#The original of codes are called machine language. The second era of codes are called low level computing construct and the third era of cod

[akshay-s]

Top 10 Data Science Skills To Learn in 2020

Introduction :

The world is now a hot bed of technology and for good reason. Previously, even may be a decade or two back, we couldn't imagine the number of changes that we see now. It was close to impossible to think that we would have machines that would have the capability to think for themselves. During this time period, all work, starting from the simple ones to the most complicated, happened manually. Imagine analyzing hundreds of data sets to come to one conclusion! As difficult as it was, this was the way things worked. That is until the magic of Data Science was discovered.

With the artificially intelligent machines, however, the dynamics of the corporate world changed drastically. Businesses that began employing smart machines thrived due to the sheer accuracy of the computers. Large volumes of data could now be processed in a matter of minutes, even seconds. Employees no longer had to grind away just to come to a simple conclusion. Instead, they could concentrate on better things that the machines could still not do. This marked an era of change and technological advancements.

Today, companies find themselves using the concept of Data Science and Machine Learning to do things faster and more efficiently.

Top 10 Data Science Skills To Learn :

Data Science, as we have just seen, is a topic that assumes a position of vast importance in today's world. It is changing constantly, giving rise to more things- better things. These are, in turn, is employed to make things work at a faster pace. While the stream itself is producing millions of deltas, there are a few that originate and associate directly with Data Science. While the subject will continue to give birth to many more corollaries in the future, these are some of the basic things that will always remain. All Data Science Certification Courses help you learn these as it is inevitable in case you want to become a Data Scientist. While there are plenty of courses that you can take, you should always aim for the best ones first. And the best course is provided by a company called Great Learning. They are pioneers in this field and have trained thousands of students who are now successfully placed in their fields.

1. Python: Data Science is all about programming. And Python is one of the most well-known languages of the world. Why? The reasons are simple.

Ease of computing: Python is an easy language to master. It hardly has any punctuation and works solely on codes and indentation. This makes Python a universal favorite.

Powerful language: Python is a powerful language as it can be used to generate many different types of software. It is one of the best languages available under object-oriented programming. Its power lies in the generation of complex software that is now used everywhere, all over the world.

2. Machine Learning: Machine learning is a fundamental concept of Data Science. It is safe to say that Data Science is driven by the concepts of Machine Learning. For a computer to learn the science behind processing data, it has to go through the process of machine learning. Possessing the required knowledge for Machine Learning is an important step in becoming a Data Scientist. It is only natural for a person to acquire this skill in such a scenario. Predictive analysis is yet again an important part of machine learning that you will be required to master.

3. Neural Networks: Neural networks in Artificial Intelligence refers to the working of neurons in a human brain. The reason why this is one of the most important parts of learning about AI, is the simulation of the neuron patterns to form a cognitive learning system. Neurons in our brains are designed to retrieve memory from the slightest of hints produced. This is an important capability that all Artificial Intelligence-driven machines are required to have. The neurons are also responsible for all other activities that make humans the most intelligent on the planet. In that light, it is important to say that a neural network can be primarily of three types:

Feed forward Neural Network: This is the type of neural network that is used most commonly today. In Artificial Intelligence, it is used to perform some basic operations like basic pattern recognition and image recognition. Feed forward neural network is so-called as it facilitates the flow of information in one direction only. This genre of a neural network can further be divided into single-layered networks and multi-layered networks.

Recurrent Neural Network: Recurrent neural networks, abbreviated as RNN, make use of loops to perform some recurrent operations. Quite naturally, these are way more complicated than feed-forward neural networks and can do much more complex tasks related to image processing. In fact, recurrent neural networks are used in natural language processing and speech recognition operations.

Convolutional neural networks: This genre of neural networks is quite complicated and was developed with visual recognition in mind. Today, it is used for operations like object recognition and analysis of videos.

4. Deep Learning: One of the most important components of the whole Artificial Intelligence package is Deep Learning. Now, we spoke about the usage of neural networks in the previous point and that is clear to us given its content. However, there is more to it than meets the eye. When we say 'deep learning', we mean the cognitive ability of a machine to imitate the way humans learn and remember things. One very important aspect of Artificial Intelligence is making some important decisions and that is facilitated by a complex structure of neurons. The study and subsequent imitation of this process are essentially what we mean by deep learning.

5. Natural Language Processing: Natural Language Processing is a sub field of Artificial Intelligence and is essentially concerned with the processing of natural languages. It deals with the interaction between humans and computers using natural languages. This requires the computer or the software to understand the respective languages and to know what to say after what and how exactly to respond. Given that Artificial Intelligence is a lot about interacting with humans, Natural Language Processing is a crucial part of designing an interface that is to understand the natural language of humans

6. SQL: SQL is the abbreviation of Structured Query Language and is used to manipulate information in a database management system. Although the topic does not sound like one that has something to do with artificial intelligence, it actually is more than helpful to the eye. Databases are required to store the information that will be fed to the machine, which in turn will serve as the data that the machine will use to learn various things. Hence, it is important to know the usage of databases, and hence, of SQL.

7. NOSQL(Not only SQL): NOSQL is mostly a simpler, or a more refined version of SQL. It deals with the retrieval of information from a database that does not have relational schemas. As for SQL, relational schemas formed a crucial part of the designing system. However, in NOSQL, it is completely the opposite. It is used mainly for the databases where relational tables are not necessary. Therefore, a small amount of data works just fine on NOSQL. Needless to say, using NOSQL in such situations is way better than using SQL as the latter is more complicated than the former.

8. Hadoop: Hadoop is a collection of open-source software that was introduced by Apache. This software was introduced to take care of a large volume of data which can otherwise be difficult to handle. Wondering why Hadoop is essential for Artificial Intelligence? Let us explain how! With Hadoop, feeding data to your artificial intelligence-driven device becomes a thousand times easier than it would have normally been. Moreover, the device will also be able to save further information using this software. However, as a designer, you must know how to operate Hadoop so that you can program your machine accordingly.

9. Elastic Search: Developed using the language Java, Elastic search is a search engine that is based essentially on the Luce library. This, too, plays an important role when it comes to Artificial Intelligence.

10. Visualization of Data: Data visualization is a topic that is being widely explored by computer scientists. Artificial Intelligence is not only being driven by this technology, but it is also being used to develop the same. Through data visualization, it is possible to translate a large volume of data into images that are easier to decipher and use. This allows easier communication between a machine and the user as visualization increases readability.

Some more skills that you must know :

Database Management Systems

Health-care analytics

Conclusion :

We have seen the importance of the discussed skills. It is to be kept in mind that these are the ones that are being used a lot these days. However, the ones mentioned below the main list, also assume an important place in the world of Data Science and Machine Learning.

Throughout the entire article, there was one thing that was predominantly visible, and that was Data Science. Although we have encouraged the skills that we have mentioned here, it is to be kept in mind that there are many more such skills that one can acquire.

One other thing that you must have noticed is the presence of programming languages. Data Science is a subject that breathes through programming. In that light, some of the most important languages here are Python and R. These are the two languages that are ruling over the realm and there is no way you want to skip even one if you wish to be a Data Scientist.

If you want to learn how Data Science works, you can take a Data Science course. These courses shed light on a lot of important topics that Data Science encompasses. Moreover, the Data Science Course in India is gaining a lot of ground here. You definitely want to be one of the people to know about the subject while it is still ripe. One organization that teaches Data Science better than the others is Great Learning. They have a fantastic collection of resources that are all given to you for better and comprehensive learning. This is a chance that you do not want to miss out on it.

[sebeth]

Young Justice Outsiders: Evolution

Warning, Spoilers Ahead…

  S

P

O

I

L

E

R

S

 Episode 7: “Evolution”

“Aliens once again threaten the Earth, but with the Justice League split and scattered, only Earth’s first and greatest hero can save us!”

Any guesses? Alan Scott, maybe? “First” would indicate a member of the Justice Society.

 “You’ve come of age, Cassandra. As the daughter of Vandal Savage, these are the things you should know.”

I only know of two Cassandras in the DC Universe and the one onscreen isn’t Wonder Girl.

The other Cassandra is Cassandra Cain. She is the daughter of Lady Shiva and David Cain. Cassandra begins as a mostly mute character and continues to have language difficulties.

Vandal Savage has one daughter (that we know of) in the DC Universe. Her name is Scandal. She was a member of the Secret Six and had a romantic relationship with Knockout. She would eventually marry Knockout and another woman whose name I can’t recall.

Is Cassandra supposed to be Scandal? Is she a Cassandra Cain/Scandal combination? It’s an odd choice to give Scandal the civilian name of Cassandra if the writers are going to introduce Cassandra Cain later in the series – as far as I can recall, Scandal was never given a civilian name in the comics – the writers could have given her any name – why Cassandra?

Vandal’s minion is named Olympia – why the focus on Greek names? Vandal predates the Greek civilization by thousands of years.

It turns out Vandal is earth’s “first and greatest” hero. Only in his own mind.

September 8th: An alien armada heads toward earth.

Conner, Artemis, Brion, Forager, and Violet are chilling on the beach at Happy Harbor.

The group listens to sport news on a tablet. The show writers use the opportunity to mention some DC characters:

“Hank Heywood of Detroit” aka Steel – best known for his membership in the Detroit era of the Justice League

“Victor Stone” – Cyborg. I’m sure every viewer caught this reference.

I’ve said it before and I’ll say it again: I love the writers’ love and knowledge of the DC Universe.

Dick arrives with outfits for Halo and Brion. Violet is adorable in her appreciation. Brion isn’t appreciative of the “form-fitting” aspect of his uniform.

Conner admits he’s not fond of form-fitting uniforms either.

Dick mentions Fire designed Brion’s uniform so it wouldn’t be destroyed by his lava form. Fire is most famous as a member of the Justice League International and Ice’s best friend. She was a member of the Global Guardians and Checkmate.

Brion thanks Dick for the uniform as “naked was not my style”.

Forager doesn’t have a problem with nudity: “What is wrong with naked? Forager is naked now.”

The newbie trio continues to be adorable.

Forager puts on his helmet so “Forager is no longer naked��. Way to miss the point, buddy.

Cassandra reads more of Vandal’s history. Vandal’s origin is consistent with the comics: a meteor’s radiation/energy grants him immortality.

Vandal warns Lex of the incoming armada.

Olympia is quite the Vandal fangirl.

Vandal and Lex realize the Justice League and Green Lantern Corps are otherwise occupied due to their machinations. Klarion is involved in Project: Rudapaega? Vandal will have to deal with the armada himself.

Dick trains the newbies. Forager gains the upper-hand against Dick because he “fights dirty” – using towel snaps and sand to the eyes.

Artemis trains with Halo and Brion works with Conner.

Vandal, Cassandra, and Scandal head into space with the War World.

The War World and the armada engage in battle.

We flashback to Vandal’s origin. The unidentified man who stabs Vandal would later become the Immortal Man.

Brion and his siblings were quite the fans of DC’s trinity as children. Brion was a Superman fan, Gregor supported Batman, and Tara was a Wonder Woman supporter.

Vandal contacts Darkseid for resources to fight the armada. Darkseid grants this request.

We discover Darkseid arrived on earth in the 13th century. Vandal, posing as “Genghis Khan”, battles Darkseid’s forces. Darkseid wins but forms an alliance with Vandal Savage.

Jace and Jeff go on a date.

Dick tells the newbies to choose their code names.

Brion wants to be called “Hot Lava”! It’s rejected as it’s too much of a stripper name. Dick goofs on the Tigress code-name and gets punched for his troubles.

Artemis reminds Dick that she didn’t take her name “from an 80’s mullet rock band.”

Dick denies the claim “Not true.”

I love the writers’ reference to Dick’s infamous late 80’s/early 90’s mullet!

Forager is…Forager.

Dick begins training on team maneuvers.

Darkseid sends Kalibak to assist in the space battle.

Olympia: “Kalibak has daddy issues.”

Olympia – the master of understatement.

Vandal spots a Starro fish attached to one of the dead aliens.

We flashback to Vandal’s time as Marduk. He, along with Doctor Fate, battled Starro in ancient Babylonia.

“Marduk’s son, Nabu, fell to the carnage.” This is new to cannon but an interesting choice. Will modern-day Nabu even recognize Vandal Savage.

Ishtar was Vandal’s daughter.

Present-day Vandal battles the main Starro while Cassandra directs War World.

Jeff and Jace spend the night in a hotel room.

We flashback to the Babylonia battle – its revealed that the Vandal and Ishtar emerged triumphant and became known as “the Light”.

Dick gives the newbies props for today’s training. Conner adds his kudos and Artemis teases him over sounding like “Big Blue”.

Artemis offers s’mores as a reward. Halo is so excited a new ability emerges: the green aura causes holograms.

Dick: “We’re starting over.”

Starro is imprisoned in War World alongside Mongul and Despero.

Throughout the episode, the writers have shown Olympia was suffering from memory loss due to dementia.

The episode ends with Vandal calmly approaching Olympia, asking why she recorded his exploits when he had told her not to. He asks Olympia to name her favorite story. As Olympia names the “bear story”, Vandal snaps her neck.

Vandal orders Scandal to take care of her sister: “Any daughter of Vandal Savage deserves a funeral worthy of the gods”.

The end credit scene is Wolf sleeping on the couch.

My second favorite episode of the season. An intriguing look into Vandal’s history. Consistent with comic book cannon but with new additions for the Young Justice universe.

Odd choice to use “Cassandra” as Scandal’s name. As I said earlier, Scandal’s birth name is unknown in the comics – why use “Cassandra” when Cassandra Cain will presumably debut at some point in the Young Justice universe?

Viewers are smart enough to differentiate between the three Cassandras but why use the same name for a third character when you have other options unless the creators are merging Scandal/Cassandra Cain into one character? The offspring of Lady Shiva and Vandal Savage would be a terrifying force but this Cassandra has no language difficulties. Cassandra’s struggle with verbal language is one of her defining characteristics – I wouldn’t be happy if it’s randomly removed.

As for Vandal’s other offspring…assuming Nabu is one of the two sons Darkseid was intrigued by…what happened to the other son? Is he still alive? Did he travel to Apocalypse as part of Darkseid’s pact with Vandal Savage? Darkseid is fond of stealing other men’s sons – ask Scott Free!

Was Nabu the first Doctor Fate? Was his soul captured in the helmet of Fate at the moment of his death? Have Nabu and Vandal encountered each other since Nabu’s transformation into a Lord of Order?

Is Ishtar still alive?

The non-Vandal parts of the episode were simply adorable. Brion, Violet, and Forager are too precious for this world.

Hot Lava!

[technato]

Carnegie Mellon is Saving Old Software from Oblivion

A prototype archiving system called Olive lets vintage code run on today’s computers

.carousel-inner{ height:525px !important; }

Illustration: Nicholas Little

In early 2010, Harvard economists Carmen Reinhart and Kenneth Rogoff published an analysis of economic data from many countries and concluded that when debt levels exceed 90 percent of gross national product, a nation’s economic growth is threatened. With debt that high, expect growth to become negative, they argued.

