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aerospace-and-defence · 2 years ago

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#Satellite Solar Panels and Array #Satellite Solar Panels and Array Market #Satellite Solar Panels and Array Industry #Satellite Solar Panels and Array Market Trends #Satellite Solar Panels and Array Market Report #Satellite Solar Panels and Array Market Value #Satellite Solar Panels and Array Market Forecast #Satellite Solar Panels and Array Market Growth

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kennethresearch · 4 years ago

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Google Project Loon Market Size, Share, Development, Growth and Demand Forecast 2021 to 2025

Project Loon is a research and development project being developed by X (formerly Google X), which consists of a network of balloons equipped with routers at the edge of space. The aim of the project is to provide internet to everyone in the world. It is a known fact that many areas in the emerging and developed regions across the globe are deprived of a proper internet access.

Project Loon intends to connect people in rural and remote areas by making use of a network of internet-powered balloons traveling on the edge of space.

Google thinks its internet balloons will be a $10 billion business. Each balloon is equipped with LTE antennas capable of covering around 80 kilometers on the ground, a 100W solar panel array that charges a battery for nighttime operations, and additional antennas to relay traffic to other balloons.

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Assuming all the mechanisms of the project are functioning as planned, every single person can have access to internet. Loon's Use of Renewable Energy is an added advantage as it will greatly influence and inspire future projects. It creates an interplay between solar energy to keep the balloon functional while using wind energy to define its motor controls. With the constant connectivity to the each other through the internet collaboration between people across the globe will become much easier. The main problem with the Project Loon is the certainty of eventual hardware failure. If a Loon balloon fails, it can either remain up in the air floating, making it difficult to bring down or it might go down in unwanted areas as they can't be reached. Another concern over this project is internet privacy. As the project gives Google more power over a wider range of consumer behaviour the information obtained can become a security issue if it is shared with Government agencies.

Increasing the volume of internet users would invariably increase traffic on the world's leading search engine, Google Search. The increase in search users implies that more ads will be displayed which in turn result in profits for Google. Given the rising number of the mobile internet subscriptions and also the ever-increasing growth in the world population, the need for access to the internet is going to increase even more. The growing population, changing consumer internet habits and multiple developments via Internet-of-Things could drive the demand for a full-time easy access to the internet from every corner of the globe, which could be made possible by implementing Project Loon to its full potential.

Google has already run tests with several different telecoms. It has conducted test runs with Vodafone in New Zealand, Telstra in Australia, and Telefonica in Latin America - and is working on commercial deals with other new network operators. Google will split the revenue from any new customers with the telecommunications company providing the LTE spectrum.

SpaceX and Facebook are also working on similar projects and could be the potential competitors to Google. Facebook is the only company that has started testing its project by the use of unmanned aerial vehicles unlike SpaceX, which plans to provide a similar internet access facility by the use of a fleet of satellites.

Report Contents

Global Market segments

Global Market Drivers, Restraints and Opportunities

Global Market Size & Forecast 2016 to 2022

Supply & Demand Value Chain

Global Market - Current Trends

Competition & Major Companies

Technology and R&D Status

Porters Five Force Analysis

Strategic and Critical Success Factor Analysis of Key Players

Regional Analysis

North America

Latin America

Western Europe

Eastern Europe

Asia Pacific

Middle East and Africa

US and Canada

Mexico

Brazil

Argentina

Rest of Latin America

EU5 (Germany, France, Italy, Spain, U.K.)

Nordic Countries (Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden)

Benelux (Belgium, The Netherlands, and Luxembourg)

Rest of Western Europe

Russia

Poland

Rest of Eastern Europe

China

India

Japan

Australia and New Zealand

Rest of Asia Pacific

GCC countries (Saudi Arabia, Oman, Qatar, Bahrain, UAE and Kuwait)

South Africa

North Africa

Rest of Middle East and Africa

Report Highlights

This report is an elaborate aggregation of primary inputs from industry experts and participants across the supply chain. It provides details on market segmentation which is derived from several product mapping exercises, macroeconomic parameters and other qualitative and quantitative insights. The impact of all such factors is delivered across multiple market segments and geographies.

Detailed Historical Overview (Market Origins, Product Launch Timeline, etc.)

