#Satellite Solar Panels and Array Industry

[aerospace-and-defence]

Exhaustive secondary research was done to collect information on the Satellite Solar Panels and Array Market, its adjacent markets, and its parent market. The next step was to validate these findings, assumptions, and sizing with industry experts across the value chain through primary research. Demand-side analyses were carried out to estimate the overall size of the market. Both, top-down and bottom-up approaches were employed to estimate the complete market size. Thereafter, market breakdown and data triangulation were used to estimate the size of segments and subsegments.

[melssblog]

Is your Spacecraft powered by a Reliable Power Supply?

Satellites and spacecraft, as with any other equipment, need a reliable power supply to power the onboard devices.

Any satellite mission is based on the orbit type, expected mission life, potential radiation hazards, type of payload, weight, and cost, each varying the power supply requirements.

Types of power used

Satellites are the spacecraft that orbit the Earth and are close enough to the Sun to be able to use solar power. Solar panels convert the Sun’s energy into electricity stored in an on-board battery to power the spacecraft.

When solar power doesn’t work, and for short missions, power stored in batteries is used.

Spacecraft batteries are designed to be tough. They need to work in extreme environments in space and on the surfaces of other worlds. However great the amount of charge they can store, and regardless of their size and durability, these batteries need to be recharged many times.

The importance of Power Supply Testing

Any disruption in the power supply can have a cascading effect on the performance of the devices onboard, even leading to the satellite falling apart. Also, the power supply degrades over time due to heating from the Sun and radiation effects in space. However large solar arrays be used, or alternative power sources be used, they need to be tested for reliable performance over the mission’s stay in space.

The need for an appropriate Automated Test Equipment (ATE)

The best way to accomplish this is by using Automated Test Equipment (ATE) equipped with suitable types of equipment.

A great example is the DC-DC converter ATE for Space applications from MELSS which consists of an Industrial PC-based unit with Digital Add-On modules.

Features of the ATE for Space Applications from MELSS

The customer-end UUT unit is interfaced with the DC Source, DMM, DC Load, and Oscilloscope. The instruments are interfaced with the Industrial PC (IPC) and controlled through the application software via USB/RS232 communication interfaces.

The IPC controls and collects the measured Data from the different devices like the DMM, DC Load, DC source, and Oscilloscope for processing and display. The I/O modules in the IPC are controlled and operated to achieve the necessary test conditions.

A custom-designed interface box with a Relay Matrix arrangement meets the necessary switching requirements.

The GUI-based application Software captures the test sequence and acquires & controls the parametric values from the measurement instruments and the UUT. The Test report is generated in a non-editable format for the sequence of tests, master parametric value, measured value, and the status of the test (Pass/Fail). A self-test module ascertains the serviceability status of the test and measurement instruments and the UUT.

Parameters tested

This ATE tests an exhaustive set of parameters, including the following:

Isolation/Continuity Checks

Input Voltages

Output Voltages

Output Currents

Cross Regulation

Transient/Noise Parameters

Ripple

Spike

Stability Test

Short Circuit Current

Inrush Current

Over Voltage Lockout

Under Voltage Lockout

Line Regulation

Load Regulation

Input Power

Output Power

Efficiency

Settable power

Data acquired to perform the Tests

Data such as Inrush Current, Peak to Peak Output Noise, RMS Noise, Turn-on and Turn OFF Timers, Overshoot and Undershoot Voltage/Settling Times at outputs for load transients and I/P line transients, Under Voltage Lockout (UVL), and Over Current are acquired to perform the following tests.

Tests performed

Isolation/Continuity Test using DMM and Relay Matrix

Input Voltage Test using DC Source

Output Voltage Test using DMM

Output Current Test using DC Load

Cross Regulation Test using DC Load

Transient/Noise Parameters using Oscilloscope

Ripple and Spike's Parameters Using Oscilloscope

Stability Check using DMM

Short Circuit Current using DC Load

Inrush Current using DC Source and Current Probe

Over Voltage Lockout/Under Voltage Lockout using DC Source

For more information, please contact our ATE team or visit: automated test equipment manufacturers

[the-northcap-university]

The Dynamic Landscape of Master in Electronics Engineering: Pioneering Innovation from Solar Power to Smart Devices

In our modern age, where technology intertwines seamlessly with everyday life, the significance of electronics engineering cannot be overstated. From the expansive fields of solar-energy systems to the palm-sized wonders of mobile phones, the impact of electronics engineering resonates in every facet of our existence. Amid this dynamic landscape of innovation, The NorthCap University stands as a beacon of excellence, fostering the minds that propel these advancements forward.

Let's embark on a journey through the realms where electronics engineering plays a pivotal role, beginning with the realm of renewable energy. Picture the vast stretches of solar panels, silently converting sunlight into usable electricity. These arrays represent not just a shift towards sustainability, but also the culmination of meticulous engineering.

At The NorthCap University, students delve deep into the intricacies of electronics, learning to optimize solar-energy systems for efficiency and reliability. It's this dedication to excellence that fuels the renewable energy revolution, one panel at a time. 

Yet, the influence of electronics engineering extends far beyond renewable energy. Consider the indispensable gadget that accompanies us everywhere—the mobile phone. Behind its sleek exterior lies a complex network of electronic circuits, meticulously designed to deliver seamless connectivity and computing power. The NorthCap University plays a crucial role in shaping the engineers who bring these technological marvels to life, fostering innovation in mobile phone technology and beyond.