This analysis was done shortly after the 2008 recession, so it had enormous relevance to policymakers, many of whom were promoting high levels of debt spending in the interest of stimulating their nations’ economies. At the same time, conservative politicians, such as Olli Rehn, then an EU commissioner, and U.S. congressman Paul Ryan, used Reinhart and Rogoff’s findings to argue for fiscal austerity.

Three years later, Thomas Herndon, a graduate student at the University of Massachusetts, discovered an error in the Excel spreadsheet that Reinhart and Rogoff had used to make their calculations. The significance of the blunder was enormous: When the analysis was done properly, Herndon showed, debt levels in excess of 90 percent were associated with average growth of positive 2.2 percent, not the negative 0.1 percent that Reinhart and Rogoff had found.

Herndon could easily test the Harvard economists’ conclusions because the software that they had used to calculate their results—Microsoft Excel—was readily available. But what about much older findings for which the software originally used is hard to come by?

You might think that the solution—preserving the relevant software for future researchers to use—should be no big deal. After all, software is nothing more than a bunch of files, and those files are easy enough to store on a hard drive or on tape in digital format. For some software at least, the all-important source code could even be duplicated on paper, avoiding the possibility that whatever digital medium it’s written to could become obsolete.

Saving old programs in this way is done routinely, even for decades-old software. You can find online, for example, a full program listing for the Apollo Guidance Computer—code that took astronauts to the moon during the 1960s. It was transcribed from a paper copy and uploaded to GitHub in 2016.

While perusing such vintage source code might delight hard-core programmers, most people aren’t interested in such things. What they want to do is use the software. But keeping software in ready-to-run form over long periods of time is enormously difficult, because to be able to run most old code, you need both an old computer and an old operating system.

You might have faced this challenge yourself, perhaps while trying to play a computer game from your youth. But being unable to run an old program can have much more serious repercussions, particularly for scientific and technical research.

Along with economists, many other researchers, including physicists, chemists, biologists, and engineers, routinely use software to slice and dice their data and visualize the results of their analyses. They simulate phenomena with computer models that are written in a variety of programming languages and that use a wide range of supporting software libraries and reference data sets. Such investigations and the software on which they are based are central to the discovery and reporting of new research results.

Imagine that you’re an investigator and want to check calculations done by another researcher 25 years ago. Would the relevant software still be around? The company that made it may have disappeared. Even if a contemporary version of the software exists, will it still accept the format of the original data? Will the calculations be identical in every respect—for example, in the handling of rounding errors—to those obtained using a computer of a generation ago? Probably not.

Researchers’ growing dependence on computers and the difficulty they encounter when attempting to run old software are hampering their ability to check published results. The problem of obsolescent software is thus eroding the very premise of reproducibility—which is, after all, the bedrock of science.

The issue also affects matters that could be subject to litigation. Suppose, for example, that an engineer’s calculations show that a building design is robust, but the roof of that building nevertheless collapses. Did the engineer make a mistake, or was the software used for the calculations faulty? It would be hard to know years later if the software could no longer be run.

That’s why my colleagues and I at Carnegie Mellon University, in Pittsburgh, have been developing ways to archive programs in forms that can be run easily today and into the future. My fellow computer scientists Benjamin Gilbert and Jan Harkes did most of the required coding. But the collaboration has also involved software archivist Daniel Ryan and librarians Gloriana St. Clair, Erika Linke, and Keith Webster, who naturally have a keen interest in properly preserving this slice of modern culture.

Bringing Back Yesterday’s Software

The Olive system has been used to create 17 different virtual machines that run a variety of old software, some serious, some just for fun. Here are several views from those archived applications

1/8

NCSA Mosaic 1.0, a pioneering Web browser for the Macintosh from 1993.

2/8

Chaste (Cancer, Heart and Soft Tissue Environment) 3.1 for Linux from 2013.

<img src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/image/MzEzMTUzMg.jpeg&quot; data-original="/image/MzEzMTUzMg.jpeg" id="618441086_2" alt="The Oregon Trail 1.1, a game for the Macintosh from 1990.”> 3/8

The Oregon Trail 1.1, a game for the Macintosh from 1990.

<img src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/image/MzEzMTUzNQ.jpeg&quot; data-original="/image/MzEzMTUzNQ.jpeg" id="618441086_3" alt="Wanderer, a game for MS-DOS from 1988.”> 4/8

Wanderer, a game for MS-DOS from 1988.

<img src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/image/MzEzMTU1MA.jpeg&quot; data-original="/image/MzEzMTU1MA.jpeg" id="618441086_4" alt="Mystery House, a game for the Apple II from 1982.”> 5/8

Mystery House, a game for the Apple II from 1982.

6/8

The Great American History Machine, an educational interactive atlas for Windows 3.1 from 1991.

7/8

Microsoft Office 4.3 for Windows 3.1 from 1994.

8/8

ChemCollective, educational chemistry software for Linux from 2013.

$(document).ready(function(){ $(‘#618441086’).carousel({ pause: true, interval: false }); });

Because this project is more one of archival preservation than mainstream computer science, we garnered financial support for it not from the usual government funding agencies for computer science but from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation and the Institute for Museum and Library Services. With that support, we showed how to reconstitute long-gone computing environments and make them available online so that any computer user can, in essence, go back in time with just a click of the mouse.

We created a system called Olive—an acronym for Open Library of Images for Virtualized Execution. Olive delivers over the Internet an experience that in every way matches what you would have obtained by running an application, operating system, and computer from the past. So once you install Olive, you can interact with some very old software as if it were brand new. Think if it as a Wayback Machine for executable content.

To understand how Olive can bring old computing environments back to life, you have to dig through quite a few layers of software abstraction. At the very bottom is the common base of much of today’s computer technology: a standard desktop or laptop endowed with one or more x86 microprocessors. On that computer, we run the Linux operating system, which forms the second layer in Olive’s stack of technology.

Sitting immediately above the operating system is software written in my lab called VMNetX, for Virtual Machine Network Execution. A virtual machine is a computing environment that mimics one kind of computer using software running on a different kind of computer. VMNetX is special in that it allows virtual machines to be stored on a central server and then executed on demand by a remote system. The advantage of this arrangement is that your computer doesn’t need to download the virtual machine’s entire disk and memory state from the server before running that virtual machine. Instead, the information stored on disk and in memory is retrieved in chunks as needed by the next layer up: the virtual-machine monitor (also called a hypervisor), which can keep several virtual machines going at once.

Each one of those virtual machines runs a hardware emulator, which is the next layer in the Olive stack. That emulator presents the illusion of being a now-obsolete computer—for example, an old Macintosh Quadra with its 1990s-era Motorola 68040 CPU. (The emulation layer can be omitted if the archived software you want to explore runs on an x86-based computer.)

The next layer up is the old operating system needed for the archived software to work. That operating system has access to a virtual disk, which mimics actual disk storage, providing what looks like the usual file system to still-higher components in this great layer cake of software abstraction.

Above the old operating system is the archived program itself. This may represent the very top of the heap, or there could be an additional layer, consisting of data that must be fed to the archived application to get it to do what you want.

The upper layers of Olive are specific to particular archived applications and are stored on a central server. The lower layers are installed on the user’s own computer in the form of the Olive client software package. When you launch an archived application, the Olive client fetches parts of the relevant upper layers as needed from the central server.

Illustration: Nicholas Little

Layers of Abstraction: Olive requires many layers of software abstraction to create a suitable virtual machine. That virtual machine then runs the old operating system and application.

That’s what you’ll find under the hood. But what can Olive do? Today, Olive consists of 17 different virtual machines that can run a variety of operating systems and applications. The choice of what to include in that set was driven by a mix of curiosity, availability, and personal interests. For example, one member of our team fondly remembered playing The Oregon Trail when he was in school in the early 1990s. That led us to acquire an old Mac version of the game and to get it running again through Olive. Once word of that accomplishment got out, many people started approaching us to see if we could resurrect their favorite software from the past.

The oldest application we’ve revived is Mystery House, a graphics-enabled game from the early 1980s for the Apple II computer. Another program is NCSA Mosaic, which people of a certain age might remember as the browser that introduced them to the wonders of the World Wide Web.

Olive provides a version of Mosaic that was written in 1993 for Apple’s Macintosh System 7.5 operating system. That operating system runs on an emulation of the Motorola 68040 CPU, which in turn is created by software running on an actual x86-based computer that runs Linux. In spite of all this virtualization, performance is pretty good, because modern computers are so much faster than the original Apple hardware.

Pointing Olive’s reconstituted Mosaic browser at today’s Web is instructive: Because Mosaic predates Web technologies such as JavaScript, HTTP 1.1, Cascading Style Sheets, and HTML 5, it is unable to render most sites. But you can have some fun tracking down websites composed so long ago that they still look just fine.

What else can Olive do? Maybe you’re wondering what tools businesses were using shortly after Intel introduced the Pentium processor. Olive can help with that, too. Just fire up Microsoft Office 4.3 from 1994 (which thankfully predates the annoying automated office assistant “Clippy”).

Perhaps you just want to spend a nostalgic evening playing Doom for DOS—or trying to understand what made such first-person shooter games so popular in the early 1990s. Or maybe you need to redo your 1997 taxes and can’t find the disk for that year’s version of TurboTax in your attic. Have no fear: Olive has you covered.

On the more serious side, Olive includes Chaste 3.1. The name of this software is short for Cancer, Heart and Soft Tissue Environment. It’s a simulation package developed at the University of Oxford for computationally demanding problems in biology and physiology. Version 3.1 of Chaste was tied to a research paper published in March 2013. Within two years of publication, though, the source code for Chaste 3.1 no longer compiled on new Linux releases. That’s emblematic of the challenge to scientific reproducibility Olive was designed to address.

Illustration: Nicholas Little

To keep Chaste 3.1 working, Olive provides a Linux environment that’s frozen in time. Olive’s re-creation of Chaste also contains the example data that was published with the 2013 paper. Running the data through Chaste produces visualizations of certain muscle functions. Future physiology researchers who wish to explore those visualizations or make modifications to the published software will be able to use Olive to edit the code on the virtual machine and then run it.

For now, though, Olive is available only to a limited group of users. Because of software-licensing restrictions, Olive’s collection of vintage software is currently accessible only to people who have been collaborating on the project. The relevant companies will need to give permissions to present Olive’s re-creations to broader audiences.

We are not alone in our quest to keep old software alive. For example, the Internet Archive is preserving thousands of old programs using an emulation of MS-DOS that runs in the user’s browser. And a project being mounted at Yale, called EaaSI (Emulation as a Service Infrastructure), hopes to make available thousands of emulated software environments from the past. The scholars and librarians involved with the Software Preservation Network have been coordinating this and similar efforts. They are also working to address the copyright issues that arise when old software is kept running in this way.

Olive has come a long way, but it is still far from being a fully developed system. In addition to the problem of restrictive software licensing, various technical roadblocks remain.

One challenge is how to import new data to be processed by an old application. Right now, such data has to be entered manually, which is both laborious and error prone. Doing so also limits the amount of data that can be analyzed. Even if we were to add a mechanism to import data, the amount that could be saved would be limited to the size of the virtual machine’s virtual disk. That may not seem like a problem, but you have to remember that the file systems on older computers sometimes had what now seem like quaint limits on the amount of data they could store.

Another hurdle is how to emulate graphics processing units (GPUs). For a long while now, the scientific community has been leveraging the parallel-processing power of GPUs to speed up many sorts of calculations. To archive executable versions of software that takes advantage of GPUs, Olive would need to re-create virtual versions of those chips, a thorny task. That’s because GPU interfaces—what gets input to them and what they output—are not standardized.

Clearly there’s quite a bit of work to do before we can declare that we have solved the problem of archiving executable content. But Olive represents a good start at creating the kinds of systems that will be required to ensure that software from the past can live on to be explored, tested, and used long into the future.

This article appears in the October 2018 print issue as “Saving Software From Oblivion.”

About the Author

Mahadev Satyanarayanan is a professor of computer science at Carnegie Mellon University, in Pittsburgh.

Carnegie Mellon is Saving Old Software from Oblivion syndicated from https://jiohowweb.blogspot.com

[evosuper]

Bmw ista p voltage problem

We have had BMW Dis V57 running successfully on long-forgotten laptops with as old as Pentium 3 750 Mhz CPU’s, and it is perfectly happy running on a 12-year-old second hand Windows XP laptop!. What is the minimum spec required on my Laptop? To avoid possible hardware or network conflict it is best to use a dedicated laptop for this software (Dell D610 or similar recommended), however if you do choose to use the shared family laptop to install this software, then make sure that all firewalls and Anti Virus systems are disabled and there are no other network connections, such as internet or Bluetooth connections active when using this software. If you have an older vehicle which uses the 20 pins round ‘ADS’ interface then you will need to use an old laptop which has a serial 9 pin RS-232 interface present, since the ADS Interface cable only comes with a serial port.

What Laptop do I need to run the Software?Īny Laptop running Windows XP (recommended), Vista or Windows 7 and which has USB sockets will be fine. No, This is very complex professional dedicated software originally written in UNIX, however to make it more user friendly and suitable for a domestic environment it is only possible to use it within the familiar Windows Operating System by using VMWARE which essentially replicates the UNIX environment and so allows the software to run on a Windows O/S The Bmw Dis V57 software package uses a virtual environment called VMWARE which is included within the software set and replicates the non-windows operating system used within the original BMW factory and dealer environment, unfortunately, since there was never an official Windows-based version of Dis V57 written, it would be impossible to run BMW Dis V57 under any Windows O/S without also running VMware.Ĭan I get this to run without the VMWARE environment? We recommend using 32 bit Windows operating systems where possible, however, whilst DIS and Progman will work with 64 bit systems. We highly recommend using Windows XP to run this software and in order to avoid network and software conflicts it is advised that you also consider installing it on a dedicated machine used for nothing but diagnostic work (Old Dell D610 or similar era IBM ‘X’ and ‘T’ series laptops are ideal for this and can be bought very cheaply from eBay), however, the software will also run on Windows Vista and Windows 7 if a newer laptop is the only available option. What Operating System does BMW Dis V57 need? Any software professing to be newer versions than this will probably be heavily modified using files transplanted from ISTA (which replaced DIS in 2009). Ignore any claims that DIS or SSS exists in newer versions than those offered here, DIS V57 and SSS V32 was the last official version to be released & the newest to ever be supplied to BMW Dealers. BMW GT1 used to contain both the Diagnostic and Programming/coding options in the one system whilst the increase in control modules and software complexity means that now two separate dedicated programs are now required, and currently BMW DIS V57 handles the diagnostic data whilst BMW Progman SSS V32 deals with programming, coding and comfort facilities, and offers support for BMW & MINI Vehicles up to 2009īeing the latest version, also means that the V57 software package is compatible with many later models of BMW Vehicles, such as those E83, E6* and E9* series vehicles, and Mini R56 vehicles built after 2006 which use the faster D-Can interfaces.

Database V67.0 add Chinese version software Dr.Dis V57 and SSS V32 are the very latest version of BMW GT1 and represent many additional and extended features that the Group Tester (GT1) originally contained.

SDP programming database: 4.21.32, support muilti language.