Consumer and Pricing Analysis

Market dynamics of the industry

Market Segmentation

Estimated Market Sizing in terms of volume and value

Recent trends in market and impact

Research Status and Technology Overview

Extensive Industry Structure Coverage

About Kenneth Research

Kenneth Research is a reselling agency providing market research solutions in different verticals such as Automotive and Transportation, Chemicals and Materials, Healthcare, Food & Beverage and Consumer Packaged Goods, Semiconductors, Electronics & ICT, Packaging, and Others. Our portfolio includes set of market research insights such as market sizing and market forecasting, market share analysis and key positioning of the players (manufacturers, deals and distributors, etc), understanding the competitive landscape and their business at a ground level and many more. Our research experts deliver the offerings efficiently and effectively within a stipulated time. The market study provided by Kenneth Research helps the Industry veterans/investors to think and to act wisely in their overall strategy formulation

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vrushali456 · 2 years ago

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Solar PV Panels Market Tracking Report Analysis 2023-2031

The Solar PV Panels Market was valued at USD 153.07 billion in 2022, and it is anticipated to increase at a CAGR of 9.3% from 2023 to 2031. A solar panel, sometimes referred to as a PV panel, is made up of solar (or photovoltaic) cells that use the sun's light to produce energy. It is constructed from a number of silicon, boron, and phosphorus-based solar cells that are arrayed on the surface in a grid-like arrangement. Globally, the use of solar panels has grown due to the fact that they do not cause any pollution and that their installation aids in reducing the dangerous greenhouse gas emissions.

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Top Key Players:

Market Growth:

The main use of photovoltaic or solar cells is to transform solar energy into an electron flow. These cells generate electricity from solar energy, which is useful for recharging batteries or powering devices. Spacecraft and orbiting satellites were first powered by solar cells. However, in recent years, their use for grid-connected electricity generation has increased. In order to function better, photovoltaic systems seek to maximize production. During the anticipated timeframe, these variables should accelerate market expansion.

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Market Segmentation:

Solar PV Panels Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report, By Technology, By Grid Type, By Application By Region, And Segment Forecasts, 2023 – 2031

Market Drivers - Solar PV (Photovoltaic) panels market:

The industrial sector's rising demand for solar panels is evidence of the public's preference for alternative energy sources over traditional ones. Solar technology and panel installation are receiving significant investment from many sectors throughout the world. The rising number of solar power plants in various industry verticals is the main factor driving the global market for solar panels.

Market Opportunities - Solar PV (Photovoltaic) panels market

Solar cells, often known as photovoltaic cells, are used primarily to transform solar energy into an electron flow. These cells generate electricity from solar energy, which can be used to run devices or top off batteries. Initially, satellites in orbit and spacecraft were powered by photovoltaic cells.

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Econ Market Research is a one-stop provider of industry research and actionable intelligence. Through our syndicated and consulting research services, we help our clients get solutions to their research requirements. We specialise in industries such as semiconductors and Electronics, Aerospace and Défense, Energy, Automotive and Transportation, Healthcare, Manufacturing and Construction, Media and Technology, Chemicals, and Materials.

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#Solar PV Panels Market #Solar PV Panels

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thetejasamale · 3 years ago

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Utility Drones Market Growth Industry, Future, & Opportunity, Forecast till 2030

The global utility drones market is projected to be valued at USD 630.01 Million by 2025, with 35.42% CAGR during the forecast period, 2019–2025. Utility drones are unmanned aircraft that are used in utility industries. These drones provide services such as surveying, inspection, and maintenance of power generation and transmission and distribution systems across the world. The power components that are monitored include wind turbine farms and turbine blades, solar panel arrays, distribution and transmission cell towers, cooling towers and chimney, sub-stations, power lines, and other power distribution components.

The global utility drones market has been segmented into five regions, namely North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Middle East & Africa, and South America. North America is expected to hold the largest market share in the global utility drones market during the forecast period. Continuous investments in power infrastructure, increasing power consumption, and subsequently increasing focus on renewable power generation are the key factors driving the growth of utility drones in the region. The US accounted the largest market share in North America. For instance, In the US, Federal Aviation Administration has passed a regulation for commercial use of drones in the power sector. This is increasing the demand for commercial drones in the power and utility sector in the US and other countries in North America. Utility drones can be used effectively in managing power infrastructure assets. Inspection of power infrastructure by a drone consumes very little time when compared to time consumed in manual inspection of power infrastructure, thus saving man-hour and cost. This is leading to increasing demand for drones in managing power infrastructure assets in the US.

