equaled 4 percent of GDP. In Benin, more than 60 percent of SOEs had net losses; more than three-fourths had debt/equity ratios greater than 5 to 1; close to half had negative net worth, and more than half had negative net working capital (World Bank, 2005).

In Tanzania, the agricultural economy was left devastated by state controls. Production of most crops showed a steady decline after 1974. Overall output of food crops rose only 2.1 percent between 1970 and 1982, well below the population growth of 3.5 percent. By 1981, a food crisis had gripped the nation, turning it into a net importer of basic foodstuffs. The country had to import one million tons of grain to avert population starvation. The towns and cities had to be supplied with imports of grain costing as estimated 2,000 million shillings (Libby 1987; p.254). In 1971/72, grain imports were 135,000 tons, including 90,000 tons of maize. In 1972—73, grain imports dropped to 90,000 tons, of which 80,000 tons were maize. However, during the next year from August 1973 to July 1974, Tanzania was forced to import over 500,000 tons of maize alone (African Business 1979; p.21). For eight years (1974-1982), Tanzania’s income per capita had remained stagnant at $210 (World Bank 2000; p.35). Exports of agricultural produce were similarly affected Exports of cotton have fallen to pre independent volumes and sisal output is less than a third of its 1961 total. In the last ten years, the annual cashew exports fell from 140,000 to 30,000 tons. The total tonnage of all export crops was 20 percent less in 1984 than it had been in 1970. Production of basic food crops, such as maize, rice and wheat, have also declined to half their 1972 levels. And, as could be expected, food imports have doubled" (Zinsmeister, 1987; p.33).

In Zimbabwe, the devastation was almost total. Upon independence in 1980, President Robert Mugabe openly stated his determination to make Zimbabwe a one party nation and his Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) party "a truly Marxist Leninist party to ensure the charting of an irreversible social course and create a socialist ideology”. Indeed, in December 1982 all 57 ministers and deputy ministers in Mugabe's cabinet arrived at the Harare airport to greet visiting Ethiopian leader Mengistu Haile Mariam—black Africa's arch-apostle of Marxism-Leninism. Inheriting an economy that was hobbled by racial inequalities under the former white-minority regime, there was a strong need for statism, to correct injustices committed by white colonialists.

The country was the bread basket of the region. But state controls, state regulations and forcible seizures of white commercial farmlands without compensation destroyed agriculture and turned the country into a net food importer.

The economy declined progressively. Corn production dropped sharply from 2 million tons in 1981 to 620,000 in 1983. Shortages of commodities and foreign exchange were rampant. The cost of living rose astronomically.  By 2008, things had gotten progressively worse. Inflation was raging at 2 million% and unemployment was at 80%. In 2009, the currency collapsed and the US dollar was adopted. About 4 million fled to neighboring countries. In October 2017, Mugabe was driven out of office and was succeeded by Emmerson Mnangagwa, his former security chief.

D. Reasons for Failure

1. Exploitation and Oppression

Many governments not only nationalized European companies, ostensibly to prevent "foreign exploitation", but also vented their rage against the natives. In many other countries, the natives were squeezed out of industry, trade, and commerce, and the state emerged as the domineering, if not the only, player. Indigenous operators were not tolerated. Indeed, there was a time when the director of the Club du Sahel, Anne de Lattre, would begin her meetings with the frightening remark, "Well, there is one thing we all agree on: that private traders should be shot" (West Africa, Jan 26, 1987; p.154).

Unbelievable brutalities were heaped upon peasant farmers and traders under Ghana inane price controls (1982-1983). Ghanaian cocoa farmers in 1983 were paid less than 10 percent of the world market price for their produce. In Gambia, peanut producers received about 20 percent for their produce in the same year. According to West Africa (Feb 15, 1989):

“On the average, between 1964/65 and 1984/85, the peasants of Gambia were robbed of 60 percent of the international price of their groundnuts! For 20 years, the Jawara Government `officially' took, free of charge, 3 out of every 5 bags, leaving the peasant with a gross of 2. With deductions for subsistence credit fertilizer, seeds, etc., the peasant would end up with a net one bag out of five . . . With these facts, it is simply wrong to say that the poverty of the peasant derives from the defects of nature   drought, over population, laziness, and so on (p.250).  

In 1981, the Government of Tanzania paid peasant maize farmers only 20 percent of the free market price for their produce. "Studies by the International Labor Organization have indicated that taxation levels in the agricultural sector in Sierra Leone averaged between 30 and 60 percent of gross income" (West Africa, 15 Feb 1982; p. 446).

In Zambia, when traders refused to sell their produce at government dictated prices, authorities raided markets in May 1988. They arrested hundreds of people, took their money, and tore down market stalls, seizing sugar, detergents, salt, maize meal, soft drinks, candles, flour, and clothing. Back in 1984 in Ghana, “some unidentified soldiers who made brief stopovers at Swedru to check prices, robbed innocent traders” (West Africa, July 23, 1984; p.1511).

In this way, the peasantry was systematically robbed of considerable resources. For example, in a January 1989 New Year's address, President Houphouet-Boigny of Ivory Coast admitted that, over the years, peasant cash crop producers "have over the years parted with four-fifths of the value of what they produced to enable the government to finance development" (West Africa, May 1-7, 1989; p.677). But development for whom? About 70% of Ivory Coast’s development was concentrated around Abidjan, capital, for the elite -- not the farmers.

Eventually, the peasantry rebelled. Farmers decided that they would no longer produce surpluses for the state to expropriate. Beginning in the 1980s, production of food and cash crops began to decline across Africa.

2. Administrative Ineptitude

State owned enterprises were acquired haphazardly with little planning, resulting in grotesque blunders and mismanagement. There is extensive evidence for these, but suffice it here to give a few dramatic examples. • In Ghana, two tomato canneries were built in different parts of the country. The capacity of either one of them would have met the total domestic demand (Killick 1978; p.229).

• It took six years to complete Ghana's state footwear corporation factory and by the time it was ready to go into production much of its equipment was obsolete (Killick 1978; p.231).

• The Ghana government owned sugar factory at Komenda, after completion, stood idle for more than a year because it lacked a water supply system (Killick 1978; p.231).