ISTA-P: 3.67.0.000 Support BMW motorcycle and electric car programming.

Supports vehicles: Mini, Motorcycles, Rolls Royce, BMW i Series.

Multi-language includes: ISTA/D(Wiring diagram) Languages: English(Default), French, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, German, Thai, Italian, Russian, Korean, Japanese, Chinese, Swedish, Greek. ISTA BMW software rheingold service ISTAD/P comes with full comprehensive professional dealer system for all BMW up to 2020, supports BMW diagnostic, coding and programming offline, muti-language.

[shopwebtraining12]

Software Testing Training Institute in Bhubaneswar|Shopweb

A standout amongst other Software Testing Training Institute in Bhubaneswar is SHOPWEB. Our foundation has planned the Software Testing Training course to get familiar with the basics of programming testing and delicately to acquaint you with Advanced Level Software Testing procedures.

How Software Training Institutes Help to Improve the Coding Skills

Programming codes are not actual items. We can't see the codes, however, the client can utilize the aftereffects of running a coded program as a product application. The product applications so created have reclassified our regular encounters and made life so natural, be it controlling a flight or purchasing food from a grocery store. Learning PC writing computer programs is accordingly a great road to acquire work and further develop an individual's vocation profile. The original of codes is called machine language. The second era of codes is called low level computing construct and the third era of codes is called undeniable level language or HLL. All product programming dialects should be converted into machine codes for a PC to comprehend the guidelines. While its vast majority happens inside, it is significant that programmers accurately 'compose' programs that convey the ideal yield.

 Coding practice can be improved either by endeavouring to compose various new projects fit to explicit applications or even by changing the current codes. Yet, what precisely is the reason for which a program should be composed? How would we characterize the product life cycle? What are the best dialects to use to determine a specific yield? How might individuals with no fundamental programming expertise get into coding and the product business? This is the place where the job of programming foundations happens.

 Shopweb Training is a leading software testing training institute in Bhubaneswar, offering training in SAP, ORACLE, JAVA,.net, Android, and Apple iOS. For more details, visit [https://www.shopweb.in/software-training]

  Software Testing As a Career Option Programming testing is a cycle that aides in assessing the characteristics or abilities of a program or framework to ensure that it meets every single vital assumption and conveys wanted outcomes. The work of a product analyser is significant in light of the fact that he/she is prepared to recognize defects, assuming any, in the product. By utilizing various boundaries, analysers test different programming, before they come on the lookout, to ensure that they are without blunder.

 Your career progression      

As a software tester, your career progression would follow the following hierarchy -

 Junior Test Engineer->Test Engineer->Senior Test Engineer->Team Leader->Test Manager->Project Manager

 Even after spending some years in the testing field, you can explore opportunities in the below fields -

 1 = Automation Testing

2 = Performance Testing

3 = Business Analyst

 Shopweb Software Testing Training in Bhubaneswar is the ideal chance for every one of the people who are searching for Software Testing (essentials and progressed) preparing. SHOPWEB is one of the most incredible Software Testing Training organizations in Bhubaneswar.

[xmumopensourcepromotion]

30 Widely Used Open Source Software

Suggested Reading Time: 10 min

Copyright belongs to Xiamen University Malaysia Open Source Community Promotion Group (for Community Service course)

*WeChat Public Account: XMUM_OSC

It is undeniable that open source technology is widely use in business. Companies who lead the trend in IT field, such as Google and Microsoft, accept and promote using open source software. Partnerships with companies such as MongoDB, Redis Labs, Neo4j, and Confluent of Google Cloud are good examples of this.

Red Hat, the originator of linux, the open source company, firstly launched an investigation into the “The State of Enterprise Open Source” and released the investigation report on April 16, 2019. This report is a result of interviews with 950 IT pioneers around the world. The survey areas include the United States, the United Kingdom, Latin America, and the Asia-Pacific region, aiming to understand corporate open source profiles in different geographic regions.

Does the company believe that open source is of strategic significance? This is the question that Red Hat first raised and most wanted to understand. The survey results show that the vast majority of 950 respondents believe that open source is of strategic importance to the company's overall infrastructure software strategy. Red Hat CEO Jim Whitehurst said at the beginning of the survey report, “The most exciting technological innovation that has occurred in this era is taking shape in the open source community.”

Up to now, the investigation has continued to the third round, and the results have been published on February 24, 2021.

Some of the most open source projects favored by IT companies. These are mainly enterprise-oriented application software projects, covering several categories such as web servers, big data and cloud computing, cloud storage, operating systems, and databases.

Web Servers: Nginx, Lighttpd, Tomcat and Apache

1. Nginx

Nginx (engine x) is a high-performance HTTP and reverse proxy web server developed by the Russians. It also provides IMAP/POP3/SMTP services. Its characteristics are that it occupies less memory and has strong concurrency. The concurrency of Nginx performs better in the same type of web server. Many people use Nginx as a load balancer and web reverse proxy.

Supported operating systems: Windows, Linux and OS X.

Link: http://nginx.org/

2. Lighttpd

Lighttpd is a lightweight open source web server software whose fundamental purpose is to provide a safe, fast, compatible and flexible web server environment specifically for high-performance websites. It has the characteristics of very low memory overhead, low cpu occupancy rate, good performance and abundant modules. It is widely used in some embedded web servers.

Supported operating systems: Windows, Linux and OS X

Link: https://www.lighttpd.net/

3. Tomcat

Tomcat server is a free and open source Web application server, which is a lightweight application server, mainly used to run JSP pages and Servlets. Because Tomcat has advanced technology, stable performance, and free of charge, it is loved by Java enthusiasts and recognized by some software developers, making it a popular Web application server.

Supported operating systems: Windows, Linux and OS X

Link: https://tomcat.apache.org/

4. Apache HTTP Server

Apache HTTP Server (Apache for short) is an open source web server of the Apache Software Foundation. It can run on most computer operating systems. Because of its cross-platform and security, it has been widely used since 1996. The most popular Web server system on the Internet since the beginning of the year. It is said that 55.3% of all websites are currently supported by Apache.

Supported operating systems: Windows, Linux and OS X

Link: https://httpd.apache.org/

Big Data and Cloud Computing: Hadoop、Docker、Spark、Storm

5. Hadoop

Hadoop is a distributed system infrastructure developed by the Apache Foundation. It is recognized as a set of industry big data standard open source software, which provides massive data processing capabilities in a distributed environment. Almost all mainstream vendors focus on Hadoop development tools, open source software, commercial tools, and technical services. Hadoop has become the standard framework for big data.

Supported operating systems: Windows, Linux and OS X

Link: http://hadoop.apache.org/

6. Docker

Docker is an open source application container engine. Developers can package their own applications into containers, and then migrate to docker applications on other machines, which can achieve rapid deployment and are widely used in the field of big data. Basically, companies that do big data will use this tool.

Supported operating systems: Windows, Linux and OS X

Link: https://www.docker.com/

7. Spark

Apache Spark is a fast and universal computing engine designed for large-scale data processing. Spark is similar to the general parallel framework of Hadoop MapReduce. Apache Spark claims, "It runs programs in memory up to 100 times faster than Hadoop MapReduce and 10 times faster on disk. Spark is better suited for data mining and machine learning algorithms that require iterative MapReduce.

Supported operating systems: Windows, Linux and OS X

Link: http://spark.apache.org/

8. Storm

Storm is a Twitter open source distributed real-time big data processing system, which is called the real-time version of Hadoop by the industry. As more and more scenarios cannot tolerate the high latency of Hadoop's MapReduce, such as website statistics, recommendation systems, early warning systems, financial systems (high-frequency trading, stocks), etc., big data real-time processing solutions (stream computing) The application is becoming more and more extensive, and it is now the latest breaking point in the field of distributed technology, and Storm is the leader and mainstream in stream computing technology.

Supported operating systems: Windows, Linux and OS X

Link: https://storm.apache.org/

9. Cloud Foundry

Cloud Foundry is the industry's first open source PaaS cloud platform. It supports multiple frameworks, languages, runtime environments, cloud platforms and application services, enabling developers to deploy and expand applications in a few seconds without worrying about anything Infrastructure issues. It claims to be "built by industry leaders for industry leaders," and its backers include IBM, Pivotal, Hewlett-Packard Enterprise, VMware, Intel, SAP and EMC.

Supported operating systems: Independent of operating system

Link: https://www.cloudfoundry.org/

10. CloudStack

CloudStack is an open source cloud computing platform with high availability and scalability, as well as an open source cloud computing solution. It can accelerate the deployment, management, and configuration of highly scalable public and private clouds (IaaS). Using CloudStack as the foundation, data center operators can quickly and easily create cloud services through the existing infrastructure.

Supported operating systems: Independent of operating system

Link: https://www.cloudfoundry.org/

11. OpenStack

OpenStack is an open source cloud computing management platform project, a combination of a series of software open source projects. It is an authorized open source code project developed and initiated by NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) and Rackspace. OpenStack provides scalable and elastic cloud computing services for private clouds and public clouds. The project goal is to provide a cloud computing management platform that is simple to implement, scalable, rich, and standardized. This very popular cloud computing platform claims that "hundreds of big brands in the world" rely on it every day.

Supported operating systems: Independent of operating system

Link: https://www.openstack.org/

Cloud Storage: Gluster, FreeNAS, Lustre, Ceph

12. Gluster

GlusterFS is a highly scalable and scalable distributed file system suitable for data-intensive tasks such as cloud storage and media streaming. All standard POSIX interfaces are implemented, and fuse is used to realize virtualization, making users look like local disks. Able to handle thousands of clients.

Supported operating system: Windows and Linux

Link: https://www.gluster.org/

13. FreeNAS

FreeNAS is a set of free and open source NAS servers, which can turn an ordinary PC into a network storage server. The software is based on FreeBSD, Samba and PHP, supports CIFS (samba), FTP, NFS protocols, Software RAID (0,1,5) and web interface setting tools. Users can access the storage server through Windows, Macs, FTP, SSH, and Network File System (NFS). FreeNAS can be installed on the hard disk or removable media USB Flash Disk. The FreeNAS server has a promising future. It is an excellent choice for building a simple network storage server

Supported operating systems: Independent of operating system

Link: http://www.freenas.org/

14. Lustre

Lustre is an open source, distributed parallel file system software platform, which has the characteristics of high scalability, high performance, and high availability. The construction goal of Lustre is to provide a globally consistent POSIX-compliant namespace for large-scale computing systems, which include the most powerful high-performance computing systems in the world. It supports hundreds of PB of data storage space, and supports hundreds of GB/s or even several TB/s of concurrent aggregate bandwidth. Some of the first users to adopt it include several major national laboratories in the United States: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and Los Alamos National Laboratory.

Supported operating system: Linux

Link: http://lustre.org/

15. Ceph

Ceph is a distributed file system designed for excellent performance, reliability and scalability. It is the earliest project dedicated to the development of the next generation of high-performance distributed file systems. With the development of cloud computing, Ceph took advantage of the spring breeze of OpenStack, and then became one of the most concerned projects in the open source community.

Supported operating system: Linux

Link: https://ceph.com/

Operating System: CentOS, Ubuntu

16. CentOS

CentOS (Community Enterprise Operating System) is one of the Linux distributions, which is compiled from the source code released by Red Hat Enterprise Linux in accordance with the open source regulations. Since it comes from the same source code, some servers that require high stability use CentOS instead of the commercial version of Red Hat Enterprise Linux. The difference between the two is that CentOS is completely open source.

Link: http://www.centos.org/

17. Ubuntu

Ubuntu is also open source and has a huge community power. Users can easily get help from the community and provide a popular Linux distribution. There are multiple versions: desktop version, server version, cloud version, mobile version, tablet version And the Internet of Things version. The claimed users include Amazon, IBM, Wikipedia and Nvidia.

Link: http://www.ubuntu.com/

Database: MySQL, PostgreSQL, MongoDB, Cassandra, CouchDB, Neo4j

18. MySQL

MySQL is a relational database written in C/C++. It claims to be "the most popular open source database in the world". It is favored by many Internet companies. In addition to the free community version, it also has a variety of paid versions. Although it is free and open source, its performance is sufficiently guaranteed. Many domestic IT companies are using MySQL.

Supported operating system: Windows, Linux, Unix and OS X

Link: https://www.mysql.com/

19. PostgreSQL

PostgreSQL is a very powerful client/server relational database management system with open source code. The well-known Huawei Gauss database and Tencent's TBase database are both developed on the basis of this database. All the codes of the best Alibaba OceanBase database in China are independently developed. Although it is not developed on the basis of PostgreSQL, it should also draw on many features and advantages of PostgreSQL.

Supported operating system: Windows, Linux, Unix and OS X

Link: https://www.postgresql.org/

20. MongoDB

MongoDB is a NoSQL database, a database based on distributed file storage. Written by C++ language. Designed to provide scalable high-performance data storage solutions for applications. MongoDB is a product between relational and non-relational databases. Among non-relational databases, MongoDB is the most versatile and most similar to relational databases. Users include Foursquare, Forbes, Pebble, Adobe, LinkedIn, eHarmony and other companies. Provide paid professional version and enterprise version.

Supported operating system: Windows, Linux, OS X and Solaris

Link: https://www.mongodb.org/

21. Cassandra

This NoSQL database was developed by Facebook, and its users include Apple, CERN, Comcast, Electronic Harbor, GitHub, GoDaddy, Hulu, Instagram, Intuit, Netflix, Reddit and other technology companies. It supports extremely large data sets and claims to have very high performance and outstanding durability and flexibility. Support can be obtained through a third party.

Supported operating systems: Independent of operating system

Link: https://cassandra.apache.org/

22. CouchDB

CouchDB is a document-oriented database system developed in Erlang. This NoSQL database stores data in JSON documents. Such documents can be queried through HTTP and processed with JavaScript. CouchDB is now owned by IBM, and it provides a software version supported by professionals. Users include: Samsung, Akamai, Expedia, Microsoft Game Studios and other companies.

Supported operating systems: Windows, Linux, OS X and Android

Link: https://couchdb.apache.org/

23. Neo4j

Neo4J is a high-performance NOSQL graph database that stores structured data on the network instead of in tables. It claims to be "the world's leading graph database" for fraud detection, recommendation engines, social networking sites, master data management, and More areas. Users include eBay, Walmart, Cisco, Hewlett-Packard, Accenture, CrunchBase, eHarmony, Care.com and many other enterprise organizations.

Supported operating system: Windows and Linux

Link: https://neo4j.com/

Developing Tools and Components

24. Bugzilla

Bugzilla is the darling of the open source community, users include Mozilla, Linux Foundation, GNOME, KDE, Apache, LibreOffice, Open Office, Eclipse, Red Hat, Novell and other companies. Important features of this software bugtracker include: advanced search functions, email notifications, scheduled reports, time tracking, excellent security and more features.

Supported operating system: Windows, Linux and OS X

Link: https://www.bugzilla.org/

25. Eclipse

The most well-known of the Eclipse project is that it is a popular integrated development environment (IDE) for Java. It also provides IDEs for C/C++ and PHP, as well as a large number of development tools. The main supporters include Guanqun Technology, Google, IBM, Oracle, Red Hat and SAP.