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The utility drones market in Asia-Pacific is expected to be dominated by emerging economies such as China and India. Increasing private funding and investments in the development of power infrastructure, the establishment of long transmission lines, and the adoption of renewable energy sources are the primary factors that are likely to drive the utility drones market in the region.

The utility drones market in the Middle East & Africa is dominated by GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council) countries and South Africa due to the use of utility drones for media monitoring and as a traditional solution for satellites and helicopters in the UAE. However, according to a recent report by consulting firm strategy the market for drones in the Gulf Cooperation Council is expected to reach USD 1.5 billion by 2022.

The utility drones market in South America is dominated by Brazil, followed by Argentina, due to increasing expansion activities in the region. For instance, in 2018, HEMAV (Spain) approved an international expansion plan in Brazil, consolidating its presence in Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Chile, and Argentina.

The global utility drones market has been segmented based on services, type, end use, and region. Based on services, the global market is divided into end-to-end solution and point solution. The end-to-end solution segment is expected to dominate the global market and is likely to grow with the highest CAGR. Based on type the global market is divided into multi-rotor and fixed-wing. The multi-rotor segment is expected to grow with the highest CAGR during the forecast period. Based on end use, the global market is bifurcated into conventional power and renewable. The conventional power segment is further sub-segmented into transmission & distribution (T&D) and generation. The renewable segment is further sub-segmented into solar and wind. The renewable segment is expected to hold the largest market share during the forecast period.

The global utility drones market is expected to grow at ~ 35.42% CAGR during the forecast period.

Key Players

The key players operating in the global utility drones market are Cyberhawk Innovations Limited (Scotland), PrecisionHawk (US), Delair (France), SkyScape Industries (US), Measure (US), Sharper Shape Inc. (US), Sky Futures (UK), Terra Drone (Japan), ABJ Drones (US), ULC Robotics (US), Aerodyne Group (Malaysia), Asset Drone (US), Hemav (Spain), YUNEEC (US), and DJI (China).

Scope of the Report

This report provides an in-depth analysis of the global utility drones market, tracking three market segments across five geographic regions. The report studies key players, providing a five-year annual trend analysis that highlights market size and shares for North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, South America, and the Middle East & Africa. The report also presents a forecast, focusing on the market opportunities for the next five years for each region. The scope of the study segments the global utility drones market by services, type, end use, and region

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Services

End-to-End Solution

Point Solution

Type

Multi-Rotor

Fixed Wing

End-Use

Conventional Power

Renewable

Transmission & Distribution

Generation

Solar

Wind

By Region

North America

Asia-Pacific

Europe

Middle East & Africa

South America

#Utility Drones Market

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latestglobalmarketresearch · 3 years ago

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SATCOM Equipment Market for Space Is Growing Swiftly Due TO Increasing Demand from End Use Industry

The global SATCOM Equipment Market for Space is projected to grow from USD 2.8 billion in 2019 to USD 7.0 billion by 2025, at a CAGR of 16.8% from 2019 to 2025. The growth of the market across the globe can be attributed to the increasing launch of satellites for applications such as earth observation, communication, and navigation.

Browse 83 market data Tables and 40 Figures spread through 143 Pages and in-depth TOC on "SATCOM Equipment Market - Global Forecast to 2025"

Based on application, the earth observation & remote sensing segment is projected to lead the SATCOM equipment market for space during the forecast period.

Based on application, the SATCOM equipment market for space is projected to be led by the earth observation & remote sensing segment from 2019 to 2025. According to an article published by SpaceNews in December 2018, the demand for earth observation (EO) is growing, due to a growing focus on analytics from high-resolution and medium-resolution imagery. Technology for analyzing data gathered from EO satellites such as big data analytics is expected to grow four times over the decade.

The increasing use of CubeSats for earth observation and remote sensing is expected to drive the SATCOM equipment market for space from 2019 to 2025.