• In Uganda and Angola, some high rises lacked glass panes and running water. In Mali, a Soviet built cement factory at Diamou was designed for a capacity of 50,000 tons a year. Beset by regular breakdowns, it produced only 5 tons in 1983 (Time, Jan 16, 1984; p.27).

• Ghana's State Meat Factory at Bolgatanga, which produces the VOLTA corned beef, was closed for 9 months. Yet, employees received full pay (West Africa, Nov 30 1981; p.2884).

• A Yugoslav company built a mango processing plant in Ghana with a capacity exceeding the entire world's trade in canned mangoes. When the factory was commissioned in 1964, it was discovered that the supply of mangoes came from a few trees scattered in the bush (Killick 1978; p.229).

Western governments and development agencies failed to exercise prudence in granting aid and loans to African governments. Much Western aid to Africa was used to finance grandiose projects of little economic value and to underwrite economically ruinous policies. There are many horrifying blunders. In the 1980s, Canada funded a fully-automated modern bakery in Tanzania but there was no flour to bake bread. In Somalia, the Italian funded a banana-boxing plant but the production capacity needed to make the plant break even exceeded the country’s entire output of bananas. And in northern Kenya, Norwegian aid officials built fish-freezing plant to help the Turkana people in 1971 at a cost $21 million. The only problem was the Turkana people do not fish; they raise goats (The Associated Press, Dec 23, 2007). According to The Wall Street Journal (July 29, 1985): The U.S. built 50 crop storage depots in 1983 in Senegal and placed them in locations the peasants never visited. In Uganda, a railroad expert discovered to his amazement that a repair shop built with foreign aid was seven times as large as the one he ran in Germany. A fifth of Ivory Coast's foreign borrowing went to build two sugar mills that started production just four years ago and now are closed. In Sudan, the Soviets built a milk bottling plant at Babanusa. Babanusa's Baggara tribesmen drink their milk straight from the cow and there aren't any facilities to ship milk out of Babanusa. The 20 year old plant hasn't produced a single bottle of milk. (p.18)

But the mother of all state-owned enterprises can be found in Nigeria – the Ajaokuta Steel Mill. In 1975, Nigeria purchased a Russian made steel-making furnace. But it was built on a site so remote from iron and coal mines as to render it useless. Subsequently, Russian, German and French technicians spent billions of naira to make it operational. They did not work. Known as the Ajaokuta steel mill, the government made fruitless efforts over the decades to resurrect it. By 2017, “The Ajaokuta steel that had reached 98 per cent completion as far back as 1994 had not produced a single steel till date . . . The federal government had spent over $10 billion over 34 years and would require another $2 billion to complete the remaining two per cent of the plant” (Premium Times, Dec 26, 2017).

By 2019, it had attracted $8 billion in additional government subsidies without producing a single beam of steel. Yet, over 100,000 workers were on the payroll drawing pension (The Economist, Feb 8, 2019).

3. Venal Tendencies/Corruption

State controls created artificial shortages, providing rich opportunities for rent-seeking activities and illicit enrichment. Import and exchange controls were the most lucrative. Ministers demanded 10 percent commission before issuing an import license. Everyone was chasing scarce commodities to buy at government-controlled prices and resell on the black market to make a profit – a process known in Ghana as “kalabule.”

More perniciously, the ruling elites discovered that they could not only use state controls to enrich themselves but also to punish the political rivals. For example, they would deny import license to import newsprint to newspapers that were critical of them.

More annoying was the out and out betrayal and theft by many of the first generation of leaders.  “Only socialism will save Africa!” they chanted in the 1960s. But the socialism they practiced was a peculiar type of “Swiss-bank socialism,” which allowed the head of state and a cohort of ministers to rape and plunder state treasuries for private accounts in Swiss and other foreign banks. Askeed to define socialism, a Zimbabwean official said, “Here in Zimbabwe, socialism means what’s mine is mine, but what’s yours we share!”

Indeed, in Zimbabwe, $15 billion of revenue from the Marange diamond fields was plundered by the ruling elite in 2015 (New Zimbabwe, March 5, 2015). In Mozambique, $2 billion in loan proceeds simply vanished in 2018. Ndambi Guebuza, “he oldest son of former president Armando Guebuza was arrested on that debt scandal” (Daily Nation, Jan 17, 2019). A 2011 report commissioned by the United Nations Development Fund “said that between 1990 and 2008, $34 billion disappeared from Angola’s public coffers” (The Wall Street Journal, Oct 15-16, 2011; p.A10). Isabel dos Santos, the daughter of former president, Eduardo, who ruled for 38 years, is the richest woman in Africa with a net worth of $2.2 billion (Forbes, March 8, 2019). Her father, Jose Eduardo, was worth $20 billion (The Citizen, Oct 4, 2017). Meanwhile, some 65% of Angolans remain poor and lack access to clean water, electricity and sanitation.

If you want to understand why America is rich in Africa is poor, ask yourself this question: H            ow do the rich in both places make their wealth? Here in America, the richest person is Jeff Bezos of Amazon.com. He created it and has something to show for it. In fact, 80% of US billionaires are problem-solvers. Now let’s go to Africa. Who are the richest? The richest in Africa heads of state and ministers. Quite often, the chief bandit is the head of state himself. How did they make their money? By raking it off the backs of their suffering people. What did they create? Nothing. In fact, none of Africa’s billionaire presidents made their wealth in the private sector. So, how do they teach the youth about wealth creation?

Here is a list of Africa’s billionaire presidents:

NAME                                 LOOT

Mobutu Sese Seko             $1 - $5 billion (Forbes, Nov 8, 2011) (Zaire, now Congo DR)

Charles Taylor  (Liberia)      $5 billion (BBC News, May 2, 2008 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7379536.stm)

The late Gen Sani Abacha (Nigeria) $5 billion (Sunday Times, Dec 17, 2000. and $1 - $5 billion (Forbes, Nov 8, 2011)

Omar al-Bashir (Sudan)       $9 Billion (BBC News Africa, Dec 18, 2010)

Gen Ibrahim Babangida (Nigeria) $12 billion (Forbes, Nov 8, 2011)

Ben Ali (Tunisia) $13 billion  (The Wall Street Journal, June 20, 2011)

Hosni Mubarak (Egypt)         $40 billion (The Sun, Jan 11, 2011)

Muammar Khaddafi (Libya)i  $200 billion (Los Angeles Times. Oct 21, 2011: http://articles.latimes.com/2011/oct/21/world/la-fg-kadafi-money-20111022\

“Every military regime is a fraud. Anybody who heads a military regime subverts the wishes of the people” – said General I.B. Babangida (rtd), former head of state of Nigeria (The African Observer, Jan 18-31, 1999; p.6). He should know; he stole $12 billion.