In the realm of healthcare, electronics engineering drives breakthroughs that enhance patient care and outcomes. Think of the sophisticated medical devices that have become integral to diagnosis and treatment—MRI machines, pacemakers, and prosthetic limbs. These innovations are a testament to the intersection of electronics and medicine, nurtured by institutions like The NorthCap University through interdisciplinary collaborations and practical learning experiences. 

Transportation, too, undergoes a transformative journey under the guidance of electronics engineering. Electric vehicles, once a futuristic concept, are now poised to revolutionize the automotive industry. Behind their sleek designs lie intricate systems of battery management, motor control, and power electronics—all meticulously crafted by electronics engineers. At The NorthCap University, students are equipped with the knowledge and skills to pioneer advancements in electric vehicle technology, shaping the future of transportation sustainability.

Communication, in its modern incarnation, owes much to the ingenuity of electronics engineering. The internet, mobile networks, satellite communication—these technologies form the backbone of our interconnected world. Electronics engineers work tirelessly behind the scenes to optimize network infrastructure, develop innovative communication protocols, and ensure seamless connectivity for all.

Institutions like The NorthCap University play a vital role in nurturing the talent and expertise needed to keep us all connected in an increasingly digital age.

Finally, let's explore the captivating realm of robotics, where electronics engineering converges with artificial intelligence to create machines that mimic human actions.

From industrial robots streamlining manufacturing processes to humanoid robots assisting in healthcare and disaster response, the potential applications of robotics are boundless. At The NorthCap University, students are encouraged to explore this exciting field, pushing the boundaries of what's possible with their innovative designs and creations.

In conclusion, the importance of electronics engineering resonates across diverse domains, shaping the technological landscape and driving innovation forward. From powering renewable energy systems to revolutionizing healthcare, transportation, communication, and robotics, electronics engineers play a crucial role in shaping the world of tomorrow.

And institutions like The NorthCap University serve as incubators for these future pioneers, nurturing talent and fostering innovation to address the challenges of an ever-evolving society. So, as we marvel at the wonders of solar power and the convenience of our mobile devices, let's not forget the invaluable contributions of electronics engineering that make it all possible.

[interest-articles]

The Challenges and Potential of AI in Space Applications

Overcoming Obstacles to Bring AI Onboard Satellites

Space exploration has always pushed the boundaries of human knowledge and technology. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in integrating artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) into space-related applications. However, the implementation of AI in space comes with its own set of challenges.

From power management to radiation protection, the environment of space poses unique obstacles that must be overcome. This article explores the difficulties of running AI in space and the potential benefits it offers.

Power Management and Radiation Protection

One of the major hurdles in running AI onboard satellites is power management. Advanced processors used in AI applications are power-hungry, requiring large solar panels and extra batteries to operate efficiently. Additionally, the radiation in space can pose a threat to electronics, potentially frying them.

The demands that AI devices place on power management are new to the space industry, making it difficult to find efficient and small form factor power and management parts that can supply power to AI devices in space.

Software Adaptation for Space Missions

Running AI in space also requires software modifications. Space missions demand AI techniques that can crunch data with limited power and memory. The software used for AI applications on Earth must be adapted to run on satellites, taking into account the constraints of the space environment.

This presents a unique challenge as electronic companies producing AI chips have not fully considered the specific requirements of space missions.

Impressive Potential Benefits

Despite the challenges, there are certain missions where the potential benefits of onboard AI are too impressive to ignore. For example, an algorithm trained to spot ships could downlink ship locations, sizes, and headings directly to the Coast Guard, eliminating the need to downlink enormous ocean scenes from an Earth-observation satellite. Onboard AI could also improve spacecraft performance by identifying and remedying problems such as latchups, a type of short circuit, through power cycling or other means.

Enhanced Autonomy and Data Processing

Further autonomy supported by AI will be crucial for complicated long-duration platforms or long-distance missions where human interaction is limited. AI and machine learning can also play a significant role in processing or pre-processing data from remote-sensing satellites. By optimizing devices for AI and machine learning, satellites can transmit the most important datasets first and compress the remaining data for onboard storage, improving data transmission efficiency.

Creative Solutions and Space-Qualified Components

To make AI viable for space applications, companies are developing creative solutions and space-qualifying components. Shielding terrestrial components and space-qualifying AI-optimized chips and circuit boards are some of the approaches being taken. For example, Mercury Systems has co-developed a space-qualified processing board for field programmable gate arrays, while OrbiSky is working on high-performance, secure AI components for spacecraft and drones.

Singapore-based Zero Error Systems produces hardware and software to protect space-based electronics from latchups and errors in commercial memory devices.

Testing and Mitigating Radiation Effects

One of the key challenges in bringing AI onboard satellites is understanding and mitigating the effects of radiation on AI-optimized chips. Voyager Space Technology Systems works with universities to investigate the impact of radiation on these chips and develops strategies to mitigate the risks. Testing involves identifying devices that exhibit destructive single event effects and finding ways to mitigate soft errors caused by high-energy particles striking spacecraft.

Bringing AI onboard satellites is a complex and ongoing endeavor. While there are challenges to overcome, the potential benefits of onboard AI in space applications are immense. From improving spacecraft performance to enhancing data processing and analysis, AI has the potential to revolutionize space exploration.

With the development of space-qualified components and creative solutions, the integration of AI in space is becoming more feasible. As technology advances and our understanding of the space environment deepens, the future holds exciting possibilities for AI in space.

[productliabilityinvestigation]

Unveiling the Wonders of Electrical Engineering

Electrical engineering stands as a cornerstone of technological advancement, driving innovation and progress in the modern world. This field, rooted in the principles of electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism, encompasses a vast array of applications, from powering homes and businesses to developing cutting-edge electronics and communication systems. In this article, we will explore the fundamental aspects, key principles, and diverse applications that make electrical engineering an indispensable force in shaping the future.