Based on satellite type, the CubeSat (0.25U–27U) segment is projected to grow at the highest CAGR during the forecast period. The SATCOM equipment market for CubeSats is expected to grow during the forecast period due to an increase in the volume of CubeSats launched and scheduled for launch during the forecast period. CubeSats are used for a variety of missions, have a small form factor, and cost substantially less to develop and launch in comparison to large satellites. The increase in the launch of CubeSats can be attributed to the rising demand for EO.

North America and Asia Pacific are projected to be high growth potential markets for SATCOM equipment for space during the forecast period.

The SATCOM equipment market for space in the North American region is expected to witness substantial growth during the forecast period due to increased launch and scheduled launch of satellites.

According to an article published in The New York Times in May 2019, SpaceX launched a batch of 60 internet communication satellites, as a part of the Starlink Megaconstellation Project. According to an article published by Future US, Inc., SpaceX has received permission from the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to launch an estimated total of 12,000 Starlink satellites. Major players such as Amazon (US), OneWeb (US), and Telesat (Canada) are also expected to launch satellites during the forecast period.

Some of the major players in the SATCOM equipment market for space include Airbus SE (Netherlands), Maxar Technologies (US), Mitsubishi Electric Corporation (Japan), General Dynamics Corporation (US), Honeywell International Inc. (US), Harris Corporation (US), ISIS - Innovative Solutions in Space B.V. (Netherlands), and Oxford Space Systems (UK).

Mitsubishi Electric Corporation secures the third position in the SATCOM equipment market for space. The company has been contributing to space technology since 1960. It has a broad product portfolio and strong business performance. The company is constantly pushing for excellence, with a goal of achieving an operating income ratio of 8%, return on equity of 10% or more, and the ratio of interest-bearing debt to total assets of 15% or less by 2021. The company constantly innovates and brings new technologies to the market, with five new products launched in 2018. In July 2017, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation completed the construction of a facility that is expected to double the satellite component production capacity of the company. The facility is said to undertake the production and testing for solar array panels, structural panels, and other satellite components.

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gmiresearch · 4 years ago

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Metamaterial Market Research Report Analysis

Metamaterials Market

Growth opportunities in the Metamaterials Market look promising over the next six years. This is mainly due to their increasing demand for modeling & simulation to perform the various operation in industrial sectors and rising employment across major end-use sectors, including medical, aerospace and defense, consumer electronics, and automotive.

Request for a FREE Sample Report on Metamaterials Market

Metamaterials Market Dynamics (including market size, share, trends, forecast, growth, forecast, and industry analysis)

Key Drivers

Several prominent drivers stimulating the growth of the global metamaterials market include the increasing preference to implement these materials across several information and technology applications, augmenting demand for mirroring and reproducing of the devices for industrial purposes, and the surging emphasis on the introduction of effective solar power solution. Also, the mounting focus to employ the material across several healthcare and biomedical operations is strengthening the metamaterials market size. The material is further utilized for power plants, smart metamaterial antennas for 5G networks and satellites, and mechanically scanned array platforms for self-driving cars & drones will supplement the market share. However, as per the metamaterials market research, insufficient knowledge, excessive research, and design cost for successful execution in real-time functions and complexities concerned with design and fabrication may hinder the market growth.

Vertical Segment Drivers

Based on the Vertical, Aerospace and Defense is projected to expand at a higher CAGR during the forecast period. This is primarily attributed to their largest market size in terms of value. They mainly require customized solutions for communication. Also, the majorly endorsed metamaterial-based equipment are antennas, protective layers, windscreens, EMC shielding, and cloaking devices. These antennas can be applied for safe communications in the defense sector as they can be tuned to different bandwidths. Thus, the rising need for bandwidth and demand for secure communication further bolsters the market growth.

Application Segment Drivers

Based on the Application, Communication Antenna and Radar (BeamSteering) is expected to witness a faster CAGR during the forecast period. This is because of their soaring demand applications such as satellite communication, Wi-Fi routers, radar communication, and 5G communications.

Metamaterials Market’s leading Manufacturers:

· Mediwise

· Nanohmics Inc

· Echodyne Corp

· JEM Engineering

· Kymeta Corporation

· MetaShield LLC

· Multiwave Technologies AG

· TeraView Limited.