The Atlantic Monthly (May 20, 2010) provided an analysis of the net worth of all 43 U.S. presidents – from Washington to Obama – and found the combined net worth to be $2.7 billion in 2010 dollars. Evidently, Abacha, Babangida, Bashir, Houphouet-Boigny, and Mobutu each [stole more than the net worth of all U.S. presidents combined!  

4. Alien ideology

Socialism can never be justified upon the basis of African tradition. The basic economic and social unit in the West is the individual. The American says “I am because I am and I can do anything I want at any time.” The emphasis is on the “I,“ the individual. In Africa, a person says ”I am because we are.” The “we” connotes the extended family, group or community. Land, for example, is owned by the extended family, so the African would say that “the land belongs to us.” The early Europeans misinterpreted that to mean land belonging to every Tom Dick and Harry in the village, which gave rise to the myth of communal ownership. The extended family pools is resources together and may share them among its members but the extended family is a private entity, not the tribal government. Many of the leaders and scholars mistook these aspects of African cultural heritage – helping one another, community awareness, sharing of resources, and so on – as a justification for African socialism. They were wrong.

In traditional Africa, one does not have to line up before a chief‘s palace to seek permission to engage in trade or some occupation. There were free markets, free enterprise and free-trade in Africa before the colonialists arrived. Perhaps, this was the most singular reason why socialism failed miserably in Africa because it is an alien ideology.

E. Aftermath

Nkrumah was overthrown in a military coup in 1966. But his statist experiment did not end then. Successive Ghanaian governments retained, and in some cases expanded, the state interventionist behemoth Nkrumah had erected. Foreign mining companies were subsequently nationalized. More state enterprises were set up and a denser maze of controls were placed on prices, rents, interest, foreign exchange exports, and imports. “The Ghana government owns nearly 90 percent of the companies doing business in the country. There are nearly 340 plus state-owned enterprises. Out of this number, only 17 have posted improved figures to date” (Ghana Drum Oct 1992; p.17).

The socialist ideology has left two pernicious legacies that will hold Africa back for some time to come. The first is socialist mentality – the tendency to look up to the government or the belief that government must solve every problem. This can be discerned from the following instances:

• Ask them to trim their bloated bureaucracies and cut government spending and they will establish a “Ministry of Less Government Spending” (Mali). • Ask them to establish a market-based economy and place more emphasis on the private sector and they will create a “Ministry of Private Enterprise,” as Ghana did in 2002. • Ask them to establish good governance and they will set up a “Ministry of Good Governance” (Tanzania). Don’t ask them to improve transparency!

Second, the state machinery and infrastructure that were erected in the 1960s to give effect to socialism were not dismantled. This has led to a phenomenal growth in the public sector that is now packed with cronies, relatives and party hacks in a multiplicity of parallel institutions and ministries with overlapping functions. Ghana, for example, has Ministry of Aviation, Ministry of Roads and Highways, Ministry of Transport, Ministry of Roads and Transport, Ministry of Ports and Railways. Why not just one Ministry of Transportation?

Bloated bureaucracies are riddled with willful dissipation of public funds, financial irregularities and profligacy. Ghost workers abound:

• In Ghana, there were over 6,000 ghost workers on government payrolls and their salaries collected by living workers in Ghana (Ghana Web, Dec 13, 2014). • In Nigeria, 62,893 ghost workers were nabbed and hopefully reburied (African Leadership, Feb 18, 2015). • Of the 1.2 million civil servants in Congo DR, an astonishing 500,000 were found to be ghost workers (Der Spiegel, June 5, 2017).

In 2009, Kenya had 94 ministers and deputy ministers; Zimbabwe had 82. Angola checked in with 88. Ghana, with a population of 25 million, had 97 cabinet and regional ministers plus their deputies in 2009. By 2017, the number had grown to 110 -- the largest in Africa.

In addition, there are ministers of state at the presidency, presidential staffers and advisors. At each ministry, there are a principal secretaries, deputy principal secretaries, assistant deputy principal secretaries, etc. The next batch comprise governors or regional ministers and their deputies. Then there is the legislature – Senators and MPs, all feeding off the government trough.

Then each Minister must have a government bungalow (house), a Pajero (SUV), a saloon car for Madam, a garden boy, a cook, a day watchman, a night watchman and a security guard to accompany the official. Then each senior government officer is entitled to a house loan, furniture loan, fridge loan and even an education loan for the children. These perks were offered by the colonial masters to their subjects to entice them to serve in the colonies, but hardly made sense to retain them after independence. Nigerian legislators are highest paid in the world. Its Senators enjoy an obscene smorgasbord of perks and allowances that take their salaries to a cool $2 million each when 60% of the population earn less than $2 a day.  An outrageous perk is "hardship" allowance.  

The huge government workforce consumes 70 percent of Ghana’s budget; 80% in Zimbabwe. This means that the government has little savings left for capital expenditures for development.

South Africa

Strange as it might sound, the ruling elites in South Africa are poised to repeat the catastrophic mistakes we made in sub-Saharan Africa. Some senior members of the ruling ANC seek constitutional amendment to seize white-owned land without compensation and a breakaway faction, the Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) seek to nationalize the central bank and all new discoveries of oil and gas – all this in the teeth of the disastrous socialist experiment right next door in Zimbabwe.

It needs to be emphasized that one of the cruelest jokes perpetrated on a gullible world was the misconception that the South African economy under apartheid was a "capitalist and free market”.

Under apartheid, the South African economy was characterized by severe state interventionism: where blacks could live and work, and what type of jobs they could take, were all determined by the state. The fictional link of apartheid to capitalism remained well into the 1990s, even though the National Party government operated a horrendous array of programs to maintain a heavy presence in the economy.

Apartheid must be repudiated but it was not capitalism. Colonialism needed to be repudiated but it was not capitalism. Albert Einstein once defined insanity as doing the same thing again and again and expecting different results. Lunacy may be defined as doing the same stupid thing again and again and expecting the same stupid results.