Supported operating systems: Independent of operating system

Link: https://www.eclipse.org/

26. Ember.js

Ember.js is an open source JavaScript client-side framework for developing Web applications and using the MVC architecture pattern. This framework is used to "build ambitious Web applications" and aims to improve work efficiency for JavaScript developers. The official website shows that users include Yahoo, Square, Livingsocial, Groupon, Twitch, TED, Netflix, Heroku and Microsoft.

Supported operating systems: Independent of operating system

Link: https://emberjs.com/

27. Node.js

Node is a development platform that allows JavaScript to run on the server. It makes JavaScript a scripting language on par with server-side languages such as PHP, Python, Perl, and Ruby. It allows developers to use JavaScript to write server-side applications. The development work was previously controlled by Jwoyent and is now overseen by the Node.js Foundation. Users include IBM, Microsoft, Yahoo, SAP, LinkedIn, PayPal and Netflix.

Supported operating system: Windows, Linux and OS X

Link: https://nodejs.org/

28. React Native

React Native was developed by Facebook. This framework can be used to build native mobile applications using JavaScript and React JavaScript libraries (also developed by Facebook). Other users include: "Discovery" channel and CBS Sports News Network.

Supported operating system: OS X

Link: https://facebook.github.io/react-native/

29. Ruby on Rails

Ruby on Rails is a framework that makes it easy for you to develop, deploy, and maintain web applications. This web development framework is extremely popular among developers, and it claims to be "optimized to ensure programmers' satisfaction and continuous and efficient work." Users include companies such as Basecamp, Twitter, Shopify, and GitHub.

Supported operating system: Windows, Linux and OS X

Link: https://rubyonrails.org/

Middleware

30. JBoss

JBoss is an open source application server based on J2EE. JBoss code follows the LGPL license and can be used for free in any commercial application. JBoss is a container and server that manages EJB. It supports EJB 1.1, EJB 2.0 and EJB3 specifications, but JBoss core services do not include WEB containers that support servlet/JSP, and are generally used in conjunction with Tomcat or Jetty. JBoss middleware includes a variety of lightweight, cloud-friendly tools that combine, integrate, and automate various enterprise applications and systems at the same time. Users include: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Nissan, Cisco, Crown Group, AMD and other companies.

Supported operating system: Linux

Link: https://www.jboss.org/

[ourlittlebitofnothinguniverse]

All for the video game ask. (do I need to mention only if u r comfy w/ it at this point). Love you!!

alright u done done it now bitchhhhhhhh are u READY 4 THIS SHIT (dshfa;lkj thamk i am so pumped ur my biggest enabler) i already answered a couple of these for anon but i’ll go ahead and answer them here as well

1. First game you played obsessively?hmmmm i wanna say the legend of spyro the eternal night? i played it so much i could beat the whole game in four hours. i’ve heard lots of ppl actually hated the legend of spyro trilogy but honestly they can suck my ass i loved them

2. A game that has influenced you creatively? Writing, drawing, etc.uh besides my answer for anon of skyrim not many games have actually just straight up influenced my art style but i’ve been playing this game called Fe (not fire emblem just Fe) and i really want to draw fanart for it bc it’s super cute if that Counts as influence?

3. Who did you play with as a kid?if this is meant in terms of co-op games nobody bc we didn’t have anyif just in general, my sister for the most part. i’d watch her play things like resident evil and she’d help me with the hard parts in medievil and crash bandicoot warped (read: racing levels)

4. Who do you play with now?myself lmao i don’t rly like co-op and multiplayer games and i prefer to play most games by myself

5. Ever use cheat codes?like i told anon, no bc i don’t know how they work and i’d probably only use them for the sims anyways

6. Ever buy strategy guides?not really? once we bought the collectors edition for diablo II when i was little and it included the strategy guide which i stayed up all night to read (bc i had run out of other reading materials in the house) but like i don’t really use them idk

7. Any games you have multiple copies of?the sims three and i know you know the reason why but in case anybody else wants to know: i didn’t know they had actually completely changed the game since i had played it last probably a decade ago so i bought it @ walmart this year and then i got mad bc it apparently SUCKS ASS now so in search of a copy of the original version i bought a second one from amazon bc the Image being used WAS of the original case but it really was the new version so now i have two SHITTY SHITTY VERSIONS of a game i used to love that i will never play bc it’s shit except maybe i will bc apparently it has real life music in it just replaced with sims language which is amazing and this response is far too long for the question but i asked u if u were ready so u signed up 4 thisi also have an xbox version of it tht i got for like christmas or smth years ago and a,,,,,, ds version??? that i got last year bc somebody was selling “the original version of the game including every expansion pack” for only like $30 and it definitely said disk version but when i got it it was this Pre-owned Dirty Ds Cartridge Covered In What Looked Like Strawberry Jelly and when i tried to contact them they shut their page down so there’s that which equals four shitty shitty copies of the sims three and i will never be more mad about anything than i am about this

8. Rarest/Most expensive game in your collection?uh well back when i had a job i spent A Lot of money (to me it was a lot) to get the collectors edition of the last guardian so that would be my most expensive. other than that i would have to say one of the hardest to find (maybe not rare but not common)games i have currently is medievil for ps1 bc it took me like a week of searching to find a copy in good condition online for sale bc i rly wanted to own it again since we had to sell all my old games when we moved to oregon which sucked bc we had a Bunch of cool games (mostly early ps era)

9. Most regrettable purchase?did you see my rant about the sims three for answer 7? yeah

10. Ever go to a midnight game release or stand in line for hours?never lived in an area where that is A Thing

11. Have you ever made new friends from playing video games?i wanna make a homestuck joke here (srsly probably not like i said i don’t rly do any type of co-op or multiplayer games so)

12. Ever get picked on for liking games?not really?? is that a Thing?

13. A game you’ve never played that everyone else has?uh idk literally any COD game, basketball games, Fallout games, overwatch, anything that’s co-op, shooter games or sports related etc idk i’m a simple fellow these types of games don’t appeal to me

14. Favorite game music?idk what this means? like genre-wise??? idk abt stuff like that i just like good game music but i’ll tell you the fuck what, hiveswap music fuckin SLAPPED

15. If it was a requirement to get a game related tattoo, what would you pick?fuck shit idk man i don’t rly want a tattoo maybe uhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh smth that could be vague

16. Favorite game to play with your friends IRL?idk rip lmao

17. Ever lose a friend over a game?Nah man i can’t even imagine smth as dumb as that unless they’re screaming racist or sexist slurs bc then friendship is terminated but otherwise like wtf it’s just a game,,,

18. Would you date someone that hates gaming?i mean?????? sure????????????? they don’t have to game with me??????????? unless they tell me I can’t game bc they don’t like it in which case Bye u controlling piece of shit

19. Favorite handheld console?u kno those games that used to come in sonic happy meals? yah (jk uh i don’t have much experience w/ handheld consoles besides nintendo ds-es and they’re cool)

20. Game that you know like the back of your hand?like i said i played spyro the eternal night so often i could beat it in four hours so probably that one.

21. Game that you didn’t like or understand as a kid but love now?the only games i didn’t like as a kid i p much still don’t like now

22. Do you wear game related clothing/accessories?i am Poor

23. The game that you’ve logged the most hours into?currently skyrim or stardew valley

24. First Pokemon game?I didn’t get to play any pokemon games until this year actually but i got myself pokemon y and ultra sun so those are my first two! although you Could technically say pokemon go bc i played that for the first time like One month before i got y and ultra sun but like idk if tht counts so *shrug emoji*

25. Were you ever an arcade game player?i never lived where arcades were a thing tbh

26. Ever form any gaming rivalries?Why

27. Game that makes you rage?there’s this absolutely adorable and INFURIATING game called so many me that’s a puzzle platformer but the controls are so ridiculously precise that it’s absolutely the WORST to play bc unless you do it just right at just the right millisecond you will die over and over and over

28. Ever play in a tournament?nah

29. What is your gaming set up?the livingroom tv and my mom’s xbox one or my bedroom with my ps4 i got for my birthday and my xbox 360 that i got like 7 years ago

30. How many consoles do you own?alright so If ds-es count i own,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, roughly seven? i have my new ps4 i got for my birthday last year, my 7 year old xbox 360, another xbox 360 i bought from a kid @ school, a ps1 i bought last year for the Nostalgia that’s in rly good condition, a rly old ds lite a rly old 3ds and my new pokeball 2dsxl. i would also say that the ps3 my aunt left when she died is mine bc my mom never used it and she had bought most of the games For Me and Her to play together anyways so the idea that she left it to my mom is,,,, Weird but my mom claims it was left to her so Shrug emoji

31. Does the 3DS and/or Virtual Boy hurt your eyes or give you headaches?“virtual boy” i love it omg. uh not really i don’t use my ds-es that often bc i don’t have a just wild amount of games but when i do use them it doesn’t rly mess w/ my brain or eyes too much

32. Did you ever play a game based on your favorite show/cartoon/movie/comic?probably not?

33. Did you ever have any bootleg games or plug-n-play games?i don’t think so tbh

34. Do either of your parents play video games?my mom does but she really only plays like three games (the newest assassins creed, skyrim, and stardew valley)

35. Ever work in a game store? Or do you have a favorite game shop?nope

36. Have you ever shed actual blood, sweat or tears over a game?man have u ever heard of brotherhood a tale of two sons? mom told me abt it and she didn’t warn me abt how it ended and i had to leave the room and cry bc it broke my heart

37. Have you played E.T. for the Atari 2600? Do you think that’s the worst game ever, or do you have another nomination?i didn’t know that was a thing

38. A game you’re ashamed to admit that you like?i can’t think of any tbh. oh wait i take that back sonic unleashed it’s terrible but i love it

39. A sequel that you would die for them to make?maybe not a sequel but they rly need to come out with another stardew valley type thing or maybe expansions or smth so that you can talk to and befriend more ppl and stuff

40. What to you think of virtual reality headsets or motion controls?never been able to try them but they look super fun and i can’t wait to see how they improve the technology

41. A genre that you just can’t get into?multi-player games period. also first person shooters and sports games. there’s more but i can’t remember the title of the game bc i don’t know what genre it would be lmao

42. Maybe it wasn’t your first game, but what was the game that started you on your path to nerdiness?i assume this means game related nerdiness not just my inherent nerdiness in general so probably the very first spyro game

43. Ever play games when you really should have been concentrating on something else?all the time my dude

44. Arcade machine that has consumed the most of your quarters?none

45. How are you at Mario Kart?probably shit i’m not good @ steering in games

46. Do you like relaxing games like Animal Crossing or Harvest Moon?i love them! i have like 100+ hours logged into stardew valley and i only got it in like november of last year

47. Do you like competitive games?not really

48. How long does it take your to customize your player character?so long. i either have to make them gorgeous or beautifully hideous

49. In games where you can pick your class, do you always tend to go for the same type of character?yah tbh lmao. i have like eight thief stone khajits in skyrim rn

50. If you were a game designer, what masterpiece would you create?i have a Lot of ideas and not all of them are good

51. Have you ever played a game for so long that you forgot to eat or sleep?forgetting to sleep, yes. forgetting to eat? no 

52. A game that you begged your parents for as a kid?i was a very sheltered kid i didn’t know about new games coming out when i was little bc we didn’t have any way for me to find out About Them. i’m making up for it by begging as an adult for ni-no-kuni II and the new spyro trilogy remastered

53. What’s your opinion on DLC these days?depends on the game tbh some of it is good and a lot of ppl who make mods are rly talented but sometimes the big companies just make dlc to make more money so it can be rly shitty so it’s kinda a 50/50

54. Do you give in to Steam sales?heck yes rn i’m waiting for house flipper to go on sale bc i’ve been waiting for it to come out since i found out abt it

55. Did you ever make someone you hated in the Sims and did mean stuff to them?no my style of playing the sims was more along the lines of make a hundred houses that are all P Much The Same House and making a hundred familys and never playing literally any of them hadflskja;sdfjdslkhja i just liked building stuff and that’s why i’m pissed abt how much they changed the sims three bc it used to be Way Better

56. Did you ever play Roller Coaster Tycoon and kill off your guests?we didn’t have it but i did have zoo tycoon and i’d release the dinosaurs sometimes

57. Did you ever play a game to 100% or get all of the achievements?legend of spyro the eternal night

58. If you can only play 3 games for the rest of your life, which ones do you pick?uh!!! that’s too much pressure and i would get so bored playing them for the rest of my life even if i loved them so i will not choose

59. Do you play any cell phone games?sort of? i’m big into abyssrium and i like viridi if those Count?

60. Do you know the Konami Code???????????????????????? guess not

61. Do you trade in your games or keep them forever?keep them forever!

62. Ever buy a console specifically to play one game?i got the last guardian before getting the ps4 does that answer ur question? (jk that is not the only reason i wanted and got the ps4 but it was One big reason)

63. Ever go to a gaming convention or tournament? nah

64. Ever make a TV or monitor purchase based on what would be best for gaming?not really? i just use whatever i currently have bc i am lame

65. Ever have a Game Genie, Game Shark or Action Replay? Did it ever mess up your game’s save file?nope

66. Did you ever have have an old Nokia with Snake on it?not a nokia but we had this one handheld thing that had a bunch of games in it that included snake i just can’t remember what it was it had like letters and numbers and it needed like regular batteries and you could only play the games that came programmed on it 

67. Do you have a happy gaming-related childhood memory you want to share?i cannot think of any right off the top of my head even though i know i played a lot of video games and loved them when i was little. hm it might not count as like a gaming-related childhood memory and more of just a memory of a game but we did have one really interesting little game that i absolutely loved i think we only rented it but u were a scientist who could turn into a mouse and it was absolutely amazing i loved it i have no idea what it was called hm

68. Ever save up a ton of tickets in an arcade to get something cool?not really we didn’t have arcades around where i grew up

69. In your opinion, best game ever made? there are a lot of rly good ones i can’t choose a best game

70. Very first game you ever beat? like i told anon i’m p sure it was crash bandicoot warped

WHEW this was rly fun thank u for enabling me it took me like two hours to answer this i’m so happy. ilu 2 man hope ur day has been rad!

[zendzen00]

Memes in Digital Culture

In today’s post we will see four chapters of Limor Shifman’s “Memes in Digital Culture” published in 2014.

A Telegraphic Biography of a Conceptual Troublemaker

The term ‘meme’ was introduced by Richard Dawkins, a biologist, in his book titled “The Selfish Gene” in 1976.

He defined memes as small cultural units of transmission that spread from person to person by copying or imitation. According to Dawkins, memes are defined as replicators that undergo variation, competition, selection and retention.

In any moment, memes are competing for attention of the hosts, but only memes that are suited to their sociocultural environment spread rapidly. Moreover, Dawkins also noticed that memes tend to be replicated together by sustaining and strengthening each other; he calls these groups “coadapted meme complexes”.