Foundations of Electrical Engineering

Electricity and Magnetism: At its core, electrical engineering revolves around the principles of electricity and magnetism. Understanding the behavior of electric charges, electromagnetic fields, and the interplay between electricity and magnetism forms the foundation for designing and analyzing electrical systems.

Circuit Theory: Circuit theory is a fundamental aspect of electrical engineering that deals with the study of electrical circuits. Engineers in this field design and analyze circuits to control the flow of electric current, ensuring the efficient transfer of energy.

Electronics: Electronics is a key branch of electrical engineering that focuses on the design and development of electronic circuits and devices. From transistors to integrated circuits, electronics plays a crucial role in creating the electronic gadgets and systems that have become integral to our daily lives.

Power Systems: Power systems engineering involves the generation, transmission, and distribution of electrical energy. Engineers in this domain work on designing power plants, developing energy-efficient technologies, and optimizing the electrical grid to ensure a stable and reliable power supply.

Key Principles in Electrical Engineering

Ohm's Law: Ohm's Law is a fundamental principle in electrical engineering that describes the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in a circuit. This law is essential for understanding and predicting the behavior of electrical components.

Electromagnetic Induction: The principle of electromagnetic induction, discovered by Michael Faraday, is the basis for the operation of generators and transformers. It explains how a changing magnetic field induces an electromotive force (EMF) in a conductor, a phenomenon crucial for power generation and distribution.

Control Systems: Control systems engineering involves the design of systems to regulate and control the behavior of dynamic systems. This is vital in applications such as robotics, automation, and feedback control in various processes.

Applications of Electrical Engineering

Power Generation and Distribution: Electrical engineers play a pivotal role in designing and maintaining power generation plants and the infrastructure for transmitting and distributing electrical energy to homes, industries, and businesses.

Electronics and Communication: The design and development of electronic devices, communication systems, and information technology are central to electrical engineering. This includes smartphones, computers, telecommunication networks, and satellite systems.

Renewable Energy: Electrical engineers are at the forefront of the renewable energy revolution, working on the development of solar panels, wind turbines, and other sustainable technologies to harness and utilize clean energy sources.

Automation and Control Systems: In industrial settings, electrical engineers design and implement automation and control systems to enhance efficiency, safety, and precision in manufacturing processes.

Conclusion

Electrical engineering serves as the backbone of the technological landscape, powering the devices and systems that have become indispensable in our daily lives. Visit their website from the generation of electrical energy to the development of advanced electronics and communication technologies, electrical engineering continues to drive innovation, shape industries, and pave the way for a more connected and sustainable future. As we stand on the cusp of the next wave of technological evolution, electrical engineering remains at the forefront, leading the charge towards a brighter and more electrifying tomorrow.

[platinumsolar]

9 Interesting Facts About Solar Power

Harnessing energy from the sun's rays via solar installation Sydney is revolutionising the way we produce and consume electricity. This green energy alternative has gained tremendous popularity, especially among environmentally conscious individuals and businesses.

Here are some fascinating facts about the miraculous power derived from the sun you may not know about.

Ancient Beginnings

The concept of harnessing the sun's energy isn’t new. In the 7th Century BC, people used magnifying glass materials to concentrate the sun's rays into beams so hot, they could ignite a fire. Later, in 1767, Swiss scientist Horace-Bénédict de Saussure created the first solar oven, which used the sun's energy to heat food. This marked the beginning of human endeavours to utilise this abundant energy source, setting the foundation for modern-day technologies that transform sunlight into a variety of practical applications.

Photovoltaic Effect

In 1839, French physicist Alexandre Edmond Becquerel discovered the photovoltaic effect. This phenomenon occurs when certain materials produce electric current upon exposure to light. This discovery was the cornerstone for the development of photovoltaic cells, which convert sunlight into electricity. The innovation in photovoltaic cells led to the development of panels that can be seen on rooftops and in energy farms around the world.

Space Exploration

The use of photovoltaic cells went mainstream during the space race. In 1958, the Vanguard I satellite used a small photovoltaic array to power its radios. This was the first time sun-powered cells were used for non-terrestrial applications, proving their durability and reliability in harsh conditions. Following Vanguard I, most spacecraft, including the International Space Station, use sun-based energy systems, showcasing the power and reliability of harvesting energy from the sun.

Reduction in Costs

Over the past four decades, the cost of photovoltaic modules has dropped exponentially. The price decline has been so dramatic that it now costs less than 1% of what it did in the early 1980s. This reduction has made it feasible for more homes and businesses to adopt this renewable energy source. The affordability has resulted in an uptick in global demand, encouraging manufacturers to innovate further, which in turn drives prices down even more.

Employment Opportunities

The boom in the popularity of this renewable energy has significantly contributed to job creation. The industry not only generates power but also powers economies by creating jobs in manufacturing, project development, maintenance, and various other fields. It is estimated that millions of people globally are employed in the sector. As the market continues to grow, the sector promises to be a significant contributor to global employment.

Energy Storage

One of the challenges of utilising energy from the sun has been how to store it efficiently. Recent advancements in battery technology have made energy storage more practical. Nowadays, high-capacity batteries can store excess electricity generated during the day for use at night, making this form of renewable energy more versatile and reliable. As technology progresses, we can expect even more efficient storage solutions to emerge.

Surpassing Non-renewable Sources

In many parts of the world, the generation of electricity through photovoltaic cells has become cheaper than fossil fuels like coal and natural gas. This cost-effectiveness, along with environmental considerations, has been a driving factor in the rapid adoption of this renewable energy. Economists and energy experts believe that this trend will continue and that photovoltaic energy may become the most cost-effective source of energy on a global scale.