Thank you.

REFERENCES

Government Publications

Seven Year Development Plan, 1963 -1970. Accra: Government of Ghana, 1963.

"African Socialism and its Application to Planning in Kenya”. Sessional Paper No. 10. Nairobi: Republic of Kenya, 1965.

Tanzania’s Second Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development. Dar-es-Salaam: Republic of Tanzania, 1967.

The Five-Year Development Plan, 1990-1995. Harare, Zimbabwe. Government Printer.

Other Sources

Ayittey, George B.N. Africa Betrayed. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1992.

___________ (2005) Africa Unchained. New York, NY: Palgrave/McMillan.

___________ (2018) Applied Economics for Africa. Washington, DC: Atlas Network.

Bandow, Doug (1986). "The First World's Misbegotten Economic Legacy to the Third World", Journal of Economic Growth, Vol. l, No.4: l7.

Garlick, Peter (1971). African Traders and Economic Development. Oxford: Clarendon.

Killick, Tony (1978). Development Economics In Action: A Study of Economic Policies in Ghana. London: Heinemann.

Libby, Ronald T. (1987). The Politics of Economic Power in Southern Africa. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Manning, Patrick (1988). Francophone Sub Saharan Africa l880 1985. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Nkrumah, Kwame (1957). Ghana; An Autobiography. London: Nelson.

_____ _________ (1973). Revolutionary Path. New York: International Publishers.

Nyerere, Julius K. (1962). Ujamaa: The Basis Of African Socialism. Dar es Salaam: Government Printer.

World Bank (1989). Sub-Saharan Africa: From Crisis to Self-Sustainable Growth. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.

___________ (2000). Can Africa Claim the 21st Century? Washington, DC: World Bank publication.

World Bank, 2005. The Evolution of Enterprise Reform in Africa: From State-Owned Enterprises to Private Participation in Infrastructure—and Back. Technical Paper Series; No.84. Washington, DC.

Zinsmeister, Karl (1987). "East African Experiment: Kenyan Prosperity and Tanzanian Decline," Journal of Economic Growth, Vol.2. No.2:28.

[african-medical-school]

The Cost of Medical School in Africa: A Comprehensive Guide

The Cost of Medical School in Africa

Introduction

Medical school is a significant investment, both financially and academically. The cost of medical school can vary depending on the country and the institution. In Africa, the cost of medical school can range from a few thousand dollars to tens of thousands of dollars per year.

This guide will provide a comprehensive overview of the cost of medical school in Africa. We will cover tuition, fees, living expenses, and financial aid options. We will also discuss some of the most affordable medical schools in Africa.

Tuition and Fees

Tuition and fees are the two largest expenses associated with medical school. Tuition is the cost of instruction, while fees cover other costs such as registration, library access, and student services. Tuition for medical school in Africa can vary depending on the country and the institution. In general, public medical schools are more affordable than private medical schools.

Why Study Medicine In Africa? Medical schools in Africa offer a cost-effective alternative, with affordable tuition and fees, making quality medical education accessible to a diverse range of students. For example, the average tuition for a public medical school in South Africa is around R50,000 per year, while the average tuition for a private medical school is around R80,000 per year.

In Egypt, the average tuition for a public medical school is around LE10,000 per year, while the average tuition for a private medical school is around LE50,000 per year.

Living Expenses

Living expenses are another important consideration when budgeting for medical school. Living expenses can include housing, food, transportation, and textbooks. The cost of living expenses can vary depending on the country and the city where you attend medical school. In general, the cost of living in major cities is higher than the cost of living in rural areas.

For example, the average cost of living for a medical student in Cape Town, South Africa is around R10,000 per month. The average cost of living for a medical student in Cairo, Egypt is around LE5,000 per month.

Financial Aid Options

There are a number of financial aid options available to help medical students pay for their education. These options include scholarships, bursaries, and loans. Scholarships and bursaries are typically awarded based on merit or financial need. Loans are typically repaid after graduation. In Africa, there are various financial aid options available to help medical students cover the costs of their education, including scholarships, bursaries, and loans, with scholarships for medical studies in Africa often being awarded based on academic merit and a commitment to serving underserved communities.

There are a number of organizations that offer financial aid to medical students in Africa. Some of these organizations include:

The African Development Bank

The World Health Organization

The Mastercard Foundation

The Aga Khan Foundation

Most Affordable Medical Schools in Africa

Here is a list of some of the most affordable medical schools in Africa:

Makerere University School of Medicine (Uganda)

Texila America University (Zambia)

University of Ghana Medical School (Ghana)

University of Nairobi School of Medicine (Kenya)

Moi University School of Medicine (Kenya)

University of Ibadan College of Medicine (Nigeria)

University of Nigeria, Nsukka College of Medicine (Nigeria)

Cairo University Faculty of Medicine (Egypt)

Ain Shams University Faculty of Medicine (Egypt)

Global Health Initiatives

Medical Education Advancement in Africa has enabled students to actively engage in global health initiatives and research, offering them the chance to contribute to projects addressing critical global health issues and fostering international collaborations and promising career prospects.

Conclusion

The cost of medical school in Africa can vary depending on the country and the institution. In general, public medical schools are more affordable than private medical schools. There are a number of financial aid options available to help medical students pay for their education. If you are considering studying medicine in Africa, be sure to research the cost of tuition, fees, and living expenses at different institutions. You should also contact financial aid offices to learn more about available scholarships, bursaries, and loans.