· Metamagnetics

· Kymeta Corporation

Metamaterials Market Segmentation:

Segmentation by Technology

· Electromagnetic

· Terahertz,Photonic (Optical)

· Tunable

· Frequency Selective Surface

· Other

Segmentation by Application

· Communication Antenna and Radar (BeamSteering)

· Sensors

· Solar Panel and Absorbers

· Display

· Medical

· Imaging

· Windscreen

· Other

Segmentation by Vertical

· Automotive

· Aerospace and Defense

· Consumer Electronics

· Medical

· Energy and Power

· Other

Segmentation by Region:

· North America

o United States of America

o Canada

· Asia Pacific

o China

o Japan

o India

o Rest of APAC

· Europe

o United Kingdom

o Germany

o France

o Spain

o Rest of Europe

· RoW

o Brazil

o South Africa

o Saudi Arabia

o UAE

o Rest of the world (remaining countries of the LAMEA region)

About GMI Research

GMI Research is a market research and consulting company that offers business insights and market research reports for large and small & medium enterprises. Our detailed reports help the clients to make strategic business policies and achieve sustainable growth in the particular market domain. The company's large team of seasoned analysts and industry experts with experience from different regions such as Asia-Pacific, Europe, North America, among others, provides a one-stop solution for the client. Our market research report has in-depth analysis, which includes refined forecasts, a bird's eye view of the competitive landscape, key factors influencing the market growth, and various other market insights to aid companies in making strategic decisions. Featured in the 'Top 20 Most Promising Market Research Consultants' list of Silicon India Magazine in 2018, we at GMI Research are always looking forward to helping our clients to stay ahead of the curve.

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tak4hir0 · 5 years ago

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The Sun, that great ball of gas at the heart of our solar system, keeps us warm and gives us light, plus it provides photosynthesis to make plants grow, and gravity to keep us in orbit around it. Most importantly, it provides energy that we can convert to power. Solar power is clean, usable energy generated from the sun. Developers wanting to create solar associated applications need the right Application Programming Interfaces, or APIs, to do the job. What is a Solar API?A Solar API is an interface to programmatically interact with solar technologies, such as solar power operations. The best place to find information about these APIs is in the Solar category on ProgrammableWeb. In this article, we detail the nine most popular APIs for Solar. 1. Fronius Solar APIFronius provides welding, solar energy, and battery charging solutions. The Fronius Solar APITrack this API in JSON protocol enables developers to integrate Fronius inverters into third-party systems. The API is based on Ethernet. Fronius solar inverters convert the variable DC output of a photovoltaic (PV) solar panel into a utility frequency AC to feed to a local or commerical electric grid. A photovoltaic (PV) system generates power from the sun via solar panels, an inverter, and other hardware. Add solar inverter automation to home automation applications with this API. Screenshot: Fronius 2. Solcast APISolcast provides solar energy forecasts. The Solcast REST APITrack this API delivers forecast, solar power estimates, radiation, and cloud information data. Developers can obtain photovoltaic (PV) power output forecast, access solar radiation estimates, access real-time data in Australia, and apply analytics for individualized forecasts with this API. 3. Clean Power Research Solar Simulations APIClean Power Research builds services for energy calculation, simulaton, and automation. The Clean Power Research Solar Simulations API provides access to irradiance and weather data. All Solar Simulation API methods support XML. The API can simulate PV output to receive AC energy production, Plane Of Array Irradiance (POAI), solid and liquid precipitation, and more. 4. NASA POWER Project APINASA POWER APITrack this API allows external applications to connect and interact with POWER Data, which is solar and meteorogical data from satellite observations. Data includes long-term climatologically averaged estimates of meteorological quantities and surface solar energy fluxes. Developers can also get time-series of daily meteorological and solar data with this API. The POWER Project is supported by NASA Earth Science's Applied Sciences Program and provides data sets to support renewable energy, energy efficiency and agriculture. 5. PVOutput Service APIPVOutput is a free service for sharing, evaluating, and comparing photovoltaic solar panel output data. The PVOutput Service API provides a developer interface for sending and receiving photovoltaic output data. 6. Elia Solar Forecasting APIElia is Belgium's high-voltage transmission system operator and a key player in the energy market and interconnected electricity system in Europe. The company aims to transform the energy market by developing diversified, sustainable and reliable electricity systems. Elia offers a REST APITrack this API for programmatic access to their Solar Forecasting page. The page displays solar-PV generation forecasts, real-time estimations of actual solar-PV generation and historical solar-PV power data. API methods include GetRegions, GetChartDataForZone and GetCapacities. The API is free to use and there are no signup requirements. 7. EnergyPeriscope APIEnergyPeriscope from SolarReviews.com, provides energy project evaluation & sales management services for solar and wind energy providers. The EnergyPeriscope APITrack this API enables developers to programmatically access the software to create applications for solar, wind, and energy professionals. API methods are available to manage jobs, leads, and widgets. 8. NREL Solar APIThe National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) is an agency of the U.S. Department of Energy that is focused on sustainable energy. The agency offers an APITrack this API to access solar resource data and NREL models. The toolset includes a mapping tool and photovoltaic performance data collected by NREL. API methods support calculation of an estimate for solar electricity generation for a geolocation and other information. 9. SolarGISSolarGIS is a geographic information system that integrates solar resource information and meteorological data with tools for planning and monitoring the performance of solar energy systems. SolarGIS Data Delivery API retrieves the most recent data from the SolarGIS database and calculates the electrical output of a PV (photovoltaic) system. SolarGIS PV Planner Calculate APITrack this APITrack this API is a simulation tool for the planning and optimization of PV systems. Head on over to the Solar category for more APIs, SDKs, Source Code Samples and other resources.