Environmental Impact

Harnessing energy from the sun has a significantly lower environmental impact compared to conventional energy sources. It helps in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, which are a leading cause of climate change. Moreover, it necessitates a lower amount of water for operations compared to nuclear and fossil fuel options, making it a more sustainable option. The adoption of sun-derived power can be a game-changer in the global effort to combat climate change and preserve our planet for future generations.

Capacity for Growth

Despite its rapid adoption, this renewable energy source still accounts for a small fraction of global electricity production. However, with constant technological advancements, it is estimated that by 2050, a substantial portion of the world's electricity could be generated through the sun's power. The growth potential is enormous. From the vast solar farms to the small rooftop setups, there is ample opportunity for expansion. The continued innovation and falling costs are likely to propel this growth, making it one of the most important energy sources of the future.

The journey from igniting fires with magnifying glasses in ancient times to powering homes and businesses with photovoltaic cells has been incredible. With its ancient beginnings, contributions to space exploration, cost reductions, employment generation, advancements in energy storage, and positive environmental impact, the energy derived from the sun holds a promising future. Through continued innovation and adoption, this renewable energy source has the potential to play a pivotal role in steering us towards a more sustainable and greener future.

[rametarin]

I can’t stress enough how important this is, folks.

I want you to imagine if you as an individual had a solar power array in space, large enough that it would provide, over a 24 hour span, as much electricity as you needed to live your entire year.

Just enough solar cells in space that you had virtually infinite power for every mortal use. Enough power to power your electric car if you somehow managed to drive it at 60 miles an hour, non-stop, all year. Enough power that you could run a lifetime of dishwashers, washing machines (for clothes), to say nothing of run your basic air conditioner or two. Not to mention the pittance of cost to run the lights, which by now should be LEDs.

Now imagine there was one of those for every single one of the projected 20 billion people on earth.

Now imagine them beaming power back to a satellite dish.

Now imagine it doesn’t matter how big and real estate heavy the solar panel array is out in space because space is literally just full of nothing but real estate and the sun is ridiculously enormous, and the array could just sorta chill far enough away to pump energy back to us via beam while being NIMBY.

Industrial plants can run 100% on electricity, no carbon dioxide or monoxide producing fuel burning. Enough power for every individual to potentially invest in power production so each individual could have as much energy on hand for machines to make things as today’s billionaires and government subsidized companies enjoy, today. Where the costs of production are reduced to the materials cost and the labor to change them into other products, not for the fuel to do it. Where energy security is as solid and consistent as the sun, without a day/night cycle.

this is the potential of microwave beams and solar collectors.

The main limiting factor for solar power is intermittency, meaning it can only collect power when sufficient sunlight is available. To address this, scientists have spent decades researching space-based solar power (SBSP), where satellites in orbit would collect power 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, without interruption. To develop the technology, researchers with the Space Solar Power Project (SSPP) at Caltech recently completed the first successful wireless power transfer using the Microwave Array for Power-transfer Low-orbit Experiment (MAPLE). MAPLE was developed by a Caltech team led by Ali Hajimiri, the Bren Professor of Electrical Engineering and Medical Engineering and the co-director of the SSPP. MAPLE is one of three key technologies tested by the Space Solar Power Demonstrator (SSPD-1). This platform consists of an array of flexible, lightweight microwave transmitters controlled by custom electronic chips. The demonstrator was built using low-cost silicon technologies designed to harvest solar energy and beam it to desired receiving stations worldwide.

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[rkcopperalloys]

Exploring Applications of Copper Round Bars

Copper round bars are versatile materials with a wide range of applications across various industries. In this blog post, we'll explore the diverse applications of copper round bars and highlight their importance in different sectors.

Electrical and Electronics Industry

Copper round bars are extensively used in the electrical and electronics industry for their excellent conductivity properties. We'll discuss how they are utilized in wiring, busbars, connectors, and other electrical components.

Plumbing and HVAC Systems

Copper round bars are an ideal choice for plumbing and HVAC systems due to their corrosion resistance and antimicrobial properties. We'll explore their use in piping, fittings, valves, and heat exchangers in residential, commercial, and industrial settings.

Industrial Machinery and Equipment

Copper round bars play a crucial role in the manufacturing of industrial machinery and equipment. We'll delve into their applications in bearings, gears, shafts, bushings, and other critical components that require strength, durability, and thermal conductivity.

Architectural and Decorative Applications

Copper round bars are valued for their aesthetic appeal and architectural versatility. We'll examine how they are used in architectural elements, decorative accents, and artistic installations to add warmth, elegance, and character to interior and exterior spaces.

Renewable Energy Sector

Copper round bars are essential components in renewable energy systems such as solar panels and wind turbines. We'll discuss their role in conducting electricity, dissipating heat, and ensuring the efficiency and reliability of renewable energy infrastructure.

Marine and Aerospace Applications

Copper round bars are employed in marine and aerospace applications where corrosion resistance, conductivity, and lightweight properties are critical. We'll explore their use in shipbuilding, offshore structures, aircraft components, and satellite systems.

Conclusion:

Copper round bars serve as indispensable components across a wide array of industries, owing to their exceptional properties and versatility. If you're seeking high-quality copper round bars for your projects, reach out to us at rkcopperalloys@gmail.com. We're dedicated to providing top-notch materials to meet your specific requirements.