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This dispensing system provides over 30 money-saving concentrated disinfectants and cleaners, quickly filling bottles, buckets and autoscrubbers with ready-to-use solution. Lactic acid-based disinfectant-cleaners are safer to use as they're based mostly on natural ingredients. Citric acid-based disinfectant-cleaners are thought-about safer to use as they're based on pure elements. Designed for cleansing, deodorizing, and disinfecting for homes, hospitals, nursing houses, faculties, hotels and food processing institutions. This product is efficient the place housekeeping is of prime significance in controlling cross-contamination from handled surfaces. Before you start utilizing bleach all over the place, it is important to know that bleach can burn your skin and give off dangerous fumes. Verywell Health articles are reviewed by board-certified physicians and healthcare professionals. These medical reviewers affirm the content is thorough and accurate, reflecting the newest evidence-based analysis. Vinegar can be used to scrub onerous surfaces and take away calcium deposits that also helps to maintain up the environment bacteria free. Sulphuric acid is used in acidic drain cleaners to unblock clogged pipes by dissolving greases, proteins, and even carbohydrate-containing substances similar to rest room tissue. For a relaxation room that at all times shines, scrub with a toilet brush once per week, specializing in the water line. As for the remainder of the bathroom, run a disinfecting cleansing wipe over the lid, seat and base each few days . If you reside with boys, you may need to present slightly love to the ground space round the toilet as well. To safely clean stainless-steel or chrome, all you want is slightly dish soap and water, says Ron Shimek, president of Mr. Appliance, a Neighborly company. Industrial Cleaning Contracts With Colleges This technique ended up being an enormous homerun and at one point we had contracts with 6 constitution faculties, these principals network same as we do and one would result in the subsequent one like domino’s. The query of tips on how to employ faculty cleaners is fundamentally not an economic one. It cannot be answered without addressing the more foundational query of what, in essence, a public school is for. In 2017, the workers’ union United Voice discovered one cleaner working in a Victorian public school for just A$2.70 an hour. Passing the “name the cleaner” take a look at is far easier for kids in Tasmania, the place cleaners have remained direct workers of the varsity. When dealing with colleges they want to know you've high standards and are a trustworthy enterprise. Posting content in your site speaking about this your self only goes so far. Area varieties include workplaces and convention rooms, restrooms, classrooms, outlets, labs, kitchens and cafeterias, gyms and locker rooms. Our crew takes care of every building and each area on campus to create a sense of delight among the many scholar physique and faculty. From dusting mirrors and light fixtures to disinfecting every window in a high school administrator's office, we go away no stone unturned. Still, not enough cleaning business house owners focus on expanding their cleansing service offerings to reap the benefits of novel alternatives and strengthen their existing customer relationships. Read on to see an outline of seven widespread types of cleansing services you could provide your clients. On a daily foundation, our workers will relocate all chairs, tables, waste receptacles, lamps and other furnishings to their applicable positions. To preserve a clear, dust-free setting, our staff will dust all degree surfaces day by day, including desktops, tables, file cabinets, bookshelves, hard-surface furnishings and extra. In high-traffic areas, employees will clean wall surfaces, switch plates, door frames and hardware daily. With their security in thoughts, it's much more important that we provide these schools cleaning services that adhere to strict public well being tips. Do you run a cleansing enterprise focusing on schools but are not getting jobs? If YES, listed right here are 7 guaranteed steps to getting cleaning contracts with faculties. Keeping an surroundings is a challenging work; more so if the setting in question is a faculty. You will need to be expert and have an consideration for particulars to have the flexibility to successfully clear the varied classrooms, offices, gyms, lawns etc that schools have. First 清潔公司 am going to share a couple tales, the first one on constitution schools after which present the bodily software to really do it. Eight Primary Ideas For Home And Apartment Cleansing Between Tenants Add towels to the load when washing toys which have exhausting elements, to stop injury to your machine and a horrible racket. The nature of the lounge being what it is, items that don't necessarily belong in the residing room often make their means in there. Items such as dirty socks, wine glasses and even Krazy Glue ultimately must be put of their rightful locations . Get linked to essentially the most related on-demand video content material impacting the cleansing trade provide chain. NerdWallet strives to keep its information correct and up to date. This data could additionally be totally different than what you see if you visit a monetary establishment, service provider or specific product’s site. Use your nondominant arm to assist your child's head and neck and the other to hold and guide your child's physique into the water, ft first. Continue supporting your baby's head and back as needed. You might attain behind your child and hold on to his or her opposite arm throughout the bathtub. Information about products not manufactured by Apple, or independent web sites not controlled or tested by Apple, is supplied with out recommendation or endorsement. Apple assumes no duty with regard to the selection, efficiency, or use of third-party websites or products. Apple makes no representations relating to third-party website accuracy or reliability. Don’t make the mistake of assuming that your youngsters will know what you mean whenever you say, “Clean your room.” What qualifies as “clean,” exactly? The answer might seem obvious to you – it might look like frequent sense -- but it may not be to them. “Come up with a cleansing plan that each parent and teen are comfy with.” Sure, it may not be both party’s best, but it’s better than the never-ending argument. What’s the most important supply of battle along with your teenage son or daughter? For many dad and mom, it’s not dating or damaged curfews or dangerous grades – it’s cleaning. The Method To Clear Different Varieties Of Window Blinds Each type of blind system has its personal explicit cleaning wants. Though window blinds require little upkeep, it is advisable to wipe and clear them often. When neglected, dust can accumulate and affect the standard of sunshine penetration and air circulation in your house. The injection-extraction cleansing methodology, which is the strategy Hunter Douglas suggests, is taken into account to be the simplest. Now, dry the blinds by opening the windows barely. Within 1 -2 hours, the washed area ought to have dried utterly. Afterward, shut the home windows to forestall dust stains on the blinds. The first step on tips on how to clean material blinds is to take away them from their spots on the wall. But the method of elimination is dependent upon the sort you need to wash. The final trick when you have stubborn grime or buildup is to offer them a deep clear by immersing them in the bathtub. Slowly transfer down the blind ensuring you clean every individual slat. Cloths are great, but an old (clean!) sock will work just as nicely. Put the sock over your hand, dip it into water, and you’ll have the flexibility to clear all of the window coverings in your home. Wood and faux-wood blinds may be completely closed; the slats of vinyl and aluminum blinds, which often overlap, ought to be tilted downward but not fully closed. I never really thought cleaning window blinds could be as tricky as it is. Work from the center of every slat outwards to minimise the spread of dust. Once dusted, use washing up liquid in scorching water or an excellent quality window cleaning product to softly wipe the slats, being cautious not to bow them. Dry with a lint-free cloth – microfibre cloths are one of the best.

[smndlcrz]

Making Connection

PART 1

I became aware that I am different from other people at a young age mainly because society pressures heteronormativity. But, I was unsure who I wanted to be and how I will perform my role. Now I identify myself as a man, and it took me years to confirm my gender identity. Erickson's theory of identity crisis, specifically my identity versus role confusion, best suits my life struggle because I was first uncomfortable about my self-concept. Still, I eventually adapted well, leading to fidelity. I underwent numerous experiments before I unraveled my identity crisis.