The word ‘meme’ derives from the Greek mimema, signifying ‘something which is imitated’, which Dawkins then shortened to rhyme with ‘gene’. A similar term appeared in 1870, when the Austrian sociologist Ewald Hering coined the term ‘die Mneme’ from the Greek term mneme which means memory. There were two controversies surrounding memes which are very relevant: biological analogies and ‘who’s the boss’.

The “biological analogies” dispute relates to the tendency to liken memes to both viruses and genes. The meme-as-virus analogy sees a similarity between memes and disease agents. By taking epidemiology as a model, it considers memes as the cultural equivalents of flu bacilli, which is transmitted through the communicational equivalents of sneezes.

The second controversy, ‘who’s the boss’, relates to the issue of human agency in the process of meme diffusion. In her book “The Meme Machine”, Susan Blackmore claims that people are devices operated by the many memes they host and spread. In addition, she says that the dissemination of memes is based on intentional agents with decision-making powers.

According to Michele Knobel and Koline Lankshear, Internet users employ the word ‘meme’ to describe the rapid uptake and spread of a “particular idea presented as a written text, image, language ‘move’ or some other unit of cultural ‘stuff’”. Another difference is the object of analysis: while memes are trivial and mundane artifacts, they reflect deep social and cultural structures whereas Internet memes can be treated as (post) modern folklore, in which shared norms and values are constructed through cultural artifacts.

When Memes Go Digital

According to Dawkins, memes that spread successfully incorporate three basic properties:

longevity,

fecundity and

copy fidelity.

What Internet grasped in that the meme is the best concept to encapsulate some of the most fundamental aspects of the Internet.

The three main attributes ascribed to memes are. (1) a gradual propagation from individuals to society, (2) reproduction via copying and imitation, and (3) diffusion through competition and selection.

First, memes can be understood as pieces of cultural information that pass from person to person. The basic activity of spreading memes has become desired and highly valued and it has been identified as sharing. Nowadays sharing content or memes is a fundamental part of what participants experience as the digital sphere.

A second attributes of memes is that they reproduce by various means of repackaging or imitation. In oral communication, people are aware of memes through their sense, process them in their minds and ‘repackage’ them in order to pass them to others; this process brings memes to change both their form and their content but in the digital era, there is no need to repackage memes because they can spread content by copying, forwarding ecc. There are two main repackaging mechanisms of memes: mimicry and remix. Mimicry involves the practice of ‘redoing’ while instead remixing involves technology-based manipulation (so photoshopping and image or adding a soundtrack).

A third attribute of memes is their diffusion through competition and selection. As a matter of fact, the digital era made it possible to have researchers in order to trace the spread of memes.

In the last few years, there is a new phenomenon called hyper-memetic logic, where ‘hyper’ refers not only to the fact that memes spread more widely than before but also to their evolution as a new vernacular that permeates many spheres of digital and non-digital expression. The hyper-memetic nature of contemporary culture can be clarified by a comparison between ‘old’ and ‘new’ memes. But traditional and Internet-based memes differ in several ways.

The first distinction relates to individuals’ awareness of the overall meme-scape, where memes are present both in the public and private sphere as huge sized groups of texts and images. and the third one is the cultural and aesthetic logics of participation which focuses on the notion that memes are not confined to particular spheres.

Defining Internet Memes

Shifman suggests a different kind of approach in defining memes. This suggestion is based on two principles:

(a) looking at diffused units as incorporating several memetic dimensions and

(b) understanding memes not as single entities that propagate well, but as groups of content units with common characteristics.

By connecting the Dawkins’ original idea – that memes are units of cultural items – she decides to isolate three dimensions of cultural items that people could imitate: content, form and stance.

The first dimension relates to the content of a specific text, referencing to both the ideas and the ideologies conveyed by it.

The second dimension relates to form, referring to the physical incarnation of the message.

The third dimension relates to stance, which relates to the information memes convey about their own communication. As a matter of fact, she breaks this third dimension into three sub-dimensions:

(1) participation structures – which delineate who is entitled to participate and how;

(2) keying – the tone and style of communication;

and (3) communicative functions – used according to the typology.

Roman Jakobson identified six fundamental functions of human communications: (a) referential communication, which is oriented towards the context; (b) emotive, oriented towards the addressee and his/her emotions; (c) conative, oriented towards the addressee and available paths of actions; (d) phatic, which serves to establish prolong or discontinue communication; (e) metalingual, which is used to establish mutual agreement in the code; and (f) poetic, focusing on the aesthetic or artist beauty of the construction of the message.

With this 3D breakdown, Shifman defines an Internet meme as: (1) a group of digital items sharing common characteristics of content, form and/or stance; (2) were created with awareness of each other, and (3) were circulated, imitated and/or transformed via the Internet by many users.

Unpacking Viral and Memetic Success

Jonah Berger and Katherine Milkman have conducted the most comprehensive study to date about the features that enhance sharing tendencies on the internet. They highlighted six factors that enhance content’s virality which Shifman calls the “Six Ps”: positivity, provocation of high-arousal emotions, participation, packaging, prestige, and positioning.

1 Positivity (and Humor)

Berger and Milkman understood that people are more likely to share positive stories rather than negative ones. In addition, people prefer sharing items that are perceived as surprising, interesting or useful. People prefer spreading content that makes others feel good and at the same time reflects on themselves as entertaining. This tendency towards positivity is in line with the growing body of evidence about the centrality of humorous content in viral processes; humorous content may be particularly sharable as it tends to be surprising, reason for which it is the key for virality.

2 Provoking ‘High-Arousal’ Emotions

Berger and Milkman found out that people share content that arouses them emotionally – both positively and negatively. Positive high-arousal is embedded in what the authors tag as ‘Awa’ stories – combining positive valence and high levels of emotional arousal. Unfortunately, there were also less cheerful stories that became viral which evoked negative high-arousal feelings of anger and anxiety. Such feelings activate people to do something as for example, share content.

3 Packaging

Berger and Milkman found out that clear and simple news stories spread better than complex ones. This principle may work for other genres and formats as well: simple videos or jokes could prove as more ‘sharable’ since people understand them quickly and assume that others will decode them easily too.

4 Prestige

‘Prestige’ relates to users’ knowledge about the content’s source. It was found that the more famous the author is, the more likely people are to spread to the piece. A similar tendency to rely on famous people – in somewhat different configuration – is apparent in the diffusion of viral videos. This approach generated public support of celebs such as Rihanna and Oprah.

5 Positioning

According to Berger and Milkman, positioning is very important for virality. This manifests in the location of a certain article in digital space and time. Positioning may assume a broader meaning in the context of viral diffusion, which relates to the location of a message within social networks. In viral marketing, the centrality of this feature is embedded in the emphasis on ‘seeding strategies’. Studies proved that approaching the ‘right’ user is crucial in the viral process. There are two types of preferred users:

hubs – people with a high number of connections to others; and

bridges – people who connect between otherwise unconnected parts of the network.

6 Participation

With participation it is meant that viral dissemination may be enhanced if people are encouraged not only to share a certain item, but also to carry out other activities related to it.

To explain memetic success, Shifman separates meme features into those that are characteristic of memetic videos and those that are characteristic of memetic photos. Memetic videos tend to include ordinary people, flawed masculinity, humor, and repetitiveness (actors repeating something over and over) while memetic photos tend to include a juxtaposition between the actor and surrounding elements (often times with a deepened ridicule of the original) or people in frozen-motion poses.

Never thought memes had such a history behind their back. What do you think?

[bachelorsacademy]

Programming codes are not physical items. We can't see the codes, however the client can utilize the aftereffects of a running a coded program as a product application. The product applications so created have reclassified our regular encounters and caused life so natural, to be it controlling a flight or purchasing staple goods from a general store. Learning PC writing computer programs is consequently an amazing road to pick up work and improve an individual's vocation profile.

The original of codes are called machine language. The second era of codes are called low level computing construct and the third era of codes is called elevated level language or HLL. All product programming dialects should be converted into machine codes for a PC to comprehend the guidelines. While its greater part happens inside, it is significant that product builds accurately 'compose' programs that convey the ideal yield.

At Bachelors Academy Coding practice can be improved either by endeavoring to compose various new projects fit to explicit applications or even by altering the current codes. Yet, what precisely is the reason for which a program should be composed? How would we characterize the product life cycle? What are the best dialects to use to infer a specific yield? In what capacity can individuals with no essential programming know-how get into coding and the product business? This is the place the job of programming establishments happen.

A few programming preparing organizations have mushroomed everywhere throughout the world to address these issues. Frequently, they help in making individuals business prepared, give profession direction and preparing in a wide range of programming and programming dialects including JAVA, SAP, CAD,.Net and so forth. Some additionally prescribe programming testing courses dependent on the competitor's profile. With experienced workforce and tie ups with key organizations, they convey genuine incentive to an understudy and help in arrangements after course finishing.

These organizations lead long and momentary courses. They additionally get ready understudies for different universal confirmations. Further, they direct workshops, occasions and different exercises to support understudy industry collaboration, get ready fledglings for their prospective employee meetings and prepare them to confront openings. Occupation fairs, grounds interviews, and so forth are additionally led routinely for understudies to land position arrangements on effective course fulfillment. Numerous administrations have likewise approached to set up preparing foundations to prepare vagrants, ladies, jobless and under utilized people. So as to urge youngsters to get coding aptitudes, numerous product preparing foundations have likewise made accessible various courses for school understudies and children in summer get-aways.

While the wonderful outcomes are here to see, the product preparing industry is somewhat unregulated. Numerous establishments appear to offer too much and charge powerful totals, while the genuine accreditation is either invalid or dependent on the notoriety of a realized parent brand. Going ahead, it will be intriguing to perceive how different governments handle the issue and guarantee that the advantages of programming preparing arrive at all areas of society.

[hellokdheroworld]

Java Training institute in Delhi South Ex

[latestnews2018-blog]

Television content creation in China

New Post has been published on https://latestnews2018.com/television-content-creation-in-china/

Television content creation in China

Hugh Harsono is a former financial analyst currently serving as a U.S. Army Officer.

More posts by this contributor

Bank-based blockchain projects are going to transform the financial services industry

How two countries helped drive the recent rise in cryptocurrency prices

Content creation has seen immense growth in recent years, with a shift in focus from mainstream content providers such as traditional television studious to internet-era startups either seeking to expand their portfolios or seeking to increase premium user memberships through exclusive content introduction.

In America, this scene has been predominately owned by Amazon, Netflix and Hulu, introducing critically acclaimed titles such as The Man in the High Castle, Orange Is the New Black and The Handmaid’s Tale, respectively, with many other industry giants scrambling to catch up (with Apple already signing a deal with Steven Spielberg to produce an Amazing Stories-reboot, Facebook spending as much as $1 billion on original content, Google announcing plans to potentially spend up to $3 million per drama episode and even Disney with their purported streaming service, among many others).

Similarly, in China’s growing television industry, a select few, namely Baidu, Alibaba and Tencent, continue to dominate the marketplace in terms of original TV content production. However, the vast majority of Western consumers have never heard of these internet giants or their respective subsidiaries and series, although this is set to change very soon, particularly with Chinese content currently in the early stages of global distribution.

What distinguishes China from the rest of the Asian market?

There are a variety of unique factors that distinguish China from other marketplaces around the globe, as well as in Asia. These factors include but are not limited to things such as increasing use of mobile devices for media consumption, increasing numbers in television consumption and a booming film/television industry primed for explosive growth.

According to eMarketer, Chinese adults will spend nearly three hours a day using their mobile devices, representing 41.6 percent of their total daily media time, with this same population spending nearly 40 percent of their daily media time specifically watching television. This heavy emphasis on mobile device usage, combined with an expected jump in digital video time in the next several years, creates a perfect environment ripe for increased video consumption by China’s growing population.

Furthermore, the Chinese television industry has experienced unprecedented amounts of growth in recent years. In fact, the Chinese television sector represents 88 percent of the combined film and television industry’s economic contribution to China, being valued at more than $35 billion dollars. Internet Protocol Television (IPTV) usage in China is also rapidly increasing, exceeding 100 million users in 2017, further fueling growth in television content creation. Other indicators of Chinese TV industry growth include the December 2017 formation of the Chinese TV Drama Export Alliance, a conglomeration of Chinese entertainment studios aimed at growing the presence of the Chinese TV productions worldwide, as well as increasing Chinese-language content being acquired by popular internet video-streaming companies such as Netflix.

The Chinese TV content producing behemoths

Chinese internet conglomerate Baidu is one of the primary drivers of growth in terms of Chinese television content, particularly with its iQiyi video-steaming platform. Gaining enough traffic for a U.S.-based IPO raising more than $2.25 billion, iQiyi is one of China’s largest and most popular video-streaming platforms, with more than 421 million monthly users and more than 126 million daily users. This high usage has allowed iQiyi to develop extremely popular original television content.

iQiyi has already developed TV hits such as Rap of China, Street Dance of China and Hot Blood Dance Crew, three extremely popular reality series watched by millions of Chinese amidst a government ban on hip-hop culture and tattoos on television. In fact, Western audiences may now begin to see these shows soon, particularly given a recently announced partnership between Rap of China and American hip-hop trio Migos.

Original content programming has also extended to scripted series, with detective dramas such as Burning Ice and Tientsin Mystic being renewed for second seasons while simultaneously being picked up by Netflix for American distribution just this year. Other extremely popular shows produced by iQiyi include The Lost Tomb, Evil Minds and Unforgiven, among countless others, with each of these shows being watched by millions of Chinese viewers. (Note: The Lost Tomb and Evil Minds have since been censored by the Chinese government.)

The growth of original content, particularly in China, has huge potential for other technologies such as virtual reality machines and artificial intelligence.

Alibaba is another powerhouse driving growth within the Chinese TV content industry, with its Youku video-streaming service. Youku currently boasts more than 500 million unique users, along with a powerful distribution network that includes Youku-branded hardware such as tablets, routers and IPTV boxes. Youku’s heavy daily presence in Chinese consumers’ lives allows for Youku-produced original content to have a wide audience across China for distribution.

One of Youku’s most popular series, Day and Night, partnered with Netflix for distribution in late 2017, with this partnership being the first Chinese-language series to be distributed globally. Other popular content includes historical dramas The Advisors Alliance and Oh My General, as well as fantasy drama Rakshasa Street, based off of a popular comic. Youku’s immense popularity in both short video clips, as well as in original content, make it a leader in producing original Chinese television content.

Internet giant Tencent is a third organization driving television growth in terms of creating original content in China. With Tencent fame originating from the ever-popular WeChat platform, Tencent Video currently claims an average of more than 137 million daily active users, making Tencent-produced content important as this original content arms race develops.

Popular shows produced by Tencent Video include action-adventure drama Candle in the Tomb, with a record 200 million views in one day and billions of views since, as well as historical romance Rule the World, based off an already extremely popular book of the same name. Tencent Video has even played a role in producing popular variety shows such as The Tomorrow Children. Television series slated for Tencent Video production in the immediate future include TV-adaptations of novels The Tibet Code, Mystery of the Antiques and manga Prince of Tennis. Tencent has committed to investing in further original content production, growing its portfolio of television content in the years to come.