[spaceexp]

Hubble's impactful life alongside space debris

ESA - Hubble Space Telescope patch. April 30, 2020 During its 30 years in orbit around Earth, the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope has witnessed the changing nature of spaceflight as the skies have filled with greater numbers of satellites, the International Space Station was born and in-space crashes and explosions have created clouds of fast-moving space debris. Hubble itself has felt the impact of this debris, accumulating tiny impact craters across its solar panels that evidence a long and eventful life in space. So what can we learn from these impacts, and what does the future hold for Hubble?

Astronaut Kathy Thornton throws damaged array into space

In 1993, the first Shuttle mission to ‘spruce up’ Hubble was conducted. By providing the space observatory with corrective optics, it was suddenly able to take the incredibly sharp images of the Universe loved by the world over. While the astronauts were there, they replaced the observatory’s solar arrays which had been ‘jittering’ due to temperature fluctuations. One of the panels was disposed of in orbit, later burning up in Earth’s atmosphere, but the other was brought back down to Earth. Part of ESA’s contribution to Hubble was to design, manufacture and provide its solar arrays in exchange for observation time, meaning the returned array was available for the Agency to inspect. This was one of the earliest opportunities in the history of space exploration to see the impact of more than two years in space on an orbiting satellite. The team discovered hundreds of impact craters pocketing the surface of just a small section of the solar array, ranging from microns to millimetres in diameter.

ESA built-solar cells retrieved from the Hubble Space Telescope in 2002

Nine years later, the solar panels were again replaced and returned to Earth this time having accumulated almost a decade of impact craters. This array is now on display at ESA’s Technology Centre (ESTEC) in The Netherlands, but a tiny piece came to the ESOC mission control in Germany, home to the Space Debris Office. Array of evidence of Hubble’s early bombardment Although we don't know exactly when each impact crater was formed, they must have occurred during the solar array’s period in orbit. As such, imprinted on them, is unique evidence of spaceflight activity during their time in space. The impact craters were studied to determine their size and depth, but also to seek out potential new residues. Given that the chemical composition of the solar cell was known, ‘alien’ materials or elements could have been brought into the crater by the impactor.

Hubble solar cell impact damage

Metals like iron and nickel would suggest an impact from a natural source – fragments of asteroids and comets known as micrometeoroids. The craters found in Hubble’s solar arrays however contained small amounts of aluminium and oxygen, a strong indication of human activity in the form of ‘solid rocket motor’ firing residues. The space debris team, as part of a larger effort with partners in industry and academia, were able to match the shape and size of these craters to models of rocket firings that were known to have happened at the time, finding a match between craters observed and craters expected. Was Hubble hurt? These tiny particles, ranging from micrometres up to a millimetre in size, would have struck Hubble at huge relative speeds of 10 km/s, however they didn't have a major impact on the craft which continues to take incredible images of our Universe.

Tapestry of blazing starbirth

Such impacts occur quite frequently for all satellites, the main effect being a continuous but gradual degradation in the amount of power the solar arrays can produce. New missions make use of a model created by the space debris team, based on early Hubble impact data, to predict how many impacts can be expected for each mission and what effect this will have on solar power. Hubble still lives with the threat of collision Imagine the Hubble spacecraft in orbit, residing inside a 1 km x 1 km x 1km cube. On average, at any moment, a single piece of micron-sized debris shares that cube with Hubble, because for every cubic kilometre of space around Earth, there is about one tiny debris object. This doesn't sound like a lot, but Hubble itself is travelling at 7.6 km/s relative to Earth and so are these tiny fragments of debris. A large fraction of collisions between the two don't happen head on, but at an angle, leading to relative impact speeds of about 10 km/s.

Hubble in free orbit

For simplicity, imagine these particles are travelling at 10 km/s relative to a still Hubble. This is the same as ten of these fast-moving objects crossing in and out of Hubble’s cubic space every second. Because Hubble’s solar panels take up a large surface area, measuring approximately 7x2 m, they are more likely to come face-to-face with large numbers of these projectiles.

Distribution of space debris in orbit around Earth

Hubble today faces a similar threat from small debris fragments as it did soon after it was launched. While micron-sized particles are still being created today, the atmosphere at this low altitude, 547 km above Earth’s surface, also sweeps a number of them away. However, the risk from larger objects is unfortunately also increasing. Debris fragments ranging from about 1-10 cm in size are too small to be catalogued and tracked from ground, but have enough energy to destroy an entire satellite. At Hubble's altitude, the probability of a collision with one of these objects has doubled since the early 2000s, from a 0.15% chance per year to a 0.3% today. Hubble lives where mega-constellations plan to reside Some satellites are launched today without the capability to change their orbit. Instead of manoeuvring at the end of their life, they can be inserted into relatively low altitudes so that over time Earth’s atmosphere pulls them down to burn up, including the region that Hubble calls home.

Mega-constellation coverage

In addition, the total number of operational satellites being put into this region looks set to soon rapidly increase. Some broadband internet constellations, the largest of which are planned to contain thousands of satellites, have their sights set on these heights. Space Safety at ESA To help prevent the build-up of new debris through collisions, ESA's Space Safety programme is developing ‘automated collision avoidance’ technologies that will make the process of avoiding collisions more efficient, by automating the decision processes on the ground.