PART 2

A participatory approach and collaborative teaching with experts are what I visualize in my classroom, especially when topics are out of my hands and are sensitive. Social sciences contain numerous social issues, and working together with experts will be an easy way to communicate with learners. A study conducted by Chavula et al. (2021) in Zambia has proven that these approaches will educate learners more specifically in comprehensive sexuality education (CSE), enable them to be confident in their bodies, and boost self-esteem. Also, these approaches encouraged learners to participate in discussions and activities. I think these approaches suit my teaching philosophy because learners need people who can make them understand the social issues' reality. They need accessible academic resources from experts, which can be possible during open discussions, a participatory approach. CSE is a challenging topic discussion with learners, and it is best to collaborate with experts to achieve awareness.

References:

Chavula, M. P., Svanemyr, J., Zulu, J. M., & Sandøy, I. F. (2021). Experiences of teachers and community health workers implementing sexuality and life skills education in youth clubs in Zambia. Global Public Health, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2021.1893371

[saintrhemajl]

GOOD NEWS SCHOLARSHIP UPTO 100% SCHOLARSHIP. INTAKES ✓ DECEMBER- 2021 ✓ JANUARY- 2022 MODE OF STUDY , FULL TIME , EVENING CLASSES AND DISTANCE LEARNING NAKA Education Consultancy with it's partnering Institutions in Zambia is offering 25-100% Scholarship for 2022 Academic Year In the following Programs: SCHOOL OF HEALTH ✓ Diploma In Registered Nursing ✓ Diploma In Clinical medicine ✓ Diploma In Occupationally health and safety ✓ Diploma In Environmental Health ✓ Diploma In Public Health ✓ Degree In Public Health SCHOOL OF EDUCATION ✓Secondary Teaching ✓Primary Teaching SCHOOL OF BUSINESS ✓Human Resource Management ✓Public Administration ✓Development studies ✓Business Administration ✓Social Work ✓Banking and Finance ✓Project Management ✓Journalism ✓ Transport and Logistic ✓Economics ✓Secretarial and Office management SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE ✓Agribusiness ✓General Agriculture SCHOOL OF COMPUTER SCIENCE ✓ Diploma In Information Technology ✓ Diploma In Computer Science ✓ Diploma In Computer System Engineering ✓ Degree In Computer System Engineering HOW TO APPLY 👇 Send a copy of your results and NRC on WhatsApp: +260960622589by indicating your program of study NOTE ===== Choice of more than 5 universities within and outside Zambia and those outside Zambia can also apply for this opportunity. WhatsApp:0960622589 #saintrhemablessings #onepeople #scholarships https://www.instagram.com/p/CVFuQDToZsU/?utm_medium=tumblr

[texilaamericauniversity]

Dr Ebenezer Obi Daniel: A Committed Journey In Public Health

Dr. Ebenezer Obi Daniel is a top public health expert who serves a multilateral organization with a singular goal of building a sustainable health care ecosystem, which is presently shaken by the pandemic.

Dr Daniel, who is a Health System Development Specialist with the World Health Organization (WHO) in Seychelles, is confident that strong public organizations will help the world find its feet and fight back the virus that is receding in global hotspots.

South Sudan and Nigeria are the milestones in Dr. Daniel’s global career that began with his earnestness to take up research in public health.

With “near zero” knowledge in public health, Dr. Daniel’s “inherent interest” in the field nudged him into joining Texila American University, where he completed both his master’s degree and  PhD in public health.

“Texila is a one-of-its-kind institution that combines quality education with affordability,” said Dr. Daniel, who worked with WHO in Nigeria between 2019 and 2020 as a public health consultant. He was in charge of both routine and supplementary immunization activities, including the integration of primary health services wherever possible.

“Young students struggle to balance education and work and, in my case, Texila recognized my passion for this study, accommodated my difficulty, and helped me complete my studies through their scholarship programs for deserving candidates and a flexible mode of study.”

After all, education must suit our pockets, said Dr. Daniel, who served Doctors with Africa (CUAMM) in South Sudan, between 2015 and 2019, during which he played a key role in improving access to essential health services among vulnerable populations in South Sudan.

“This is a goal I achieved with both formal and informal commendations,” says the public health specialist, who coordinated multiple public health humanitarian responses in war-torn states in his capacity as Technical Advisor and Project Manager.

Some of the areas where Dr. Daniel operated, included Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health (RMNCH), Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI), Nutrition Therapy Program, Procurement, Disease Control, and Epidemiology.

Texila American University stood out in many crucial aspects, some of them are beyond academics, says Dr. Daniel.

“The university’s well-structured modules were highly successful in simplifying complicated concepts, and the assignments were infused creativity in large doses.”

“Access to a well-stocked e-library, the rich content of the program coupled with the academic approach set us thinking, we could also help us relate to the ground reality,” Dr. Daniel says.

He said studying in Texila also meant reading widely a lot of material followed by tests and assignments, however, the path to earning the degree or doctorate was smooth for any student who was interested in the pursuit, thanks to a highly qualified and committed faculty.

“Life at Texila was memorable with every little interest of the students looked into by student coordinators through weekly meetings,” Dr. Daniel said.

The university’s multicultural environment facilitated an exchange of ideas and opportunities and helped in making lasting friendships with people from across the African region and beyond, said Dr. Daniel.

“Students from Zambia, Sudan, South Africa, Nigeria, Cameroon, Guyana, Canada, and India were a big part of the student community at Texila, and it nourished our thoughts, attitude towards diversity.”

It is possible to learn after classes, too, at Texila – reports, papers, analysis, and research activities about infectious and non-communicable diseases, and epidemics and pandemics, according to Dr. Daniel.

“It helped us to better understand the urgency in addressing diseases prevalent in the African region – like Ebola and malaria,” said Dr. Daniel.

Start a life-changing career

If you’re looking for a career that could change your life, enroll in the PhD in Public Health with Texila American University. This engaging course will give you the skills to become a Professional public health officer.

[african-medical-school]

Top Medical Schools in Africa, African Medical Schools, Best medical universities in africa

Introduction 

Africa has several renowned medical schools that have carved a niche in the global medical community. These institutions offer world-class education, state-of-the-art facilities, and experienced faculty, attracting students from across the continent and worldwide. Let’s delve into some of the top medical schools in Africa and discover what sets them apart.  