However, the Chinese market does not solely consist of productions by iQiyi, Youku and Tencent Video. Popular content provider Sohu TV has also forayed into the original content sphere, producing popular drama Indelible Designation and detective series Medical Examiner Dr. Qin, as well as attempting to develop a Chinese version in a Saturday Night Live-style format.

Mango TV, another popular Chinese video platform, has also self-produced a variety of shows, including comedy Fashion Rivers and drama Gold Matchmaker, as well as an interactive Big Brother-styled show called Perfect Holiday. These two content providers, Sohu and Mango, and their respective offerings are simply additional examples of how original television content growth is playing a huge role in enhancing digital China.

Elsewhere in Asia…

However, China is not the only country that has invested significantly in original television content infrastructure (although it certainly is the largest). Other Asian countries have also taken a mobile-first approach to internet access, and, thus, also have rising rates of television viewership by mobile device.

In Thailand, LINE app’s LINE TV has dominated the mobile television landscape, launching a video-streaming service with original content development plans already underway. In addition, LINE TV has already secured partnerships with local television production studios and channels, marking a shift from its roots as a streaming service akin to YouTube to one more similar to Netflix and Hulu.

In Indonesia, even transportation giant Go-Jek is entering the content creation landscape, announcing a content creation production company called Go-Studios to support their content subscription model named Go-Play. In fact, Go-Jek even announced a partnership with VICE Media to produce original content, in light of a successful collaboration set for debut in 2019, entitled When We Dance by Joko Anwar.

Implications of original content growth for startups

The growth of original content, particularly in China, has huge potential for other technologies such as virtual reality machines and artificial intelligence. With Baidu, Alibaba and Tencent making known investments in these specific industries, it would not be a far reach to see both hardware and software integration within a television program for individual home consumption. Such examples might include a virtual reality headset to view a character’s perspective in a television series, or an artificial intelligence automatically suggesting a specific Halloween clothing outfit based off of a consumer’s preference of television series.

These implications make the increase in Chinese original television content a milestone, emphasizing both the strength and reach of top Chinese internet conglomerates, as well as the growing Chinese television industry.

Conclusion

There is immense potential in the original TV content sphere, with this ecosystem growing increasingly large in parallel with the rate of television being watched on mobile devices in Asia. This has resulted in China’s top internet conglomerates being forced to not only pay attention, but participate in the original content creation sphere, releasing high-quality episodic content in order to attract more viewers.

The release of online-exclusive series and their expanding Chinese audiences have grown to astronomic proportions, with hundreds of television shows being released yearly, with billions of views to match. Only time will tell if these Chinese dramas will achieve the same levels of popularity they enjoy at home, but for now, original Chinese television content is here to stay, and represents huge monetization potential for Chinese companies on a global scale.

[jansegers]

Simple English Word List

SIMPLE1540 : a simple English wikipedia word list based on the XML export of all articles related to the nine major groups: Everyday life, Geography, History, Knowledge, Language, Literature, People, Religion, and Science and retaining all word forms appearing 7 times or more in this corpus. The total number of words in this corpus is well over the 100.000 words. a A.D. ability able about above absence abstinence abstract academic academy accent accept access accord account across act action active activity actual actually ad add addition adherent adjective adult advance advice affect after again against age agnostic agnosticism ago agree agreement agriculture air alcohol all allow ally almost alone along alphabet also although always amateur amendment among amount an analysis ancient and angel animal annals anonymous another answer anthropomorphism any anyone anything aphasia appear apple apply approach archaeology architecture area argue argument around arrange art article artificial artist ask aspect associate association astronomy at atheism atheist atomic attack attempt attribute audience author authority available average avoid award away B.C. baby back background backpack bad bah balance band baptism base basic basis battle BCE be bear beautiful beauty because become bed bee before begin behavior behind being belief believe believing belong below best better between beyond bias biblical bibliography big billion biological biology birth bit black blind blood blue body book born both bottom boundary box boy brain branch bring brown buffalo build building bull burn business but by c. ca. calendar call can cancer canon capital caption car carbon card carry case cassette cat category cathedral catholic cause cell center central century cerebral certain change chapel chapter character chemical chemistry child china China choice choir choose chronicle church circumcise circumcision cite citizen city civil civilian civilization claim clan class classical cleanup clear clergy click climate close closer clothes clothing coast coauthor code codex cognitive col cold collection college colonization colony color column com come commentary commission common commonly communicate communication communion communist community companion company compare competition complete complex compose composer computer concept conception concern condition confuse confusion congregational connect connection conquer conquest consciousness consider consistent constitution construct construction contain contemporary content context continent continue contrary control convention conversation conversion convert cook cooking copy core correct could council country course court cover covered create creation credit crime critical criticism crop cross crust cultural culture current currently daily damage dark data date day dead death debt decadence decadent decide declaration decline deconstruction deep define definition deity demonstrate denomination department depth describe description design detail determinism developed development device devil diagnosis dialect dictionary die difference different difficult difficulty diphthong dipstick direct directly dirt disagree disambiguation disbelief discipline discover discovery discussion disease disorder distance distinct distinction distinguish distribution divide divine do doctor doctrine document dog don't door down Dr. dream drink drown druid due during dynasty each earlier early earth easier easily easy eat economic economics economy ed edge edit edition editor education effect eight either electric electricity electronic element elevation else emperor empire encyclopedia end energy engine engineering enlightenment enough enter entertainment environment environmental epic episode equal era error especially establish etc. etymology even event eventually ever every everyday everyone everything evidence evil evolution evolve exact exactly example except exchange exist existence expansion experience experiment expert explain explanation express expression external extinct face fact failure fair faith fall false family famous far fast father feature feel feeling female feudal few fiction field fight figure file find finding fire first fish fit five fix flow folk follow food for force foreign foreskin form formal former fortune fought foundation founded four fourth frame framework free freedom frequently friend from front fruit full function functional further future gas general generally generation genre geographer geographic geographical geography geology geometry germ get give glass global go god gold golden good government grammar great greatly green ground group grow growth guide guillotine hair half hall hand handbook handicap handle happen happens happiness happy hard have he head heading health hear heat heaven help hemisphere her here heritage hero high highly him himself his historian historical historiography history hold holy home homo hope hot hour house how however human hundred hunter hypothesis hysteresis I ice icon idea identify identity if illiteracy illiterate illusory image importance important impossible improve in inc. incense include increase indeed independence independent indigenous individual industrial industry influence information inquiry inside instead institute institution instrument instrumentation intellectual intelligence interlinear internal international internet interpretation into introduce introduction invent invention involve iron island issue it IT itself job join journal journalism judge just keep key kill kind king kingdom know knowledge la LA label lack lake lamp land landlocked landscape language large last late later law lead leader leap learn learned least leave legacy legal legend let letter level lexeme library life light lightning like likely limited line linguistic linguistics link liquid list literacy literary literature little liturgy live local location logic logical long longer look lord lore lose lot love low lower mac machine magazine magic magnetic magnum mail main mainly major make male mammal man mankind manuscript many map march March mark market mass material mathematical mathematics matter may May me mean meaning meant measure measurement meat median medical medicine medieval mediterranean medium meet member memory men mental mention mercury message metal method mid middle might migrate migration military millennium million mind minister minute misconception miss model modern modernism modernist moment money monologue monophthong month monument moon moral morality more morning most mostly mother mount mountain mouth move movement much museum music musical musicians must my myth mythology name narrative nation national nationality native natural naturalism naturally nature near nearly necessarily necessary need negative neither neologism network neurogenesis neuron neuroscience never new news newspaper next night nine no non none nor normal normally not note nothing noun novel now nuclear number object objective objectivity observation observe occupation occur ocean octane of off offer office official officially often oil old older on once one online only open opera opposite or oral orbit order org organization organize origin original originally orthography orthology other others our out outer outside over own oxygen p. pack pagan page paint palace paper paradigm parent parish park part participant particular particularly party pas pass past pasta pattern pay peace peer penguin penis people per percent percentage perception performance perhaps period peroxide persecution person personal personality perspective persuasion pet phenomenon philosopher philosophical philosophy phoneme phonetic phonetics photo phrase physic physical picture piece pilgrimage place plan planet plant plat plate play please poem poems poet poetry point pole police policy political politics polytheism polytheistic popular population position positive possession possible possibly post power powerful pp. practical practice praise pray prayer precise predict prediction prehistory present preserve press prevent priest primary principle print printing private probably problem process produce product production professional program project pronounce pronunciation proof property prophet propose prose proselytism protection protein provide province psychological psychology public publication publish publisher publishing punishment pure purpose put pyramid quantum question quickly quite quote race racial rack radiation radio rain range rate rather read reader real realism reality really reason receive recent recently reclamation recognize record recreation red ref refer reference referred reform reformation regard region reign rejection relate relation relationship relatively relativity reliable relic religion religious remain remember remove renaissance replace report republic request require research researcher resource respect response result resurrection retrieve return revelation revert review revision revival revolution rhetoric rich right rise ritual river rock role room royal rule ruled ruler run rural sacred sacrifice safe saga sage saint salad same sample satellite saw say schizophrenia scholar school science scientific scientist scope sea search second secondary section secular see seek seem selection self sense sent sentence separate sequence series service set seven several sexual shall shaman shape share she short should show shrine side sign significant silence similar simple simply since single situation six size skill skin slavery sleep slightly slow small smell smith snake so social society sociology soft soil solar soldier solid soliloquy some someone something sometimes song soon sortable sound source space speak speaker special specie specific speech speed spell spirit spiritual spirituality split sport spread square st. stage stain standard star start state statement station statistic statistical statue status stick still stone stop story strange strap strong structure struggle stub student study stutter style subject successful such sugar suggest sun sung sunlight superior superiority supernatural support suppose supreme sure surface survey surveyor sushi sustainability sustainable sweat symbol symbolic system table take talk tam tan task teach teacher teaching technique technology tectonics teeth tell temperature template temple ten term terminology territory tertiary test testament text textual than thank that the their theism them themselves then theology theoretical theory therapy there therefore thesaurus these they thick thing think third this those though thought thousand three through throughout thumb thus ticket tight time title to today together toilet tolerance toleration tongue too tool top topic total towards tower trade tradition traditional train translation transport travel treat treatment tree trench trial tribe tried trig true truth try turn twentieth twenty two type typical typically ultimate ultraviolet under understand understood union unit united universal universe university unknown unsortable until up upon upper urban urbanization usage use useful usually valley value van vandalism various vassal vegetable verb verbal verse version very video view violence virgin visit vitamin vocabulary voice vol. volume vowel vs. wale wall want war warm warmer wash waste water wave way we weak wealth wear weather web website weight well what when where whether which while white who whole whom whose why wide widely wild wilderness will window wisdom wise witch witchcraft with within without witness woman word work worker world worship would write writer writing wrong yam year yellow you young your

China, March and May made this list because china, march and may are on it and I didn't want to decide in favor of the common noun or the proper noun; all other proper nouns have been omitted (even the ten other months that met the criterium of appearing more then 6 times). #SimpleWikipedia #SimpleEnglish #wordlist #English #words #level1540 #Inli #nimi #selo1540

[technato]

Carnegie Mellon is Saving Old Software from Oblivion

A prototype archiving system called Olive lets vintage code run on today’s computers

.carousel-inner{ height:525px !important; }

Illustration: Nicholas Little

In early 2010, Harvard economists Carmen Reinhart and Kenneth Rogoff published an analysis of economic data from many countries and concluded that when debt levels exceed 90 percent of gross national product, a nation’s economic growth is threatened. With debt that high, expect growth to become negative, they argued.

This analysis was done shortly after the 2008 recession, so it had enormous relevance to policymakers, many of whom were promoting high levels of debt spending in the interest of stimulating their nations’ economies. At the same time, conservative politicians, such as Olli Rehn, then an EU commissioner, and U.S. congressman Paul Ryan, used Reinhart and Rogoff’s findings to argue for fiscal austerity.

Three years later, Thomas Herndon, a graduate student at the University of Massachusetts, discovered an error in the Excel spreadsheet that Reinhart and Rogoff had used to make their calculations. The significance of the blunder was enormous: When the analysis was done properly, Herndon showed, debt levels in excess of 90 percent were associated with average growth of positive 2.2 percent, not the negative 0.1 percent that Reinhart and Rogoff had found.

Herndon could easily test the Harvard economists’ conclusions because the software that they had used to calculate their results—Microsoft Excel—was readily available. But what about much older findings for which the software originally used is hard to come by?

You might think that the solution—preserving the relevant software for future researchers to use—should be no big deal. After all, software is nothing more than a bunch of files, and those files are easy enough to store on a hard drive or on tape in digital format. For some software at least, the all-important source code could even be duplicated on paper, avoiding the possibility that whatever digital medium it’s written to could become obsolete.

Saving old programs in this way is done routinely, even for decades-old software. You can find online, for example, a full program listing for the Apollo Guidance Computer—code that took astronauts to the moon during the 1960s. It was transcribed from a paper copy and uploaded to GitHub in 2016.

While perusing such vintage source code might delight hard-core programmers, most people aren’t interested in such things. What they want to do is use the software. But keeping software in ready-to-run form over long periods of time is enormously difficult, because to be able to run most old code, you need both an old computer and an old operating system.

You might have faced this challenge yourself, perhaps while trying to play a computer game from your youth. But being unable to run an old program can have much more serious repercussions, particularly for scientific and technical research.

Along with economists, many other researchers, including physicists, chemists, biologists, and engineers, routinely use software to slice and dice their data and visualize the results of their analyses. They simulate phenomena with computer models that are written in a variety of programming languages and that use a wide range of supporting software libraries and reference data sets. Such investigations and the software on which they are based are central to the discovery and reporting of new research results.

Imagine that you’re an investigator and want to check calculations done by another researcher 25 years ago. Would the relevant software still be around? The company that made it may have disappeared. Even if a contemporary version of the software exists, will it still accept the format of the original data? Will the calculations be identical in every respect—for example, in the handling of rounding errors—to those obtained using a computer of a generation ago? Probably not.

Researchers’ growing dependence on computers and the difficulty they encounter when attempting to run old software are hampering their ability to check published results. The problem of obsolescent software is thus eroding the very premise of reproducibility—which is, after all, the bedrock of science.

The issue also affects matters that could be subject to litigation. Suppose, for example, that an engineer’s calculations show that a building design is robust, but the roof of that building nevertheless collapses. Did the engineer make a mistake, or was the software used for the calculations faulty? It would be hard to know years later if the software could no longer be run.

That’s why my colleagues and I at Carnegie Mellon University, in Pittsburgh, have been developing ways to archive programs in forms that can be run easily today and into the future. My fellow computer scientists Benjamin Gilbert and Jan Harkes did most of the required coding. But the collaboration has also involved software archivist Daniel Ryan and librarians Gloriana St. Clair, Erika Linke, and Keith Webster, who naturally have a keen interest in properly preserving this slice of modern culture.

Bringing Back Yesterday’s Software

The Olive system has been used to create 17 different virtual machines that run a variety of old software, some serious, some just for fun. Here are several views from those archived applications

1/8

NCSA Mosaic 1.0, a pioneering Web browser for the Macintosh from 1993.