High-velocity impact sample

But what about the debris that’s already out there? In a world first, ESA has commissioned an active debris removal mission that will safely dispose of an item of debris currently in orbit. The ClearSpace-1 mission will target a 100 kg Vespa rocket part, left in orbit after the second flight of ESA’s Vega launcher back in 2013. With a mass of 100 kg, the Vespa is close in size to a small satellite. Its relatively simple shape and sturdy construction make it a suitable first goal, before progressing to larger, more challenging captures by follow-up missions – eventually including multi-object capture. Related links: NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope: http://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Hubble_overview Space debris: http://www.esa.int/Safety_Security/Space_Debris ESA’s Technology Centre (ESTEC): http://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Space_Engineering_Technology ESA's Space Safety programme: http://www.esa.int/Safety_Security ClearSpace-1 mission: http://www.esa.int/Safety_Security/Clean_Space/ESA_commissions_world_s_first_space_debris_removal Images, Video, Text, Credits: NASA, ESA, and STScI; CC BY 4.0/Science Office. Greetings, Orbiter.ch Full article

[kennethresearch]

Google Project Loon Market Size, Share, Development, Growth and Demand Forecast 2021 to 2025

Project Loon is a research and development project being developed by X (formerly Google X), which consists of a network of balloons equipped with routers at the edge of space. The aim of the project is to provide internet to everyone in the world. It is a known fact that many areas in the emerging and developed regions across the globe are deprived of a proper internet access.

Project Loon intends to connect people in rural and remote areas by making use of a network of internet-powered balloons traveling on the edge of space.

Google thinks its internet balloons will be a $10 billion business. Each balloon is equipped with LTE antennas capable of covering around 80 kilometers on the ground, a 100W solar panel array that charges a battery for nighttime operations, and additional antennas to relay traffic to other balloons.

Get Sample Reports Here - https://www.kennethresearch.com/report-details/google-project-loon-market/10065254

Assuming all the mechanisms of the project are functioning as planned, every single person can have access to internet. Loon's Use of Renewable Energy is an added advantage as it will greatly influence and inspire future projects. It creates an interplay between solar energy to keep the balloon functional while using wind energy to define its motor controls. With the constant connectivity to the each other through the internet collaboration between people across the globe will become much easier. The main problem with the Project Loon is the certainty of eventual hardware failure. If a Loon balloon fails, it can either remain up in the air floating, making it difficult to bring down or it might go down in unwanted areas as they can't be reached. Another concern over this project is internet privacy. As the project gives Google more power over a wider range of consumer behaviour the information obtained can become a security issue if it is shared with Government agencies.

Increasing the volume of internet users would invariably increase traffic on the world's leading search engine, Google Search. The increase in search users implies that more ads will be displayed which in turn result in profits for Google. Given the rising number of the mobile internet subscriptions and also the ever-increasing growth in the world population, the need for access to the internet is going to increase even more. The growing population, changing consumer internet habits and multiple developments via Internet-of-Things could drive the demand for a full-time easy access to the internet from every corner of the globe, which could be made possible by implementing Project Loon to its full potential.

Google has already run tests with several different telecoms. It has conducted test runs with Vodafone in New Zealand, Telstra in Australia, and Telefonica in Latin America - and is working on commercial deals with other new network operators. Google will split the revenue from any new customers with the telecommunications company providing the LTE spectrum.

SpaceX and Facebook are also working on similar projects and could be the potential competitors to Google. Facebook is the only company that has started testing its project by the use of unmanned aerial vehicles unlike SpaceX, which plans to provide a similar internet access facility by the use of a fleet of satellites.

Report Contents

Global Market segments

Global Market Drivers, Restraints and Opportunities

Global Market Size & Forecast 2016 to 2022

Supply & Demand Value Chain

Global Market - Current Trends

Competition & Major Companies

Technology and R&D Status

Porters Five Force Analysis

Strategic and Critical Success Factor Analysis of Key Players

Regional Analysis

North America

Latin America

Western Europe

Eastern Europe

Asia Pacific

Middle East and Africa

US and Canada

Mexico

Brazil

Argentina

Rest of Latin America

EU5 (Germany, France, Italy, Spain, U.K.)

Nordic Countries (Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden)

Benelux (Belgium, The Netherlands, and Luxembourg)

Rest of Western Europe

Russia

Poland

Rest of Eastern Europe

China

India

Japan

Australia and New Zealand

Rest of Asia Pacific

GCC countries (Saudi Arabia, Oman, Qatar, Bahrain, UAE and Kuwait)

South Africa

North Africa

Rest of Middle East and Africa

Report Highlights

This report is an elaborate aggregation of primary inputs from industry experts and participants across the supply chain. It provides details on market segmentation which is derived from several product mapping exercises, macroeconomic parameters and other qualitative and quantitative insights. The impact of all such factors is delivered across multiple market segments and geographies.

Detailed Historical Overview (Market Origins, Product Launch Timeline, etc.)

Consumer and Pricing Analysis

Market dynamics of the industry

Market Segmentation

Estimated Market Sizing in terms of volume and value

Recent trends in market and impact

Research Status and Technology Overview

Extensive Industry Structure Coverage

About Kenneth Research

Kenneth Research is a reselling agency providing market research solutions in different verticals such as Automotive and Transportation, Chemicals and Materials, Healthcare, Food & Beverage and Consumer Packaged Goods, Semiconductors, Electronics & ICT, Packaging, and Others. Our portfolio includes set of market research insights such as market sizing and market forecasting, market share analysis and key positioning of the players (manufacturers, deals and distributors, etc), understanding the competitive landscape and their business at a ground level and many more. Our research experts deliver the offerings efficiently and effectively within a stipulated time. The market study provided by Kenneth Research helps the Industry veterans/investors to think and to act wisely in their overall strategy formulation

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[wolfliving]

Mars colonization timeline

*I haven’t seen one of these for a while.  It continues all the way to the dawn of the 22nd century, which is admirable.

https://www.humanmars.net/p/mars-colonization-timeline.html

(...)