#ProgrammableWeb

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usviraltrends-blog · 7 years ago

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New Post has been published on https://usviraltrends.com/fleet-of-sailboat-drones-could-monitor-climate-changes-effect-on-oceans-science-15/

Fleet of sailboat drones could monitor climate change’s effect on oceans | Science

Carrying a suite of 15 instruments, saildrones 1005 and 1006 started their Pacific journey last September from Alameda, California.

Jennifer Keene, UW/JISAO and NOAA PMEL

By Paul VoosenMar. 8, 2018 , 11:00 AM

Two 7-meter-long sailboats are set to return next month to California, after nearly 8 months tacking across the Pacific Ocean. Puttering along at half-speed, they will be heavy with barnacles and other growth. No captains will be at their helms.

That is not because of a mutiny. These sailboats, outfitted with sensors to probe the ocean, are semiautonomous drones, developed by Saildrone, a marine tech startup based in Alameda, California, in close collaboration with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in Washington, D.C. The voyage is the longest test for the drones and also the first science test in the Pacific—an important step in showing that they could replace an aging and expensive array of buoys that are the main way scientists sniff out signs of climate-disrupting El Niño events.

After World War II, most sea surface data were collected from ships. Then came buoys and satellites. Now, NOAA scientists want to send in the drones. “We could be making the next epochal advancement in oceanography,” says Craig McLean, NOAA’s assistant administrator for oceanic and atmospheric research and acting chief scientist. Within the next decade, hundreds or even thousands of solar- and wind-powered drones could roam the world’s oceans, using satellites to relay information gathered from the sea surface and the air above.

The drones can’t come too soon for scientists who study the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, a set of shifting global temperature and rainfall patterns triggered by warm surface waters that slosh back and forth across the equatorial Pacific every few years. Since the 1980s, NOAA has supported a grid of buoys, moored to the Pacific sea floor, called the Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) array, to study and forecast these swings. Its success led to similar arrays in the Indian and Atlantic oceans.

But earlier this decade, the TAO array had a near-death experience. The marine growth on buoys and their moorings are fish magnets, which makes them a magnet for fishers as well, causing the distinctive TAO grid to appear on maps of global fish catches. As fishers dragged the buoys aside for easy pickings, they damaged them, and maintenance work began to pile up. Meanwhile, budget cuts and the soaring expense of operating research ships meant few new buoys were deployed. “That was a wake-up call for all of us,” says Christopher Sabine, an oceanographer at the University of Hawaii in Honolulu.

Winds of change

Two saildrones have carried a suite of 15 sensors into the tropical Pacific Ocean and back, powered only by the wind and sun. The data, relayed by satellites, are being compared to readings gathered by buoys and ships.