Texila American University, Zambia  

Studying at TAU is relatively affordable, especially compared to other top medical schools worldwide. It can be a significant factor for students considering their financial options. TAU is a leading research university with a strong focus on innovation and discovery. It allows students to be involved in cutting-edge research and to make a real difference in the world.  

University of Cape Town  

In addition to its academic excellence, UCT is also known for its global recognition. The university is a member of the prestigious Association of Commonwealth Universities, and its alums include Nobel laureates, world leaders, and business executives.  

Makerere University  

Makerere University, located in Uganda, is a renowned medical institution with affordable tuition fees and exceptional clinical exposure. Students have access to numerous affiliated hospitals, providing ample opportunities for practical experience. The university’s medical degrees are internationally recognized and ranked by the WHO. Indian students interested in studying MBBS here can opt for English medium courses, eliminating language barriers. With limited class sizes, students receive personalized attention from teachers. Additionally, the university offers comfortable hostel accommodations, ensuring a pleasant stay for students.  

University of the Witwatersrand  

The University of the Witwatersrand (Wits University) is a public research university in Johannesburg, South Africa. Wits University’s medical school was founded in 1922 and is one of Africa’s oldest and most prestigious medical schools. The school offers undergraduate and postgraduate medical programs and is home to several world-renowned medical researchers.  

Medical students at Wits University can access state-of-the-art facilities and resources. The Donald Gordon Medical Centre is a renowned teaching hospital located in South Africa. It is widely recognized as one of the country’s largest and most prestigious medical centers. The school also strongly focuses on community health, and its students are encouraged to participate in outreach programs in underserved areas. Wits University designs the medical curriculum to produce well-rounded doctors, critical thinkers, and leaders in their field. It is constantly updated to reflect advances in medical knowledge and technology.  

Cairo University  

Cairo University (CU) is a public research university in Giza, Egypt. It is the oldest and most prestigious university in Egypt. It is consistently ranked among the top universities in Africa and the Middle East. CU offers various undergraduate and postgraduate programs across multiple disciplines, including science, engineering, medicine, law, business, and the humanities. The university’s faculty are internationally renowned scholars and researchers, and CU’s students come from worldwide. Cairo University has state-of-the-art facilities and resources, including libraries, laboratories, and computer centers. It ensures that students have the tools they need to succeed.  

Sub-Saharan African Medical Schools 

Sub-Saharan African medical schools encompass diverse institutions dedicated to producing skilled healthcare professionals. These schools play a crucial role in addressing the region’s healthcare challenges. Their emphasis on community engagement and research contributes significantly to improving healthcare outcomes. Many sub-Saharan African medical schools, such as the University of Lagos, the University of Zimbabwe, and the University of Dar es Salaam, have gained recognition for their academic excellence and commitment to quality education. These institutions equip students with the necessary skills and knowledge to effectively meet their communities’ healthcare needs.  

These schools serve as catalysts for positive change and contribute to the overall development of healthcare in the region. Discover healthcare education opportunities in Africa. Find your ideal institution with African Medical Schools.

Importance of Quality Education  

Quality education is of paramount importance in the field of medicine. It ensures that healthcare professionals receive comprehensive training and acquire the necessary knowledge and skills to provide excellent patient care. A solid educational foundation enables medical professionals to make informed decisions, diagnose accurately, and apply the latest advancements in medical science. Quality education equips students with critical thinking and problem-solving abilities, enabling them to adapt to the dynamic healthcare landscape.  

It also fosters a commitment to lifelong learning, encouraging healthcare professionals to stay updated with emerging trends and research. Additionally, quality education promotes ethical practice, professionalism, and patient-centered care, instilling values vital to the healthcare profession. Investing in quality education creates a sustainable healthcare system and positively impacts the overall well-being of individuals and communities.  

Conclusion 

In conclusion, the top medical schools in Africa offer a gateway to quality education and global recognition. These institutions provide aspiring medical professionals with the necessary knowledge, skills, and practical experience to excel in medicine. From South Africa to Uganda, Egypt to Nigeria, these medical schools have established themselves as pillars of excellence, producing competent healthcare professionals who contribute to improving healthcare systems in Africa and beyond. Studying in Africa can offer students the opportunity to experience a diverse learning environment, utilize modern facilities, and learn from seasoned faculty members, all of which can benefit their education. Embarking on a journey at one of Africa’s top medical schools is a stepping stone towards a fulfilling medical career with a positive impact on individuals and communities. 

[adalidda]

Illustration Photo: Researchers measure and weigh forage grasses in field trials to find better forage feed varieties project together with KALRO, Send a Cow and Advantage Crops. (credits: ©2020 Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT/ Georgina Smith / Flickr Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic (CC BY-NC-SA 2.0))

Agriculture Scientific Exchanges Program for African Union citizens

For Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo DRC, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra, Leone, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe

The Scientific Exchanges Program (SEP) supports USDA's agricultural research goals of promoting collaborative programs among agricultural professionals of eligible countries, agricultural professionals of the United States, the international agricultural research system, and U.S. entities conducting research. SEP is implemented by USDA's Foreign Agricultural Service, Global Programs, Fellowship Programs.

The SEP Fellowships in general was created to operationalize the joint effort of the AU and USDA to promote food security and economic growth in eligible countries by educating a new generation of agricultural scientists, increasing scientific knowledge and collaborative research to improve agricultural productivity, and extending that knowledge to users and intermediaries in the marketplace.

The collaborative nature of the SEP training and research programs benefits the fellow, his or her home institution, and partner country; the U.S. host institution, its professors, researchers, and students; and the global agricultural sector by improving agricultural productivity, systems, and processes in partnering nations through the transfer of new science and agricultural technologies.

This application package focus on applicants interested in establishing and harmonizing SPS regulatory regimes across the eight Regional Economic Communities (RECs) of the African Union (AU). The goal will be to empower fellows to advocate for sound SPS policy to peers, decision-makers, and the public.