2010s – The Mars hype is there 2016 – Elon Musk reveals SpaceX plans for the Interplanetary Transport System (ITS, formerly known as Mars Colonial Transporter). 2016 – ESA&Roscosmos's ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter enters Mars orbit, but Schiaparelli lander crashes on the surface of Mars. 2017 – Elon Musk updates SpaceX vision "to make life multiplanetary" and colonize Mars (with Big Falcon Rocket architecture, formerly known as Interplanetary Transport System). 2018 – NASA's InSight lander lands on Mars at Elysium Planitia. 2019 – First test hops of SpaceX's Starship (formerly known as Big Falcon Rocket) test vehicle – the Starhopper. 2019 – NASA awards several companies, including SpaceX, Blue Origin, Boeing and Lockheed Martin, with contracts to develop and build landing system capable to land on the Moon and bring back to Lunar Orbital Gateway at least 2 astronauts no later than 2024. 2020s – Preparing for human arrival 2020 – SpaceX's prototype Starship reaches the boundary of outer space for the first time. 2021 – ESA&Roscosmos's ExoMars rover lands on Mars at Oxia Planum. 2021 – NASA's Mars 2020 rover lands on Mars in Jazero Crater (Western Isidis Planitia) to collect samples for later retrieval. A small reconnaissance drone-helicopter accompanies the rover. 2021 – First Chinese orbiter, lander and rover reaches Mars. 2021 – United Arab Emirates Hope probe enters Mars orbit. 2022 – SpaceX's prototype booster (Super Heavy) and cargo Starship makes first full-fledged orbital test flight around Earth. 2023 – India's Mangalyaan 2 orbiter and lander reaches Mars. 2024 – First SpaceX's crew Starship successfully tested on orbital flight. 2025 – SpaceX's cargo Starship lands on the rim of the Shackleton Crater near the lunar South pole. 2025 – Japan's Martian Moons Explorer lands on Phobos to collect samples and return them to Earth in 2029. 2025 – Core structure of international Lunar Orbital Gateway completed in Lunar orbit. 2025 – NASA's unmanned Artemis demonstration human lander lands near the Shackleton Crater (the Moon). 2026 – A communications relay satellite is placed at Sun-Earth Lagrangian point L5 to overcome the problem of periodic communications blackout with spacecrafts temporary behind the Sun. 2026 – SpaceX's crew Starship #dearMoon flies around the Moon with Yusaku Maezawa and 8 artist on board. 2026 – Humans return to the Moon as NASA's Artemis lander lands on the rim of the Shackleton Crater near the lunar South pole. First woman on the Moon. 2027 – Two demonstration cargo Starships separately land on Mars at the two most promising locations for the first human base on Mars; both ships have a small nuclear power reactor in cargo and an automatic atmospheric propellant plant to produce oxygen and methane from Martian atmosphere. 2027 – SpaceX's crew Starship lands on the rim of the Shackleton Crater to establish the first human outpost on the Moon. For the time being it's only temporary inhabited. 2027 – NASA&ESA's sample return orbiter (with broadband laser communications capability) and lander (with Mars ascent vehicle and a sample collection rover) reaches Mars to retrieve samples collected by Mars 2020 rover and launch them back to Earth. 2028 – After the ground tests are done in both places the final location of future "Mars Base Alpha" is selected. Filled with local propellant the one Starship not on the selected location launches from Mars and successfully lands back on Earth the next year. 2029 – Two unmanned Starships land at the selected location of Mars Base Alpha: a backup crew ship (which has tested the Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS) on the way) and a cargo ship with rovers, miner/tunneling droids and solar panels for the first human mission. 2030s – First human base on Mars 2030 – Several landing fields cleared and prepared robotically at Mars Base Alpha location for the human mission next year. 2030 – Human outpost on the rim of the Shackleton Crater near the lunar South pole, now called the Moon Village, permanently inhabited. China joins the Moon Village adding its modules and structures. 2031 – On a mission supported by NASA two SpaceX's crew Starships with 12 astronauts each land at Mars Base Alpha – first humans on Mars. The crewed ships (serving as temporary habitats) are accompanied with a few cargo ships, including one with machinery for a ground-based In Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) system. 2031 – A constellation of Starlink satellites with global positioning system (GPS) and global communications system is deployed in orbit around Mars. Now it's hard to get lost on Mars; possibly only in a lava tube or a narrow canyon. 2031 – Chinese sample return lander and rover lands on Mars to collect samples and launch them back to Earth. 2031 – Solar array is built at Mars Base Alpha to supplement the energy generated by nuclear reactor on-board the first cargo Starship. 2032 – After the best location is confirmed mining of water ice starts near the Mars Base Alpha. Ground-based ISRU systemwith atmosphere separator and chemical/propellant plant capable to produce and store water, nitrogen, argon and liquid methane and oxygen is assembled. 2032 – Several landing/launch pads for future Starship missions are built a few miles from Mars Base Alpha. 2033 – All of the landed cargo Starships, except the first one with nuclear power reactor and atmospheric propellant plant on-board, launch back to Earth unmanned. Crew spaceships stay on Mars. 2033 – 2nd crew of 30 astronauts and workers aboard a Starship lands at Mars Base Alpha. The first modular ground habitatand a hydroponic greenhouse is built to provide Mars Base Alpha with locally grown vegan food. "The Mars Society"establishes its first chapter on Mars :) 2033 – NASA's research Mars Surface Field Station is established at Mars Base Alpha. 2034 – Martian regolith extraction, chemical separation and storage equipment is assembled; the useful elements now can be used in the greenhouse and ISRU system. 2034 – Several space agencies join NASA in financing the scientific operations at Mars Base Alpha and transport of their scientists between Earth and Mars. 2035 – First fully occupied Starship with 50 scientists, workers and colonists lands at Mars Base Alpha. 2035 – NASA's Mars Surface Field Station is reorganized into an international scientific research base with scientist crews rotating every Earth-Mars synod (26 months). 2036 – The ISRU capabilities of Mars Base Alpha are extended not only to produce air, water and methalox fuel, but also steel, bricks, cement, basic fertilizers, plastics and silica products (as glass panels). Some industrial size 3D printers are also assembled. 2036 – First orbital fuel depot for hydrolox and methalox rocket engines completed at Low Earth orbit. The hydrogen and oxygen is provided from the Moon and Near Earth asteroids; the methane – from Earth. 2037 – Starships with 100 human colonists and workers lands at Mars Base Alpha, which now reaches a population of 200. Cargo Starships bring in heavy duty construction and tunneling equipment. 2038 – Cyanobacteria is introduced into the ISRU processes of Mars Base Alpha. 2038 – A fish farm is built at Mars Base Alpha to provide more diverse local food for the colonists. The greenhouse is vastly expanded. 2039 – A transparent, radiation-filtering geodesic dome with garden is built at Mars Base Alpha; work begins to build a new underground section with larger habitats and working areas to boost the population capacity of the base to 1000. 2039 – First child is born on Mars at Mars Base Alpha. His voyage to Earth later in his life would be dangerous because of his bones and organs not being fit for Earth's gravity.  (((etc etc)))