(GRAPHIC) A. CUADRA/SCIENCE; (DATA) SAILDRONE

Ultimately, Congress restored funding for the TAO array, which costs about $10 million a year. But now Japan, which maintains a complementary array in the western Pacific called the Triangle Trans-Ocean Buoy Network, has pulled out almost all of its buoys because of limited funds and a lack of ship time to maintain them, degrading El Niño measurements once again. The crises prompted NOAA and others to look for a more sustainable system to deliver El Niño warnings, which help agencies plan for the heavy rains and droughts that follow in its wake. “It’s an opportunity to look at exactly what the array is and its requirements are,” says Meghan Cronin, an oceanographer at NOAA’s Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) in Seattle, Washington.

Richard Jenkins, an engineer and Saildrone’s founder, smelled an opportunity. He had built a sailboat on wheels called Greenbird that in 2009 broke the land-speed record for a wind-powered vehicle, reaching 202 kilometers per hour on a dry lake bed in Nevada. Afterward, he helped two ocean-minded philanthropists, Eric and Wendy Schmidt, outfit their research vessel, the R/V Falkor, at a cost of $60 million. He marveled at the expense and wondered whether a smaller, seafaring version of Greenbird could gather ocean data more cheaply. In theory, an ocean-going saildrone would need no fuel for propulsion; solar panels could power instruments and communications. Simply set waypoints and the drone would ride the wind there. The Schmidts gave Jenkins $2.5 million to get started; by 2013, a test craft had completed its first voyage from California to Hawaii, propelled by a 4.6-meter-tall carbon fiber composite sail.

Since then, Saildrone has worked with PMEL scientists to rig the boats with sensors and test their limits. In 2015, they survived 40-knot winds during a 3-month foray into the Arctic to assess marine life. That success encouraged scientists to mull whether the drones could help anchor observations in the Pacific. Conceivably, the drones could sail in circles around a virtual mooring point, or run other preplanned patterns, before returning to port every year for cleaning—no ships necessary. The drones could be cheaper, too. Saildrone charges $2500 a day per drone to collect data, whereas ship time can cost $30,000 or more per day. Jenkins thinks his drones can profit off that difference in the Pacific. “We are anticipating a fleet to service that market exclusively,” he says.

Where the drones sailed

Saildrone1005Saildrone1006Sea Surface Temperature 29.5˚C13.6˚CPacificOceanKm01000HawaiiSan Francisco

N. DESAI/SCIENCE; (DATA) SAILDRONE

The first Pacific test started on 5 September 2017, when two saildrones, 1005 and 1006, set out from San Francisco, California, for equatorial waters. Satellites had spotted cold tongues of surface water extending westward from the South American coast, an indicator of a strong La Niña, El Niño’s opposite number. It was not all smooth sailing. After arriving at the equator, the drones got stuck in the doldrums, a wind dead zone. “We knew the tropics were going to be a challenge,” Cronin says. (In July, another saildrone will depart for the tropics with a larger sail that Jenkins hopes will help it through the doldrums.)

Eventually, the saildrones caught the wind and escaped. And as Cronin looked back at the data from the cold tongues, she discovered a surprise: shifts in water temperature by 1° in less than a kilometer. “Some of these fronts are much sharper than you would ever imagine,” Cronin says. “That was shocking.” It is the type of detail a satellite’s lower resolution would smear out, and something a stationary buoy would have missed. Cronin says current climate models don’t account for these sharp gradients, which could churn the atmosphere above.

In addition to temperature, wind, and solar radiation data, the Pacific saildrones are measuring how the ocean and air exchange gases like carbon dioxide and oxygen, and they are using Doppler instruments to gauge currents coursing up to 100 meters below the surface. These sensors could reveal patterns that help explain why the tropical Pacific emits carbon dioxide, rather than absorbing it like most of the rest of ocean. Arrays like the TAO will continue to be important, Cronin says. But she foresees the emergence of a cheaper, more resilient oceanographic backbone. The new age of saildrones “is not going to solve all our problems,” Cronin says. “But it’s really interesting to think about doing oceanography without a ship.”

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latestglobalmarketresearch · 4 years ago

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North America and Asia Pacific are projected to be high growth potential markets Over the Forecast Period

The global SATCOM Equipment Market for Space is projected to grow from USD 2.8 billion in 2019 to USD 7.0 billion by 2025, at a CAGR of 16.8% from 2019 to 2025. The growth of the market across the globe can be attributed to the increasing launch of satellites for applications such as earth observation, communication, and navigation.

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