Research Topics

Establishing and harmonizing SPS regulatory regimes across the eight RECs of the AU. Given the depth of potential SPS measures and complexity of topics the list below may not be exhaustive of all topics. The research areas are aligned within the three overarching areas of SPS including: food safety (WHO Codex), animal health (OIE), and plant health (IPPC) as well as a general category for a researcher who may analyze impacts of SPS implementation on producers, consumers, health outcomes, and/or other areas important to policy-makers. Many of these themes of research cross-over between categories.

Food Safety

Nutrition and labeling of food Pesticide/antimicrobial usage and residuals Food contaminants: chemical and natural Food testing and processing procedures Consumer food safety and UN guidelines for consumer protection

Animal Health

Regulations for safety of animal source foods Epidemiology of foodborne pathogens Surveillance systems for foodborne pathogens Proper stewardship of antimicrobials / antibiotic alternatives Anti-microbial resistance monitoring Diagnostic/veterinary practices Biosecurity and biosafety (sanitation, isolation, and traffic control)

Plant Health

Agronomic and horticulture research:

Plant protection and quarantine Pest risk analysis Phytosanitary controls Particularly the Diagnostic and Treatments for Regulated Pests (As listed in IPPC – ISPM 27 & 28)

General Policy/Management

Economic analysis of SPS implementation – including business drivers Risk Analysis, surveillance systems, quarantine practices, inspection/monitoring processes, etc. Leadership and science communication Understanding political and policy communication Inter-regional coordination/ cooperation/ collaboration for SPS implementation Length of Fellowships:

The fellowship will last 12 weeks. All program proposals must include goals that are achievable within that timeframe. After completing the U.S.-based portion of the fellowship, the mentor will visit the Fellow’s home institution within six months to one year after the U.S. portion of the training.

Eligibility Requirements

Candidates will be evaluated, interviewed, and selected based on the following criteria:

Citizen of a country in the AU. Good reading, writing, and speaking skills in English language. Master’s degree or higher with at least two years of practical experience (minimum). Currently employed by a university, research institution, or other scientific institution in a country in the AU. Intention to continue working in a country of the AU for a minimum of two years following the return from the United States. Researcher with a clear connection to SPS regulatory regimes, who can adapt lessons learned from the U.S. SPS regulatory model at both national and state levels. Proposal directly related to the research topic.

Application Requirements

PAPER Application form (Provided) Program proposal and research action plan Signed approval from applicant's home institution Two letters of recommendation (academic and professional preferred) Copies of diploma(s) for college/university degree(s) received Copy of passport identification page

Application Deadline: October 10, 2021

Check more https://adalidda.com/posts/izRPdm2Fw8QmrQWFp/agriculture-scientific-exchanges-program-for-african-union

[prister-college]

𝐏𝐑𝐈𝐒𝐓𝐄𝐑 𝐂𝐎𝐋𝐋𝐄𝐆𝐄 𝐎𝐅 𝐇𝐄𝐀𝐋𝐓𝐇 𝐒𝐂𝐈𝐄𝐍𝐂𝐄𝐒 ====================================== Grab your 50% Scholarship to study in any of the following Programs for July 2021 Intake. Don't be left out! ! Our 50% bursary promotion will soon come to an end, secure your spot today by applying for a Diploma in 🗞️ Registered Nursing 🗞️Clinical Medicine 🗞️ Public Health 🗞️ Environmental Health 🗞️ Nursing Assistant 🗞️ HIV/ AIDS Management 🗞️ Development Studies 🗞️ Business Administration 🗞️ Computer Studies 🗞️ Social Work 🗞️ Clinical Counseling 🗞️ Psychosocial Counseling Our application forms are going at K300 only! To apply, Use WhatsApp: 0974317284/0762348393 Email:Pristercollege2021@gmail.com Web: http://pristercollegesimplesite.com PCHST- We Aim Higher, For Better Education (Limited places available) 𝐏𝐑𝐈𝐒𝐓𝐄𝐑 𝐂𝐎𝐋𝐋𝐄𝐆𝐄 𝐎𝐅 𝐇𝐄𝐀𝐋𝐓𝐇 𝐒𝐂𝐈𝐄𝐍𝐂𝐄𝐒 ================================ (at Lusaka, Zambia) https://www.instagram.com/p/CQYVe86l76S/?utm_medium=tumblr

[sellfurnitureonline]

Post Free Classified Ads in United Kingdom to Grow your Business

United Kingdom (UK) is one of the developed countries of the world. The nation is also known as the sixth-largest economy of the world and. UK was the first country to be industrialized and at present it has got immense scope for various businesses. Since every trade is concerned with effective communication, it is important for every entrepreneur and vendor to know the right techniques of advertising and publicity. Free classified ads United Kingdom is one such medium that can help a seller reach the prospective buyer with due ease.

Like all the developed and developing nations, there is a lot of business competition in the country and one has to follow a pro-active approach to stay ahead of the counterparts. Now, the paid advertising part is not really that tough for the big brands as it is for the novel and small business owners. So the beginners can post free classified ads in United Kingdom to create the much-needed online presence and then move on to the other mediums like Television advertising etc.

If you have just launched a products or services company, what you need the most is to spread a word about what you are offering to let the world know what you wish to provide and how to get in touch with you. While the print media resources for classified ads in United Kingdom (UK) are also popular, the web-based alternative is better because it doesn't cost anything and is still quite effective. However, a classified ad will not produce the desired results unless you create it with care.

Here are a few tips for framing good quality free classified ads for United Kingdom:

Write concise but meaningful content within 100 words. Try to reflect your product or service's best points and benefits in those words and do include some grabbing keywords in your title. Adding an image will double the appeal of the written words. Hence, always look for an appropriate picture that is relevant as well as appealing. Mention the important details properly like if you are selling used mobile phone, do provide the model number, expected price, condition etc. Always make sure that your contact information is complete, correct and updated because otherwise the interested customers will not be able to get in touch with you. Remember that free classified websites in UK keep shuffling the ads on basis of freshness. So to be on the top of the ad search, keep renewing your adverts on a regular basis.

The free classifieds have a wide scope and you can utilise their services for promoting your store, consumer durables, salons, garages, health services, educational institutes, communities, website and a variety of other things. Just direct your search engine towards the online classified portals and register with a few top ones to start posting your advertisements. Remember that the best websites will always offer simple registration procedures and ask minimal questions.

The free of cost small adverts hold many big opportunities for the small business owners worldwide. It is worth trying!

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