[vrushali456]

 Solar PV  Panels Market Tracking Report Analysis 2023-2031 

The Solar PV  Panels Market was valued at USD 153.07 billion in 2022, and it is anticipated to increase at a CAGR of 9.3% from 2023 to 2031. A solar panel, sometimes referred to as a PV panel, is made up of solar (or photovoltaic) cells that use the sun's light to produce energy. It is constructed from a number of silicon, boron, and phosphorus-based solar cells that are arrayed on the surface in a grid-like arrangement. Globally, the use of solar panels has grown due to the fact that they do not cause any pollution and that their installation aids in reducing the dangerous greenhouse gas emissions.

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Top Key Players:

Market Growth:

The main use of photovoltaic or solar cells is to transform solar energy into an electron flow. These cells generate electricity from solar energy, which is useful for recharging batteries or powering devices. Spacecraft and orbiting satellites were first powered by solar cells. However, in recent years, their use for grid-connected electricity generation has increased. In order to function better, photovoltaic systems seek to maximize production. During the anticipated timeframe, these variables should accelerate market expansion.

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Market Segmentation:

Solar PV Panels Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report, By Technology, By Grid Type, By Application By Region, And Segment Forecasts, 2023 – 2031

Market Drivers - Solar PV (Photovoltaic) panels market:

The industrial sector's rising demand for solar panels is evidence of the public's preference for alternative energy sources over traditional ones. Solar technology and panel installation are receiving significant investment from many sectors throughout the world. The rising number of solar power plants in various industry verticals is the main factor driving the global market for solar panels.

Market Opportunities - Solar PV (Photovoltaic) panels market

Solar cells, often known as photovoltaic cells, are used primarily to transform solar energy into an electron flow. These cells generate electricity from solar energy, which can be used to run devices or top off batteries. Initially, satellites in orbit and spacecraft were powered by photovoltaic cells.

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About Us:

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[solaerotech-blog]

SolAero Technologies Corp. is a leading provider of high efficiency solar cells, solar panels and composite structural products for satellite and aerospace applications. We provide solar power solutions and precision aerospace structures to the global space markets, encompassing a wide array of applications including civil space exploration, science and earth observation, defense intelligence and communication, and commercial telecommunications industries.

[abjdronesblog]

How to do solar farm inspection?

There are many possible feasible use cases for drones in solar farm inspection, due to the lithe and powerful applications of commercial grade UAV technology. If you’ve already read our Aerial Asset and Infrastructure Inspections page, you will have seen that solar panel and array inspections are a general use case, but they are far from being the only cost-effective and feasible use case for drones in this industry.

Solar farm inspections for planning, development as well as construction

Even before you buying or lease a site for your planned solar farm, we can support you to make the right decision. If you offer us with your optimal site wants (size, land type, soil type, grid proximity), we can support you to identify location contenders based on powerful analysis of satellite and other property data. Once you establish a chosen location, we can collect accurate aerial data to develop topographical models (elevation, contours, shade assessment and even soil analysis) to support you in planning how to optimise the site for extreme power generation. As our site models are so accurate, we can also offer precise A/B lines to your specification to anchor modelling for solar array placement, road and track placement, building placement and grid connector assignment. We can also detect cut-and-fill volumes to estimation the scope of earthworks essential to achieve the optimal placement of arrays.

Solar farm inspections for delivery and appointing

Once construction has been accomplished and signed off, we can develop an agreed technique to cost-effectively and professionally monitor the operational health of your solar farm, supporting your keep and solar farm inspection teams to attain maximum operational efficacy. We naturally start with the development of a “digital twin” of the property, a very thorough and accurate 3D model of the entire solar farm which can be used to view the infrastructure from any angle or route on the desktop for maintenance planning and apparatus identification purposes. This is a very powerful tool for briefing contractors and maintenance teams before they attend the site and for training new staff. The data delimited in the “digital twin” can also be used to support project financiers in signing off final payments, and to assist energy companies in signing off connection contracts, to reduce the time mandatory to bring the solar farm into commercial production. And, of course, the interpretation of this data to high-quality aerial photos and virtual fly-throughs can be a very powerful tool to please stakeholders that their investment has been realized and is ready to earn monetary returns.