2/8

Chaste (Cancer, Heart and Soft Tissue Environment) 3.1 for Linux from 2013.

<img src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/image/MzEzMTUzMg.jpeg&quot; data-original="/image/MzEzMTUzMg.jpeg" id="618441086_2" alt="The Oregon Trail 1.1, a game for the Macintosh from 1990.”> 3/8

The Oregon Trail 1.1, a game for the Macintosh from 1990.

<img src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/image/MzEzMTUzNQ.jpeg&quot; data-original="/image/MzEzMTUzNQ.jpeg" id="618441086_3" alt="Wanderer, a game for MS-DOS from 1988.”> 4/8

Wanderer, a game for MS-DOS from 1988.

<img src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/image/MzEzMTU1MA.jpeg&quot; data-original="/image/MzEzMTU1MA.jpeg" id="618441086_4" alt="Mystery House, a game for the Apple II from 1982.”> 5/8

Mystery House, a game for the Apple II from 1982.

6/8

The Great American History Machine, an educational interactive atlas for Windows 3.1 from 1991.

7/8

Microsoft Office 4.3 for Windows 3.1 from 1994.

8/8

ChemCollective, educational chemistry software for Linux from 2013.

$(document).ready(function(){ $(‘#618441086’).carousel({ pause: true, interval: false }); });

Because this project is more one of archival preservation than mainstream computer science, we garnered financial support for it not from the usual government funding agencies for computer science but from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation and the Institute for Museum and Library Services. With that support, we showed how to reconstitute long-gone computing environments and make them available online so that any computer user can, in essence, go back in time with just a click of the mouse.

We created a system called Olive—an acronym for Open Library of Images for Virtualized Execution. Olive delivers over the Internet an experience that in every way matches what you would have obtained by running an application, operating system, and computer from the past. So once you install Olive, you can interact with some very old software as if it were brand new. Think if it as a Wayback Machine for executable content.

To understand how Olive can bring old computing environments back to life, you have to dig through quite a few layers of software abstraction. At the very bottom is the common base of much of today’s computer technology: a standard desktop or laptop endowed with one or more x86 microprocessors. On that computer, we run the Linux operating system, which forms the second layer in Olive’s stack of technology.

Sitting immediately above the operating system is software written in my lab called VMNetX, for Virtual Machine Network Execution. A virtual machine is a computing environment that mimics one kind of computer using software running on a different kind of computer. VMNetX is special in that it allows virtual machines to be stored on a central server and then executed on demand by a remote system. The advantage of this arrangement is that your computer doesn’t need to download the virtual machine’s entire disk and memory state from the server before running that virtual machine. Instead, the information stored on disk and in memory is retrieved in chunks as needed by the next layer up: the virtual-machine monitor (also called a hypervisor), which can keep several virtual machines going at once.

Each one of those virtual machines runs a hardware emulator, which is the next layer in the Olive stack. That emulator presents the illusion of being a now-obsolete computer—for example, an old Macintosh Quadra with its 1990s-era Motorola 68040 CPU. (The emulation layer can be omitted if the archived software you want to explore runs on an x86-based computer.)

The next layer up is the old operating system needed for the archived software to work. That operating system has access to a virtual disk, which mimics actual disk storage, providing what looks like the usual file system to still-higher components in this great layer cake of software abstraction.

Above the old operating system is the archived program itself. This may represent the very top of the heap, or there could be an additional layer, consisting of data that must be fed to the archived application to get it to do what you want.

The upper layers of Olive are specific to particular archived applications and are stored on a central server. The lower layers are installed on the user’s own computer in the form of the Olive client software package. When you launch an archived application, the Olive client fetches parts of the relevant upper layers as needed from the central server.

Illustration: Nicholas Little

Layers of Abstraction: Olive requires many layers of software abstraction to create a suitable virtual machine. That virtual machine then runs the old operating system and application.

That’s what you’ll find under the hood. But what can Olive do? Today, Olive consists of 17 different virtual machines that can run a variety of operating systems and applications. The choice of what to include in that set was driven by a mix of curiosity, availability, and personal interests. For example, one member of our team fondly remembered playing The Oregon Trail when he was in school in the early 1990s. That led us to acquire an old Mac version of the game and to get it running again through Olive. Once word of that accomplishment got out, many people started approaching us to see if we could resurrect their favorite software from the past.

The oldest application we’ve revived is Mystery House, a graphics-enabled game from the early 1980s for the Apple II computer. Another program is NCSA Mosaic, which people of a certain age might remember as the browser that introduced them to the wonders of the World Wide Web.

Olive provides a version of Mosaic that was written in 1993 for Apple’s Macintosh System 7.5 operating system. That operating system runs on an emulation of the Motorola 68040 CPU, which in turn is created by software running on an actual x86-based computer that runs Linux. In spite of all this virtualization, performance is pretty good, because modern computers are so much faster than the original Apple hardware.

Pointing Olive’s reconstituted Mosaic browser at today’s Web is instructive: Because Mosaic predates Web technologies such as JavaScript, HTTP 1.1, Cascading Style Sheets, and HTML 5, it is unable to render most sites. But you can have some fun tracking down websites composed so long ago that they still look just fine.

What else can Olive do? Maybe you’re wondering what tools businesses were using shortly after Intel introduced the Pentium processor. Olive can help with that, too. Just fire up Microsoft Office 4.3 from 1994 (which thankfully predates the annoying automated office assistant “Clippy”).

Perhaps you just want to spend a nostalgic evening playing Doom for DOS—or trying to understand what made such first-person shooter games so popular in the early 1990s. Or maybe you need to redo your 1997 taxes and can’t find the disk for that year’s version of TurboTax in your attic. Have no fear: Olive has you covered.

On the more serious side, Olive includes Chaste 3.1. The name of this software is short for Cancer, Heart and Soft Tissue Environment. It’s a simulation package developed at the University of Oxford for computationally demanding problems in biology and physiology. Version 3.1 of Chaste was tied to a research paper published in March 2013. Within two years of publication, though, the source code for Chaste 3.1 no longer compiled on new Linux releases. That’s emblematic of the challenge to scientific reproducibility Olive was designed to address.

Illustration: Nicholas Little

To keep Chaste 3.1 working, Olive provides a Linux environment that’s frozen in time. Olive’s re-creation of Chaste also contains the example data that was published with the 2013 paper. Running the data through Chaste produces visualizations of certain muscle functions. Future physiology researchers who wish to explore those visualizations or make modifications to the published software will be able to use Olive to edit the code on the virtual machine and then run it.

For now, though, Olive is available only to a limited group of users. Because of software-licensing restrictions, Olive’s collection of vintage software is currently accessible only to people who have been collaborating on the project. The relevant companies will need to give permissions to present Olive’s re-creations to broader audiences.

We are not alone in our quest to keep old software alive. For example, the Internet Archive is preserving thousands of old programs using an emulation of MS-DOS that runs in the user’s browser. And a project being mounted at Yale, called EaaSI (Emulation as a Service Infrastructure), hopes to make available thousands of emulated software environments from the past. The scholars and librarians involved with the Software Preservation Network have been coordinating this and similar efforts. They are also working to address the copyright issues that arise when old software is kept running in this way.

Olive has come a long way, but it is still far from being a fully developed system. In addition to the problem of restrictive software licensing, various technical roadblocks remain.

One challenge is how to import new data to be processed by an old application. Right now, such data has to be entered manually, which is both laborious and error prone. Doing so also limits the amount of data that can be analyzed. Even if we were to add a mechanism to import data, the amount that could be saved would be limited to the size of the virtual machine’s virtual disk. That may not seem like a problem, but you have to remember that the file systems on older computers sometimes had what now seem like quaint limits on the amount of data they could store.

Another hurdle is how to emulate graphics processing units (GPUs). For a long while now, the scientific community has been leveraging the parallel-processing power of GPUs to speed up many sorts of calculations. To archive executable versions of software that takes advantage of GPUs, Olive would need to re-create virtual versions of those chips, a thorny task. That’s because GPU interfaces—what gets input to them and what they output—are not standardized.

Clearly there’s quite a bit of work to do before we can declare that we have solved the problem of archiving executable content. But Olive represents a good start at creating the kinds of systems that will be required to ensure that software from the past can live on to be explored, tested, and used long into the future.

This article appears in the October 2018 print issue as “Saving Software From Oblivion.”

About the Author

Mahadev Satyanarayanan is a professor of computer science at Carnegie Mellon University, in Pittsburgh.

Carnegie Mellon is Saving Old Software from Oblivion syndicated from https://jiohowweb.blogspot.com

[delectablyweepingnightmare-blog]

History of Educational Technology

New Post has been published on http://eduandlearning.tk/2017/06/10/history-of-educational-technology/

History of Educational Technology

There is no written evidence which can tell us exactly who has coined the phrase educational technology. Different educationists, scientists and philosophers at different time intervals have put forwarded different definitions of Educational Technology. Educational technology is a multifaceted and integrated process involving people, procedure, ideas, devices, and organization, where technology from different fields of science is borrowed as per the need and requirement of education for implementing, evaluating, and managing solutions to those problems involved in all aspects of human learning.

Educational technology, broadly speaking, has passed through five stages.

The first stage of educational technology is coupled with the use of aids like charts, maps, symbols, models, specimens and concrete materials. The term educational technology was used as synonyms to audio-visual aids.

The second stage of educational technology is associated with the ‘electronic revolution’ with the introduction and establishment of sophisticated hardware and software. Use of various audio-visual aids like projector, magic lanterns, tape-recorder, radio and television brought a revolutionary change in the educational scenario. Accordingly, educational technology concept was taken in terms of these sophisticated instruments and equipments for effective presentation of instructional materials.

The third stage of educational technology is linked with the development of mass media which in turn led to ‘communication revolution’ for instructional purposes. Computer-assisted Instruction (CAI) used for education since 1950s also became popular during this era.

The fourth stage of educational technology is discernible by the individualized process of instruction. The invention of programmed learning and programmed instruction provided a new dimension to educational technology. A system of self-learning based on self-instructional materials and teaching machines emerged.

The latest concept of educational technology is influenced by the concept of system engineering or system approach which focuses on language laboratories, teaching machines, programmed instruction, multimedia technologies and the use of the computer in instruction. According to it, educational technology is a systematic way of designing, carrying out and evaluating the total process of teaching and learning in terms of specific objectives based on research.

Educational technology during the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age Educational technology, despite the uncertainty of the origin of the term, can be traced back to the time of the three-age system periodization of human prehistory; namely the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age.

Duringthe Stone Age, ignition of fire by rubbing stones, manufacture of various handmade weapon and utensils from stones and clothing practice were some of the simple technological developments of utmost importance. A fraction of Stone Age people developed ocean-worthy outrigger canoe ship technology to migrate from one place to another across the Ocean, by which they developed their first informal education of knowledge of the ocean currents, weather conditions, sailing practice, astronavigation, and star maps. During the later Stone Age period (Neolithic period),for agricultural practice, polished stone tools were made from a variety of hard rocks largely by digging underground tunnels, which can be considered as the first steps in mining technology. The polished axes were so effective that even after appearance of bronze and iron; people used it for clearing forest and the establishment of crop farming.

Although Stone Age cultures left no written records, but archaeological evidences proved their shift from nomadic life to agricultural settlement. Ancient tools conserved in different museums, cave paintings like Altamira Cave in Spain, and other prehistoric art, such as the Venus of Willendorf, Mother Goddess from Laussel, France etc. are some of the evidences in favour of their cultures.

Neolithic Revolution of Stone Age resulted into the appearance of Bronze Age with development of agriculture, animal domestication, and the adoption of permanent settlements. For these practices Bronze Age people further developed metal smelting, with copper and later bronze, an alloy of tin and copper, being the materials of their choice.

The Iron Age people replaced bronze and developed the knowledge of iron smelting technology to lower the cost of living since iron utensils were stronger and cheaper than bronze equivalents. In many Eurasian cultures, the Iron Age was the last period before the development of written scripts.

Educational technology during the period of Ancient civilizations According to Paul Saettler, 2004, Educational technology can be traced back to the time when tribal priests systematized bodies of knowledge and ancient cultures invented pictographs or sign writing to record and transmit information. In every stage of human civilization, one can find an instructional technique or set of procedures intended to implement a particular culture which were also supported by number of investigations and evidences. The more advanced the culture, the more complex became the technology of instruction designed to reflect particular ways of individual and social behaviour intended to run an educated society. Over centuries, each significant shift in educational values, goals or objectives led to diverse technologies of instruction.

The greatest advances in technology and engineering came with the rise of the ancient civilizations. These advances stimulated and educated other societies in the world to adopt new ways of living and governance.

The Indus Valley Civilization was an early Bronze Age civilization which was located in the northwestern region of the Indian Subcontinent. The civilization was primarily flourished around the Indus River basin of the Indus and the Punjab region, extending upto the Ghaggar-Hakra River valley and the Ganges-Yamuna Doab, (most of the part is under today’s Pakistan and the western states of modern-day India as well as some part of the civilization extending upto southeastern Afghanistan, and the easternmost part of Balochistan, Iran).

There is a long term controversy to be sure about the language that the Harappan people spoke. It is assumed that their writing was at least seems to be or a pictographic script. The script appears to have had about 400 basic signs, with lots of variations. People write their script with the direction generally from right to left. Most of the writing was found on seals and sealings which were probably used in trade and official & administrative work.

Harappan people had the knowledge of the measuring tools of length, mass, and time. They were the first in the world to develop a system of uniform weights and measures.

In a study carried out by P. N. Rao et al. in 2009, published in Science, computer scientists found that the Indus script’s pattern is closer to that of spoken words, which supported the proposed hypothesis that it codes for an as-yet-unknown language.

According to the Chinese Civilization, some of the major techno-offerings from China include paper, early seismological detectors, toilet paper, matches, iron plough, the multi-tube seed drill, the suspension bridge, the wheelbarrow, the parachute, natural gas as fuel, the magnetic compass, the raised-relief map, the blast furnace, the propeller, the crossbow, the South Pointing Chariot, and gun powder. With the invent of paper they have given their first step towards developments of educational technology by further culturing different handmade products of paper as means of visual aids.

Ancient Egyptian language was at one point one of the longest surviving and used languages in the world. Their script was made up of pictures of the real things like birds, animals, different tools, etc. These pictures are popularly called hieroglyph. Their language was made up of above 500 hieroglyphs which are known as hieroglyphics. On the stone monuments or tombs which were discovered and rescued latter on provides the evidence of existence of many forms of artistic hieroglyphics in ancient Egypt.

Educational technology during Medieval and Modern Period Paper and the pulp papermaking process which was developed in China during the early 2nd century AD, was carried to the Middle East and was spread to Mediterranean by the Muslim conquests. Evidences support that a paper mill was also established in Sicily in the 12th century. The discovery of spinning wheel increased the productivity of thread making process to a great extent and when Lynn White added the spinning wheel with increasing supply of rags, this led to the production of cheap paper, which was a prime factor in the development of printing technology.

The invention of the printing press was taken place in approximately 1450 AD, by Johannes Gutenburg, a German inventor. The invention of printing press was a prime developmental factor in the history of educational technology to convey the instruction as per the need of the complex and advanced-technology cultured society.

In the pre-industrial phases, while industry was simply the handwork at artisan level, the instructional processes were relied heavily upon simple things like the slate, the horn book, the blackboard, and chalk. It was limited to a single text book with a few illustrations. Educational technology was considered synonymous to simple aids like charts and pictures.

The year 1873 may be considered a landmark in the early history of technology of education or audio-visual education. An exhibition was held in Vienna at international level in which an American school won the admiration of the educators for the exhibition of maps, charts, textbooks and other equipments.

Maria Montessori (1870-1952), internationally renowned child educator and the originator of Montessori Method exerted a dynamic impact on educational technology through her development of graded materials designed to provide for the proper sequencing of subject matter for each individual learner. Modern educational technology suggests many extension of Montessori’s idea of prepared child centered environment.

In1833, Charles Babbage’s design of a general purpose computing device laid the foundation of the modern computer and in 1943, the first computing machine as per hi design was constructed by International Business Machines Corporation in USA. The Computer Assisted instruction (CAI) in which the computer functions essentially as a tutor as well as the Talking Type writer was developed by O.K. Moore in 1966. Since 1974, computers are interestingly used in education in schools, colleges and universities.

In the beginning of the 19th century, there were noteworthy changes in the field of education. British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), right from its start of school broadcasts in 1920 had maintained rapid pace in making sound contribution to formal education. In the USA, by 1952, 20 states had the provision for educational broadcasting. Parallel to this time about 98% of the schools in United Kingdom were equipped with radios and there were regular daily programmes.

Sidney L. Pressey, a psychologist of Ohio state university developed a self-teaching machine called ‘Drum Tutor’ in 1920. Professor Skinner, however, in his famous article ‘Science of Learning and art of Teaching’ published in 1945 pleaded for the application of the knowledge derived from behavioral psychology to classroom procedures and suggested automated teaching devices as means of doing so.

Although the first practical use of Regular television broadcasts was in Germany in 1929 and in 1936 the Olympic Games in Berlin were broadcasted through television stations in Berlin, Open circuit television began to be used primarily for broadcasting programmes for entertainment in 1950. Since 1960, television is used for educational purposes.

In 1950, Brynmor, in England, used educational technological steps for the first time. It is to be cared that in 1960, as a result of industrial revolution in America and Russia, other countries also started progressing in the filed of educational technology. In this way, the beginning of educational technology took place in 1960 from America and Russia and now it has reached England, Europe and India.

During the time of around 1950s, new technocracy was turning it attraction to educations when there was a steep shortage of teachers in America and therefore an urgent need of educational technology was felt. Dr. Alvin C. Eurich and a little later his associate, Dr. Alexander J. Stoddard introduced mass production technology in America.

Team teaching had its origin in America in the mid of 1950’s and was first started in the year 1955 at Harvard University as a part of internship plan.

In the year 1956, Benjamin Bloom from USA introduced the taxonomy of educational objectives through his publication, “The Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, The Classification of Educational Goals, Handbook I: Cognitive Domain”.

In 1961, Micro teaching technique was first adopted by Dwight W. Allen and his co-workers at Stanford University in USA.

Electronics is the main technology being developed in the beginning of 21st century. Broadband Internet access became popular and occupied almost all the important offices and educational places and even in common places in developed countries with the advantage of connecting home computers with music libraries and mobile phones.

Today’s classroom is more likely to be a technology lab, a room with rows of students using internet connected or Wi-Fi enabled laptops, palmtops, notepad, or perhaps students are attending a video conferencing or virtual classroom or may have been listening to a podcast or taking in a video lecture. Rapid technological changes in the field of educational have created new ways to teach and to learn. Technological changes also motivated the teachers to access a variety of information on a global scale via the Internet, to enhance their lessons as well as to make them competent professional in their area of concern. At the same time, students can utilize vast resources of the Internet to enrich their learning experience to cope up with changing trend of the society. Now a days students as well teachers are attending seminars, conferences, workshops at national and international level by using the multimedia techno-resources like PowerPoint and even they pursue a variety of important courses of their choice in distance mode via online learning ways. Online learning facility has opened infinite number of doors of opportunities for today’s learner to make their life happier than ever before.

Source by Sanjoy Deka

[giveuselife-blog]

History of Computer Education Technology

New Post has been published on https://giveuselife.org/history-of-computer-educational-technology/

History of Computer Education Technology

There is no written evidence which can tell us exactly who has coined the phrase education technology. Different educationists, scientists, and philosophers at different time intervals have put forwarded different definitions of Educational Technology. Educational technology is a multifaceted and integrated process involving people, procedure, ideas, devices, and organization, where technology from different fields of science is borrowed as per the need and requirement of education for implementing, evaluating, and managing solutions to those problems involved in all aspects of human learning.

Educational technology, broadly speaking, has passed through five stages.

The first stage of educational technology is coupled with the use of aids like charts, maps, symbols, models, specimens and concrete materials. The term educational technology was used as synonyms to audio-visual aids.

The second stage of educational technology is associated with the ‘electronic revolution’ with the introduction and establishment of sophisticated hardware and software. Use of various audio-visual aids like the projector, magic lanterns, tape-recorder, radio, and television brought a revolutionary change in the educational scenario. Accordingly, educational technology concept was taken in terms of these sophisticated instruments and equipment for effective presentation of instructional materials.

The third stage of educational technology is linked with the development of mass media which in turn led to ‘communication revolution’ for instructional purposes. Computer-assisted Instruction (CAI) used for education since the 1950s also became popular during this era.

The fourth stage of educational technology is discernible by the individualized process of instruction. The invention of programmed learning and programmed instruction provided a new dimension to educational technology. A system of self-learning based on self-instructional materials and teaching machines emerged.

The latest concept of educational technology is influenced by the concept of system engineering or system approach which focuses on language laboratories, teaching machines, programmed instruction, multimedia technologies and the use of the computer in instruction. According to it, educational technology is a systematic way of designing, carrying out and evaluating the total process of teaching and learning in terms of specific objectives based on research.

Educational technology during the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age

Educational technology, despite the uncertainty of the origin of the term, can be traced back to the time of the three-age system periodization of human prehistory; namely the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age.

Educational technology, despite the uncertainty of the origin of the term, can be traced back to the time of the three-age system periodization of human prehistory; namely the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age.

During the Stone Age, ignition of fire by rubbing stones, manufacture of various handmade weapon and utensils from stones and clothing practice were some of the simple technological developments of utmost importance. A fraction of Stone Age people developed ocean-worthy outrigger canoe ship technology to migrate from one place to another across the Ocean, by which they developed their first informal education of knowledge of the ocean currents, weather conditions, sailing practice, astronavigation, and star maps. During the later Stone Age period (Neolithic period), for agricultural practice, polished stone tools were made from a variety of hard rocks largely by digging underground tunnels, which can be considered as the first steps in mining technology. The polished axes were so effective that even after the appearance of bronze and iron; people used it for clearing forest and the establishment of crop farming.

Although Stone Age cultures left no written records, but archaeological evidence proved their shift from nomadic life to agricultural settlement. Ancient tools conserved in different museums, cave paintings like Altamira Cave in Spain, and other prehistoric art, such as the Venus of Willendorf, Mother Goddess from Laussel, France etc. are some of the evidence in favor of their cultures.

Neolithic Revolution of Stone Age resulted in the appearance of Bronze Age with a development of agriculture, animal domestication, and the adoption of permanent settlements. For these practices Bronze Age people further developed metal smelting, with copper and later bronze, an alloy of tin and copper, being the materials of their choice.

The Iron Age people replaced bronze and developed the knowledge of iron smelting technology to lower the cost of living since iron utensils were stronger and cheaper than bronze equivalents. In many Eurasian cultures, the Iron Age was the last period before the development of written scripts.

Educational technology during the period of Ancient civilizations

According to Paul Saettler, 2004, Educational technology can be traced back to the time when tribal priests systematized bodies of knowledge and ancient cultures invented pictographs or sign writing to record and transmit information. In every stage of human civilization, one can find an instructional technique or set of procedures intended to implement a particular culture which was also supported by a number of investigations and evidence. The more advanced the culture, the more complex became the technology of instruction designed to reflect particular ways of individual and social behavior intended to run an educated society. Over centuries, each significant shift in educational values, goals or objectives led to diverse technologies of instruction.

The greatest advances in technology and engineering came with the rise of the ancient civilizations. These advances stimulated and educated other societies in the world to adopt new ways of living and governance.

The Indus Valley Civilization was an early Bronze Age civilization which was located in the northwestern region of the Indian Subcontinent. The civilization was primarily flourished around the Indus River basin of the Indus and the Punjab region, extending up to the Ghaggar-Hakra River valley and the Ganges-Yamuna Doab, (most of the part is under today’s Pakistan and the western states of modern-day India as well as some part of the civilization extending up to southeastern Afghanistan, and the easternmost part of Balochistan, Iran).

There is a long-term controversy to be sure about the language that the Harappan people spoke. It is assumed that their writing was at least seems to be or a pictographic script. The script appears to have had about 400 basic signs, with lots of variations. People write their script with the direction generally from right to left. Most of the writing was found on seals and sealings which were probably used in trade and official & administrative work.

Harappan people had the knowledge of the measuring tools of length, mass, and time. They were the first in the world to develop a system of uniform weights and measures.

In a study carried out by P. N. Rao et al. in 2009, published in Science, computer scientists found that the Indus script’s pattern is closer to that of spoken words, which supported the proposed hypothesis that it codes for an as-yet-unknown language.

According to the Chinese Civilization, some of the major techno-offerings from China include paper, early seismological detectors, toilet paper, matches, iron plough, the multi-tube seed drill, the suspension bridge, the wheelbarrow, the parachute, natural gas as fuel, the magnetic compass, the raised-relief map, the blast furnace, the propeller, the crossbow, the South Pointing Chariot, and gun powder. With the invent of paper they have given their first step towards developments of educational technology by further culturing different handmade products of paper as means of visual aids.

Ancient Egyptian language was at one point one of the longest surviving and used languages in the world. Their script was made up of pictures of the real things like birds, animals, different tools, etc. These pictures are popularly called hieroglyph. Their language was made up of above 500 hieroglyphs which are known as hieroglyphics. On the stone monuments or tombs which were discovered and rescued later on provides the evidence of the existence of many forms of artistic hieroglyphics in ancient Egypt.

Educational technology during Medieval and Modern Period

Paper and the pulp papermaking process which was developed in China during the early 2nd century AD, was carried to the Middle East and was spread to Mediterranean by the Muslim conquests. Evidence support that a paper mill was also established in Sicily in the 12th century. The discovery of spinning wheel increased the productivity of thread making process to a great extent and when Lynn White added the spinning wheel with increasing supply of rags, this led to the production of cheap paper, which was a prime factor in the development of printing technology.

The invention of the printing press was taken place in approximately 1450 AD, by Johannes Gutenburg, a German inventor. The invention of the printing press was a prime developmental factor in the history of educational technology to convey the instruction as per the need of the complex and advanced-technology cultured society.

In the pre-industrial phases, while the industry was simply the handiwork at artisan level, the instructional processes relied heavily upon simple things like the slate, the hornbook, the blackboard, and chalk. It was limited to a single textbook with a few illustrations. The educational technology was considered synonymous to simple aids like charts and pictures.

The year 1873 may be considered a landmark in the early history of technology of education or audio-visual education. An exhibition was held in Vienna at international level in which an American school won the admiration of the educators for the exhibition of maps, charts, textbooks and other equipment.

Maria Montessori (1870-1952), internationally renowned child educator and the originator of Montessori Method exerted a dynamic impact on educational technology through her development of graded materials designed to provide for the proper sequencing of subject matter for each individual learner. Modern educational technology suggests many extension of Montessori’s idea of prepared child-centered environment.

In1833, Charles Babbage’s design of a general purpose computing device laid the foundation of the modern computer and in 1943, the first computing machine as per hit design was constructed by International Business Machines Corporation in the USA. The Computer-Assisted instruction (CAI) in which the computer functions essentially as a tutor, as well as the Talking Type writer, was developed by O.K. Moore in 1966. Since 1974, computers are interestingly used in education in schools, colleges, and universities.

In the beginning of the 19th century, there were noteworthy changes in the field of education. British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), right from its start of school broadcasts in 1920 had maintained rapid pace in making sound contribution to formal education. In the USA, by 1952, 20 states had the provision for educational broadcasting. Parallel to this time about 98% of the schools in the United Kingdom was equipped with radios and there were regular daily programs.

Sidney L. Pressey, a psychologist of Ohio state university developed a self-teaching machine called ‘Drum Tutor’ in 1920. Professor Skinner, however, in his famous article ‘Science of Learning and art of Teaching’ published in 1945 pleaded for the application of the knowledge derived from behavioral psychology to classroom procedures and suggested automated teaching devices as means of doing so.

Although the first practical use of Regular television broadcasts was in Germany in 1929 and in 1936 the Olympic Games in Berlin were broadcasted through television stations in Berlin, Open circuit television began to be used primarily for broadcasting programs for entertainment in 1950. Since 1960, television is used for educational purposes.

In 1950, Brynmor, in England, used educational technological steps for the first time. It is to care that in 1960, as a result of an industrial revolution in America and Russia, other countries also started progressing in the field of educational technology. In this way, the beginning of educational technology took place in 1960 from America and Russia and now it has reached England, Europe, and India.

During the time of around 1950s, new technocracy was turning it attraction to educations when there was a steep shortage of teachers in America and therefore an urgent need for educational technology was felt. Dr. Alvin C. Eurich and a little later his associate, Dr. Alexander J. Stoddard introduced mass production technology in America.

Team teaching had its origin in America in the mid of 1950’s and was first started in the year 1955 at Harvard University as a part of internship plan.

In the year 1956, Benjamin Bloom from the USA introduced the taxonomy of educational objectives through his publication, “The Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, The Classification of Educational Goals, Handbook I: Cognitive Domain”.

In 1961, Micro teaching technique was first adopted by Dwight W. Allen and his co-workers at Stanford University in the USA.

Electronics is the main technology being developed in the beginning of 21st century. Broadband Internet access became popular and occupied almost all the important offices and educational places and even in common places in developed countries with the advantage of connecting home computers with music libraries and mobile phones.

Today’s classroom is more likely to be a technology lab, a room with rows of students using internet connected or Wi-Fi enabled laptops, palmtops, notepad, or perhaps students are attending a video conferencing or virtual classroom or may have been listening to a podcast or taking in a video lecture. Rapid technological changes in the field of educational have created new ways to teach and to learn. Technological changes also motivated the teachers to access a variety of information on a global scale via the Internet, to enhance their lessons as well as to make them competent professional in their area of concern. At the same time, students can utilize vast resources of the Internet to enrich their learning experience to cope up with changing trend of the society. Nowadays students as well teachers are attending seminars, conferences, workshops at national and international level by using the multimedia techno-resources like PowerPoint and even they pursue a variety of important courses of their choice in distance mode via online learning ways. Online learning facility has opened an infinite number of doors of opportunities for today’s learner to make their life happier than ever before.